Unit - 2

Various Types of IPR

2 and its Economic
Impact

Syllabus
Introduction to different types of IPR patents, Industrial Designs, copyrights, trademarks, trade
secrets, Geographical Indications and Plant Varieties. Real world case studies highlighting the
economic impact of each type of IPRs.

Contents
2. 1 Introduction to Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) Patents
2.2 Types of IPR Patents

2.3 Industrial Designs, Copyrights, Trade Secrets, Geographical

Indications and Plant Varieties
2.4 Copyrights
2.5 Plant Varieties
2.6 Real World Case Studies Highlighting the Economic Impact of Each Type of IPRs
2.7 Plagiarism
2.8 Related to Intellectual Property Rights in India
2.9 Multiple Choice Questions with Answers

2. 1O Short Questions and Answers

2. 11 Long Answered Questions

2. 12 Descriptive Questions and Answers

(2 - 1)
 PtOP8_r1YR;ghts rtY Rights (IPR) Patents lnta/lsctual Property Rights 2-3 Various Types of IPR and ,ts Economic Impact
tn1e11ec1ua1 I proPe
. to 1ntellectua . growth, Intellectual Prope .
roduct1on econonuc I tlies
fll lnt e-driven ornic deve opment, inn ovati
)alowle g d ging econ
• In the modern . for encoura f IPR is patents, which provide OJi
essenual nents o th . . e~
(IPR) are tl keY comPo . them to protect err 1nnovative .Id
. . One of ,e a]JoWlng .
creauv1ty. and creators, . or distribut10n.
ri hts to inventors . d use, copying . .
g unauthonze titutional nght denved from .
creations from rise cons ll1te
rights colllP J1'terature and the arts. These righ ts
n t al prope sector, sc1·e.nee'n ctual products and services by
rt)'
lnte e~ u tors of
effort m the sec rs of JJJte e . p
11 as produce overn their usage. Protected .
inventors as we . .me rights to g in1e11
. restricted 1n ti can be traded, possessed, sold or p Bluetoolh as an option for dala transfer.
them certaUl tl r proper!Y, . Ure The first telephone was invenled and
Wireless Technology
roper!Y rights, like any o ,e usted forms of consumption. parented by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876.
Invented by : Jaap Haartsen
p . 'ble. non-exha
These are mtangJ , US Palen! Number 174,465 US Patent No. : 6,590,928

(a) Patent of telephone (b) Patent of Bluetooth

Background hen innovators were awarded sole coPYri
cient Greece, w
.
• Patents originated Ill an th modern patent system emerged in the Fig. 2.2.1
. . . However, e ~
1. Utility patents :
to their lflllovauons. d t other parts of Europe. Today, Patenb
d later sprea o • Utility patents, also referred to as "the patents for innovation." are a form of
century in Italy an ball with the World Intellectual
. d rotected glo Y, . . patent that covers novel and useful processes, machinery. manufacturing
recognized an P . a key role in promotmg and protectmg intel methods or material compositions. These patents are intended to foster
Organization (WIPO) playmg
creativity and inventiveness by granting complete rights to researchers and
property rights worldwide. creators. Utility patents are frequently the most common type of patent and they
are believed to be the core of the patent system.

fl) Types of IPR Patents . • Consider a firm that has created a new and creative method of purifying water
f IPR patents, each designed to protect different l}1XI by combining filters and chemicals. This corporation can seek a utility patent
that will safeguard its idea. If approved, the patent will allow the corporation
0
There are several types
innovative ideas and creations. These include : exclusive rights to produce and sell the water filtration system over a period of
two decades starting the date of filing. This would prohibit other firms from
replicating or utilizing similar technology without authorization, allowing the
corporation to recoup its R&D expenditure while still profiting from its
innovation .
• Another example is a tech company that has developed a new and improved
algorithm for searching and retrieving data from large databases. This
corporation can file for a patent that grants utility to safeguard its algorithm. If

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 vanous Types of IPR and its Eco
2-4 norn;c 1 tual prope_rly Rights
. llJp~ 11ee 2-5 I(
Intellectual Property Rights •will have sole licenses to use • . In18 arious Types of IPR 8nd
d the corporation . tl lt he
These patents provide exclusiv .gh ,ts Economic Impact
e n ts to th ·
tl1e patent is approve • . o decades followmg ie date of filin enst plant variety, allowing them to contr0 I h e Inventor or breeder of the new
enod of tw fr J11 using th e same al gontlun
· g. 'l'i ·8
. 'n1 r . t e reprodu f
tlle algorithm over a P .
nparues O . • \\11th u1e plant 1or a penod of two decade . . . c ton, sale and distribution of
s initiated from fir d
would preYenl other co1 to maintain a competitive edge . out h tng ate.
wing the co111panY in th, • for example, let's consider a com
. . pany t at has dev I d .
permission. allo , variety of corn that 1s resistant t d e ope a new and mnovative
. o rought and h
market. safeguard tis novel maize variety b . . pests. T e business may
Y submttttng an r .
app 1catton for a plant
,. b'ect is protected by design patents . patent. If granted, the plant patent would .
_give th e company exclusive rights to
2. Design patents :
. d . of a usefw1 o ~ , a kin reproduce, sell and distribute the co
• The decoratwe esign tents safeguard a product's distinctj d rn vanety for a 10 .d f
Jaw These pa Ve 8.rid date of fi ling. This would prevent oth . per 0 20 years from the
of intellectual property · . ding its fom1, look and general ae h er companies fro d .
. Jements me1u . st er1 the same corn variety without permi . . m repro ucmg or selling
imaginative des1gn e · .al for companies iliat mvest significant . c ss1on, allowing the co
till\e investinent in research and development d . '.11pany to recoup its
appeal. Design patents are essent1. and visually appealing products . . an profit from its mnovation.
. · innovative ·
and resources mto creatmg fi that has created a new and revolutio • Another example 1s a umversity research hO
distinct variety of rose that has a unique fr er w has developed a new and
• For example, suppose. a rm d interface. To protect tlie smart h nary agrance and color The resear h
·th a distinct form an P one's apply fo r a plant patent to protect the ne . · c er can
h
smartp one WI --~ turer can file a design patent application 1'l . w rose variety If granted the I t
· d · the manUlac · , ne patent would give the researcher exclusive · .h · · P an
decorative esign. nl ·ght to produce and market cellphones usin . . . ng ts to reproduce. sell and
business would have •the o yfrn m the award date 1'f t e es1gn patent ga
h d . d1stnbute the rose variety for a period of 20 years from the date of filing This
. . or florists fro m repro ducmg • or sellmg . the ·same
similar design for 1) years O • • • was would prevent
. .oilier nurseries
a roved. This would prevent other comparues from copy~ g ~r usmg the sa111e rose variety wtiliout perrruss10n ' allowing th e researc her to profit from their
PP_ . . . allowing the company to mamtam a competitiv . . .
design without pemuss10n, e innovation and mvest m further research and de ve1opment.
edge in the market. • In boili. of these examples,
. . the plant patent pro vt'des a powerful tool fo r
•s a company that has designed a new and innovative ·ghts to the
· n°
protectmg new and d1stmct plant varieties • By provi·d·mg excIus1ve
• Ano th er examp Ie 1 . .
Graphical User Interface (GOD for a software a~plicat10n. To ~rot~ct the GU!'s ·
inventor or breeder, plant patents help to encourage mn·0 van· on and mvestrnent
• d · the corporation can file a design patent application. The firm in plant breeding and research, while also ensuring that inventors and breeders
decorative es1gn,
would have the only right to employ and license the GUI designs for 15 yeari are rewarded fo r tl1eir hard work and ingenuity.
after the date of issuance if the design patent was approved. This would prevent
other companies from using the sanie GUI design wiiliout permission, allowing 4. Reissue patents :

