STATE OF THE ART REVIEW
1. Elevated CO₂ Levels During Early and Late Incubation
● Title: Effect of Elevated Carbon Dioxide on Chicken Eggs During the Early and Late
Incubation Periods
● Authors: Chang Liu, Weichao Zheng, Lirong Zhu, Qin Tong, Du Li
● Published in: PubMed (2022)
● Link: Effect of elevated carbon dioxide on chicken eggs during the early and late
incubation periods - PubMed
Key Functionalities: Limitations:
● CO₂ Supplementation: ● Limited gas analysis: The study
focuses only on CO₂ effects without
○ The study examines the considering other gases (e.g.,
effects of CO₂ enrichment ammonia), which may influence
during early and late hatchability.
incubation stages.
● Short-term observations: It evaluates
○ It demonstrates that increasing immediate post-hatch performance
CO₂ levels improves but does not track long-term health or
embryonic growth and growth effects.
enhances hatch rates.
● Controlled lab conditions: The
● Gas Level Optimization: research was conducted under
controlled experimental settings,
○ The research identifies optimal which may not fully represent
CO₂ concentrations that real-world poultry farms.
promote healthier chick
development.
● Embryo Development Analysis:
○ It measures the impact of CO₂
on chick quality, weight, and
post-hatch performance.
2. Effects of Incubator CO₂ and O₂ Levels on Hatchability
● Title: Effects of Incubator Carbon Dioxide and Oxygen Levels, and Egg Weight on
Broilers’ Hatchability of Fertile Eggs
● Authors: Nezih Okur, Sabri Arda Eratalar, Ayse Arzu Yigit, Tuncer Kutlu, Sule Yurdagul
Ozsoy
● Published in: Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science (2022)
● Link: SciELO Brazil - Effects of Incubator Carbon Dioxide and Oxygen Levels, and Egg
Weight on Broilers’ Hatchability of Fertile Eggs Effects of Incubator Carbon Dioxide
and Oxygen Levels, and Egg Weight on Broilers’ Hatchability of Fertile Eggs
Key Functionalities: Limitations:
● CO₂ and O₂ Regulation: ● No Ammonia Measurement:
○ This study investigates how ○ The study only examines CO₂
varying CO₂ and O₂ levels and O₂ levels, ignoring the
influence hatchability rates and potential impact of ammonia
embryo development. accumulation.
● Egg Weight Impact: ● Static Ventilation:
○ It analyzes how egg weight ○ It uses fixed ventilation
affects CO₂ sensitivity and settings rather than dynamic,
hatch performance. real-time adjustments.
● Large Sample Size: ● No Automated Gas Control:
○ The study uses 1,950 eggs, ○ The system lacks automated
making the findings statistically gas regulation, making it less
reliable. adaptive to fluctuating
conditions
3. Interaction Between Eggshell Temperature and CO₂ Concentration
● Title: Interaction Between Eggshell Temperature and Carbon Dioxide Concentration
After Day 8 of Incubation on Broiler Chicken Embryo Development
● Authors: H. van den Brand, R. Meijerhof, M.J.W. Heetkamp, I. van den Anker, M.
Ooms, B. Kemp, R. Molenaar
● Published in: Science Direct (2021)
● Link: Interaction between eggshell temperature and carbon dioxide concentration after
day 8 of incubation on broiler chicken embryo development - ScienceDirect
Key Functionalities: Limitations:
● CO₂ and Temperature Interaction: ● Short-term observations: The study
focuses on the effects of CO₂ during
○ The study investigates the early incubation only, with limited
combined effects of CO₂ follow-up on long-term health and
concentration and eggshell growth performance of the chicks.
temperature on embryo
development. ● Limited environmental factors: The
research mainly focuses on CO₂
● Optimal Temperature Identification: levels but does not consider other
incubator environmental factors, such
○ It identifies the ideal as ammonia (NH₃) levels, which could
temperature range for also affect hatchability and chick
maximizing hatchability under health.
specific CO₂ conditions.
● Specific breed and conditions: The
● Embryo Physiology Analysis: study is conducted on a particular
breed under controlled experimental
○ The study measures embryo conditions, limiting its generalizability
growth, oxygen consumption, to different poultry systems.
and metabolic activity.
