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Research Methods for Everyday Life Blending
Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches Research
Methods for the Social Sciences 1st Edition Scott W.
Vanderstoep Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Scott W. VanderStoep, Deidre D. Johnson
ISBN(s): 9780470389485, 0470389486
Edition: 1
File Details: PDF, 2.00 MB
Year: 2009
Language: english
 VANDERSTOEP • JOHNSTON
Research Methods for Everyday Life is a fresh and engaging introduction to the process of social research
and the variet y of r esearch methods , highlighting quantitativ e and qualitativ e methods and ho w t o
combine them. Taking readers step-by-step through each stage of the research process, the text includes
many oppor tunities f or prac ticing essential sk ills, such as sampling , naturalistic obser vation, sur vey
collection, coding, analysis, and report writing. Coverage of quantitative methods includes measurement,
correlational desig ns, basic experimental desig ns, and advanced experimental desig ns. C overage of
qualitative methods includes desig n and analy sis, ethnog raphy, and f ocus g roup int erviewing. The
authors cover sampling t echniques, how to choose a r esearch design, and ho w to determine research
questions that inf orm public opinion and dir ect future studies. The book also c overs disseminating of
research ndings through writing and public presentations.

Authors VanderStoep and Johnston enrich their text with illustrative examples from actual research that
reinforce a clear understanding of social science research.

Blending Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches

Praise for
Research Methods for Everyday Life
“Anyone who has tried to integrate both qualitative and quantitative methodology in a research methods
course will be g rateful that ther e is  nally a t extbook that does this—and does it w ell, g iven the
combination of strengths of the two authors, VanderStoep and Johnston. I have been waiting for a book
like this, especially with such interesting and fresh examples from real research that will likely inspire and
engage my students.”
—Barbara Hofer, PhD, associate professor, Psychology, Middlebury College

Scott W. VanderStoep, associat e pr ofessor in the Depar tment of P sychology, Hope C ollege, Holland ,
Michigan, is the former director of the Carl Frost Center for Social Science Research at Hope College. He
is the coauthor of Learning to Learn: The Skill and Will of College Success and editor of Science and the Soul:
Christian Faith and Psychological Research.

Deirdre D. Johnston, professor in the Department of Communications, Hope College, Holland, Michigan,
and is the author of The Art and Science of Persuasion.

RESEARCH METHODS/EVALUATION
Blending Qualitative and
Quantitative Approaches
www.josseybass.com
Cover design by: Michael Rutkowski

S COT T W. VA N D E R S TO E P AND D E I R D R E D. J O H N STO N

ffirs.indd ii 10/21/08 3:24:21 PM
 RESEARCH
METHODS FOR
EVERYDAY LIFE

ffirs.indd i 10/21/08 3:24:21 PM

ffirs.indd ii 10/21/08 3:24:21 PM
 RESEARCH
METHODS FOR
EVERYDAY LIFE
Blending Qualitative and
Quantitative Approaches

S C O T T W. VA N D E R S T O E P
DEIRDRE D. JOHNSTON

ffirs.indd iii 10/21/08 3:24:22 PM

 Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Published by Jossey-Bass
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

VanderStoep, Scott W.
Research methods for everyday life : blending qualitative and quantitative approaches /
Scott W. VanderStoep, Deirdre D. Johnston.
p. cm.
ISBN 978-0-470-34353-1 (alk. paper)
1. Social sciences—Research—Methodology. 2. Psychology—Research—Methodology.
3. Qualitative research. 4. Social sciences—Research—Statistical methods. 5. Psychometrics.
I. Johnston, Deirdre D. II. Title.
H62.V323 2008
001.4'2—dc22
2008037380

Printed in the United States of America

FIRST EDITION

PB Printing 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

ffirs.indd iv 10/21/08 3:24:22 PM

 TA B L E O F C O N T E N T S
About the Authors xiii
Preface xv
Introduction xvii

CHAPTER 1 UNDERSTANDING RESEARCH 1

The Research Process 3
Types of Research 7
Research Proposals 10
Research Ethics 12
Getting Acquainted with SPSS 20
Summary 23
Key Terms 24

