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EVOLUTION
CHAPTER
07
“My own suspicion is that the universe is not only queerer than we
suppose, but queerer than \ we *can* suppose.”.

“J.B.S. HALDANE (1892-1964)”

INTRODUCTION

E
volutionary Biology is the study of history of life forms on earth. Our earth is full of
living and non-living matter. This matter undergoes various changes from time to
time, like living organisms take birth, grow, become old and ultimately at the end they
die off. This is the life history of a particular organism.So to understand the changes
in flora and fauna that have occured over millions of years on earth, we must have an
understanding of the context of origin of life i.e., evolution of earth, of stars and
indeed of the universe itself.
In this Chapter, we will deal with the various aspects of evolutionary biology like
origin and evolution of life forms, the evidences of evolution. mechanism of evolu-
tion with special focus on evolution and origin of man.
BIOLOGY FOR NEET & AIIMS

Origin of Life : This term is called Biopoiesis

Biogeny means Origin of first life.
1. Theory of Special Creation
Almighty created everything including universe, earth, rocks, rivers, oceans, plants, animal and human beings.
According to the Bible, the world was created within six days by God. The first man was Adam and first woman
was Eve. According to Hindu mythology, the world was created by God Brahma. The first man was Manu.
2. Abiogenesis or Auto biogenesis/Theory of Spontaneous generation
This theory states that living beings were formed spontaneously from non-living things like rain, mud, air, dung,
etc. This theory has no scientific explanation and hence discarded. It was proposed by Anaximander and supported
by Aristotle etc. Von Helmont (1577 - 1644) propounded origin of mice from human sweat & wheat grains kept in
dark for 21 days.
3. Theory of Biogenesis
According to this theory, life originated from pre-existing life. This theory was developed by Francesco Redi and
was subsequently supported by Spallanzani and Louis Pasteur. This theory was also not accepted.
(i) Francesco Redi : (1688). Put dead snake, fish meat and eel in separate wide mouthed flasks, some without cover,
others covered with fine muslin and parchment paper. After a few days, he observed that maggots (larvae) did not
appear in covered flasks but were present in uncovered flasks which were regularly visited by flies. Eggs and maggots
of the flies were found to be present over muslin cover but not inside the covered flasks. Apparently the visiting
flies laid eggs in the uncovered flasks from which maggots developed.
(ii) Lazzaro Spallanzani : (1765) Boiled nutrition broth in glass flasks. The flasks were sealed immediately. Broth
remained clear indefintely in the sealed flasks, showing that organisms do not arise through spontaneous generation.
(iii) Louis Pasteur : (1864) Boiled broth in flasks having bent swan or S-shaped neck. No microrganisms were observed
in broth after keeping for several days though, broth was connected to air through the bent neck. It is because
the dirt carrying microrganisms got settled in the bent part of neck. When the neck was broken, colonies of
microorganisms soon developed over the broth showing that microrganisms have come from air.
4. Cosmozoic theory
According to Richter, life came to earth from some heavenly body such as spores through meteorites. Arrhenius
supported by theory of pansmermia.
5. Theory of Catastrophism
Proposed by Cuvier. A catastrophe completely destroys the life and each creation consisted of life quite different
from that of previous one.
6. Modern theory of life
Oparin theory or Oparin & Haldane theory ; Book of Oparin “The origin of life”.
They described that life originated in 8 steps.

Step-1 Atomic Stage :

Earth was formed about 4600 million years ago Temperature of earth was 5000 – 6000°C. As earth cooled stratification
of elements occured. The atoms of Nitrogen, Hydrogen, Oxygen.Carbon etc. formed the primitive atmosphere.

Step-2 Molecular Stage :

As the earth began to cool, its matter began to condense. But still it was so hot that water could exist only as vapour.
Large quantities of H2, N2, Water vapour, CO2, CH4 and NH3 were present, but free oxygen was not present. The
atmosphere was reducing because H atoms were most numerous and most reactive in the primitive atmosphere.