LITERATURE REVIEW
1. Elevated CO₂ Levels During Early and Late Incubation
Research Objectives and Focus Methodology
The study investigates the effects of carbon ● Eggs were incubated under varying
dioxide (CO₂) levels during egg incubation on CO₂ concentrations (1,000–4,000
hatchability, embryo development, and chick ppm).
quality. It explores:
● Metabolic activity, hatch success, and
● The impact of increased CO₂ chick quality were measured.
concentrations (1,000–4,000 ppm) on
hatch rate and chick performance. ● Post-hatch performance was
assessed.
● The relationship between CO₂
exposure duration and embryo
viability.
● Immediate post-hatch chick quality
assessments.
Key Findings Relevance to our Research
● Improved hatchability: Elevated CO₂ ● This article validates the need for CO₂
levels during early incubation regulation in egg incubators.
improved hatch rates.
● It supports the use of CO₂ sensors in
● Chick quality: your automated system to improve
hatchability.
○ Increased body weight in
chicks exposed to moderate ● Demonstrates how real-time CO₂
CO₂ levels. regulation can optimize incubation
conditions.
○ No negative impact on chick
survival rates.
● Optimal CO₂ range: The study
identified a beneficial range of CO₂
concentrations but did not test
extreme levels.
2. Effects of Incubator CO₂ and O₂ Levels on Hatchability
Research Objectives and Focus Methodology
The study investigates the effects of incubator ● Eggs were incubated under standard
carbon dioxide (CO₂) levels on: and elevated CO₂ levels.
● Hatchability rates and embryo ● Chick quality (weight and health) was
development. measured post-hatch.
● Chick quality and growth performance ● ANOVA was used for statistical
post-hatch. analysis.
● The impact of CO₂ on metabolism and
physiological responses in developing
embryos.
Key Findings Relevance to our Research
● Improved hatchability: ● Supports the importance of CO₂
regulation in incubators.
○ Elevated CO₂ levels during
early incubation enhanced ● Demonstrates how gas levels directly
hatchability rates. impact hatchability.
● Chick quality: ● Highlights the need for dynamic gas
monitoring, which our system offers.
○ Increased body weight and
growth performance in chicks
incubated with moderate CO₂
exposure.
● Physiological changes:
○ Changes in metabolic activity
and oxygen consumption were
observed, indicating that CO₂
influenced embryo physiology.
3. Interaction Between Eggshell Temperature and CO₂ Concentration
Research Objectives and Focus Methodology
The study primarily investigates the effects of ● Eggs were exposed to controlled CO₂
incubation conditions, particularly carbon levels during incubation.
dioxide (CO₂) levels, on hatchability and chick
quality. It examines: ● The study measured oxygen
consumption, embryo metabolism,
● The impact of elevated CO₂ during the and hatch success.
first half of incubation on chick
development and post-hatch ● Chick quality (weight and feed
performance. conversion) was analyzed post-hatch.
● Measurements of body weight, feed
efficiency, and organ development.
Key Findings Relevance to our Research
● Improved hatchability: Elevated CO₂ ● Supports CO₂ regulation as a
levels during the early incubation hatchability enhancer.
phase improved hatch rates.
● Highlights the importance of
● Better feed efficiency: Chicks environmental control during
exposed to controlled CO₂ had better incubation.
feed conversion rates.
● Demonstrates the need for real-time
● Organ development changes: There gas and temperature regulation, which
were notable effects on organ size your automated system addresses.
and weight, suggesting metabolic
adaptations.
Research Gap Identification
1. Lack of Real-Time Gas Monitoring and Regulation
Why This Gap Is Significant: How Your Research Fills This Gap:
● Real-time gas regulation is crucial ● Our system introduces real-time
for maintaining a stable incubation CO₂ and ammonia monitoring with
environment. automated regulation.
● Without continuous monitoring and ● This ensures consistent gas
automatic adjustments, gas conditions, which directly improves
fluctuations can cause embryo hatchability and chick health.
stress, lower hatch rates, and
weaker chicks.
● Static or pre-set conditions in
existing studies fail to adapt to
changing gas levels, reducing
incubation efficiency.
Significance: This is the most critical gap because dynamic, real-time control directly
impacts hatchability rates and the overall effectiveness of the incubation process.
