COMMUNITY SERVICE PROJECT

....Experiential learning through community engagement

2023-2024

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

SRI VENKATESWARA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

(Affiliated to JNTUA & Approved By AICTE,New Delhi)

HAMPAPURAM
ANANTAPUR-515001

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“Firm Determination,
Hard work and Discipline”
Is the Mantra at SVIT

Sri. Anand Kumar Mokshagundam sir

(CEO)

Sri . V. Ramakanth reddy sir Dr. T .Vishnu Vardhan sir K. Rangaswamy sir
(Managing Director) ( Principal ) ( CSE HOD )

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 A COMMUNITY SERVICE PROJECT REPORT
ON
“A STUDY ON ORGANIC FARMING”
Is submitted to
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, ANANTAPUR
In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In
COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
During the academic year 2023-2024
Submitted by
K.SAMYUKTHA - 229F1A0524
G.K.SAHANA - 229F1A0515

M.ANUSHA - 229F1A0530

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 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Project Work entitled
‘ORGANIC FARMING’ is a bonafide research work done
by the group K.SAMYUKTHA-229F1A0524,
G.K.SAHANA -229F1A0515,M.ANUSHA-229F1A0530
under my supervison and guidance , in the partial
fulfillment of the requirements of the award of degree
of
“BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY”
in
“COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING” from
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
ANANTAPUR , ANANTAPURAMU,during the period of
2023 – 2024.

SIGNATURE OF HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

K.RANGASWAMY SIR
Department of CSE,SVIT
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 Program Book For
Community Service Project

Name of the Student : K.SAMYUKTHA - 229F1A0524

G.K.SAHANA - 229F1A0515
M.ANUSHA - 229F1A0530
Name of the College : SRI VENKATESWARA INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY
Period of CSP : 4 Weeks
From : 2-6-2024
TO : 29-6-2024
Community Selected
To do CSP : Venkatampalli

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 COMMUNITY SERVICE PROJECT REPORT
ON
“A STUDY ON ORGANIC FARMING IN VILLAGES”
Submitted In Accordance With The Reuirement For The Degree Of
COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Name of the college : Sri Venkateswara Institute Of Technology

Department : COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
Name of the Faculty Guide : K.RANGASWAMY SIR , M.Tech. , Ph.D
Duration of the CSP : 2-6-2024 - 29-6-2024
Name of the students : K.SAMYUKTHA - 229F1A0524
G.K.SAHANA - 229F1A0515
M.ANUSHA - 229F1A0530
Programme of study : Bachelor of Technology(Computer Science
And Engineering)
Year of study : 2022-2026
Date of submission :

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DECLARATION BY STUDENTS :
We hereby declare that this project work entitled
“ORGANIC FARMING ”,submitted by us to the
department of Computer Science & Engineering,
“SRI VENKATESWARA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY” is a
Bonafide work undertaken by us under the esteemed
guidance of K.RANGASWAMY SIR, Faculty in
Computer Science & Engineering Department,
SRI VENKATESWARA INSTITUTE Of TECHNOLOGY,
Hampapuram, and it is done by us has not been
previously submitted to any other Institution as a part of
‘‘COMMUNITY SERVICE PROJECT ’’. We also promise that
it is not a copy of any other project.

Place : Hampapuram
Date :
( K.SAMYUKTHA - 229F1A0524)

(G.K.SAHANA - 229F1A0515)
(M.ANUSHA - 229F1A0530)

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS :
We want to express our heartfelt gratitude and appreciation
to all the individuals who have contributed to the successful
completion of our college group project.
We would also like to thank our professor, K.RANGASWAMY SIR
, for their guidance and support. Their expertise and
mentorship have been instrumental in shaping our project and
pushing us toward excellence.
We are thankful to our principal, DR. T. VISHNU VARDHAN SIR for
giving us the opportunity to work on this project.
We want to thank our fellow group members for their hard
work, dedication, and cooperation throughout the project.
Each team member played a crucial role, bringing unique skills
and perspectives, greatly enriching our work.
Last but not least, I would like to express my deep
appreciation to my family and friends for their understanding,
encouragement, and patience throughout this project journey.
Their unwavering support has been a constant source of
motivation.
We are truly grateful for the collaboration, guidance, support,
and resources provided. Thank you all for making this project
a fulfilling and rewarding experience.
K.SAMYUKTHA – 229F1A0524
G.K.SAHANA – 229F1A0515
M.ANUSHA – 229F1A0530

