Summative task b&c Marvels of architecture

Omar Mahmoud Hussein, MYP5B

MAY 7, 2024
Individuals & society
Supervised by: Mr. Ehab Zakaria
Name: Omar Mahmoud Hussein
Class: MYP5B
Subject: Individuals and Society
Mission: Summative Task B&C
Unit 2: Marvels of Architecture
Task: A research about: “the impact of ancient
architectural marvels on the societies of their time and
their enduring legacy in the present."
Date: 22-4-2024
Due date: 7-5-2024
Key concept: Time, Place and Space
Related concepts: Civilization - Culture
Global context: Personal and Cultural Expression
Statement of inquiry: The beauty of crafts and artistry
could reflect people’s civilization and culture through time
in different places.
Supervised by: Mr. Ehab Zakaria
Tables of contents:
1- Cover Page
2- Table of contents
3- Definition of Architecture
4- History of Prehistoric and ancient Egyptian
architecture:
5- History of modern architecture:
6- The primary materials and techniques used in the
construction of prehistoric architectural marvels like
Stonehenge
7- The religious or ceremonial beliefs of prehistoric
societies influence the design and construction of
structures such as Stonehenge
8- The way that the architectural achievements of
ancient Egypt, particularly the Pyramids of Giza,
reflect the socio-political and religious beliefs of the
time
9- The innovative engineering methods employed in the
construction of the Pyramids of Giza, considering the
technological limitations of the ancient Egyptian
civilization
10 In what ways does the architectural style and design
- of the Burj Khalifa represent modern advancements in
engineering and construction technology?
11 The role that sustainability and environmental
- considerations play in the design and construction of
modern architectural marvels compared to ancient
structures

12 Architectural marvels from different eras, such as

- Stonehenge, the Pyramids of Giza, and the Burj
Khalifa, shaped our understanding of human history
and cultural identity
Definition of Architecture:
Peter Eisenman defines architecture in Haaretz when he said:
"Architecture is definitely a political act." As architecture is an art,
science and technique of designing and construction which differs
from the skills needed with building, architecture practice is used in
fulfillment of both practical and expressive needs, which serves
both utilitarian and aesthetic ends, with these ends which might
differ, they can’t be segregated and the relative weight used in
each can differ widely, as every society-settled has each mental
connection to the natural environment and to different
communities, the structures produced presents much about the
environment (climate-weather), history, ceremonies, and artistic
sensibility, for many fields of daily life with different functional and
aesthetic reasons, beginning from planning, designing and physical
world construction that reflects social, cultural, environmental and
economic human factors, from synthesis of area, elements and
technology in creating built environments which fulfills certain
requirements and express cultural identity, values and aspirations
including different people with different roles to create the final
visual design for the project as an important tool for how people
interact, express themselves and contribution in cultural and built
societies heritage.
(Peter Collins, Alan Gowans, Rogers Scruton, James S. Ackerman , 2024) (What Is Architecture?
What Makes Architecture, Architecture?, n.d.) (Quintal, 2019)

History of Prehistoric and ancient Egyptian architecture:

Architecture has passed throughout the different eras with different
characteristics and shapes according to technology, culture and
surrounding factors beginning from the:

 Prehistoric Architecture: (11,600 BCE to 3,500 BCE)