the company to maintain a unique and recognizable brand identity. • Reissue patents are a type of patent that is issued to correct errors or defects in
an original patent. These patents are designed to provide a second chance for
• In each of these cases, a design patent is an effective instrument for protecting
inventors to correct mistakes or omissions in their original patent application.
the distinctive and creative characteristics of the design of an item. By
Reissue patents can be broader or narrower in scope than the original patent.
providing exclusive rights to the design, design patents help to encourage
dependi ng on the nature of the correction.
innovation and creativity, while also ensuring that companies are rewarded for
• For instance, suppose a company, GreenTech, was granted a patent for a
their investment in design and product development.
innovative solar panel design. However, after the patent was granted, the
3. Plant patents : company discovered tllat one of the claims in the patent was too narrow. and
• Plant patents are a sort of protection for intellectual property that protects new did not adequately protect the invention. To correct this error, GreenTech can
and unique plant species, including hybridized or genetically modified crops
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 vanOl/0 / fl•N~ ~• " 0' Uflfr!'t"'s- : - - -- -- ~ -
2• 6 €eo11o
the reissue patent would "1~, I p,op11rlY Rights
2 7
rtY Rights f rante d, • br ntslfBCtua • Various r
Intellectual prope tent, I g . . greater protection for th aden 0 I hnology gather feedb k ypes of IPR and its Economic Impact
reissue pa rov1d1ng e SoJ \ tee ' ac and make ·
apply for a . . al patent, P someone else copying its idea. If G improvements without worrying about
ti or1g1n ar h,, . reenCycle dee·1d
scope of ie ,~ technology, 1t can file for a utlty es to move forward with its
tvfedDev, was granted 11
design.
1npanY•
d uppose a co tl t one of the claims in the p en1 t
a Pat rovisional patent and the utility p t patent .
w'th•
1 in one
year of filing the
ban s red ia atent ,, 1 P e same date as the provisional a ent will be 'd
, On t11e oti1er 'later disco''e JogY• To correct this error 1 , IVas tl1 pa Ient. consi ered to have been filed on
.cal d vice. but . . g tecllJlO , ,v1edb "
medi e_ . don ex1sun d we reissue patent would narro ev~ • In both examples, the provisional patent 'd
.
broad and ~ge patent. If grante .' ement on existing technologw the Sr, status, whi ch aII ows mventors to t thprov1 . .
es a temporary " t d' ,,
pa ent pen mg
1 fi r a reissue .d' g infrlllg y %· "? jrnprovements without worryin b est e1r ideas th fi db
app y o . . 1 tent, avo1 JO edical device. lie I g a out someone el, ga er .ee thack. and .
make
.
of the ortgllla pa ects of the m temporary patent also provides a co t ffi . se copymg e1r idea. This
. the unique asp 'des a valuable opportunity for.1 s -e ecttve and effic· t fi .
protectlllg tent 1 to protect their ideas while they refine . . ,en way or mventors
the reissue pa proV . original patent and to ensur nven~n1 and develop thetr mventions.
• In botii cases, or defects in their e that \ In conclusion, each of the types of patent d' .
s iscussed, tncluding . utility
.. patents
correct e~ors tely protected. ·gn patents, plant patents, reissue patents and . .
invention is adequa des1 . . . . . prov1s1onal patents, plays a vital role'
.U1 promotmg mnovatton, creativity and economi
5. Provisional patents :
c growth. By provtding . . exclusive .
e of temporary patent that allows inventors
fl·ghts to inventors and creators, these patents protect mnovative
• Provisional patents ar_e ~ ~ne year. This temporary patent provides a .to~
• . ideas
. .
and creations
from unauthorized use, copying or distribution.
for a utility patent within b beneficial for inventors who want to t ~
hi h can e
pe
nding" staUlS, w c d ake improvements before COtnrnitf estllt The protection offered by these patents encourages tnven · tors and creators to •tnvest
fi edback an m .. tng to, time, money
invention, gather e . ess of obtaining a utthty patent. ·
1 and effort in developing new and innovative ideas, knowing that their
· consUJJ)lllg proc work will be protected and th at they will be able to reap the benefits of their creativity.
costly and tune· . inventor Emma, who bas developed a n
, For examP1e, let's consider. an Emma wants to test her design in the e~ ~ This, in turn, drives innovation, creativity and economic growth, as new and improved
'
. martwatch design. lliaik
innovauve s. fr potential customers and make improvements ~~ products, processes and services are developed and brought to market.
gather feedback .. om t I To do this Emma can file for a provisional"''· Furtl1ermore, the exclusive rights provided by these patents allow inventors and
I . for a uuhty pa en . ' "'"" creators to control
app ymg . h mporfilY "patent pending" status for one year. D11r the use of their innovations, enabling them to decide bow their
which would give er a Ie .
. E an refine her design, gather feedback and ,,, inventions are used, manufactured and distributed. This control also enables them to
this tune, mrna c . . ""
. t 'thou! worrying about someone else copymg her 1dea. lfEir.:, prevent others from making, using or selling their inventions ,vitbout permission,
IDlprovemen s WI . • ..
'd e ~orward with her mvent1on, she can file for a uhh~ rur- thereby protecting their intellectual property rights.
dec1 es to mov 11 • • ,-.
within one year of filing the provisional patent and the utility patent 11ilJI In addition, the protection offered by these patents promotes competition, as
considered to have been filed on the same date as the provisional patent.
inventors and creators are incentivized to develop new and innovative ideas that are
, Another example is a startup company, GreenCycle, that has developedn better than existing ones.
This competition drives innovation and improvement,
and innovative recycling technology. GreenCycle wants to test its technolll!)
leading to the development of new and improved products, processes and services that
the market, gather feedback from potential customers and make improv
benefit society as a whole.
before applying for a utility patent. To do this, GreenCycle can file f,
In summary, each of the types of patents discussed plays a critical role in
provisional patent, which would give the company a temporary "p,.:
pending" status for one year. During this time, GreenCycle can refini promoting innovation, creativity and economic growth, by providing exclusive rights

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 ,ty_ Rights 2• 9 Various Typas of /PR and its economic /mpacl
vsn°. us rype_s of IPR and ,ts €cohoIll~,, tuBI proP
6
2·8 .
. ovative ideas and creat· . 1µtsil8'. jque symbol that designates particular products or services as being made
ir iJ111 Ion A unpplied by a particular individual or business is called a trademark. It might
~.ahts ti
ctillg ie h these patents are e s 11
~rt)'_ rw;;. d prote . AS suc ' . SSenr or sua single word, a senes · of characters or a number. They may me · 1ude
intellectual otors aJ1 . tribuuoll· .. 1 a11d i111provmg the qua]i1,, I~
id ere r diS . row"1 , of1·1 be wi_ngs, symbols, three-dimensional indications such as product shape and
to inventors !II coPyiog ~ ,011onJ1C g I ti dfackaging, audio ·
· signs sue h as music · or voice sounds, smells or colors ut1Td
i~e
use, . lllg e
t11orized
unau ·ng innovouon- a whole-
. drJV
cte secrets, Geographical P:
differentiating qualities. It gives the mark owner protection by guaranteeing
encourag1 id societYas rra
. hts, a e onl Y right to use the mark to identify products or services or to grant
th inission for ano th er party to use ..
. dividunls ai copyri9 1t m exchange for payment.
10
t ·al 0es1·gns, t varie · ties 1 rights th at pro tec t tlle crear per .
lf!CI 1ndUS n nd p1an t11e 1ega ions Since a product or service's nature and quality, as demonstrated by its
p:.a d'cations a refers to . hts enable creators to contr 1 ~
In I QP) IP rig o !ht • distinctive trademark, satisfy customers' demands, it makes it easier for them_to
JectJJal property d businesse5· use and benefit financially fr ~ find and buy it. A trademark's registration serves as first evidence of owners~p,
JnteI . ·yjduals aJ1 o ying or . Ofll ,
of IP nghts . In "".
. lions of ind1
·nde]ve Jjl. to six types. , ,
t11orized c p anting the owner statutory rights. Trademark rights can be kept in eterruty.
1nnova
o
f their work, pre' e
, nt unaU
this explana
uon, we w1
trade secre ,
ts geographical md1cations and
' dllst>