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 Abstract
In the ancient time, agriculture was practiced without the use of artificial
chemicals. The use of artificial chemicals such as fertilizers and pesticides came
into picture during the mid-19th century. This kind of agricultural practice was
causing harm to the environment. With the rapid change in farming practices,
organic farming came into existence in the 20th century. It made use of
environment friendly practices by avoiding the use of artificial chemicals and
making use of organic matter to raise crops. Organic food is beneficial to
human health and the practice of organic farming keeps the environment clean.
The organic farming system is an agricultural system that keeps the environment
friendly. Organic farming system in its implementation avoids chemicals as raw
materials in agricultural practices. The subjects of this study were four farmers
who joined in the Organic Farmers Network (JARPETO) group. This study aims
to explore and understand the experience obtained by individuals in living
organic farming system to determine the meaning of organic farming system for
each individual. In line with the purpose of the research, the approach of
Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) is chosen as a reference. The IPA
approach is chosen because it has a systematic data analysis procedure. This
systematic procedure led to a deep depth of meaning on the various
backgrounds, experiences, unique events, and subject thinking through in-depth
interviews. The results of this study found that undergoing organic farming
systems led to a variety of experiences related to individual travel in recognizing
organic farming systems, the process of moving from chemical to organic farming
systems, to applying and consistently using organic farming systems.

The results of this research are 3, namely (i) the development of organic
agriculture is experiencing various obstacles, namely: government support is
lacking, the mindset of farmers is still difficult to change, negative assumption
towards organic farming, farmers have period of migration, agricultural land not
yet sterile, As a troublesome agricultural system (ii) social capital in the form of
values, norms, trusts and social networks play a role in overcoming the
constraints faced by organic farmers (iii) the development of organic agriculture
is expected to encourage 3 important aspects namely: economic aspects, health
aspects and ecological aspects

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  Executive summary
 Community service part
 Activity log
C  Objectives
 Types Of Organic Farming
O  Advantages And Disadvantages
N  Environmental Impact
 Marketing Of Organic Product In
T India
 Why Organic?
E  Organic Farming Vs Inorganic
Farming
N
 Traditional Vs Modren Farming
T Techniques
 Questionnaire
S  Survey Findings
 A Review On Organic Farming: Issues
& Strategies
 Conclusion

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 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The community I selected to do my community service project is
VENKATAMPALLI. It belongs to Andhra Pradesh Region. It is a village
consisting of many localities. There are various communities people present in the
village.Oraganic farming was actually initiated as an answer to the
environmental sufferings caused by the use of chemical pesticides and synthetic
fertilizers.

The main aim of this project is to bring awareness among the farmers for
avoiding make use of chemicals and artificial fertilizers.This could help our future
generations bust also it is helpful in preventing the soil contamination.

“Teaming up with nature for a beautiful tomorrow.”

ACTIVITIES DONE BY ME:

As a part of my CSP I explained about the implementation of ORGANIC
FARMING. I finally decided to give an awareness to the farmers about
government schemes in the village.

LEARNING OUTCOMES:
● Student will be able to interact with the community around them.

● Student will be able to know about the problems present in the society.

● Student will be able to know the traditions and cultures of the village.

● Students will be able to learn the communication skills in a better way.

● Students will be able to develop a problem analysis and it’s solving skill.

● The people of the village will able to know about importance.

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ACTIVITY LOG :

Person In-
Week Brief Description Of Learning Charge
The Weekly Activity Outcome Signature

As a part of the
community service project The main motto is to
Today we went to the interact with the
village Venkatampalli, people in the
and we started visiting the community.
crops and organic farming
Week 1 overthere.
We started doing research
on the importance of we observed that
organic farming at this survey will be
villages,and came to know helpful to farmers
about many details and also to do organic
marketing ways and we farming
Week 2 listed out the things which
helps to the farmers.
We started the survey at
the village,and met many we felt very glad to
farmers to know about know about people
their problems on their that what kind of
farms, and prepared a problems that they
survey report based on were facing every
Week 3 their problems. day on farms.
Finally we explained the
importance of organic We understood the
farming and marketing importance of the
ways which might be organic farming and
helpful to them,and even came to know about
we suggested the best the various steps of
Week 4 ways of organic farming. the agriculture.

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OVERVIEW OF COMMUNITY
INTRODUCTION
Agriculture is the art and science of cultivating the soil, growing crops and
raising livestock. It includes the preparation of plant and animal products for
people to use and their distribution to markets. Agriculture provides most of the
world's food and fabrics.

