METALANGUAGE

1. Circulatory System or Cardiovascular System CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

It is a group of organs that function together for the -also known as the Cardiovascular System
conduction of blood and transport the needed necessary -an internal transport mechanism of the body
nutrients such as the water, oxygen, electrolytes, glucose, -it transports materials throughout the body such as the
hormones, metabolic waste and blood cells to and from the water, oxygen, electrolytes, glucose, hormones, metabolic
different parts of the body to provide sustenance. waste, and blood cells
-amazing highway that travels through your entire body
2.Circulation connecting all your body cells
It is the flow of nutrients, other elements, and water into - It pumps blood and substances around the body in tubes
living organisms needed for growth and reproduction. It called blood vessels
also helps in combating diseases, balance the pH level of - responsible for distributing hormones and other materials
the body and temperature, and stabilize the internal to the cells and carrying away the waste product such as
constancy. carbon dioxide.
3.Lymph Vascular System 3 MAIN PARTS:
This system term is not entirely sealed off in the sense that 1. HEART
materials pass continuously between capillaries and the 2. BLOOD
surrounding tissues with a supplementary network of 3. BLOOD VESSELS
tubular vessels. -arteries
-veins
4.Systemic Circulation -capillaries
This type of circuit performs two types of circulation: the
macrocirculation and microcirculation. It is the flow of the CARRIES 2 TYPES OF BLOOD
oxygenated blood away from the heart. The red blood cells 1. Oxygenated Blood (Oxygen-rich blood)
supply the cells with oxygen for energy production, making -blood travelling to the body cells
the blood deoxygenated. -HIGH oxygen concentration
-LOW CO2 concentration
5.Blood 2. Deoxygenated Blood (Oxygen-poor blood)
It t is a combination of plasma, a watery liquid, and cells -blood travelling away from the body cells
that float in it. Apart from water, plasma also contains blood -LOW oxygen concentration
corpuscles, carbon dioxide, glucose (sugar), hormones, -HIGH CO2 concentration
and proteins.
A. HEART
6.Blood Plasma -organ center of the circulatory system
It is the yellowish liquid composition of the blood where the -pumps blood around the body
blood corpuscles are suspended. It is a sticky, pale yellow -heart provided the pressure to circulate the blood into the
fluid mixture of water, protein, and salts. It is the liquid different parts of the body
portion of the blood that holds the cells and proteins -pumps oxygen-rich blood to the various body tissues and
throughout the circulation deoxygenated blood to the lungs
-divided into two sections by septum
7.The Lymphatic System Right side: oxygen-poor blood
The system of vessels that connects with the veins of the Left side: oxygen-rich blood
cardiovascular system is also the one way of transporting a -has two atria- upper chambers
network of vessels that returns excess interstitial fluid from  The atria collects the blood that enters the hear
the tissues to the bloodstream. -has two ventricles- lower chambers
 The ventricles pump the blood out of the heart
8.Immunologic Memory
When B cells and T cells are activated and begin to FOUR CHAMBERS:
replicate, some of their offspring will become long-lived 1. RIGHT ATRIUM
memory cells. These memory cells will remember each -collects the deoxygenated blodd from the body and drains
specific pathogen encountered throughout the lifetime of an the blood into the right ventricle
animal and can mount a strong response if the pathogen is 2. RIGHT VENTRICLE
detected again. -pumps blood low in oxygen to the lungs
- the lungs then refill the blood with oxygen
9.The Respiratory System 3. LEFT ATRIUM
The Ventilatory System consists of specific organs that -receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to
individually responsible for the gas exchange. The the left venticle
respiratory system consists of the lungs, a pair of elastic -pushes oxygenated blood into your aorta, from which
organs housed in the chest cavity, and the air passages blood is pumped to the entire body
leading to them.
 Tendons/ chordae tendonae
10.Hiccupping -muscle allows the valve to close and hold and valve flaps
Spasmodic contraction of the diaphragm, followed by in place
periodic closure of rima glottides. It is irritation of nerve
endings of GL tract. HOW DOES HEART WORK?
The heart can pump blood because it
is made of muscle.
• Muscle tissue works together by contracting (squeezing)
and relaxing.
• Two atria contract and relaxed; the two ventricles contract
and relaxed.
• One complete sequence contraction and relaxation is Types of Blood Cells
called a heartbeat. 1. Red Blood Cells (RBC)
-also known as erythrocytes
VALVES -biconcave disc that is round and flat without a nucleus.
1. Tricuspid valve -contains hemoglobin, a molecule specially designed to
-located between right atrium and right ventricle hold oxygen and carry it to the cells that need it
-ensure one-way blood flow from the right atrium into the -has a life span of about four months
right ventricle • Made in red bone marrow.
-When the right atrium contracts, the tricuspid valve opens, • Most numerous type
allowing deoxygenated blood to move into the right • Transport oxygen
ventricle.
- Afterward, it closes to prevent the backflow of blood into 2. White Blood Cells (WBC)