~
f
he registration is valid for ten years and can be renewed on a regular basis
creations- In demarks, after that.
. htS tra
designs. copyng ' • Trademarks gain popularity through public use, resulting in exclusive rights
varieties. Trademarks. that are able remain officially enforced by the owner.
I ot 1PR5 : • Trademarks assist consumers in determining who manufactures or provides a
Types / TOO s b. Geographical indications.
d.
a. Patents. d rigbts. Layout design for integrated circuits. product. For example, Coca-Cola Sony, and TVS.
'gbts and relate f.
c. Copyn
e. Industrial desigOS· d t or a method that offers an inno
181 Q~
•. -
a
) Patent
• An mv
. ention is de e
fin d as a pro uctechnological reso Iut1.on to a problem,~
thing or a new . I
l
,
TVS~
ethod of doing som~ ded for an invention. t protects the "'·
m . hcense awar 1· . d . ""
atent is a uruque t'on is offered for a 1m1te lime, llallleh
P . ( The protec 1 . ..
owner's mnova ion. . . • that tile innovation cannot be comm...:.
tect10n imp1ies
years. Patent pro. . d di t 'buted or sold without the patent hol!:
·--.... ~~
ao1aas
Bisleri •Whf#d
manutactured • utihze ,f satent n has tile nght . to se Iect who may and ca;;
· · An owner o a P . .
perm1ss10n. d . tion throughout tile penod of protection. Fig. 2.3.1
use the patente 1nnova
b) Trademarks . . . . • Trade secrets
• Trademarks are a type of IP that protects distinctive signs, symbols or imr.
o Trade secrets are confidential and valuable information that is not publicly
that identify a business or product. Trademarks can include logos. brand
known and is used in a business to gain a competitive advantage. Trade secrets
slogans and trade dress. Trademark protection prohibits others from
identical marks that may cause customer confusion. Trademark protectial can include formulas, recipes, software code and business methods. Trade
lasl indefinitely, as long as tile mark is continuously used in commerce ml secret protection keeps outsiders from stealing or misusing your sensitive
registration is renewed periodically. To be eligible for trademark protectim knowledge.
mark must be distinctive not functional and not like! to cause confusioo
 10 VsrioUS Types of IPR and its E p,operlY Rights
2• COnorn, 1 81
1ptell8clU 2 • 11
Intellectual Properly Rights . kept private and no t made public, tract c "1p~ i..ave characteristics that stem fro
JJ Various Types of IPRandits6
1.U1jque geographical elem . m their area f . . conomic Impact
o As long as the knowledge is T be eligible for trade secret prot e seer . . ents mcl d' o ongm and .
t rnallY o ectj e1 ernP)Jas1ze umque aspects of u mg climate are
protection may last e e ·. valuable and not publicly known °tt, t~ . a produ and so·1 Th unpacted by
1 rnaY be found !11 the product' ct that are caused b I • ey may also
. . t be confident1a ' . . A s area of · • Y human ·
mfomrntJOn mus that gives a company a racuces. geographical ind'
. . knowledge colll . . tcator ref,ong1n, such as manufactu ·vanables . that
o Confidential business d ecret. Typically, they are man Petitiv P
production that establishes the . ers to a specific loca . nng skills and
b t nned a tra e s ufactii 0e originated there. unique characterisfics ofhontheor goods
territorythat
of
advantage may e e t These include sales and ct· tin
. . ercial secre s. . istrib ..,
mdustnal and comm d rtising tactics, supplier and client . Ulio1
files a ve lists Darjeeling tea Kathputlis of

~
methods, customer pro • rets unlike patents, are prot ani Rajasthan
. d es Trade sec , ectect 1
production proce ur · . "ble to secure a trade secret fo r an . eve
"th
wi out reg1s
. tration . It is poss1t be a significant degree of secrecy s tndefitnite

amount of tirne , but there mus

would be impossible to obtain

c) Copyrights and associated

" rights
• The legal word cop~
granted for their creauve works-
copyright .·. Databases;
. the knowledge without using incorrectUch th at i1

.ght": refers to the nghts

. that authors and artist
The following types of works are r
. music compositions..
rnethOds.

s are
p otectedb)
and dances· archit
Kancheepuram silk - Warli painting

. . dr movies,
. '
photographs and sculptures; advertisements ecturai
designs ' paintings, a-wings, .
. dra . . and literary works, such as stones, poerns , tna11s 1
and technical WJJ]gs, C . ' Pai~
£ b ks newspapers and computer programs. opynght exists in
re erebnce ·rtuoo f, ·ts creation- hence, registration is optional. an Ben gal patachitra Bidriware Magahi paan
asset yv1 eo 1 , .

Ii
• Nonetheless, registering a copyright proves that the work is owned by the
inventor and that copyright exists in it. Authors frequently offer access to theu
creations to the people or businesses that can prom~te them the best ~
exchange for money. These payments are frequentl_y provided in response to the
actual usage of the work and are known as royalt1e~. These commercial righ~
are limited to the lifetime of the inventor plus sixty years fo llowing theu
Kashmir saffron

ii
Shahi litchi of Bihar
,:;
passing, with the exception of photos.

,~~
d) Geographical Indications (GI) :
• Geographical Indications (Gls) are a type of IP that protects the names of
places or regions that are associated with specific products or services. Gls can
include names of wines, cheeses and other agricultural products. GI protection
prevents others from using the same name or indication to sell similar products
• GI are marks used on items that have a certain geographical origin and exbiba
·• · ,_ __ .:M---Aaricultur oods often
• .·
Fig. 2.3.2 Various examples of Geographical Indications (GI)

• It is critical that the product acquire its attributes and reputation from the
location. The place of origin might be a hamlet or town, a region, or even a
 vsnous /,,.,QU VI II r\cJnr:r; s I:
2 .12 Con0 ,ty Rights
. benefits from t'ts registrar II}~ \ ntBlf8C
tual prope_
• . . .
2 13
• Various T
ypes of IPR and ,ts Economic Impact
R;ghts n1111un1tY Th GI ton S' ~ I • dustnal designs and 1t will serve 1•ts
tnte//ectuat p,ope_rlY of t11e co con1murtlty. e s of Proctu l~i,. 111 • • purpose effe f 1 · h
. Ever)' nie1nber anted to t11atd . sarees have just been regi Cts silt:11 ...... !og1cal and mlemational progr c ive Y ID t e face of fast
teC•'-'' 0 ess.
nation. ·t1en1ent gr d Cha!l en Slercd '\
a unique ent1 uJJu shawls, ao . e JegallY prote_cte~ by GI, Which . ted circuit layout design :
wet grinders, k . in rnd1a ar hical ind1cations without aISQ i 1ntegra .
0 A semiconductor integrated circuit is d
o=phical ind1catorsgistered ge~grd~p ations in India encourag Pel'lliiss~ • "" • a pro uct that contai tr ·
• Ge e·- i11g re . I in ic es e~ ,, other circuitry components that are embedded in . ~s ans1s~ors and
yone fron1 us eograph1ca f items produced inside a Potts rniconductor or inside a semiconduct d an _insulatmg matenal, on a
:gal protectio_n fo:c:ss for producers o se . . . fu . or an are mtended to c t
geo&rap\~ etectroruc circuit nction. Protecting intell tu I . arry ou an
fosters econonnc su field of semiconductor design of integrated c~c ~ !property nghts (IPR) in the

re•c e 11 ~
. I h • trcuit ayouts and for things related
or incidenta. t ereto 1s the goal for the senucon• ductor mtegration
. circuits
attern-design act 2000.
. The primary goal of th e SICLD . .
P act 1s to establish
pathways _and mecharus~s for protecting intellectual property rights in chi
layout designs and associated topics. P
\, ~ f.11 copyrights
• copyrights are intellectual property rights that protect original literary, theatrical,
rnusical and creative works. The only authority to duplicate, circulate and exhibit
~ adural
i:r.¢,~, Ill the piece of work and even to make derivative works, is granted by copyrights.
,~tl,lNDL004r

a ■ /~
, The protection of copyright extends to both published and unpublished works of