Prehistoric architecture mentions the construction of buildings and
monuments innovated by early human societies before written
records advents, with the architectural achievements providing
valuable insights inside the social, cultural and technological
developments of prehistoric humans to express stone movements
into geometric forms innovating the first human formations with
usage of earthen mounds, stone circles, megaliths and structures
from the Megalithic structures as a noticed shapes of prehistoric
architecture is megalithic structure construction, for instance,
Stonehenge in England and Newgrange in Ireland with historical
stone structures produced using huge, carefully positioned stoned
and mostly served religious, ceremonial or astronomical reasons,
cave dwellings which are prehistoric monuments designed inside
environmental cave systems, for shelter, protection and ritualistic
activities building reasons, cave paintings and engravings used
inside these dwellings adding early artistic expression evidence,
finally, earthen architecture which is a known prehistoric
architecture as structures designed with usage of elements as mud,
clay and straw expressed in mud-brick houses and constructions
built into the landscape, as adobe dwellings and pit houses even
Göbekli Tepe in Turkey is a great example of archaeological
architecture, as prehistoric architecture are a shape of puzzle
modern-day archaeologists even other examples mainly preserved
prehistoric architecture found in southern England, Stonehenge in
Amesbury, United Kingdom is a famous example of prehistoric stone
circle.

 Ancient Egyptian Architecture (3500 BCE to 900 AD)

The architectural designs differing from 3,050 B.C. to 900 B.C.,
which depicts the prominent era of Egyptian Architecture, as
Egyptians innovated the most impressive ancient world
constructions from period saw the construction of some of the
prominent pyramids with different noticeable architectural
properties with advanced engineering techniques and enduring
legacy, for instance, houses were built from blocks of sunbaked mud
instead of unavailable wood in the arid Egyptian landscape, even
Egyptians didn’t use mortar, therefore, the stones were shaped
precisely to fit together, moreover, Egyptians innovated in great
temples and tombs built from granite and limestone and decorated
with hieroglyphics, carvings and mainly colored frescoes, however,
many of the ancient Egyptian homes were destroyed by Nile River
floods and erosion reflecting their religious beliefs, political
authority and ancient Egyptian civilization identity as Pyramids of
Giza, with its enormous stones constructions built as tombs for
pharaohs and built using intricate engineering techniques, involving
the precise alignment of stones and ramps usage for transportation
and positioning large blocks, temples as Temple of Luxor and
Karnak Temple built as dedication for gods with evolved elaboration
structure with monumental pylons, towering columns and intricately
decorated walls and ceilings, thirdly, tombs and mortuary temples
represented in order to honor deceased pharaohs and ensuring their
safe passage to the afterlife, the Valley of the Kings as a known
burial site having tombs of many pharaohs, elaborated with wall
paintings and hieroglyphic writings, and finally, the Egyptian cities
for instance, Memphis and Thebes which are planned as a religious
and administrative centers with monumental architecture enabling
the focal points on urban life even streets, houses, and public
constructions arranged in grid patterns, reflecting their technique
of order and organization.
(Kraven, 2020) (Timeline of the History of Architecture, 2022) (Marian Moffett,
Michael W. Fazio, Lawrence Wodehouse, 2003)

History of modern architecture:

Returning to the modern era, the architecture has passed through
different revolutions in the various past decades due to the cultural,
environmental, technical and technological evolutions represented
from the beginnings of the 20th century in:

 Modernism or Modernist styles (1900 to present):

From 20th and 21st centuries represented dramatic revolutions and
promising diversity, as modernist styles have come and past and
continue in evolving, from modern-day trends as Modern Art and
The Bauhaus School made by Walter Gropius, Deconstructivism,
Formalism, Brutalism and Structuralism as a modern technique of
thinking and style and emphasizing specific functions attempting to
provide certain requirements rather than imitating nature, the
Modernism roots came from Berthold Luberkin works who is a
Russian Architect who settled in London and produced his group
“Tecton”, which are believing in applying scientific and technical
setups in designing with stark constructions ran to counter
expectations and mainly seemed to defy gravity followed by the
expressionistic work of the Polish architect Erich Mendelsohn who
furthered the movement, with the Russian architect Serge
Chermayeff who designed the De La Warr Pavilion in Britain, as one
of the first international modernist constructions built, restored and
maintained its original beauty over decades, modernist architecture
might express a number of stylistic ideas, involving Expressionism
and Structuralism, in the further decades of the 20th centuries
architects developed against rational Modernism and the new shape
of postmodernism takes apart, without a specific ornamentation
with prefabricated factors, the modernism design emphasizes
function and the human buildings using glass, metal and concrete
revolting against traditional styles seen in the work of architects as
Rem Koolhaas, I.M. Pei, Le Corbusier, Philip Johnson, and Mies van
der Rohe.

