• Sir Bhavsinhji Polytechnic Institute, Bhavnagar
• Subject – internship report
• Semester – 4th
• Department – chemical engineering
• Prepared by – Parmer Kartik tansukhbhai
• Enrollment number – 236490305046
• Guided by – Jigar malaviya
INDEX
Sr no. Topic Page no.
1. Introduction of 1
reactor
2. Types of reactor 2-
3.
4.
1. Introduction to Reactor :-
A reactor is a device or system designed to contain and
control chemical or nuclear reactions. Reactors are
widely used in industries such as chemical
manufacturing, power generation, and research. The
main purpose of a reactor is to provide a controlled
environment where reactants can be combined under
specific conditions (temperature, pressure, catalyst
presence) to produce desired products efficiently and
safely.
• Important of reactor in chamical industry
Reactors are vital in the chemical industry because they
provide a controlled environment to carry out chemical
reactions safely and efficiently, ensuring high product
quality, optimal reaction conditions, and scalable
production.
2. Types of reactor :-
1.Batch reactor
2. Continuous reactor
( stirred reactor)
3. Plug flow reactor
4. Packed bed reactor
5. Fludized bed reactor
6. Fixed bed reactor
1. Batch reactor:-
• Description :-
Batch reactor is the generic term for a type of
vessel (cylinder tank)widely used in process
industries. A typical batch rector consists of a
tank with an agitator and integral
heating/cooling system. Heating/cooling uses
jacketed walls, internal coil and internal tube.
• process:-
All reactants are loaded into the reactor at the
start. The reaction occurs over time without
adding or removing anything during the
process. After the reaction is complete, the
product is removed, and the reactor is cleaned
for the next batch.
• Operation :-
Unsteady state (time-dependent).
• Applications :-
Small-scale production, pharmaceuticals,
fine chemicals.
• Advantages :-
➢ Flexibility in operation.
➢ Good for small or varied production.
• Disadvantages:-
➢ Difficult to control temperature and
pressure for long reactions.
➢ Labor-intensive.
2. Continuous reactor ( stirred reactor) :-
• Description :-
Reactants are continuously fed into the reactor while
products are continuously removed. The contents are
well mixed to maintain uniform composition
throughout the reactor. The reaction occurs
continuously over time.
• Process :-
A reactor where reactants are continuously fed, and
products are continuously removed. The contents are well
mixed.
• Operation :-
Steady state (if well controlled).
Applications:-
➢ Liquid-phase reactions
➢ fermentation.
• Advantages :-
➢ Easy to control.
➢ Uniform product quality.
• Disadvantages :-
➢ Lower conversion for the same volume compared to
plug flow.
➢ Large volume needed for slower reactions.
3.Plug flow reactor :-
• Description :-
Reactants flow through a tubular reactor in
one direction without back-mixing. The
concentration and reaction rate change along the
length of the reactor as the reaction progresses.
• Process :-
Reactants flow through a cylindrical pipe in one
direction without mixing in the axial direction (ideal plug
flow).
• Operation:
➢ Continuous
➢ steady-state.
• Applications :
➢ Gas-phase and catalytic reactions.
• Advantages :
➢ High conversion efficiency.
➢ Suitable for fast reactions.
• Disadvantages :
➢ Difficult to handle solid catalysts or multiphase
systems.
➢ Less control over temperature across the length.
4.Packed bed reactor :-
• Description :-
A tube filled with solid catalyst particles
through which reactant fluids pass (can be
gas or liquid).
• Process:-
Reactants flow through a column packed
with solid catalyst particles. The reaction
occurs as the reactants pass over the catalyst
surface. There is no mixing along the flow
direction.
• Operation:- Continuous, steady-state.
• Applications :-
➢ Petroleum refining
➢catalytic cracking,
➢ammonia synthesis.
• Advantages :-
➢High surface area for catalytic reactions.
➢Good conversion per unit volume.
• Disadvantages :-
➢Pressure drop across the bed.
➢Poor heat removal in exothermic reactions.
5. Fludized bed reactor :-
• Description:-
Solid particles (usually catalyst) are
suspended in an upward flowing fluid (gas or
liquid), creating a fluid-like behavior.
• Process :-
Gas or liquid is passed upward through a bed
of solid catalyst particles at high speed,
causing the particles to behave like a fluid.
Reactants mix well and contact the catalyst
particles for reaction.
• Operation : Continuous.
• Applications:-
➢Fluid catalytic cracking
➢polymerization.
• Advantages :-
➢Excellent heat and mass transfer.
➢Uniform temperature.
• Disadvantages :-
➢Complex design.
➢Particle attrition (breakage)
6. Fixed bed reactor :-
• Description:-
Similar to packed bed, with stationary solid
catalyst. Reactants flow through the fixed
solid bed.
• Process:-
Reactants pass through a stationary (fixed)
bed of solid catalyst particles. The reaction
occurs as the fluid flows over the catalyst in a
controlled manner.
• Operation :- Continuous.
• Applications :-
➢Hydrogenation
➢oxidation reactions.
• Advantages :-
➢ Simple design.
➢ Long catalyst life.
• Disadvantages:-
➢ Poor temperature control.
➢ High pressure drop.