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 EVOLUTION

ETOOS KEY POINTS

(1) Organic evolution states “Descent with modification” according to which present day complex living organisms
have evolved from earlier simpler organisms by small and gradual changes over millions of years.
(2) Lamarck was first to propose an extensive theory of evolution.
(3) Charles Darwin explained “Theory of natural selection” in his book entitled “On the Origin of Species by Means
of Natural Selection”.
(4) Hugo de Vries (1901) proposed Mutation theory of Evolution.
(5) Modern Theory of evolution is a modified version of natural selection and is a reconciliation between Darwinism
and Mutation theory.
(6) Seymouria (Extinct reptile) is a connecting link between reptiles and mammals
(7) Limulus (Arthropoda), Latimera (bony fish) are living fossils.

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BIOLOGY FOR NEET & AIIMS

 Evolutionary biology is the study of history of life forms on earth.

 Universe originated about 20 Billion years ago by thermo-nuclear explosion called Big-Bang.
 Earth originated about 4.5 Billion year ago.
 Stellar distances are measured in light years.
 Life appeared 500 million years after the formation of eath i.e. almost four billion years back.
 According to theory of spontaneous generation life came out of decaying and rotting matter like straw, mud etc.
 Louis pasteur by careful experimentation demonstrated that life comes only from pre-existing lif e.
 Oparin and Haldane propsoed that the first form of life could have come from pre-existing non living organ:
molecules and that formation of life was preceded by chemical evolution.
 To prove chemical evolution in 1953, Miller created electric discharge in a closed flask containing CH4 H2 NH3 and
water vapour at 800°C. He observed formation of amino acids.
 The first non cellular forms of life could have originated 3 billion years ago.
 Theory of special creation has three connotations-
 All living organisms that we see today were created as such.
 The diversity was always the same since creation and will be the same in future.
 The earth is about 4000 years old.
 All these ideas were strongly challenged during the nineteenth century based on observations made during a sea
voyage in a sail ship called H.M.S. Beagle round the world, Charles Darwin concluded that existing living forms
share similarities to varying degrees not only among themselves but also with life forms that existed million of years
ago.
 The fitness, according to Darwin, Refene ultimately and only to reproductive fitness.
 Alfered Wallace a naturalist who worked in malay Archipelago.“According to 'Panspermia theory' unit of life called
'spores' were transferred to different planets indcluding earth
 The geological history of earth closely correlates with the biological history of earth.
 Fossils are remains of hard parts of life forms found in Rocks.
 Different aged rock sediments contain fossils of different life foms who probably died during the formation of the
particular sediment.
 Fossils represent extinct organism ( e.g. Dinosaurs) Paleontology - study of fossils.
 Homology present in organisms shows divergent evolution and analogy shows convergent evolution.
 The same structure developed along different divergent evolution and these structures are homologous. Homology
indicates common ancestory.
e.g. - Forelimbs of all mammals.
 Visceral organs of vertebrates like heart, brain.
 Thorn and tendrils of Bougainvillea and cucurbita.
 Analogous structures are a result of convergent evolution. Different structures evolving for the same function.
Similar habitat has resulted in selection of similar adaptive features in different groups of organisms.
e.g. - Eyes of octopus and mammals.
 Flippers of Penguins and Dolphins.
 Wings of butterfly and birds.
 Potato and Sweet potato.
 Proteins and genes performing a given function among diverse organisms give clues to common ancestry.
 According to industral melanisation phenomenon in a mixed population, those that can better adapt, survive and
increase in a population size. No variant is completely wiped out.