I
. 2 3 3 More examples o
F19. · ·
f Geographical indicators
literature, science and art. It has to do with having the sole right to perform or grant
permission to perform specific acts in connection with original works of literature,
drama, sound recording, music and art (such as paintings, photographs, architectural
designs and artistic craftsmanship), as well as cinematographic films, software
programs and other works that are fixed in a material or tangible form. It is a
compendium of rights that can be exercised individually.
e. Industrial designs : . d' tinctive design that is granted to the o1111er
. ·g11t is a uruque or is Infringement occurs when an author's work is copied or reproduced without
• A design n . . Ind stria! designs are creative endeavors that~1
ti registered design. u . . permission. The copyright act of 1957 went into force in January 1958. Since that
correc Y tal £ nnal look. Industrial designs are part of mtellf!t
oduct an omamen or O • • • time, the act has undergone five amendments: in the year 1983, 1984, 1992. 1994,
pr Th TRIPS agreement established muumaI requirements for·
property. e . . th h al-, 1999, and 2012. The primary reasons for amending the copyright act of 1957 are to
. f . d trial designs. India is a developmg nat10n at as ... .:
protection o m us . .
made changes to its national laws to include these basic reqwrements. bring the act into compliance with two world intellectual property organization
• The priniary goal of design legislation is to e~courage and safegu~d the; internet treaties signed in 1996, namely the WIPO Copyright Treaty ("WCT") and
the WIPO Treatment of Performances and Phonograms ("WPPT"), in order to
aspect of industrial production. It also a_ims t~ enco~~ge md~~
1
innovation. The new designs act, 2000, 1s India s eXIStmg regulatl protect and address the music and film industry's concerns.

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 2 • 14 ·~ IIS /:ea~
. °'ii I p,operlY Rights 2 • 15
opyright act m 2012 w ~, 8
rt Rights de to the c ere lb 118 ctll Various T}'.
Intellectual prope_ Y anges 01a . . environments. CoPYtigh e~,. ,~tB I Jy patents for utility pat :oes of/PR and its Economic Impact
. •ficaJlt
1 cl1 . d1g1ta1 . t Oft ~11 articu ar . ' ents for desi n b
Among the s1gnl . rotectioll Ill their jnvent1ons, thereby p er8 , P' territorial designations and pl . g. ' rand names, copyright, trade
• yi·1ght p . htS over f reseh. S\i,.. 5
ecrets, . ant vanettes G'1I d .
f fines and cop .. ,..;1ers' ng . th foundation o developme ·•i~o '\ for Sovald1, a treatment for hepaft' · ea Sciences' practicality
o ds for ,..,. . . is e nt, l10 ~' atert 1 I is C, for exam I b
minimal safegu~ . Since 0 reauvitY darnental need to foster it. llilliJ P trillion in sale in 2014 alone . . Pe, rought in a staggering
$Jo. 3 , establishing 1·t
. creat1v11Y• 00k the fun \ . ations ever. This illustrates how . . as one of the bestselling
rewardmg -""' rd to overI gthY as the reference is still 111
111ed,ctors exclusive rights, have the pote u. ity patents' whi ch grant producers and
. '!izat'on can ai,o 'bl as Jen co%
c1v1 1 . is poss1 e . . tor must be connected t ec~ 1.rt vell , .
1 1to gen t b
n1a era e su stantial income.
. GI protection . The ind1ca . . o ap . \
. wise Apples patent on the 1Phone's d' . .
• Jndefuute . r service. . der cons1derahon must Pos iltt1eu1.
1.,1ke ' isttncttve design II d h b .
. Jar item O rv1ce un sess , ' a sizable portion of the smartphone a owe t e usmess to
the partl~u and the good or se d to that area in order to quau ace11, l{eeP . . market and make billions of dollars This
geographic area .s connecte fy fo 'I asizes how crucial design patents are fi . ·
.: ture that I t0 eJllPh lay a significant rol . . · 1ook,
or safeguarding a produc t' s uruque
attribute or ,ea which rnaY P e m its economic success.
protection. ver Coca-Cola's trademark is am h
, )Yforeo ' f ong t e most valuable in the world with an
~ Plant varieties f novel and unique kinds are pr . ted value o over $80 billion Th'15 1-11 '
lSI onents o Otect estuna · ustrates the enonnous benefits that
d plants and plant cornP rt of intellectual property. PVRs grant th ei ~ arks can offer a company by hel · • .
• See s, (PVRs) a so k d d' epk tradern . pmg it to mcrease consumer loyalty and
Pl t Variety Rights ' ·ty to create, mar et an isseminate th '11 brand awareness. Disney has also made billions of dollars from home video sales,
an sole authon . II e~
. ty's breeder the . . . pVR protechon usua y lasts 20 _3 video streaming and merchandise thanks to the copyrights for Snow White and
vane he ·unsd1ctton, 0l
.ety Depending on t J
Van ·
I Ulll·que consistent and steady in order I ~ seven Dwarfs. This demonstrates how copyrights, which grant writers and artists
b nove, ' oq11,t.
· ty needs to e "OJ~
exclusive rights, have the ability to generate substantial income.
The plant vane ,
for PVR protection. t industrial designs, copyrights, geo , Additionally, KFC has maintained a competitive edge in the fast food sector by
ks trade secre s, ~
• Therefore, trademar '. . all significant categories of intellectual p ' making billions of dollars annually thanks to its exclusive fried chicken recipe. This
. d l t var1e11es are roJ:<!- emphasizes how crucial trade secrets are to safeguarding sensitive and priceless
regions an Pan . ti'ons and ideas of people and comno,,.·
. fe ard the mven . . """' data, which can be crucial to a business's success. Additionally, the geographical
nghts that sa gu . . . between the various IP rights is essential for k
d tand'ng the d1stmcttons . designation for Champagne has allowed producers to keep their products at a
Un ers 1 . king to safeguard their intellectual pro~
individuals and comparues oo 1 h . . . . premium price, bringing in billions of euros annually.
. . 'd 1 an profit financially from t el! mnovattons and ~,
Businesses and md1v1 ua s c . . . . , This illustrates how important geographical identifiers are for safeguarding the
. . propagation of their work by defend111g their mtelleci.
illegal use, dupl1cat1on or standing and caliber of goods originating from particular areas. Lastly, the roundup
property rights. ready soybeans, a cormnodity that became popular in the US, brought in billions of
fll Real World Case Studies Highlighting the Economic dollars from sales thanks to Monsanto's innovative plant variety. This demonstrates
Impact of Each Type of IPRs the substantial potential for collecting income from variety of plant rights, which
• Since IPRs are essential for encouraging creativity, innovation and grant fanners and plant breeders exclusive rights.
progress, their importance cannot be emphasized. Real-world case studies shoJ • These case studies show how IPRs have a significant economic influence across a
each fonn of intellectual property right has a significant economic · range of industries, including technology, pharmaceuticals, entertairllllent and food.