Postmodernism: (1972 to present)

The reaction rebelling the Modernist in order to rise new
construction which re-invent the historical details and known
motifs, with its architectural movements which are likely to find
ideas which date back to classical and ancient periods as
postmodern architecture evolved with contradicts of many
modernist ideas, combining modern ideas with traditional structure
with startle and amuse shapes used in unexpected techniques,
which incorporate symbols for statement making or delighting the
viewer, Philip Johnson’s AT&T Headquarter often cited as an
instance for postmodernism with many buildings in the International
Style, the skyscraper has a sleek, classical façade, within the top, as
an oversized “Chippendale” pediment. Johnson’s design for Town
Hall in Ceremonies, Florida as a playful rule over the top with
columns in front of the public buildings even other famous
architects are Robert Venturi, Denise Scott, Michael Gravel and
Philip Johnson, set in the books by Robert Venturi, “Complexity and
Contradiction in Architecture”, challenging modernism and
celebrating mix of historic styles in great cities for instance, Rome,
to Las Vegas even his book “Vulgar Billboards” published in 1972
and written by Robert Venturi, Steven Izenour and Denise Scott
Brown.

Neo-Modernism and Parametricism (1997- Present):

Along history, the designs were influenced by the “architecture du
jour”, with the usage of computer and mindset changing towards
computers in their designs, builders produced fantastic designs,
known as computer-driven designs or Neo-modernism developed by
sustainable shapes in order to fit the environmental actions, began
by Frank Gehry’s sculpted designs in Guggenheim Museum in
Bilbao, Spain, 1997, with that free-from design returning back to
prehistoric times as Moshe Safdie’s 2011 Marina Bay Sands in
Singapore which resembles the shape of Stonehenge.
(A Journey Through The History Of Architecture, 2023) (Lee, 2016)

The primary materials and techniques used in the

construction of prehistoric architectural marvels like
Stonehenge:
Stonehenge is an engineering masterpiece produced by the usage
of simple tools and limited technology hence built before wheel
invention and metals arrivals with a stone circle which needed
hundreds of people for transportation, and shape the circle with
equipment as hammerstones, ropes, antler picks and timber with
decent arrangement and planning made in about 3000 BC as a ditch
was made using simple antler tools with chalk piled to produce an
inner and an outer bank with a ring of 56 stone posts at the ditch to
be used a cremation cemetery for many hundred years later, the
Stonehenge which is one of the several distinct materials involving
standing stones, lintels and earthworks, Stonehenge major
ingredients are standing stones organized in a circular shape known
as sarsens and lintels which connect them, there are 30 sarsen
stones, as a massive sandstone blocks which might weight 25 tons,
and the tallest standing stone is approximately 4.1 meters, the
sarsen stones topped by lintels which forms a circular ring along the
building which are smaller stones which bridge the gaps along the
standing stones, however, lintels are approximately 2.1 meters tall,
the trilithons within the circle they consists of two upright stones
helping the horizontal lintel, and 5 trilithons at Stonehenge
organized in a horseshoe shape, and the tallest trilithon is around
7.3 meter high, and finally, the heel stone as a single large stone
measuring approximately 4.9 meter high which is believed as a note
for astronomical alignments, the sarsen stones where silcrete rock
that presented in scattered places across southern England, after
many years most archaeologists saw that the stones were brought
from the Marlborough Downs, 32 kilometer away, with a mysterious
secret about their literal origin, even geochemical specified the
possible origin of the stones to be an area called “West Woods,
south-west of Marlborough” with average weight of 25 tons and the
heel stone which is about 30 tons, about the bluestones “smaller
stones” which originated from the Preseli Hills in south-west Wales,
however, they weight about 2 to 5 tons each with recent researches
have uncovered empty stone holes, resulting a shape of six
bluestone pillars released from this location in prehistory, the Q and
R holes, an arc of double stone holes, was how the bluestones were
first placed at Stonehenge. Later, they were reorganized into their
current configuration, an outer circle and an inner horseshoe. A
particular kind of sandstone that may be found in the Brecon
Beacons or Black Mountains region of southeast Wales is used to
make the Altar Stone. The meadow north of Stonehenge, where the
stones were hammered into form, has yielded large amounts of
waste material, including shattered hammerstones and sarsen. At
Stonehenge, hammerstones made of sargen and flint have been
discovered in a range of sizes. The smaller ones would have been
used to polish and finish the surfaces, and the larger ones to
coarsely chip and flake the stone. Certain sections of the monument
were more meticulously polished than others, as evidenced by the
analysis of a recent laser scan of the stones, which also showed the
various stone working techniques employed. Specifically, the inner
sides of the central trilithons and the northeastern side displayed
exquisite decoration. Mortice holes and projecting tenons were
made to fit the upright stones with the horizontal lintels. Toggle and
groove joints were used to slot the lintels together. Generally
speaking, these joints are exclusive to woodworking.
(BUILDING STONEHENGE, n.d.) (Pearson, 2024)