CHAPTER 2 THE WHO, HOW, AND WHY OF RESEARCH 25

Who: Selecting a Sample 26
How: Selecting a Research Strategy 35
Why: Doing Research That Makes a Difference 43
Summary 44
Key Terms 45

CHAPTER 3 QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH: MEASUREMENT AND 47

DATA COLLECTION
Measurement: Turning Abstractions into Variables 48
Characteristics of Good Measures 59
Collecting Data 66
Summary 72
Key Terms 72

ftoc.indd v 10/22/08 12:24:05 PM

 vi Contents

CHAPTER 4 QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH: DESCRIPTIVE AND 75

CORRELATIONAL DESIGNS
Basic Concepts 76
Causation and Prediction 77
Data Gathering 79
Data Analysis 92
Summary 103
Key Terms 104

CHAPTER 5 QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH: BASIC 105

EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS
Experimental Validity 105
Types of Variables 106
Characteristics of Experiments 110
Types of Experimental Designs 120
Data Analysis 121
Summary 129
Key Terms 129

CHAPTER 6 QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH: 131

ADVANCED EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS
Basic Concepts 132
Repeated-Measures Designs 136
Complex Designs 141
Quasi-Experimental Designs 146
Data Analysis 150
Summary 161
Key Terms 162

CHAPTER 7 WHAT IS QUALITATIVE RESEARCH? 163

Telling a Story . . . Qualitatively 163
Two Worldviews on Research: Reality and Knowledge 165
Comparison of Quantitative and Qualitative Research 166
Critique of Quantitative Research 171
Crisis of Representation 178

ftoc.indd vi 10/22/08 12:24:06 PM

 Contents vii

Summary 179
Key Terms 180

CHAPTER 8 PLANNING YOUR QUALITATIVE STUDY: DESIGN, 181

SAMPLING, AND DATA ANALYSIS
Designing Qualitative Research 183
Summary 196
Key Terms 197

CHAPTER 9 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH METHODS: ETHNOGRAPHY, 199

PHENOMENOLOGY, CASE STUDY, TEXTUAL ANALYSIS,
AND APPLIED RESEARCH
Ethnography 200
Phenomenology 206
Case Study 209
Textual Analysis 210
Applied Research Methods: Action and Evaluation Research 215
Summary 218
Key Terms 219

CHAPTER 10 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH TOOLS: INTERVIEWING, 221

FOCUS GROUPS, AND OBSERVATION
The First Tool: Defining the Context 222
Qualitative Research Tools: How to Collect Data 224
Summary 242
Key Terms 242

CHAPTER 11 PRESENTING YOUR RESEARCH FINDINGS 245

Presenting Your Research with a Poster 246
Presenting Your Research in an Oral Presentation 247
Presenting Your Research in a Paper 250
Reducing Bias in Research Reporting 259
Summary 261
Key Terms 261

ftoc.indd vii 10/22/08 12:24:06 PM

 viii Contents

References 263
Appendix A A Sample Manuscript from a Quantitative Study 269
Appendix B A Sample Manuscript from a Qualitative Study 283
Glossary 301
Index 315

ftoc.indd viii 10/22/08 12:24:06 PM

 LIST OF TABLES, FIGURES, AND
EXHIBITS

CHAPTER 1
Table 1.1 Elements of a Good Proposal 11
Figure 1.1 Classic Research Process Model 3
Figure 1.2 Quantitative versus Qualitative Research 7
Figure 1.3 SPSS Screen Showing Labels 22
Exhibit 1.1 Informed Consent Document 13
Exhibit 1.2 Debriefing Letter from Researchers Sent to Interviewees 17

CHAPTER 2
Table 2.1 Margin of Error as a Function of Sample Size 31
Table 2.2 Benefits and Drawbacks of Various Research Designs 43
Figure 2.1 Selecting a Simple Random Sample 30
Figure 2.2 Generating Random Numbers Using SPSS 34
Figure 2.3 Data from a Repeated Independent Samples Study 42
Exhibit 2.1 Selecting a Systematic Sample 33