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 Vanous Types of IPR and ils
2. 16 6
Con~. propl!_rlY Rights
1
2- 17
. g potential associated vi · 11ectu9 I Vanous Types of IPR and its Econom,c Jmpaa
rt Rights enerattn . It11 e tn
18
Citing sources indicates how much r h
tnte//sctusl p,ope_ Y •al revenue-g Jay in [ostenng creativity . ach 1 o . esearc you've done.
The) sho" t11e subs_1ant~1e role that rPRs p , llllag1~~ Citing sources ennches your work b ..
11as1ze o Y ProVJding external backing for your
of IPR and emP . rogress, views.
. d econon11c p
(hinJ<.ing an fJlJ ~elated to Intellectual Property Rights in India
Eel Pl giarisrt1 gful appropriation" of sorn
d "wron e Oth
~ a blication" an .ons" and passing them off a Ct 1 ia's Intellectual property rights are governed by th ti 11 •
r ig and pu express1 s one• ' IJld e o owmg rules and laws :
• The "stea n 'd as concepts or of plagiarism. Many individual sfll. ]. The copyright act of 1957, the copyright rules of 1958 and the international
. ' "words. t e , .d d fo1111s s co
wnter s . are 1,oth cons1 e~ . another person's work or appropria . ~ copyright order of 1999.
01iginal work b t11e act of duphcatI11g "copying" and "borrowing" rnight1ng \
Jagiarism to e ]irases such as L. . t ob..
?.Th e patent act, 1970, the intellectual property appellate board (patent procedure)
P. . 'd Ho\,ever, P Merriam-Webster On me Dictionary -..~ ~ rules, 20 I 0, the patents rules, 2003 and the patents rules I 1.
20
011 g1nal I eas. , The . defi
. f tlie offense · ]se's words or ideas as one's O 1r, J. The trademarks act of 1999, the trademarks rules of 2002, the trademarks rules
the gra\'ttY o . someone e \VJ\ 2)
. . " as 1) AcceptIIlg d't:ng the source. 3) To commit lite l of 2003 and th e intellectual property appellate board (Procedure) rules of 2003
"plag1anze witl1out ere I u, . rary ~
·1· (another's product) . . cept or product based on an existing so geographical ind ications of goods (Registration and protection) act 1999 and
ut1 1ze d onginal con Urce \
4) To provide a fresh an_ fr dulent conduct. geographical indications of goods (Registration and protection) rules 2002 .
. . mis a au
other terms, plag1ans k nd then lying about it. "The Self-St The design act of2000 and the design rules of 2001.
. meone else's wor a .
5.
k . . e~~•.
It entails taking so " himself or her pnor wor ' m violation f _ The semiconductor integrated circuits layout-design regulations of 2001 and the
. hi "l,orrows from . . . . o tt., 6
The writer laVIS Y b t the expectation of ongmahty. Co semiconductor integrated circuits layout-design act of 2000.
. . . .ons' norms a ou PYrit
academic msotutt intellectual property. They make it unla"~-'
. . . ts to safeguard our . "'~ 7_ The protection of plant varieties and farmers' rights act, 2001 and the protection
leg1slat1on ex1s information without that person's consent 11. of plant varieties and farmers' rights rules. 2003.
else's thoughts or · •~
duplicate someone h ·tten text videos and plenty of other media 8. The biological diversity act of2002 and the biological diversity rules of 2004.
can contain music, photograp s, wn ' .
k iliat are no now or have never been protected l 9. Protection of imported goods' intellectual property rights copyright laws in India:
• "Public domain" refers to wor s . . . .
. freely use matenal from these publications 11;1t,; The worldwide copyright order of 1999, the copyright act of 1957 and the
copyright. This means you can . . . ,
. . gas you give correct attnbut1011s. Usmg someonee~ copyright rules of 1958 regulate the preservation of copyright in India. It went
worry of plag1ansm, as 1on . .
.,,. ·anz·· g is only possible if you give them credit by referenc;: into effect in January 1958. The act has been modified five times : In 1983.
work w1u,out P1ag1 10
. H ever ci'ting sources is also important for the following reasom. 1984, 1992. 1994 and 1999.
their sources. ow ,
Before the 1957 Act, copyright protection was controlled by the copyright law of
Citations are very useful for anyone who want to learn concerning yourioo
0
1914, an extension of the British copyright act of 1911. The copyright act of 1957
and ilieir origins.
contains 79 sections divided into IS chapters, but the copyright rules of 1958 have 28
0
Not every source are reliable or correct; your own views may be more relirt
mies divided into 9 sections and 2 schedules.
or intriguing compared to some of your sources. Proper reference will P"1~
you from being blamed for someone else's faulty ideas.

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - an up-thrust for knowledge

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONs®- an up-thrust for knowledge
 Vanous Typiee:S-
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· htS d O . · l'/Jic, 1e//8CtU8 - Various Types of IPR and its Economic Impact
/ntelleCtual p,ope_rlY RlfJ
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1µ . Questions
Agreements on IPR . nts ofIPR, a]so 1cnown as TRIPS. In 1994 yr¾,
. d th trade-related elenle . jvforoco. It compels membe a.l What is the main difference between a pate t
, '11e11i~
r c0u ~
appro, e e r:7 A patent protects literary works h' n and a copyright 7
een1ent U1 • • ~ ,w ilea copynght. prote t · ·
. ·gned me rRIPS agr . h IPR domains mclude patent
s, trad ~
llttjes
nauons s1 rtY ng ts. r.:l A patent protects inventions h'I cs inventions.
, meir intellectual prope ~ , w I e a copyn'gh t protects rtI
hical indicators. Patents are gi elll,,
preser- e . and geograP Ven t "'~ r:7 A patent protects trademarks wh'I1 erary works.
cop) right. industrial des1g11 . . L.:J • ea copy rt'gh t protects indu st .
ts to ex1stU1 g items. Patents are protected llllder thor ~ -~ .
r:;l A patent protects industrial desi . nal designs.
innovations or i01proven1en etelltt ~ gns, while a copyr'gh
1 t protects trademarks

ofme TRIPS treaty. . 11 patent issuance is the controller

. e of regulatUl:o . general a.Z Which of the following is not a requ1rement
. for Obta' . ·
Toe person Ul charg d in I(olkata. Delhi, Chennai, and i , · \ [@ Novelty mmg a patent?
d uarters are Jocate ,v!Ulllb . lli] Non-obviousness
patent office's hea q ._r. tion system's Nagpur office is located h at~,
to branches. The patent llllor01at of IPR is the trademark. Any comb·t ere. (£] Utility ~ Disclosure of prior art
home . A key con1ponen inati What is the purpose of the Berne con ven t·10n?
Trademarks · d to distinouish goods or services of~ on ~ •
. . a3
~
ther syrnbo1s use o ,erect b r::l
~ To establish international standards~or patent protection
visual, linguistic or O • d trademark. Only once the trademark h }
. . . 1 or co rnpanY is calle a
md1v1dua d . me nation does it become as h..~ ri;1 To establish international standards for copyn'ght protection
l2J . .
• d 'th the relevant bo Y U1 an exclUsi
reg1stere WI unrnediately conjures up a product from th S 11 · l..:J
'c1 To establish international standards for trademark protectton
.
commodity.. The namek Sony rve to assist consumers ill . iden
. tify'mg somethingeth ON) . '~
d1 To establish international standards for industrial des1gn
. protecnon
.
corporauon. Trademar. . fs se facturing as well as to assist . the firm m . adverti .ei 1-1
buying
. and
. its ongin ad rnanu °
k The Indian' trademark act of 1999 governs tradsmg~
Q.4 Which of the following is a benefit of registering a trademark ?

item using me tr ernar · em~1 ~ It provides exclusive rights to use the mark

registration in India. [fil It provides protection against counterfeiting

Copyright : An idea that has been around for a whil~, copyright is mostly used•
protect literary and creative works. Originally, copynght only applied to hooli
[£] It provides protection against infringement