Agriculture plays a major role in economic growth and development. As the

provider of food it is a cornerstone of human existence. As a furnisher of industrial
raw materials it is an important contributor to economic activity in other sectors
of the economy.

The main consideration in selecting the crops that are most suitable for
smallholder production is of course the demands of the market - there is no point
in producing something unless some one wants to buy it. However, among crops
for which there is a sure demand some require agronomic practices or
environmental controls which make them particularly suitable, or particularly
unsuitable, for smallholder producers.

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Hence, VENKATAMPALLI village are chosen for carrying out a sample survey
on ORGANIC FARMING as a part of Community Service Project.

"Organic Farming for a Better World"

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COMMUNITY SERVICE PART
SCOPE :
The scope of the study involves:
❖ National economy

❖ Total Employment

❖ Industrial inputs

❖ Food supply

❖ State revenue

The scope of organic agriculture, sustainable forest management and ecoforestry

in protected area management by Nadia El-Hage Scialabba and Douglas
Williamson, FAO, Rome, 2004.
Reconciling food production and nature conservation is a challenge shared by
all. This document stresses the need to maximize the contribution of protected
areas to food security and poverty alleviation through soundlymanaged
agriculture.

The contribution of organic agriculture, sustainable forest

management as well as agriculture-based ecotourism meets
this challenge head-on by:
■ replacing polluting agricultural practices with approaches that can reverse the
dramatic trends in biodiversity loss;

■ promoting market-based incentives that compensate farmers for their

stewardship efforts, thus maintaining their economic viability;

■ thriving on community participation in land conservation.

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 ORGANIC FARMING
Organic farming is a system of agricultural production based on the use of
natural processes and resources — no chemicals (e.g. fertilisers or pesticides) or
genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are used — in order to obtain healthier
and more nutritious food while protecting soil fertility, preventing the spread of
pests and respecting the environment. It is a system that, instead of using
agricultural inputs, carries out specific practices depending on the characteristics
of each ecosystem.

Objectives of organic farming :

According to the European Commission (EC), around 8.5 % of farmland in
the European Union (EU) is farmed using organic methods a figure that will rise
to 15-18 % by 2030 if we continue at the current rate. To encourage these
practices, the EC has an Action Plan for developing organic production
[PDF]External link, opens in new window. with which it expects to increase this
number to 25 %. According to the commission, the objectives of organic farming
are :

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  Responsible use of energy and natural resources.

 Maintain biodiversity and protect animal welfare.

 Conserve the regional ecological balance.

 Improve soil fertility and water quality.

 Types of organic farming

★ Organic agriculture
This is based on the ideas of British botanist Sir Albert Howard (1873-1947),
who spent a major part of his career in India. In his book An Agricultural
Testiment, Howard explains the basis of organic farming: healthy soil to improve
crops, the use of permanent ground cover and careful use of local
resources. Howard believed that conserving soil fertility was the most important
prerequisite for any permanent farming system and, in addition, it is essential for
the health of plants, animals and humankind.

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★ Biodynamic agriculture
This form of agriculture was created in 1924 by the German philosopher Rudolf
Steiner (1861-1925), based on a spiritual movement also founded by him,
anthroposophy. One of its central themes is the idea of the organism-farm,
i.e. understanding the farm as a living being in which each organ interacts with
the others for the benefit of the whole and the cosmos. One of the peculiarities of
this school is that it uses the position of the stars to draw up agricultural
calendars.

★ Natural agriculture
Influenced by the Tao concept of wuwei, Japanese biologist Masanobu
Fukuoka (1913-2008) came up with the idea of farming with no intervention.
Fukuoka was guided by principles such as avoiding ploughing the soil or using
prepared compost, pesticides or fertilisers and not pulling up weeds or
pruning. According to this model, if nature has been capable of developing on its
own throughout time, anything that humans do is a hindrance to natural growth
and is a waste of time for farmers.

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Advantages and disadvantages of organic farming
The following are some of the main benefits of organic farming:

✦ It produces healthier, more nutritional food, which is also tastier.

✦ Yields are higher, according to Greenpeace it can produce around 30 %

more food per hectare than conventional farming.

✦ Biodiversity improves. According to the European Union, organic fields have

around 30 % more biodiversity, which improves crop resistance to climate
change.

✦ It reduces the number of infestations using natural means, for example, by

introducing beneficial insects and birds that eat the unwanted pests.

✦ By saving on chemicals, organic farmers obtain a higher income which helps

rural economies to develop.

✦ It does not pollute soil or water and consumes less energy than conventional
farming, which is good for the environment.