CHAPTER 3
Table 3.1 Types of Data 49
Table 3.2a Frequency Distribution of Nominal Data (One Variable) 49
Table 3.2b Cross-Tabulation of Nominal Data (Two Variables) 49
Table 3.3a Frequency Distribution of Ordinal Data 52
Table 3.3b Cross-Tabulation of Ordinal Data with a Nominal Variable 52
Table 3.4 Data-Collection Methods 66
Figure 3.1 Simple Scatterplot Screen in SPSS 55
Figure 3.2 Simple Scatterplot 56
Figure 3.3 Creating a Bar Graph in SPSS 58
Figure 3.4 Reliability Analysis Screen in SPSS 64

ftoc.indd ix 10/22/08 12:24:07 PM

 x List of Tables, Figures, and Exhibits

CHAPTER 4
Table 4.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Various Options for 89
Administering Surveys
Table 4.2 Summary of Type I and Type II Errors 96
Figure 4.1 A Scatterplot of a Positive Correlation 76
Figure 4.2 A Scatterplot of a Negative Correlation 77
Figure 4.3 Descriptive Statistics of Test Anxiety Scores for Students in 94
“Science and Technology in Everyday Life” Class
Figure 4.4 Frequency Distribution of Test Anxiety Scores for Students in 95
“Science and Technology in Everyday Life” Class
Figure 4.5 Bivariate Correlations Screen in SPSS 98
Figure 4.6 Pearson Correlation Coefficients Using SPSS 99
Figure 4.7 Cross-tabulations and Chi-Square Statistics Using SPSS 100
Figure 4.8 Crosstabs Screen in SPSS 103

CHAPTER 5
Figure 5.1 Conducting an ANOVA in SPSS 126

CHAPTER 6
Table 6.1 Results of a Complex Design with Two Independent Variables 133
Table 6.2 Interaction Effects in a 2 ⫻ 2 Complex Design 133
Table 6.3a Example of a Latin Square Design with Three Levels of the 138
Repeated-Measures Variable
Table 6.3b Example of a Latin Square Design with Four Levels of the 139
Repeated-Measures Variable
Table 6.4 Example of All-Possible-Orders Counterbalancing 139
Table 6.5 Interaction Effects in a Mixed Design 144
Figure 6.1 Selected Statistical Output from a Two-Way ANOVA 156
Figure 6.2 Two-Way ANOVA with Significant Interaction 158
Figure 6.3 Estimated Marginal Means of MEASURE_1 161

CHAPTER 7
Table 7.1 Comparison of Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches 167
to Research
Figure 7.1 Sophie Calle’s Exhibition at the Venice Biennale, Venice, Italy, 172
July 2007

ftoc.indd x 10/22/08 12:24:07 PM

 List of Tables, Figures, and Exhibits xi

CHAPTER 9
Table 9.1 A Comparison of Qualitative Characteristics of Research 201
Figure 9.1 Diagram of Family Communications Patterns 205
Figure 9.2 Diagram of Family Communication Patterns 205
Exhibit 9.1 An Example of a Transcript for a Conversation Analysis 214

CHAPTER 10
Table 10.1 Closed- vs. Open-Ended Questions 229
Table 10.2 Multiple- vs. Single-Issue Questions 230
Exhibit 10.1 Avoid “Why?” Questions 230