The religious or ceremonial beliefs of prehistoric societies

influence the design and construction of structures such
as Stonehenge:
During 17th and 18th centuries, most thought that Stonehenge was a
Druid temple, constructed by those ancient Celtic pagans as a
center of their religious worship with ceremonial beliefs in the
prehistoric communities in influencing the design and construction
of the Stonehenge, with more scholars involved that Stonehenge
likely produced the Druids by some 2000 years, new-day druidic
communities continuing to see it as a pilgrimage target, one
continuing believe that the Stonehenge with its monument’s
entrance faces for rising sun on the day of summer solstice, for
instance, the ancient astronomers might have usage as a shape of
solar calendar in tracking sun movement and moon and notice the
varied seasons from the building axis as the Stonehenge aligns with
summer solstice sunrise and winter solstice sunset to be used as a
calendar for tracking movements of sun and stars reflecting the
importance of celestial actions in prehistoric religious beliefs and
rituals for instance, the season changing and agricultural cycles,
however, another hypothesis rose based on the several human
bones saw at the location, and showing cremation signs before
burial, involving that the Stonehenge was deserved an a burial
ground with ceremonial complexity and dead temple, however,
another second stone circle found by archaeologists in 2010 found
from a mile away from the a famous landmark, providing a more
evidence of the Stonehenge role in the rituals and ceremonies
honoring the dead, however, to return the hypothesis of
Stonehenge as a mystery as a subject of debate between different
historians, even the circular shape with the sacred space within the
central circle of standing stones being thought by other features,
which is intended as a symbolic ideas of the cosmos or delineating a
space for religious rituals and ceremonies, presenting concepts for
example, unity, eternity, or the cyclical nature of life and death,
providing as a focal point for religious ceremonies and social
connections and innovating a sense of awe and reverence along
participants even used in dead veneration and ancestor worship
with burial mounds presence and pits cremation in the vicinity, as
the Stonehenge construction were effected by beliefs about the
afterlife and essentiality of maintaining a relation with departed
ancestors.
(Greany, n.d.) (Why Was Stonehenge Built?, 2023)

