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HEMATOLOGY

Q.1. What is Hematology?

Ans- Hematology is the study of blood, its component and blood

related diseases.

Q.2. Define Blood?

Ans-Blood is a specialized connective tissue, which circulates in a closed

system of blood vessels.

Q.3. How much blood does the normal Adult carry ?

Ans-In adult the total volume of blood comprises about 8% of the body
weight or about 5-6 lts.

Q.4. Give the Component of blood ?

Ans-The blood has 2 major components

Fluid part Cellular element

Plasma(55% of blood fluid) (45% of blood fluid)

RBC WBC PLT

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Q.5. Give the Functions of blood ?

Ans-The following are the functions of blood.

1. Nutrition:- Transport of absorbed food.
2. Respiration :-Transport of O2 from the lungs to the tissue and Co2
from the tissue to the Longs.
3. Excretion:- Transport of metabolic wastes to Lungs, kidneys skin
and intestine for removal.
4. Regulation of water balance .
5. Maintenance of normal Acid –base balance.
6. Regulation of body temperature.
7.Defence against infection.
8. It help in coagulation of blood .
9. It help in transport of Hormones.

Q.6. What is Hematopoiesis?

Ans- It is a process of production, development and maturation of cellular

elements in blood is called Hematopoiesis
.

Q.7. Give the types of Hematopoiesis?

Ans- There are 3 types of hematopiesis

Erythropoiesis Leukopoiesis Thrombopoiesi

Production of RBC Production of WBC Production of PLT

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Q.8. Give the sites of blood production

Ans- The sites of blood production are :

1) Fetus :- Less than 2 month Yolksac

2) From 2-7 month Liver and spleen
3) Children & Adults Bone Marrow

Q.9. Give the steps of Erythropoiesis?

Ans- The steps of Erythropoiesis are

Pluripotent stem cell

Transitional Haemocytoblast

Haemocytoblast

Pronormoblast

Early normoblast

Intermediate normoblast

Late normoblast

Reticulocyte

Erythrocyte

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 10. Give steps of Leukopiesis?

Ans- It has 3 independent series which lead to formation of

A) Granulocytes ----------------------- Ncutrohil

------------ Eosinophil

------------- Basophil

B) Lymphocytes
C) Monocytes

Leukopoiesis(Granulocytes)

Pluripotent stem call

Transitional Haemocytoblast

Haemocytoblast

Myeloblast

Promylocytes

Mylocytes

Meta mylocytes

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 Non-Segmented form

Mature form

Neutrophil Eosinophil Basophil

Q.11. Write short note on Erythrocytes?

Ans
1. Erythrocyte is a circular, biconcave cell without a nucleus
2. The size of the RBC is about 7.5mm and 2 µ Thickness.
3. RBC is Red in color due to the pigment called Hemoglobin
4. The lite span of RBC is 120 days +/-20days
5. The internal fluid concentration of RBC is 0.85% NaCl
6. The cell membranes of RBC is composed of lipid and protein
molecules
7. The function of RBC is it carry O2 from lungs to the tissue and Co2 from
tissue to the lungs
8. The Normal Range of RBC is
Male 5-6million/ cumm
Female 4-5million/cumm
9. Clinical significance :
Increase in RBC ---------Polycythemia
Decrease in RBC --------- Anemia
10. RBC contain a special protein called spectrin which helps in elasticity
Of cell
11. A glycoprotein present on the outer surface of the cell behaves as blood
grouping Antigen.

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Q.12 Give the steps for Thrombopoiesis

Ans:
Thrombopoiesis
Pluripotent stem sell

Transitional Haemocytoblast

Haemocytoblast

Mega karyoblast

Promega karyocyte

Granular Megakryocyte

Budding magakaryocyte

Platelet

Q.13. Write the short note on WBC?

Ans- 1.The white blood cells are also called Leukocytes

2.WBC is a nucleated cells
3.The process of production of leukocytes is called Leukopoiesis
4.The function of Leukocytes is defense Mechanism
5. The Normal range of WBC is 4000-11000/cumm
6. Clinical significance:
Increase of WBC Leukocytosis
Decrease of WBC Leukopenia

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 7. Types of WBC

Granulocyte Agranulocyte

Neutrophil Eusinophil Basophil

(50-70%) (1-6%) (0-1%) Lymphocyte Monocyte
(25-45%) (2-8%)

8. Neutrophils are also called Polymorpho-nuclear cells.

9. Lymph nodes,thymus are other sites of Leukocytes synthesis
10. Leukocyts are spherical in shape and slightly larger than RBC

Q.14.Write the short note on Platelet?