the atrium when the right ventricle contracts and pumps the -also known as leukocytes
blood towards the lungs for oxygenation. -Guard infections, fight parasites and attack bacteria.
2. Pulmonary valve -Number of WBC’s increases when body is fighting.
-controls blood flow from the right ventricle of the heart into
the pulmonary artery, which carries deoxygenated blood to They are generally classified as to:
the lungs 1. Granulocytes are cells that contain granules in their
-open when the right ventricle contracts, allowing blood to cytoplasm, which include the following:
flow into the pulmonary artery  Eosinophil - constitutes only 1-4% of leukocytes in
3. Mitral valve (Bicuspid valve) normal blood, with granules with an acid reaction to
-located between the left atrium and left ventricle of the the dye. This cell is associated with allergic reactions
heart, ensures one-way blood flow from the atrium to the and parasitism.
ventricle  Basophil -only constitutes 0-1% of blood leukocytes,
-open during the relaxation phase of the heart, allowing with granules that have elemental affinities to dye. The
oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium to flow into the left cells associated with secretions of histamine and
ventricle heparin.
-When the left ventricle contracts, the mitral valve closes to  Neutrophil - constitute 60-70% of circulating
prevent blood from flowing back into the atrium leukocytes with granules, exhibit a neutral reaction.
4. Aortic valve They are associated with phagocytosis of foreign
-open when the left ventricle contracts, allowing oxygen- bodies, specifically bacteria.
rich blood to flow from the heart into the aorta, the body's
largest artery 2. Agranulocytes are white blood cells characterized by
-Once the blood passes through, the valve closes to the absence of granules.
prevent the backflow of blood into the left ventricle.  Lymphocytes – is associated with a viral infection,
usually produces antibodies
B. BLOOD VESSELS  Monocyte – is associated with phagocytosis of foreign
Arteries bodies.
- carry blood away from the heart
-thick, elastic wall, small lumen Two main types:
-smaller brance: arterioles • Lymphocytes- fight diseases by making antibodies to
Vein destroy invaders by dissolving them.
- carry blood towards the heart -some of them produce antitoxin to breakdown poison.
-thin wall, large lumen, valve
-regulate blood from the backflow • Macrophages- eat and digest microorganisms
-oxygen-depleted blood carried by most veins is collected
from the networks of microscopic vessels called capillaries 3. Platelets
by thread-sized veins called venules -involved in the clotting or coagulation of the blood
Capillaries -are bits of cells broken off larger cells
-link arterioles to veins -produce tiny fibrinogen fibers to create a net, this net traps
-single cell wall other blood cells to form a blood clot
-important for bringing nutrients and oxygen to tissues and
absorbing CO2 and other waste products Kinds of Circulatory System
Open Circulatory System -In animals with an open
C. BLOOD circulatory system such as the insects and other
-composed of blood cells and plasma invertebrates, blood does not remain in the vessels that
 PLASMA- constitutes 55% of blood fluid in humans open directly into tissue spaces.
and other vertebrates, YELLOWISH fluid Close Circulatory System - In the close circulatory
-a specialized bodily fluid that supplies essential system, the blood remains within the vessels throughout its
substances and nutrients, such as sugar, oxygen, and entire circuit.
hormones, to our cells and carries waste away from Lymph Vascular System -This system term is not entirely
them helps maintain Blood pressure, carries Blood sealed off in the sense that materials pass continuously
cells, nutrients, enzymes, and hormones, and supplies between capillaries and the surrounding tissues with a
critical proteins for Blood clotting and immunity supplementary network of tubular vessels
-A human adult is estimated to have four to six liters of
blood that made 7% of its total body weight.
The Blood Circuit - Olfactory receptors
- Lined with skin containing nose hair, sebaceous and
1. Systemic Circulation sweat glands
-This type of circuit performs two types of circulation: the - Filters considerable particulars (insects, dust, etc.)
macrocirculation and microcirculation. It is the flow of the 2.Pharynx (Throat)
oxygenated blood away from the heart. The red blood cells - Houses the tonsils which respond to inhaled antigens
supply the cells with oxygen for energy production, making - Epiglottis posterior to the tongue keeps food out of the
the blood deoxygenated. airway
-the flow of the blood between the heart and the cells of the - Serve as a common passageway for food and air. Lined
body with stratified squamous epithelium for protection.
2. Pulmonary Circulation 3.Larynx (Voicebox)
-The pulmonary circuit involves the loop of blood vessels - Continuous with the trachea (windpipe)
and the lungs where the blood is oxygenated, providing the - Produces vocalizations (speech)
red blood cells with oxygen from the external environment. - Provides an open airway (breathing)
It is the circulation of blood in the lungs. The deoxygenated - Switching mechanism to route air and food into proper
blood is pump away from the heart to the lungs via the channels. Closed during swallowing and open during
pulmonary artery. Through respiration, the red blood cells breathing.