The way that the architectural achievements of ancient

Egypt, particularly the Pyramids of Giza, reflect the socio-
political and religious beliefs of the time:
Ancient Egyptian architecture existing from 3000 BC, became
obviously one of the most targeted and effective architectural styles
all over decades influenced by the divine relationship human shared
along kings and their gods and afterlife thoughts with identifying it
in tombs form, temples, valleys and pyramids across Egypt
projecting post and lintel techniques in building, with customization
of culture and people beliefs in architecture exercised in huge
region and effecting Egyptian style of architecture on modern
architecture along the Orientalizing period and Egyptomania as the
divine kingship and absolute authority represented in the pyramid
as the pharaoh’s divine status with absolute power and authority in
this life and afterlife, with monumental scale and prevision
engineering of pyramids deserved in reinforcing pharaoh’s
perception as god-king capable and building colossal structures to
ensure his safety with his needs to prepare him for afterlife even
cosmic symbolism and alignment, with layout and orientation of
pyramids with the celestial phenomenon and cosmic layouts, with
east-west orientation of pyramids and as the sun perpendicular
angle to the face of Ramesses II, mirroring path of the sun, even
pharaoh’s relation to solar deity Ra and the journey along the
underworld each night, even arrangement of the pyramids with
connecting the Nile River with the surrounding geography which
held symbolic notice, presenting the pharaoh’s role in the earth
mediator along the gods and humans. Thirdly, eternal rule and
afterlife preparing which is the main function of the valley and
pyramids as a tombs for the pharaohs and enabling their safe
passage with all their properties and presenting their divine rule
and elaborating burial rooms, sarcophagi and fernery goods along
inside the pyramid to add the needed necessities with deceased
pharaohs for afterlife belief journey, with even more beliefs related
to the burial process representing the enduring status of pharaoh’s
after their death as mummification, even pyramids were
constructed in a shape close to ancient Egypt religion, that
surrounded the essentiality of conserving the cosmic order of ma’at
god, even the pharaoh’s role as a chief priest and conductor along
the gods with huge authority given, producing social cohesion and
political stability, helping in protection and governing the Egyptian
citizens furthermore, social organization and labor mobilization
represented in a vast workface of workers as artisans, builders,
laborers and craftsmen, with specialized teams which are
supervised by government, within reflecting the hierarchical
pyramid of the Egyptian society confirming as well the social
cohesion and national identity as a sign of pride among the ancient
society, as Pyramids of Giza one of the seven wounders of the world
expressed the Egyptian beliefs, values, religion, and socio-political
structure embedded inside authority of pharaoh, cosmetics and
enduring the legacy of the ancient Egyptian civilization with
complete captivation and inspiration for ancient Egypt.
(ancient Egyptian architecture, 2023) (Fayez, 2022)

The innovative engineering methods employed in the

construction of the Pyramids of Giza, considering the
technological limitations of the ancient Egyptian
civilization:
The pyramids were built mainly by enormous stones carved from
quarries by copper chisels usage, then the blocks were dragged and
lifted into site, with great debate about the technique used in
movement and placement of these stones, with great mystery
surrounding the process of building pyramids which developed
along the years with various hypothesizes introduced to regard how
the pyramids were built, as it is believed that pyramids were built
by slave labor and other theories indicate that thousands of free
skilled workers who worked for salary are the ones who built the
pyramid, however, this workforce was organized and well managed
in order to pass and produce this wounders, as the Pyramids took
about 60 years to built between 2550 to 2490 BC which is about
4500 years past, and in order to build the pyramids there were 3
important phases which are choosing the needed construction
location, location preparation and blocks raising. Firstly, choosing
the suitable location to be on the west side of the River Nile where
the sun sets, considering the belief of that wherever the sun sets
that’s is essential for the afterlife even pyramids were situated on
high ground far from any flooding danger coming from the River
Nile, but without being along far in order to use the river in
transporting block in fine quality limestone from the east side from
the Nile river to build the pyramid, even the location inside the
desert plateau which have a proved firm rock base enabling he
support of the pyramid great weight without cracking risks as the
rocks were average 2 tons, even the location chosen for pyramid
construction based on distance to the pharaoh’s residence, as king
might need regular inspect for the burial development. Secondly,
preparing the site by preparing the measurements and lengths with
accurate degree by workers preparing a firm foundation by
releasing the loose sand from the rock and the rock base had to be
absolutely flat, with workers might have done this by having low
mud walls surrounding the base and channels cutting in a grid
sequence over the ground, then filling the channels with water and
marking the water level needed, after water drained, protruding
rock might have been cut back in the indicated level and any
compressions filled along stones to produce a perfectly level
surface, with side of the pyramid which had to face one of the
cardinal points, with publishing the north first then beginning to
work on other direction from it, found by having a sighting on a
specific star in the northern sky, which might been observing the
rising and setting of star and marking its shape and disappearance
on an artificial horizon, then the angle was bisected, obtaining the
north-south line, with instruments for drawing the right angles
helping in finding east and west and making the perfect square base
with al its exactly equal four sides and right angle corners then
finally, rising the blocks by usage of rocky outcrop in the pyramid
core to preserve the work, with inner chamber and passages which
are constructed independently and the real pyramid constructed
around them, with some royal pyramid builder who changed the site
of the burial chamber, the inner pyramid might have been built
using limestone cut from desert plateau and as the main structure
was finished, the pyramid was finished by encasing it in well
dressed and cut limestone blocks from Tura with granite used for
lower courses.
(Handwerk, 2023) (How Were the Pyramids Built?, n.d.)