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 EVOLUTION

SOLVED EXAMPLE
Ex.1 Which of the following was most likely to have been Ex.5 The greatest evolutionary change enabling the land
absent in free form in the primordial atmosphere at vertebrates to be completely free from water, was
the time of origin of life the development of
Or (A) Four legs
Miller performed experiment to prove abiogenic (B) Lungs
molecular evolution of life. Which molecule was not (C) Shelled eggs and internal fertilization
present in Miller’s experiment (D) Four chambered heart
(A) O2 (B) CH4 Sol. (C)
(C) H2 (D) NH3 Ex.6 Evolution means
Sol. (A) (A) History of race
Ex.2 The complex organic compounds that may have first (B) Development of race
evolved in the direction of origin of life on earth, (C) History and development of race with variations
may have been (D) Progressive development of the race
(A) Protein and amino acids Sol. (C)
(B) Protein and nucleic acids Ex.7 Which one of the following are analogous struc-
(C) Urea and nucleic acids tures
(D) Urea and amonia acids (A) Thorns of Bougainvillea and tendrils of Cucurbita
Sol. (B) (B) Flippers of dolphin and legs of horse
(C) Wings of bat and wings of pigeon
Ex.3 In his classic experiment on the formation of amino (D) Gills of prawn and lungs of man
acids, Stanley Miller passed an electric discharge in Sol. (C,D) : Wings of bat are skin folds stretched mainly
a mixture of between elongated finger but the wings of birds are
Or a feather covering all alongs the arm. They look
Stanley Miller had put the oparin-Haldane theory to similar because they have a common use for flying,
test in 1953 by creating in the laboratory, the prob- but their origin are not common. This makes them
able condition of the primitive earth. In the experi- analogous charactertics rather than homologous
ment, simple amino acids were synthesized from characteristics.
which of the folowing mixture as observed after 18
Ex.8 Which one of the following in birds, indicates their
days
reptilian ancestry
(A) Steam, CH4, H2 and NH3 (A) Two special chambers crop and gizzard in their
(B) CH4, CO2, O2 and H2 digestive tract
(C) NH3, O2, H2 and steam (B) Eggs with a calcareous shell
(D) CH4, H2, N2 and steam (C) Scales on their hind limbs
Sol. (A) (D) Four chambered heart
Sol. (C)
Ex.4 Which one of the following is incorrect about the
characteristics of protobionts (coacervates and Ex.9 Organs that have different embryonic origin but
microsphers) as envisaged in the abiogenic origin perform similar functions are
of life) (A) Homologous organs
(A) They were partially isolated from the surround- (B) Analogous organs
ing (C) Vestigeal organs
(B) They could maintain an internal environment (D) Atavism
(C) They were able to reproduce Sol. (B) : Analogous organs have different embryonic
(D) They could separate combinations of molecules origin but perform similar functions. These organs
from the surrounding are developed in organisms, widely different
phylogentically due to similar habitats and modes
Sol. (C)
of life.

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BIOLOGY FOR NEET & AIIMS

Exercise # 1 SINGLE OBJECTIVE NEET LEVEL

1. Biogenesis means 8. The concept of chemical evolution is based on

(A) Origin of life from non-living organisms (A) Crystallization of chemicals
(B) Interaction of water, air and clay under intense
(B) Origin of life from living organisms heat
(C) Origin of viruses and microbes (C) Effect of solar radiation on chemicals
(D) None of these (D) Possible origin of life by combination of
chemicals under suitable environmental
2. About how long ago was the earth formed. conditions
(A) 4.6 billion years ago (B) 10 billio years ago 9. Which one of the following amino-acids was not
(C) 3.0 billion years ago (D) 20 billion years ago found to be synthesized in Miller’s experiment
(A) Glutamic acid (B) Alanine
3. Type of nutrition in the primitive cells (C) Glycine (D) Aspartic acid
Or
10. There is no life on moon because there is no
It is believed that the organisms first inhabied
(A) Carbon (B) Nitrogen
earth’s surface were
(C) Water (D) Silicates
(A) Heterotrophic or holozoic
11. According to available evidence life evolved
(B) Heterophytic or holophytic
through the process of
(C) Saprophytic (A) Abiogenesis
(D) Saprozoic (B) Biogenesis
(C) Special creation
4. Louis Pasteur’s view on the origin of life is that (D) Spontaneous generation
(A) Life originated within six days
12. In the early earth, water and CO2 were produced by
(B) Life originated spontaneously from the living the combination of O2 with
organisms only (A) Ammonia and methane
(C) Life originated spontaneously from the non- (B) Hydrogen
living substances (C) Organic matter
(D) Life came from other planet (D) Sulphates and nitrates
(E) Hydrogen sulphide
5. Source of energy at the time of origin of life
13. The prebiotic atmosphere of the earth was of a
(A) Heat, cosmic rays and lightning reducing nature. It was tranformed into an oxidizing
(B) Heat only atmosphere of present day due to the emergence of
(C) Cosmic rays only (A) Cyanobacteria
(D) Lightning only (B) Angiosperms
(C) Photosynthetic bacteria
6. Select the correct statement from the following (D) Eukaryotic algae
(A) Darwinian variations are small and directionless 14. Formation of which complex molecules was noticed
(B) Fitness is the end result of the ability to adapt by Urey and Miller when they subjected substances
and gets selected by nature like NH3 , CH4, H2O etc. to electric discharge
(C) All mammals except whales and camels have (A) Aquaregia (B) H2SO4
(C) HCN (D) Amino acids
seven cervical vertebrae
(D) Mutations are random and directional 15. The idea that life origniates from pre-existing life is
referred as
7. The organism which appeared first on earth is (A) Biogenesis theory
known as (B) Special creation theory
(A) Eubiont (B) Probiont (C) Abiogenesis theory
(C) Eobiont (D) True biont (D) Extraterrestrial theory