2. No Ammonia (NH₃) Monitoring in Current Incubation Studies
Why This Gap Is Significant: How Your Research Fills This Gap:
● Ammonia, released from waste ● Your system introduces ammonia
and decaying eggs, is toxic to sensors alongside CO₂ regulation.
embryos, reducing hatch rates and
chick quality. ● By monitoring both gases, you
create a comprehensive gas
● The current studies overlook management system, which
ammonia regulation, which is a reduces toxic gas accumulation
major flaw, as CO₂ monitoring and increases hatch success.
alone is insufficient for optimal
hatchability.
● Dual-gas regulation (CO₂ + NH₃)
creates a healthier incubation
environment, reducing embryo
mortality.
Significance: This is a key gap because ammonia accumulation is a practical and
real-world issue in incubators, and its regulation is essential for embryo health and
hatchability.
3. Lack of Automated Ventilation for Gas Control
Why This Gap Is Significant: How Your Research Fills This Gap:
● Without automated ventilation, CO₂ ● Your system automatically activates
and ammonia can accumulate to ventilation (fans or vents) when CO₂
harmful levels, causing embryo or ammonia levels exceed safe
suffocation or toxicity. thresholds.
● Manual or fixed ventilation settings ● This prevents harmful gas buildup and
are less efficient, especially when gas stabilizes incubation conditions.
levels fluctuate.
● Automated ventilation ensures
consistent air quality and prevents
harmful gas spikes.
Significance:
This gap is significant because ventilation directly controls gas exposure, making it essential
for creating a safe and stable incubation environment.
Novelty and Contribution
1. Dual-Gas Regulation System (CO₂ + NH₃) – A Comprehensive Gas
Management Solution
● 🌟 Why It Stands Out:
○ Unlike existing incubator studies, which only regulate CO₂ or O₂ levels, your
research monitors and regulates both CO₂ and ammonia levels.
○ This dual-gas regulation creates a healthier and more stable incubation
environment, preventing toxic gas accumulation.
○ Ammonia regulation is completely absent in current incubation research,
making your approach truly novel and unique.
● 🔍 Why It Matters:
○ CO₂ regulation improves embryo growth and hatch rates.
○ NH₃ monitoring prevents toxic buildup, reducing embryo stress and mortality.
○ By combining both, your system offers a more comprehensive and effective
gas management solution.
2. Real-Time Automated Ventilation – Dynamic Gas Control
● 🌟 Why It Stands Out:
○ Current incubation studies use static or manual ventilation, which cannot
dynamically respond to fluctuating gas levels.
○ Our system introduces real-time automated ventilation, which activates only
when CO₂ or ammonia levels exceed safe thresholds.
○ This dynamic system maintains stable air quality without requiring manual
intervention.
● 🔍 Why It Matters:
○ Prevents gas spikes by automatically expelling excess CO₂ and NH₃.
○ Ensures consistent and optimal gas conditions throughout the incubation
period.
○ Improves hatchability rates by reducing embryo stress caused by fluctuating
gases.
3. IoT-Based Monitoring and Remote Access – Smart Incubation System
● 🌟 Why It Stands Out:
○ existing incubator systems lack IoT integration.
○ Our research uses IoT connectivity for real-time monitoring of CO₂ and
ammonia levels.
○ Farmers can remotely access gas data, monitor conditions, and receive alerts
if gas levels exceed safe limits.
● 🔍 Why It Matters:
○ Offers remote accessibility, making it easier for farmers to monitor the
incubator.
○ Data logging allows for performance tracking and analysis.
○ Enables faster intervention to prevent gas-related embryo stress or mortality.
SUMMARY
1. Dual-Gas Regulation System:
● Comprehensive gas management – addresses both CO₂ and ammonia, which no
current studies combine.
● Creates a healthier and safer incubation environment.
2. Real-Time Automated Ventilation:
● Dynamic and adaptive control – prevents gas spikes by automatically activating
ventilation when needed.
● Improves hatch rates through consistent gas stability.
3. IoT-Based Monitoring:
● Remote monitoring and control – increases convenience and accessibility for farmers.
● Enables real-time data logging and alerts, ensuring timely interventions.