In what ways does the architectural style and design of

the Burj Khalifa represent modern advancements in
engineering and construction technology?
Burj Khalifa which is the tallest building on Earth, with an
architecture of a triple-lobed footprint, abstraction for the
Hymenocallis flower, a tower made of 3 quantities organized around
a central core, the modular, a Y construction with setbacks
alongside the 3 wings, providing an inherited stable configuration of
the structure and providing good floor plates for residence, with 26
helical levels decreasing the tower cross-section incrementally as it
spirals skyward with a central core emerging along the top and
culminating a sculpted spire, the Y-shaped floor plan increases
Arabian Gulf views, from air base, as the building is evocative of
onion domes inspired from Islamic Architecture, even the 40 wind
tunnel tests produced from Burj Khalifa in examining wind effect on
the tower and the occupants, which ranged from beginning tests in
verifying the climate of the wind in Dubai in huge structural models
and façade pressure ideas, to micro-climate studies of impacts at
terraces along the tower base with temporary cases along the
building phases tested by tower cranes on the building to ensure
safety at all periods, even with stack effect in order to make the
building adapt pressure and temperature change due to the super
height, with structures of between level 8 and 39 featuring Armani
Hotel Dubai, between floor 45 to 108 are private ultra-luxury
residences, with corporate suites occupying most of reminding
floors except level 122 and level 124 for tower’s public observatory
with different shapes for external and internal designs with facilities
to ensure the visitors comfortability, with stores and parking, with
interior design of Burj Khalifa public areas with usages of glass,
stainless steel and polished dark stones within silver travertine
floorings, Venetian stucco walls, stone floorings and handmade
rugs, with interiors inspired by local culture of staying mindful of
the Burj’s condition as an international icon and residence with
more than 1000 parts of art from Middle Eastern and global artists
and around Mohammed Bin Rashid Boulevard, even parts mainly got
from by Emaar in tributing the spirit of international harmony to
represent cultural and community linkage, symbolic for Burj Khalifa
as a global contribution, even with workforce of 22 million man-
hours, with 828 meter height to be a considered as one of the
wounders in the modern architecture.
(Building a Global Icon, n.d.) (How Dubai’s Burj Khalifa was built: Design,
foundations, cladding and urban myths, 2023)