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 EVOLUTION

Exercise # 2 SINGLE OBJECTIVE AIIMS LEVEL

1. Hot dilute soup was given by 11. The spark-discharge apparatus to test chemical
(A) Oparin (B) Haldane evolution of life was designed by
(C) Urey (D) None of these Or
the first experiment on chemical evolution and
2. Which is responsible for origin of life
origin of life was carried out by
(A) Spontaneous generation
(A) Oparin and Haldane (B) Miller and Urey
(B) Special creation
(C) Jacob and Monad (D) Dixon and Jolley
(C) Catastrophy
(D) Chemosynthesis 12. Coacervates are
(A) Colloid droplets
3. Life originated in
(A) Precambrian era (B) Proterozoic era (B) Contain nucleoprotein
(C) Mesozoic era (D) Caenozoic era (C) Both (A) and (B)
(D) Protobiont
4. Origin of life took place in/on
(A) Water (B) Air 13. Theory of catastropism was supported by
(C) Mountains (D) Land (A) Louis Pasteur (B) A.I. Oparin
(C) Cuvier (D) Haldane
5. The presence of salts (NaCl and others) in animal
body fluid gives an inference that life originated in 14. The diagram represents Miller’s experiment. Choose
the the correct combination of labelling
(A) Salf solutions (B) Rain water
(C) Primitive ocean (D) None of the above
6. According to one of the most accepted theory the
earth almosphere before any life had originated
consisted of
H2O, H2, NH2
(A) CH4 (B) O2
(C) N2 (D) None of these
7. Under certain conditions scientists have obtained
cell - like structures. These are known as
(A) Microbes (B) Protists (A) A-electrodes, B - NH3 + H2 + H2O + CH4, C - cold
(C) Coacervates (D) Prebiotic soup water, D-vacuum, E-U trap
(B) A-electrodes, B - NH4 + H2 + CO2 + CH3, C - hot
8. Chemical theory of origin of life was given by water, D-vacuum, E-U trap
Or (C) A-electrodes, B - NH3 + H2O C - hot water, D-tap,
Who proposed that the first form of life could have E-U trap
come from pri-existing living organic molecules (D) A-electrodes, B - NH3 + H2 + H2O + CH4, C -
(A) Stanley Miller (B) Oparin and Haldane steam, D - vacuum, E-U trap
(C) Louis Pasteur (D) Spallanzani
15. Coacervates were experimentally produced by
9. The abiogenesis occurred about how many billion (A) Urey and Miller
years ago (B) Jacob and Monod
(A) 1.2 billion (B) 1.5 billion (C) Fischer and Huxley
(C) 2.5 billion (D) 3.5 billion (D) Sidney Fox and Oparin
10. Theory of special creation was given by
(A) Weismann (B) Helmont
(C) Manpertuis (D) Father Saurez