CHAPTER 11
Table 11.1 Statistical Designations for Reporting Analyses in Tables and 254
Results Sections
Exhibit 11.1 Guidelines for PowerPoint Presentations 249
Exhibit 11.2 Citation Format for APA Style 256

ftoc.indd xi 10/22/08 12:24:07 PM

ftoc.indd xii 10/22/08 12:24:08 PM
 ABOUT THE AUTHORS
SCOTT W. VANDERSTOEP is Professor of Psychology, Chair of the Psychology
Department, and Director of Academic Assessment at Hope College, Holland, Michigan.
He has a PhD in education and psychology from the University of Michigan. He is pub-
lished extensively in the area of college student learning and thinking. His recent research
appears in Teaching of Psychology, Encyclopedia of Classroom Learning, and Journal of
Educational Psychology. He is the author (with Paul Pintrich) of Learning to Learn: The
Skill and Will of College Success, published by Prentice-Hall (2008), and the editor of
Science and the Soul: Christian Faith and Psychological Research, published by University
Press of America (2003). His current research focuses on the development of psychological
profiles of young athletes who suffer from overuse injuries. He teaches courses in develop-
mental psychology, psychology and religion, and advanced data analysis.

DEIRDRE D. JOHNSTON is Professor of Communication and Chair of the Communi-

cation Department at Hope College, Holland, Michigan. She has a PhD in communication
studies from the University of Iowa. She is published extensively in the area of work-
family research and was nominated for the 2005 and 2007 Rosabeth Moss Kanter Award
for Excellence in Work-Family Research. Her most recent research appears in Sex Roles:
A Journal of Research, Mass Communication and Society, Human Communication
Research, and Sociological Focus. She is the author of The Art and Science of Persuasion,
published by McGraw-Hill, and is currently working on a book entitled Global Communi-
cation Ethics: An Exploration of Nonviolent Communication and Sustained Dialogue in
Cross-Cultural Engagement. She teaches courses in research methods, communication
theory, intercultural and gender communication, and persuasion.

fbetw.indd xiii 10/21/08 3:31:02 PM

 To our children
Amy, Mark, & Alli
Ellie & Anneka

fbetw.indd xiv 10/21/08 3:31:02 PM

 P R E FA C E
Both of us came of age in our respective social science disciplines (VanderStoep in
psychology and Johnston in communication) in an era when quantitative techniques
dominated the research landscape. Both of us were well trained in experimental design
and advanced statistical techniques. Although we still hold these research strategies in
high regard, a new generation of social science students is learning an eclectic approach
to social science methodology that includes both qualitative and quantitative methods. By
the time you reach the end of this book, we hope you will feel comfortable attempting all
of the methodologies we describe. Research can be intimidating, and some of the
techniques we describe are complex. Even long-time researchers do not feel completely
comfortable with all of the techniques in this book; instead, they specialize in certain
techniques. Nonetheless, we believe the hands-on approach of this book—highlighted
mostly through the Your Turn activities—will make you feel more comfortable with actu-
ally doing research as opposed to simply reading about it.

■■■
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
At Hope College, we received support from our colleagues in the departments of psy-
chology and communication, respectively. John Shaughnessy in Hope’s Psychology
Department was particularly helpful. As an author of an enduring research methods
textbook, he was able to give keen insight and good counsel when it seemed like the
project would never get finished. We are also particularly grateful to our long-time
Dean of Social Sciences, Nancy Miller. She hired both of us at Hope College and pro-
vided extra encouragement for this project. She will retire in 2008 after serving as dean
for 24 years.
We are also grateful to two of Hope’s best students, Jessica Gartner and Anne Hoek-
stra. They read the entire manuscript from cover to cover and provided great feedback
that only students can give. Their honesty kept us humble and made the book better.
Our office managers, Linda Koetje from Communications and Kathy Adamski from
Psychology, provided support for many aspects of the book, including reference check-
ing, formatting, and preparation of the materials.
We were friends long before we were co-authors. Thus, our families have endured
endless conversations at social gatherings regarding this book. Our children stay busy
when our attention turns away from them and toward the pages of this book. Our spouses,
Jill VanderStoep and Jim Dumerauf, balance their own professional lives and provide tes-
timony to what it means to be great spouses.

fpref.indd xv 10/21/08 3:31:41 PM

 xvi Preface

We are grateful to Andy Pasternack at Jossey-Bass, who first met us through an unso-
licited manuscript that was dropped off at his booth at the American Psychological Asso-
ciation. He was willing to take a chance on this project when other publishers were not.
Associate Editor Seth Schwartz provided guidance in bringing the book to publication
standards.
To all students or faculty who want to comment, correct, or suggest ideas for future
editions, please contact us at vanderstoep@hope.edu or johnston@hope.edu.