Ans-1.The Platelet is also called Thrombocyte

2.The Platelet are very small non-nucleated cell
3. The size of the Platelet is 3µ in diameter
4.The life span of Platelet is between 7-14 days.
5.The function of Platelet is clotting Mechanism
6.The normal range 1.5Lakh-4.5Lakh/cumm
7.Clinical Significance:-
Increase in platelet Thrombocytosis
Decrease in platelet Thrombocytopenia
8.Prosess of production of Platelet is called Thrombopoiesis
9.Platelet also contain ADP, various clotting factors ,and microtubules
made of thrombosthenin, which help the platelets to retract

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Q.15Fill in the blanks
1) The Liquid part of blood is called_____________________.
2) The sell clement contain in blood are____________________,
________________________ and __________________________.
3) The production, development and maturation of cell element of blood
is called ______________________________.
4) The first cell of Heamatopoien Series is called _____________________________.
5) ______________________ sell is the immature RBC .
6) _______________________ is the site of blood production in embryo age.
7) _______________________is the site of blood production is Adult age.
8) _______________________ is function of WBC.
9) _______________________ is function of platelet.
10) RBC contains a special protein called ____________________________.
11) The normal range of RBC is _________________________.
12) The normal range of WBC is ____________________________.
13) The normal range of PLT is_____________________________.
14) The normal range of neutrophil is _______________________________.
15) The normal range of eosiphil is _____________________________.
16) The normal range of Basophil is ______________________________.
17) The normal range of Lymphocyte is ____________________________.
18) The normal range of monocyte is_________________________________.
19) The neutroiphil is also called _________________________________ cell.
20) _____________________ is the internal fluid concentration of RBC.
21) Life span of RBC is _______________________________.
22) Life span of Platelet is ____________________________.
23) Size of the RBC is ___________________________________.
24) Size of the platelet cell is ________________________________.
25) Increase in RBC is________________________________.
26) Increase in WBC is _______________________________.
27) Increase in platelet is _____________________________.
28) Decrease in RBC is _______________________________.
29) Decrease in WBC is ______________________________.
30) Decrease in platelet is ____________________________.

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 31) Platelets are derived from _megakaryoblast.
32) Neutrophil is a granulocyte cell with 2-7 lobes of nucleus.
33) The defence function of the body is carried out by nucleated cell called
WBC

Q.16. What is Plasma ?

Ans- Plasma is the transparent liquid portion of anticoagulated blood in

which blood cells are suspended.

Q.17.Give the composition of plasma

Ans-The plasma consist of

90% water 10% Organic & Inorganic substance

The plasma contains

-Clotting factors
-Fibrinogen

-Inorganic salt Nacl, Na-bicarbonate,

K,mg,Iron,Ca,etc.
-Organic waste Urea ,UA,Creatinine
-Hormones
-Gases O2 & CO2

Q.18.What is serum?

Ans-1.Serum is the liquid portion of the clotted blood.

2.It is the blood plasma without fibrinogen & clotting factors.

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Q.19. Difference between Plasma & serum?

Plasma Serum
1. It is fluid part of anticoagulated 1. It is fluid part of clotted blood
blood
2.It contains all the clotting factros 2. It does not contains any clotting
factors as the have been used up in
clot formation.
3.It is used to coagulation studies like 3.It is used for the estimation of
PT & APTT in heamatology biochemical test & serology test

Q.20.What is Hemoglobin?

Ans- 1. Hemoglobin is conjugated protein synthesized inside the immature

erythrocyte in the red bone marrow
2. It consist of Heme(4%Iron) & globin 96%protein.
3. It is pigment which give Red colour to the RBC

Q.21.Give the normal types of Hemoglobin ?

Ans-The normal type of hemoglobin are HbA , HbA2 & HbF

Q.22.Write short note on Hemoglobin?

Ans-1. Hemoglobin is a conjugated protein, synthesized in RBC

2.It is pigment which gives Red color to blood.
3.Hemoglobin consists of Hem 4% Iron
Globin 96% protein

4.Function :-It carry O2 from Lungs to the tissue & CO2 from tissue to the
Lungs
5. The normal Range: Male 13-18 gm/dl
Female 12-14gm/dl

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6. There is about 750gm of Hb in the Total circulating blood of a 70kg
Man
7. 1gm of Hb can carry 1.34ml of O2
8.Clinical significance:-
Increase of Hb Polycythemia
Decrease of Hb Anemia
9. A healthy adult loses and Produces 6 .25g of Hb per day

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