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BIOLOGY FOR NEET & AIIMS

Exercise # 3 PART - 1 MATRIX MATCH COLUMN

1. Match the scientists and their contributions in the field of evolution

Column - I Column - II
Name of the scientist Contribution
A. Charles Darwin i. Mutation theory
B. Lamarck ii. Germ plasma theory
C. Hugo de Vries iii. Philosophie Zoologique
D. Ernst Haeckel iv. The Origin of species
E. August Weismann v. Biogenetic law
vi. Eassy on population
(A) A - iv, B - iii, C - i, D - v, E - ii (B) A - iv, B - iii, C - v, D - i, E - vi
(C) A - iv, B - iv, C - v, D - iii, E - i (D) A - ii, B - iii, C - i, D - v, E - ii
(E) A - iii, B - iv, C - i, D - v, E - ii

2. Match the scientists listed under column - ‘I’ with ideas listed Column - ‘II’
Column - I Column - II
A. Darwin i. Abigenesis
B. Oparin ii. Use and disuse of organs
C. amarck iii. Continental drift theory
D. Wagner iv. Evolution by natural selection
Options :
(A) A - i., B - iv, C - ii, D - iii(B) A iv, B - i., C - ii, D - iii
(C) A - ii, B - iv, C - iii, D - i.(D) A - iv, B - iii, C - ii, D - i.

3. Match the evolution concepts and their proposers and select the right option
Column - I Column - II
A. Saltation i. Darwin
B. Formation of life was proceeded by chemica ii. Louis Pasteur
evolution
C. Reproductive fitness iii. De vries
D. Life comes from pre-existing life iv. Oparin and Haldane
(A) A - iii; B - iv; C - i; D - ii (B) A - iv; B - iii; C - ii; D - i
(C) A - iv; B - ii; C - iii; D - i (D) A - ii; B - iii; C - i; D - iv
(E) A - i; B - iv; C - iii; D - ii

4. Match Column - I with Column - II and select the correct option from the codes given below.
Column - I Column - II
A. Francesco Redi i. Theory of chemical evolution of life
B. L. Pasteur ii. Disproval of spontaneous generation
C. Richter iii. Swan necked flask experiment
D. Oparin iv. Mutation
v. Panspermia
(A) A - v; B - i.; C - iv; D - ii (B) A - ii; B - iii; C - v; D - i.
(C) A - v; B - iv; C - ii; D - i. (D) A - i.; B - ii; C - iii; D - iv

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 EVOLUTION

Exercise # 4 PART - 1 PREVIOUS YEAR (NEET/AIPMT)