Nowadays, copyright is automatically awarded for a broad variety of works, includ~ @] All of the above
books, maps, paintings, theatrical works and articles. The TRIPS agreement elimina~ Q.5 What is the term for the unauthorized use of a trademark ?
the need for a fonnal application or registration. The letter C denotes the presence« [ii Infringement [fil Counterfeiting
copyright protection, which is followed by the name of the copyright holder. [£1 Piracy [ill Passing off
Industrial design : Anything that enhances a product's appeal to me consumn1
Q.6 Which of the following is not a type of intellectual property right?
aesthetic sense is considered industrial design. We have things from m31)
[ii Patent [fil Copyright
manufacturers, including consumer goods, automobiles and furnishings. Accordin~!
characteristics pertaining to fonn, color, schemes, pattern, arrangement, decoratioc. [£1 Trademark [ill Trade secret

etc. a.re all considered to be part of design. The designs act 200 in India allows desip
to be recorded through the registrar of the industrial designs pa.tent.
-i:;CHIIJICAL P..U.BLICA T/ONS® - an up-thrust for know/edge
 arioUS Types of IPR
2.20 ,operlY Rights 2 2 Various T~pes orIPR and ,Is Economic Impact
1ueI P • 1
. nts ,Agreement ? ~
1nte//sC rt • s and
Question Answers
/ntelf9Clual p,ope_rlY R1Y 5110
-=-~::::::::::::
- pose oft he TRIPS fi atent protection .
~ What Is Intellectual Property Right (IPR) ?
What is the pur . 1standards or p .
Q.7 t blish internat1ona r copyright protection , . Intellectual Property Right (IPR) refers to th I
r;;, Ans•
" . · works, such as •mventtons
. 5
l!l
To es a dards 1or literary d e. egal . right granted to the creators of
blish internatl·onal stan ~ trademark protection . ·g na
ofi 1 1used in commerce. ' an artistic k
wor s, and symbols. names. and
l iJ To es1a . cional stalldards 1or
[£] To establish interns . j[!l 8ges
s for intellectual property protection What are the types of IPR 7
. n1 i11in1u01 standard a.Z . The types of IPR include Patents Co
r:il To establish . t' n of intellectual property rights t,.nS· · .
h'cal Ind ications. ' pyrt'gh ts, Trademarks [ d · I ·
l2J ·ng is a 11m1ta io ? , n ustna Designs, and
fthefolloWI .. oeograP I
a.s Which o . and creauv11)' What is the purpose of Patent 7
r;;, The) promote innovauon a.3
l!l . . htS to creators t,.115• . The purpose of a Patent is to grant excl
• . . • rights
usive . to the inventor for a r it d
'de exclusive rig . d in exchange for publtc disclosure of the inve t'
lli] The) prov1 , ~~ n~
tm e
t 1o1owledge
[£] The) limit access o What is Copyright ?
,petition
a.4
,.11 • : Copyright is a type of IPR that protects origma
• · 1 1rterary,
. dramatic,
. musical.
. and
~ They promote con
r.i1 f rmula or process used .m a busines 5
for a secret o s? artistic works.
Q.9 What is the term [fil Copyright a.s What is the function of Trademark 7
@ Patent [ill Trade secret •ns • : The function of a Trademark is to distimru,·sh
,. o th e goods or services
• of one
[£] Trademark . responsibl
. organizations 1s . e for promotin undertaking from those of another.
a•10 Which of the fol1ow1ng perty rights wor Idw1'de ?. Hi
Q.6 What is Industrial Design ?
protection of intellectua 1 pro MS· : Industrial Design refers to the ornamental or aesthetic aspect of a product.
@ World Trade Organization (WTO) a.7 What is Geographical Indication?
[fil World Intellectual Proper()' Organization (WIPO) MS, : Geographica l Indication is a sign used on products that have a specific geographical
origin and possess qualities or a reputation that are due to that origin.
(£] International Chamber of Commerce OCC)
a.s Why is IPR important?
[ill World Customs Organization (WCO) Ans. : [PR is important because it promotes innovation, creativity, and economic gro,\th b)

providing exclusive rights to creators and inventors.

Answer Keys for Multiple Choice Questions Q.9 What is the duration of Patent ?
Q.4 d Q.S d Ans. : The duration of a Patent is typically 20 years from the date of filing.
Q,2 d Q.3 b
Q.I b
Q.9 d Q.10 b Q.10 What is the role of WIPO ?
d Q.7 d Q.8 C
Q.6 I Ans. : The World Intellectual Property Organization (WlPO) is a specialized agenc) of the
United Nations that promotes the protection of intellectual property worldwide.

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 I p,ope_rlY Rights
1n1e//BctUB 2 - 23 Various Types of IPR and ,ts ""'-"nom,c
c- Impact
,tyRightS
Intellectual p,ope_
d aues t·ons
I a.a What do you mean by Copyright?
go Long Answere . copyrig ht is a type oflntellectual p
What is JPR ? . it (IPR) refers to the ~e~al rights granted to c p,.nS• ~ic rnu s ical, a nd artistic works C ro~erty Right (IPR) that protects or' · 11
dra(l'la , . . · opyright give h 1gma iterary.
Q.1 I propertY R1gl f reators by g1v111g them control reato of a work the exc1usive
Ans. : Jntellectua . ,terests o c . . over 11 . ts~ ri.ght to re produce, d1 . str1bute,
. and display th e work sCt e creator
. .
IPR proteets the 11 • • by providing 111cent1ves for creat0 ie,r"' . ht to create deri vative works. Copyright . · o_pyright also gives the creator the
original works. tes innovation. an d creauv1ty . (lts trademarks, an d trade secrets rs to PrlltjOil_ rig . th e art s. It prov1'd es an incentiv c as essential f,or promoting creativit) and
r, . ovation 10
It also promo ts copyng ' d · ..,ach ¾ inn e ,or creators tO . .
IPR includes paten , I t'ons IPR is protecte by law, a nd an" lyPe i,elps to promote economic growth b invest in their work. Copyright
d regu a 1 · ~ Jso . . Y encouraging .
The rnain purpose of R ts to pro mote er .ation ~
new works • IP . J V101
copyright system 1s designed to pro entrepreneurship and investment
has its own set of rules an 8
The mote creativity d . . ·
uences. 1 b . ea1iv "
IPR
IPR can result in legal conseq te economic growtl y encouragmg entre lly~ ework for creators to protect their work d an innovatton. It provides a
to promo . d Prene fra(l'l an recoup their investment
innovation. IPR also I,e Ips . I a.it of modern busmess an commerce. It Utsl~ a.S What are the fun ctions of Trademark ? ·
• an essentta P d .. heJ
d • vesttnent. IPR 1s t innovation a n creat1v1ty. Ps ~
an 111 • of creators and promo e p,.ns, .• The main function of a Trademark 1s· to d1stmguish
. . th
rtak in g from those of another. Trademarks . e goods or services of one
protect the mterests O f IPR? un e
d
are essential fo · •
th various types . (l'lmerce. They provide a way for businesses tO 'd . r promoting busmess and
Q.Z What are e fint Jlectual Property Rights (IPR). Patents are , co I entify themselves a d th · d
I types o e one ty radema.1·ks also help
Ans. : There are severa discoveries. Copyrig hts are another type Of Pe ~ fi •to promote
. . consumer trust and Ioyalty. The trademark
n err system
pro ucts.
15
·
~
· tions and new IPR T
IPR that protects mven . •cal and artistic works. Trademarks a designed to promote air compet1t10n. It provides a fr . k f, .
. . r ary dramatic, muSI , re a ty trademarks and prevent unauthorized use. amewor or businesses to protect their
protects original iter ' . bots aa,d logos used by businesses. Indust . Pe1 ~
d' fnctive signs, sym ' rial des·
IPR that protects is I h mental or aesthetic aspect of a prod uct. G &ni a.G What do you mean by Industrial Design ?
f IPR that protects t e orna eographiCIJ
are a type O IPR that identifies a product as originating fro m a . Ans, : Industrial D_esign refers to the ornamental or aesthetic aspect of a product. Industrial
. d. f are a type of specif, designs are essent:Jal for promoting innovation and creativity in product design. Thev
111 1ca tons ts e type of IPR that protects confidential infi
a hie region. Trade secre ar 3 onnat~ provide a way for designers to protect their designs and prevent unauthorized use. ;ndustri~
geogr P . b f IPR has its own set of rules and regu lations IP
O
used by busmesses. Eac type • lation of IPR can result •in legal consequences. The · R.i designs also help to promote consumer trust and loyalty. The industrial design system is
protected by law, an d any vao . . ma~ designed to promote innovation and creativity. It provides a framework for desi=ers to
purpose of IPR is to promote creativity and innovation . protect their desi gns and recoup their investment. "'
_ What is the purpose of Patent ? a.7 What is the meaning of Geographical Indication?
0 3 : The primary purpose of a Patent is to grant excl usive rights to inventors for a limitio
Ans. Ans. : Geographical Indication is a sign used on products that have a specific geographical
period. This allows inventors to recoup d1eir investment in research and development ori gin. Geographical indications are essential for promoting consumer trust and loyalt).
Patents also promote innovation by encouraging inventors to disclose thei r inventions to ill They provide a way for consumers to identify products that originate from a specific
public. In return for this disclosure, inventors are granted exclusive rights to their inventi~ geographic region. Geographical indications also help to promote economic growth by
for a limited period. Patents are essential for promoting innovation and creativity. The) encouraging entrepreneurship and investment. The geographical indication system is
provide an incentive for inventors to invest in research and development. Patents also 1ie, designed to promote fair competition. lt provides a framework for producers to protect their
to promote economic growth by encouraging entrepreneurship and investment. The palm geographi ca l indications and prevent unauthorized use.
system is designed to promote innovation and creativity. It provides a rramework f~
Q.8 Discuss the importance of IPR?
inventors to protect their inventions and recoup their investment. Ans. : IPR is important because it promotes innovation. creativity, and economic growth.
IPR provides an incentive for creators and inventors to invest in their work. IPR also helps