Criticisms of organic farming revolve around an alleged inability to feed

theworld’s growing population on its own, although there is no conclusive
research on this. Another criticism, supported by data, is that organicproducts are
more expensive for consumers, making them less accessible to lower-income
segments of the population.

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The Main Principles of Organic Farming
Organic farming is strictly regulated in each country. Still, there are some
principles common to all organic farmers. These are as follows:

 The principle of health claims that organic farming is intended to protect

and enhance the health of all organisms (this includes soil microorganisms, as
well as humans)
 The principle of ecology is based on the fact that organic farming should
protect and benefit the environment (landscape, climate, natural habitats,
biodiversity, air, water, and soil)

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 The principle of care stresses precaution and responsibility as the key concerns
in organic farm management.
Different Practices in Organic Farming
Each country regulates the laws and regulations for organic farming separately.
Based on that there are different types of practices included in various types of
organicfarming.

 Crop rotation used to maintain soil fertility and to improve crop protection
from various pests
 Organic nutrient management, is based on the improvement of soil
organic matter through manuring, composting or mulching
 Growing cover crops, is a beneficial practice for controlling insect pests and
weeds, preventing soil erosion, as well as improving the nutrient content in the
soil
 Preventive crop protection measures, such as choosing resistant varieties,
the adaptation of planting or sowing, and harvesting time
 Relying on natural predators as a biological pest protection measure
 Weeding as a non-chemical weed management practice

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Organic farming: acreage, geographies, and
cultivation details
How much area in India is under organic farming? As of March 2020,
2,780,000 hectares were under certified organic farming in India, about 2
percent of India's 140.1 million hectares net sown area. Of this, 1,940,000 hectares
were under the National Programme for Organic Production-APEDA (NPOP),
590,000 hectares under PKVY, 70,000 hectares under MOVCD-NER, and
170,000 hectares under state schemes.7
Figure. State-wise organic coverage (proportion to the net sown area of the state)

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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

1. Soil and Nutrients

Several studies have shown that adding organic manures, the use of legumes,
crop rotation, recycling of residues, the application of biofertilizers, and using
compost under organic management systems improved the soil’s physical,
chemical, and biological properties, as well as the availability of macro and
micro-nutrients.

2. Water
It is well established that organic farming reduces the potential for water
runoff and water erosion using various conservation practices — rotation crops,
cover crops, intercrops, and compost.

3. Energy and Emissions

Organic farming can reduce emissions by eliminating synthetic fertilisers, and at
the same time, reduce the atmospheric concentration of CO2 through soil

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carbon sequestration. Many studies have confirmed this globally, but this is
still an under-researched subject in India, and more longitudinal studies are
required.

4. Biodiversity
No long-term systematic literature was found.

Meaning and Importance of Organic Farming

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Meaning of organic farming
System of farming that uses organic inputs like green manures, cow dung, etc.,
for cultivation.

Need of organic farming

 Excessive use of chemical fertilisers reduces the fertility of soil.
 Excessive use of chemicals has led to soil, water, and air pollution.
 To conserve ecosystem.
 To promote sustainable development.
 Inexpensive farming.
 Increased demand of organic products due to safety of food.

Benefits of Organic Farming

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Benefits of organic farming

 Environment-friendly.
 Promotes sustainable development.
 Healthy and tasty food.
 Inexpensive process.
 It uses organic inputs.
 Generates income.
 Generates income through exports.
 Source of employment.

Limitations of Organic Farming

Limitations of organic farming

 Less output.
 Higher price.
 The lack of awareness.
 Organic products generally demand a higher price due to a higher
demand.
 Shorter shelf life.
 Organic products have a shorter shelf life due to the absence of artificial
preservatives.
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The relevance of Organic Farming

Relevance of organic farming in India

 High nutritional value.

 Maximum profit.
 Employment opportunity.

Main organic agricultural products of India:

ORGANIC FOOD CONSUMPTION IN INDIA

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 Some people believe that organic food is only a “concept” popular in the
developed countries. They think that when it comes to organic food, India only
exports organic food and very little is consumed. However, this is not true.
Though 50% of the organic food production in India is targeted towards exports,
there are many who look towards organic food for domestic consumption.
*Export performance of organic food products from India.

*Export performance of organic food products from India.

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Marketing of Organic Product in India
In traditional India, where organic farming was the backbone of the economy,
entire agriculture was practiced using organic techniques, where the fertilizers,
pesticides etc. were obtained from plant and animal products.