Scott VanderStoep
Deirdre Johnston

fpref.indd xvi 10/21/08 3:31:41 PM

 INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this book is to help you become effective consumers and producers of
research. We live in a world where the amount information available increases exponen-
tially each year. One of the most important skills that you can bring to the workforce in
the 21st century is the ability to interpret and evaluate existing data. In addition, the 21st-
century workforce needs people who can produce valid and reliable data, accurately
interpret trends and patterns, and summarize findings in a way that others can understand.
We take the title—Research Methods for Everyday Life—seriously; we will introduce
you to a variety of everyday examples that highlight the need to understand social science
research.
This book will help you develop your quantitative and qualitative research techniques
by exploring questions about human social behavior that will provoke your curiosity and
connect with the experiences of your life. Throughout the book you will find real-life
examples of practitioners using various research methodologies to answer questions in
various lines of work, including psychology, sociology, education, business, political sci-
ence, kinesiology, anthropology, and communication studies. You will also have the
opportunity to engage in hands-on applications in which you actually do research. This is
accomplished with numerous Your Turn boxes inserted in each chapter. The Your Turn
exercises provide the opportunity to practice and apply the research methods and con-
cepts presented in a chapter. The skills that you will practice during the exercises in the
Your Turn boxes include sampling, naturalistic observation, surveying, coding, analysis,
and report writing. In addition, you will have the opportunity to work with actual data and
learn to analyze data statistically using SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social
Sciences).
Research Methods for Everyday Life: Blending Qualitative and Quantitative
Approaches is an introductory undergraduate text that highlights and explains the essen-
tials of research methods. We focus on the essentials of research methods to help under-
graduates understand and engage the research in their social science disciplines, to
instruct students in conducting their own primary research, and to prepare students for
advanced or graduate study. We reduce students’ anxiety about research methods by pre-
senting the essentials of research in a way that is easy for students to read and understand.
We include stories, examples, real-life applications, and skill-development exercises. We
include the essentials necessary for a solid undergraduate grounding in research methods;
however, we exclude advanced terminology, difficult theoretical issues, and complex
data analysis procedures.
This textbook features both quantitative and qualitative methods. Each approach
receives four chapters of coverage. The chapters on quantitative methods cover measure-
ment, correlational designs, basic experimental designs, and advanced experimental
designs. The qualitative chapters cover introduction to qualitative methods, design and
analysis, qualitative methods (ethnography, phenomenology, case study, textual analysis,

flast.indd xvii 10/21/08 3:32:07 PM

 xviii Introduction

and applied research), and qualitative research tools (focus groups, interviewing, obser-
vation). In addition, the first chapter gives the reader a general overview of the research
process.
The second chapter of the book covers the “who, how, and why” of research designs.
Specifically, it introduces: (1) sampling techniques, (2) choice of a research design, and
(3) determination of a research question that will inform public opinion and direct future
studies. The book takes you chronologically through all stages of the research process,
with ample opportunity along the way to practice the necessary skills.
The most complex material is found in Chapters 5 and 6. Students and instructors
may find that portions of those chapters do not fit into their course in research methods.
However, given the variety of approaches to teaching an introductory methods course,
we include it and encourage you to engage with this more difficult material. The final
chapter describes ways to disseminate your research findings through writing and public
presentations.
Regardless of your major, your goals for life after graduation, or the level of affection
(or contempt) you have for social science research, we hope that the material found in
these pages will make difficult concepts easier to understand, and also increase your
appreciation for and interest in being a competent researcher.

flast.indd xviii 10/21/08 3:32:07 PM

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Theory of pathology of hysteria,

211

Tracts of the spinal cord,

1249

Venous congestion in cerebral hyperæmia,

768

Ventricles of brain in cerebral anæmia,

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