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS®· an up-thrust for knowledge

 Vanous Types of IPR and 1s1:
.1
. d . eo!Jo,.. 110ct I p,op!!_rlY Rights 2 . 25 Vanous Types of IPR and 1/s Economic /mpacl
tPR systel11 1s es1gned t ~'C, 118
fP18 . Additionally, WIPO provides tech mca . I assistance
.
1nte11ectual p,ope_
rtY RighlS I"' r 1te
nd 1oya •; . rs and inventors to protect Oti Pro. 11101, po l·cieS· their jntellectual property infrastru 1
t
° countnes
·
to help them
er trllst a for creato . le1r r
I
JoP c ure WIPO's ·
mote consum ~, e1vorh . noting business and comnier %ti deve . of intellectual property worldwid d. . mam goal is to promote the
ectton e,
to pro vides a JI-11 . I for p101 Ce, It a.• pr t h its various programs and activ'f an ti has been successful tn . .
achieving this
competition, Jt pro 1PR is essentia d cl1eir products. Ptll\1~ 0 t1 roug
11es.
their investment. ·ry theniselves an 1
'I goa 1 Discuss the 1mpo . rta nee of IPR protectio . th
recou P to idcntl aJ4 . . . . n m e modern business world
a waYfor businesses fits of IP R? t'ng innovation. and creativity JPR protection 1s cructal m the modem b . ·
0
Wh tare bene d prom o At1S· :(on and creativity, encourages entrepren:sm:~s worl~ because it helps to promote
a f JPR inclu e .d. an jncentive for creators and, enc
I
. urali.
innova t ~ creators and inventors to .
Q.9
benefits O d prov1 111g inve .,, . urs ip and investment, and provides an
it P ~
Ans, : Th e d . .e5onent, an consumer trust and loyalty and . n1ori · cenuve ior d mvest m their wor . k• IPR protection also helps to
h. an in1 romote '
entrepreneurs ip ]PR a]so 1telps to p t cl1eir work and recou p their inv tovii. prorn°
10 te consu111er trust and loyalty, and it provides a uc..amework for creators and mventors
.
• th · ~-ork- t protec estin "<l1
invest in eir' d · ventors O en1, 10 pro ect their work . anrt recoup
t th their investment · r0 1od .
ay's globahzed economy. IPR
tors an tn 1
framework for crea . f IPR ? protectio • is more tmpo . an an ever' as buS·messes need to protect their intellectual
What are limitations o 1· 'ting access to knowledge, creating rn 11
Q.10 !PR include 1m1 . d . ono.. 1•
proPe' •; from unauthorized
,hf
. . .use and theft. Without IPR protectton. . bus10esses
. would not
•mitarions of pensive to obtain an rnamtain a d . "'1~
Ans. : e li can have he incentive to invest m research and development, an d mnoval!on . . would suffer as a
~
Th . R a]so be ex , n It can ·1
t
and stifling inno,atton. IP
result.
difficult to enforce. . 0 rtant ? a. What are the different types of IPR, and how do th ey d·tt
I er f rom eac h
Q.ll WhY .1s IPR protection unP .
e it helps to promote mnovation and . 15
. . ·mportant becaus . creativ· other?
Ans. : IPR protection ts t . tment, and provides an mcentive for ere ~- • s. .• The main types of IPR include patents , copyn' ~ghts, trademarks, rn
,.n · dus1n· aI destgns,
·
encourages entrepren .
eurship and mves
. t" (herr work.
IPR protection also helps to promote consumer 1
.
aton .
~ and geographical indications. Patents protect inventions and new discoveries, while
inventors to inves tn k cor creators and mventors to protect their wrustrk ar. copyrights protect original literary, dramatic, musical, and artistic works. Trademarks
. 'd s a fraJllewor 11 . o ,,.
loyalty, and ti provt e .. protect distinctive signs, symbols, and logos used by businesses. while industrial designs
recoup their investment. .
Property Right (IPR)? Discuss .its .importance protect the ornamental or aesthetic aspect of a product. Geographical indications identify a
_ What is lntellectua 1 al)J product as originating from a specific geographic region. Each type of IPR has its own set of
0 12 rules and regu lations, and they all play a crucial role in promoting innovation and creati\'it) .
types. Right (IPR) refers to the legal rights granted to creatott "
rty
Ans. ks IhPrope
. . : Jntellectua
ongma1 wor , sue ,
. . works, and symbols, names".,.,
as inventions literary and art1st1c
. . . , ..
1 f1fJ Descriptive Questions and Answers
. d • mmerce IPR is important because 1t promotes innovation, creativity ..,, Q.1 Discuss the concept of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) and its
images use mco · . ,..
economic growth by providing exclusive rights to creators and inventors. The main lypesd significance in the modern business world.
IPR include patents, copyrights, trademarks, industrial designs, and geographial Ans. : Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) refer to the legal rights granted to creators of
indications. Each type of IPR has its own set of rules and regulations, and they all plap original works, such as inventions, literary and artistic works, and symbols. nan1es. and
crucial role in promoting innovation and creativity. images used in commerce. IPR is significant in the modem business world because it
Q.13 Discuss the role of World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) m promotes innovation, creativity, and economic growth by providing exclusi\'e rights to
creators and inventors. The main types of IPR include patents. copyrights. trademarks.
promoting IPRworldwide.
Ans. : The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) plays a crucial role i
industrial designs, and geographical indications. Each type of IPR has its own set of mies
promoting the protection of intellectual property worldwide. WIPO is a specialized ager.) and regulations, and they are protected through various laws and treaties. The World
~1tellectual Property Organization (WIPO) plays a cmcial role in promoting and protecting
of the United Nations that helps countries develop their intellectual property systems. WIIII
also provides a forum for countries to discuss and develop international intellectual propctt)
 Various Typesof IP and its ES
Con%·
ctual p,opl!_rlY Rights 2 - 27
R =rlY Rights to protect the ir brand identjt.. ic, 1nlB//B Various Types of IP
Intellectual ro,,- businesses ·.r, tract
· .,,ro prov ides aforum fo r countri e t . R and ds Econom,c Im
- - - - - -.--:- IPR is essential for 1 o he lps to pro m o te c ons umer trust e ~er fhe ..., s o discuss and r
IPR "vorldw1de. · IPR a s · l d . and I ti izations a nd agreem ents have helped t esolve IPR di sputes. lntemat· 1
d ti confidentia
. I infonnauon.
.· s has seve
ra l ben efits, m e u mg prornor
111g i
Oy
a11l orga n
'd ing a fra m ework for countries to d
°
promote
and protect IPR worldwid b
mna
an o 1er . different indusu1e I . a nd in vestm e nt, a nd providing an. n11ovar I ro" ' . eve1op their · 1 e Y
Tl1 use of IPR 111 reneurs 11 P 1J1ce 'Iii P t IPR- T he rol e o f mternational O • . mte lectual property syste