are supplied with oxygen and return to the heart via 4.Trachea (Windpipe)
the pulmonary veins. - Flexible for bending but stays open despite pressure
-the flow of the blood between the heart and the lungs changes during breathing
3. Coronary circulation- - The esophagus can expand when food swallowed. Food
-the circulation of blood within the can be forcibly expelled
heart - Wall of the trachea has layers common to many tubular
organs that filters, warms and moistens incoming air
5.Bronchial Tubes
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM - When a human respires, gases come in and out through
-also known as the Ventilatory system the nose or mouth and then go into the trachea (windpipe).
-consists of the lungs, a pair of elastic organs housed in the - The air flows through the bronchial tubes, which are in the
chest cavity, and the air passages leading to them lungs.
-air inhaled into the lungs provides oxygen to cells - These tubes let air in and out of your lungs so that you
throughout the body. can breathe.
-air forced out of the lungs removes carbon dioxide from - The bronchial tubes are sometimes referred to as bronchi
the body. or airways.
6.Bronchioles
PHASES OF RESPIRATION - Respiratory bronchioles lead into alveolar ducts: walls
- The first phase of respiration begins with breathing in or consist of alveoli
inhalation. Inhalation brings air from outside the body into - The bronchioles transfer the gas, the oxygen-rich air into
the lungs. Oxygen in the air moves from the lungs through the lungs, and transport carbon dioxide gas out of the
blood vessels to the heart, which pumps the oxygen-rich lungs.
blood to all parts of the body. Oxygen then moves from the - It aids in the processes of breathing and respiration.
bloodstream into cells, which completes the first phase of - The smooth muscle that surrounds the bronchioles can
respiration. constrict or dilate the airway, which can help get the proper
amount of oxygen into the blood.
- The second phase of respiration begins with the 7.Alveoli
movement of carbon dioxide from the cells to the - Structures that contain air-exchange chambers are called
bloodstream. The bloodstream carries carbon dioxide to the alveoli
heart, which pumps the carbon dioxide-laden blood to the - Ducts lead into terminal clusters called alveolar sacs – are
lungs. In the lungs, breathing out, or expiration, removes microscopic chambers.
carbon dioxide from the body, thus completing the - There are 3 million alveoli
respiration cycle. - The alveoli or the air sacs are the sites where the gas
exchange occurs. In this part, the lungs and the blood
General Structure of the Respiratory System exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide during respiration.
Oxygen inhales from the environment diffuses through the
The respiratory system organs extend from the nose to the alveoli, passing into the blood and conducted to the tissues
lungs and are divided into the upper and lower respiratory throughout the body.
tracts. The upper respiratory tract consists of the nose and
the pharynx, or throat. The lower respiratory tract includes Mechanics of Breathing
the larynx or voice box; the trachea, or windpipe, splits into
two main branches called bronchi; tiny branches of the Diaphragm and Respiration
bronchi are bronchioles; and the lungs, a pair of saclike, As the diaphragm contracts and moves downward, the
spongy organs. The nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, pectoralis minor and intercostal muscles pull the rib cage
bronchi, and bronchioles conduct air to and from the lungs. outward. The chest cavity expands, and air rushes into the
The lungs interact with the circulatory system to deliver lungs through the trachea to fill the resulting vacuum. When
oxygen and remove carbon dioxide. the diaphragm relaxes to its normal, upwardly curving
position, the lungs contract, and the air is forced out. The
1.Nose/ Nasal Cavity contraction of the diaphragm generally contributes the most
- Provides airway to the expansion of the chest cavity. However, at the same
- Moistens and warms the air time, the intercostal muscles pull the ribs upwards, causing
- Filters air the rib cage to expand during inhalation. The relaxation of
- Resonating chamber for speech
all these muscles during exhalation causes the rib cage
and abdomen to return to their resting positions elastically.
Inhalation
- Air pressure inside the lungs must drop to draw air into
them.
- The lungs expand
- Contractions of diaphragm and external intercostal, and
the diaphragm drops.
- The thoracic cavity expands, and pleura and lungs are
pulled outward.

Exhalation
- Relaxation of external intercostals.
- The recoil of elastic fibers and diaphragm and within air
passageways.
- The thoracic cavity becomes smaller.
- Alveolar pressure exceeds atmospheric pressure.

Modified Respiratory Movements

1.Coughing- closure, then force exhalation, a reflex
triggered against larynx, trachea, or epiglottis.
2.Yawning- Deep inhalation, stimulus unclear.
3.Sneezing- Spasmodic contractions of exhalation
muscles.
4.Hiccupping- Spasmodic contraction of the diaphragm,
followed by a spasmodic closure of rima glottidis. It is the
irritation of nerve endings of GL tract.

Diseases / Disorders associated with the Respiratory

System
-Asthma (chronic inflammation)
-COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease)
obstruction of airflow e.g. emphysema.
-Lung cancer
-Respiratory infections