1. Darwin’s finches provide an excellent evidence in 9. Which of following is closest relative of man ?
favour of evolution. This evidence comes from the (A) Chimpanzee (B) Gorilla
field of [CBSE AIPMT 2000] (C) Orangutan (D) Gibbon
(A) Biogeography (B) Anatomy 10. Reason of diversity in living being is
(C) Embryology (D) Palaeontology [CBSE ATPMT 2001]
2. Which is not a vestigial part in humans ? (A) mutation
[CBSE AIPMT 2000] (B) gradual change
(A) Segmental muscles of abdomen (C) long term evolutionary change
(B) Finger nails (D) short term evolutionary change
(C) Third molar 11. Similarities in organisms with different genotype
(D) Coccyx indicates [CBSE ATPMT 2001]
3. Which of the following primate is the closest rela- (A) micro-evolution (B) macro-evolution
tive of humans ? [CBSE AIPMT 2000] (C) convergent evolution (D) divergent evolution
(A) Rhesus monkey (B) Orangutan 12. Which of the following is correct order of evolu-
(C) Gorilla (D) Gibbon tionary history of man ? [CBSE AIPMT 2001]
4. Which one of the following features is closely re- (A) Peking man, Homo sapiens, Neanderthal, Cro-
lated with the evolution of humans ? magnon
[CBSE AIPMT 2000] (B) Peking man, Neanderthal, Homo sapiens, Cro-
(A) Loss of tail (B) Shortening of jaws magnon
(C) Binocular vision (D) Flat nails (C) Peking man, Heidalberg man, Neanderthal, Cro-
magnon
5. Homo sapiens evolved during (D) Peking man, Neanderthal, Homo sapiens,
[CBSE ATPMT 2000] Heidalberg man
(A) Pleistocene (B) Oligocene
(C) Pliocene (D) Miocene 13. Two different species cannot live for long duration
in the same niche or habitat' This law is
6. Occurrence of endemic species in South-America [CBSE AIPMT 2002]
and Australia is due to [CBSE ATPMT 2001]
(A) Allen's law (B) Gause’s hypothesis
(A) these species have been extinct from other
(C) Dollo's rule (D) Weismann's theory
(B) continental separation
(C) there is no terrestrial route to these places 14. Sequence of which of the following is used to know
(D) retrogressive evolution the phylogeny ? [CBSE AIPMT 2002]
(A) mRNA (B) rRNA
7. Half-life period of C14 is about (C) tRNA (D) DNA
[CBSE ATPMT 2001]
(A) 500 yr (B) 5730 yr 15. In which era reptiles were dominant ?
[CBSE AIPMT 2002]
(C) 50 yr (D) 5 × 104 yr
(A) Coenozoic era (B) Mesozoic era
8. Darwin’s theory of pangenesis shows similarity with (C) Palaeozoic era (D) Archaeozoic era
theory of inheritance of acquired characters then
what will be correct according to it ? 16. According to fossils discovered up to present time
[CBSE ATPMT 2001] origin and evolution of man was started from it
(A) Useful organs become strong and developed [CBSE AIPMT 2002]
while useless organs become extinct. These or- (A) France (B) Java
gans help in struggle for survival (C) Africa (D) China
(B) Size of organs increase with ageing 17. In which condition the gene ratio remains constant
(C) Development of organs is due to will power for any species ? [CBSE AIPMT 2002]
(D) There should be some physical basis of inherit- (A) Sexual selection (B) Random mating
ance (C) Mutation (D) Gene flow

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BIOLOGY FOR NEET & AIIMS

MOCK TEST
1. Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in the origin of life ?
I. Formation of protobionts II. Synthesis of organic monomers
III. Synthesis of organic polymers IV. Formation of DNA based genetic system
(A) I, II, III, IV (B) I, III, II, IV (C) II, III, I, IV (D) II, III, IV, I

2. Following are the two statements regarding the origin of life

(A) The earliest organisms that appeared on the earth were non-green and presumably anaerobes
(B) The first autotrophic organisms were the chemoautotrophs that never released oxygen of the above statements
which one of the following option is correct ?
(A) Both (A) and (B) are correct (B) Both (A) and (B) are false
(C) (A) is correct but (B) is false (D) (B) is correct but (A) is false

3. According to the theory of spontaneous generation

(A) life originated from outer space
(B) life originated from decaying and rotting matter like straw, mud etc.
(C) life came from pre-existing life
(D) life came from both living and non-living matter

4. The idea of ‘Natural Selection’ as the fundamental process of evolutionary changes wa reached
(A) independently by Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace in 1990
(B) by Charles Darwin in 1866
(C) by Alfred Russel Wallace in 1901
(D) independently by Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace in 1859

5. Match the Column-I with Column-II and chose the right option
Column-I Column-II
I. Thomas Malthus A. Branching descent
II. Hugo de Vries B. Studies on populations
III. Charles Darwin C. Use and disuse theory
IV. Lamarck D. Saltation
(A) I - D, II - A, III - C, IV - B (B) I - B, II - D, III - A, IV - C
(C) I - B, II - D, III - C, IV - A (D) I - C, II - B, III - A, IV - D
(E) I - B, II - A, III - C, IV - D

6. Match the evolution concepts and their proposers and select the right option
Column-I Column-II
I. Salation A. Darwin
II. Formation of life was proceeded B. Louis Pasteur
by chemical evolution
III. Reproductive fitness C. de Vries
IV. Life comes from pre-existing life D. Oparin and Haldane
(A) I - C, II - D, III - A, IV - B (B) I - D, II - C, III - B, IV - A
(C) I - D, II - B, III - C, IV - A (D) I - B, II - C, III - A, IV - D
(E) I - A, II - D, III - C, IV - B