The role that sustainability and environmental

considerations play in the design and construction of
modern architectural marvels compared to ancient
structures:
Sustainability along architecture defines the design and buildings’
construction and other structures which decrease their impact on
the environment and resources which could be achieved by a variety
of ways as the usage of effective-energy elements and systems,
renewable energy sources and green spaces and natural materials
incorporation as green roofs and vertical gardens as sustainability
targets in creating buildings which are self-sufficient and have a
decreased effect on the environment, which could be achieved using
various strategies for instance, using materials which are
sustainably sourced or recycled, applying effective energy systems
and technologies, designing constructions to have advantage for
natural light and ventilation, and using renewable energy sources
for instance, solar panels and wind turbines which have enormous
effect as it can decrease the carbon footprint of buildings,
decreasing its energy usage and whole environmental effect, which
is cost effective for the lifetime of the building with the decreased
reliance on non-renewable energy sources, even creating
sustainable construction might produce jobs in construction and
production fields, and improving health and well-being of users by
adding natural light and fresh air furthermore, to green fields
access attracting more architects and builders adding green
products along their designs, with main drivers of this trend
requiring to decrease the environmental effect of buildings and the
desire of having healthier and livable regions which could be
incorporated by using sustainable, recycled or locally sourced
materials, incorporation of green spaces and natural elements, and
implementing smart technologies which allow for efficient use and
resource management and etc. with various setbacks facing
architects and builders in having sustainable, aesthetic and
functional buildings at the same time to decrease the environmental
effect of the construction with technological advancements and
awareness development of the sustainability importance, becoming
increasingly possible in creating beautiful and functional buildings
which are also environmentally friendly, passive design helping in
incorporating sustainability into modern architecture through
natural elements and systems which provides comfortability and
working environment without requiring mechanical systems or
energy consuming technologies, as insulation, thermal mass,
natural ventilation for temperature regulating, incorporation of
natural light to decrease artificial lighting need, which help in
production of sustainable architecture based on the provided
moment criterion for the construction success.
(Archerio, 2022) (Green buildings: 18 examples of sustainable architecture
around the world, 2020)

Architectural marvels from different eras, such as

Stonehenge, the Pyramids of Giza, and the Burj Khalifa,
shaped our understanding of human history and cultural
identity:
Along this different marvels from different timelines, as
Stonehenge, Pyramids of Giza and Burj Khalifa were mainly
essential in the understatement of human history, development and
cultural identity with these iconic structures remarkable
engineering and building shapes with serving as an enduring shapes
of people innovation, ingenuity and cultural heritage and helping in
understanding it and identifying how people think and react
through the Stonehenge as a prehistoric monument with its huge
massive stone circles and alignments amusing archaeologists,
historians and tourists, with having its various theories beginning
from the astronomical observatory until the ceremonial location, to
its exact function reflecting the creativity and the spiritual beliefs of
the prehistoric English communities and adding valuable shapes
along their cultural practices, social alignment and connection with
cosmos, the pyramids of Giza shown as an enduring symbols of the
ancient Egyptian civilization and architectural mystery, with its
structure of the Great Pyramid Khufu, captivating the imagination of
Egyptians and serving as a religious tombs of pharaohs and
presenting the pharaoh’s authority, divine kingship and religious
beliefs of ancient Egypt with reflecting its social, political and
economic organization of ancient Egyptian society, introducing the
power and prestige of pharaohs and their skills, and labor force
dedication. Finally, Burj Khalifa, with stark contrast to ancient
wounders to modern engineering and architectural creativity along
828 meters tall building, and a symbol of Dubai’s ambition,
prosperity and millennia with leaking the Islamic architecture and
modern technology with modernity and globalization representing
Dubai’s emergence as a global hub for business, culture and
tourism, with architectural marvels spanning along thousands of
years of human history and cultural evolution and contribution in
understanding different civilizations, technological achievements
and cultural identities, reminding us of the enduring human love in
creating, innovating and leaving a lasting legacy for future
generations, connecting us to our shared human heritage and
timeless greatness quest.
(Bridging the Past and Present: Exploring Ancient Architecture and Modern Architecture, 2024)