ms an
d
e . . ouraging entreP . vork. I-f o w ever, IPR can also lin. ntivet rotec . . rgan1zat1ons and
and creat1v1ty. enc . t in t11eir " . . l1t a ~ P ting IPR 1s essential for promoting i . agreements in promoting d
. tors to 111ves . ·t tion s of IPR hi g hli g ht the need r, ccess protec nnovat1on and creativ ' . an
creators and mven . The 111111 a . or ab ~, What are the challenges and ,ty worldwide.
d create monopoheS. d olicies sh o uld be d es ig ned to prornot . alan,...I a.4 . opportunities 0 f
knowled ge an . IPR [aws an P ' fl . . e inn0 ·"'l property Rights (IPR) in the digital age ? protecting Intellectual
R • not u sed to s t, e mnovat,on or I'111111 . vatit,
approach to
IPR protecuon.
and creativity while also ensu
ring that I P ,s ace
ess~
I p.ns , : T he di g ita l ag~ has presented several challen es an ..
D ig ital tec hnolog ies have made it eas· fi g d opportu111t1es for protectmg
knowledge. . ·tations of Intellectual Property Rights IPR- . . . ier or fPR to be · • .
fits and 111111 . (Ip~) . ut pe rmi ss io n . However, digital technol . h copied, d1stnbuted., and used
wit1, o . og1es ave also m d . .
Q What are the bene motin g innovation and creativity ? . to rs to pro te ct their IPR on line. Digital R I'gh a e It easier for creators and
.2 f JPR include pro . , e11coura . Management (DRM) hn
A ns . The benefits o d v iding a n incentive for creators and . &111g 1nven ed to prote ct digital works from unauth . ts d . tee ologies can
. . . unent, an pro invento be us onze copyrng and d 1'str'1b . .
entrepreneurship and mves m ote co ns umer trust and loyalty, and _rs ~ othe r dig ital technologies have also m d . . ution . The mtemet
. IPR can also pro . Prov1d and a e it easier for creat d ·
invest in their work. . to protect the ir work and prevent unautho . ei . tribute their works and reach a wider audienc H ors an mventors to
d 111 ventors . nzed d 1s e . owever the digital age h I50
framework for creators an . t ts copy ri g hts, trademarks, mdustrial de . Ilse sented several challenges for IPR protection, me . 1 d. ' as a
. f IPR includmg pa en ' . . . signs, pre . . . u mg the need for new la" s and
The mam types o ' ial ro le in promotmg 111novat10n and creaf . aniI IPR issues. The challenges an d opportunities .. of protecting IPR in
. f s all play a cruc 1v,1y Ip, po lic ies to addre ss. d1g1tal
.
geographical in d ,ca ,on ' •c growth and development by en · • the dig ita l a ge h1ghhg~t the need for a balanced approach to IPR protection. IPR la\\ s and
romote econom 1 . . . couragi
can also help to P . H ever IPR h as s ome hm1tat1ons, including I' . _ng polic ies should be ~es,~ed to. promo~e _innovation and creativity while also ensuring that
- and innovation. ow ' 11111ting
entrepreneurs111P . no polies. IPR can al s o be expensive to obta· IPR is not used to stifle mnovation or limit access to knowledge .
kn Owledge and creatmg mo Ill and
access to f IPR can be diffic ult, es pecially in countries with weak IP a.s Discuss the relationship between Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) and
· ta· n The enforcement o . . R
mam 1 • .fl . ovatio n by limiting access to ex1stmg knowledge,., economic development.
laws [PR can also st, e mn ••
· . . . f IPR high lig ht the need for a balanced approach 10 IPR p.ns. : lntellectual Property Rights (IPR) play a crucial role in promoting economic growth
'
and development. IPR provides an incentive for creators and inventors to imest ~ their
technologies. The 1tm1tat1ons o . .
. d I' ·es should be des igned to promote mnovation and creativ•~
protection. IPR laws an po ,c, . . . '· ! work, leading to the development of new products and services. This can lead to economic
while also ensuring that IPR is not used to stifle innovat10n or hm1t access to knowledge.
growth and development, as new industries and businesses are created.
_ Discuss the role of international organizations and agreements In
0 3 There are several ways in which IPR contributes to economic development :
promoting and protecting Intellectual Property Rights (IPR). 1

J. Promoting innovation : IPR provides an incentive for creators and inYentors to invest
Ans. : International organizations and agreements play a crucial role in promoting and '
in research a nd development, leading to the creation of new products and sen ices.
protecting IPR worldwide. T he World inte llectual Property Organization (WIPO) isi '
2. Encouraging entrepreneurship : rPR provides entrepreneurs with the confidence to
specialized agency of the United Nati ons th at helps countries develop their intellectu~ 1

invest in their businesses, knowing that their intellectual propert) is protected.

property systems. WIPO provides technical a ss istance to countries and administers several!
3. Attracting foreign investment : IPR can attract foreign investment. as investors are
internatio nal treaties re lated to IPR. The A gre e ment on Trade-Related Aspects of
mo re likely to invest in countries with strong rPR protection.
Intellectua l Property Ri ghts (TRIPS) is an inte rnational agreement that sets minimun 4. C,·eating jobs : IPR can lead to the creation of new jobs. as new industries and
standards for IPR protection worldwide. TRIPS requires countries to provide certain leiek
businesse s are created .
of protection for patents, copyrights, trademarks, and other forms of IPR. The World T!IIX
O rgan ization ( WTO) al so plays a crucial role in promoting and protecting IPR worldwide
c,::C!J.JNICALP..JJBLlCATIONS®. sn up-thrust for knowledge
 Intellectual Property Rights
2 - 28 Various Types of IPR and it~ l:conorn1c I

5. Increasing com petitiveness : IPR can increase

comp etitiveness, as busin~
.. esses ar
• .
to differentiate themselves from their competitors throu . . e ab1
gh their mtellectual property. e
Howe,er, IPR can also have negative effects on econ
omic deve lopment, particularly if it i
not balanced with other considerations . For example :
s
1. Limiting access to knowledge : IPR can limit acce
ss to know ledge, particularly in areas
such as healthcare and education.
2. Creating monopolies : IPR can create mon
opolies, which can stifle innovation and
limit economic growth.
3. Increasing inequality : IPR can increase inequ
ality, particularly if it is not accessible to
all.
In conclusion, IPR plays a crucial role in promoting
economic growth and development.
However, it is important to balance IPR with other
considerations, such as access to
knowledge and competition, in order to ensure that it
contributes to economic development
in a positive way.

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