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 11th Class Modules Chapter Details

Physics Chemistry Mathematics

5 5 5
Modules Modules Modules

PHYSICS CHEMISTRY BIOLOGY

Module-1 Module-1(PC) Module-1

1. Physical World & 1. Some Basic Conceps of 1. Diversity in the Living
Measurements Chemistry World
2. Basic Maths & Vector 2. Atomic Structure 2. Plant Kingdom
3. Kinematics 3. Chemical Equilibrium 3. Animal Kingdom
4. Ionic Equilibrium
Module-2 Module-2
Module-2(PC) 1. Morphology in Flowering Plants
1. Law of Motion & Friction 1. Thermodynamics & 2. Anatomy of Flowering Plants
2. Work, Energy & Power Thermochemistry 3. Structural Organization in
2. Redox Reaction Animals
Module-3 3. States Of Matter (Gaseous &
1. Motion of system of Liquid) Module-3
particles & Rigid Body 1. Cell: The Unit of Life
2. Gravitation
Module-3(IC)
1. Periodic Table 2. Biomolecules
2. Chemical Bonding 3. Cell Cycle & Cell Division
Module-4
3. Hydrogen & Its Compounds 4. Transport in Plants
1. Mechanical Properties 4. S-Block 5. Mineral Nutrition
of Matter
2. Thermal Properties of Matter Module-4
Module-4(OC)
1. Nomenclature of 1. Photosynthesis in Higher Plants
Module-5 Organic Compounds 2. Respiration in Plants
2. Isomerism 3. Plant Growth and Development
1. Oscillations
3. General Organic Chemistry 4. Digestion & Absorption
2. Waves
5. Breathing & Exchange of Gases
Module-5(OC) Module-5
1. Reaction Mechanism
2. Hydrocarbon 1. Body Fluids & Its Circulation
3. Aromatic Hydrocarbon 2. Excretory Products & Their
4. Environmental Chemistry & Elimination
Analysis Of Organic Compounds 3. Locomotion & Its Movement
4. Neural Control & Coordination
5. Chemical Coordination and
Integration

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 12th Class Modules Chapter Details

Physics Chemistry Mathematics

5 5 5
Modules Modules Modules

PHYSICS CHEMISTRY BIOLOGY

Module-1 Module-1(PC) Module-1

1. Electrostatics 1. Solid State 1. Reproduction in Organisms
2. Capacitance 2. Chemical Kinetics 2. Sexual Reproduction in
3. Solutions and Colligative Flowering Plants
Module-2 Properties 3. Human Reproduction
4. Reproductive Health
1. Current Electricity Module-2(PC)
2. Magnetic Effect of Current
1. Electrochemistry Module-2
and Magnetism
2. Surface Chemistry 1. Principles of Inheritance and
Module-3 Variation
Module-3(IC)
2. Molecular Basis of Inheritance
1. Electromagnetic Induction 1. P-Block Elements 3. Evolution
2. Alternating Current 2. Transition Elements
(d & f block) Module-3
Module-4 3. Co-ordination Compound
4. Metallurgy 1. Human Health and Disease
1. Geometrical Optics 2. Strategies for Enhancement in
2. Wave Optics Module-4(OC) Food Production
3. Microbes in Human Welfare
Module-5 1. HaloAlkanes & HaloArenes
2. Alcohol, Phenol & Ether Module-4
1. Modern Physics 3. Aldehyde, Ketone &
2. Nuclear Physics Carboxylic Acid 1. Biotechnology: Principles and
3. Solids & Semiconductor Processes
Devices Module-5(OC) 2. Biotechnology and Its
4. Electromagnetic Waves 1. Nitrogen & Its Derivatives Applications
2. Biomolecules & Polymers 3. Organisms and Populations
3. Chemistry in Everyday Life Module-5
1. Ecosystem
2. Biodiversity and Conservation
3. Environmental Issues

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