Steps to a Successful Organic Transition

1. Understand the basics of organic agriculture and the organic farming
standards.
2. Identify resources that will help you.
3. Plan your transition carefully.
4. Understand your soils and ways to improve them.
5. Identify the crops or livestock suited for your situation.

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WHY ORGANIC?

1. Is better for the planet

Designed to respect nature and to enhance the health of soils, water and air,
organic farming is leading the way on sustainability.In fact, if Europe’s
farmland all followed organic principles, agricultural emissions could drop by 40-
50% by 2050, with plenty to feed the growing population healthy diets.

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2. Has higher welfare for farm animals

Ensuring all animals reared for meat and animal products have a good life is
at the heart of Soil Association standards.

Organic farming has the highest animal welfare standards of any international
farming system; this means truly-free range animals, encouraged to forage,
graze and roam, with plenty of space, fresh air, and conditions that allow them
to express their natural behaviours.

3. Is better for nature and wildlife

41% of Britain’s wildlife species have declined since 1970, and more than 1 in 10
are currently facing extinction. Organic farmers use fewer pesticides

Land use on organic farms is more nature-friendly

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Organic farming supports cleaner water for wildlife

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Organic farming Inorganic farming
>> In this kind of farming there is no use >>In this kind of farming Chemicals are
of chemicals. used
>> Pesticides, Insecticides and >> Pesticides, Insecticides and
weedicides are avoided in organic weedicides are used
farming. >>fertilisers are promineng
>>manure is used in place of fertilisers >>Chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and
>>Organic farming, characterized by herbicides are deployed to maximize
its commitment to natural processes crop yields, often through monoculture
and sustainability, presents a range of and mechanized processes.
advantages and disadvantages, >> Inorganic compounds are derived
reflecting its complex nature. from nonliving components, and
>>For weed management,plant killing generally have ionic bonds, lack
compounds,rotation,tilling,hand carbon-hydrogen bonds, and rarely, if
weeding, or mulching methods are ever, contain any carbon atoms.
used. >>Increased greenhouse gas emissions,
>>Organic food is not simply an soil erosion, water pollution, and
alternative to conventional food but, human health are all consequences of
for many consumers, it carries the inorganic agriculture.
weight of a moral and social >> Inorganic farming land and soil
responsibility towards the planet. degrade over time because of the use
>>Organic compounds are derived from of artificial pesticides and the soil
or produced by living organisms and becomes infertile due to exploitation.
have carbon-hydrogen covalent bonds. >>It is affordable,easy to use and very
>>Organic farmers use natural effective.
fertilizers, where crop rotation improves >>This can result in the loss of soil
soil fertilization and the soil remains organic matter, decreased soil fertility,
fertile. and increased susceptibility to erosion.
>>The organic movement focuses on >> The cost of inorganic fertilizers and
underlying principles of biodiversity associated transportation costs has
and soil health, climate and proven to be prohibitive for many
environment protection, animal limited resource farmers.
welfare and the absence of genetically
modified organisms (GMO) or gene-
edited crops.

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Page 34 of 73
Organic Farming for Sustainable Agriculture :

Organic farming is one of the several approaches to meet the objectives of

sustainable development of agriculture. It avoids the use of synthetic chemicals
as well as genetically altered organisms and usually subscribes to the principle of
sustainable farming. Different stakeholders who promote Organic Farming need
to follow a holistic approach which focus on reviving soils and organic matter,
capacity building of farmers, supply of efficient organic inputs, comprehensive
certification standards, marketing, branding, awareness of consumers and
integrating farmers with the market-led value chain. They also need to build
their capacities and knowledge in all these aspects for implementing Organic
Farming initiatives.

Overview of Organic Farming in India

With the increase in population our compulsion would be not only to stabilize
agricultural production but to increase it further in sustainable manner. The
scientists have realized that the, Green Revolution with high input use has
reached a plateau and is now sustained with diminishing return of falling
dividends. Thus, a natural balance needs to be maintained at all cost for
existence of life and prosperity.

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0rganic Agriculture- An Ecological Approach
Ecological intensification through biological and natural practices is an
alternative approach for mainstreaming organic agriculture

Ecological intensification aims to integrate the management of ecosystem

services delivered by bio-diversity in to crop production systems (Dore, et al.,
2011).

Adopt a natural resources management frame work to illustrate how

ecological intensification can sustainably enhance food security.

Steady Increase of Organic Farmland

• A total of 71.5 million hectares were organically managed at the end of 2018,
Australia has the largest organic agricultural area (35.7 million hectares)
followed by Argentina (3.6 million hectares), and China (3.1 million hectares).
• Due to the large area of organic farmland in Australia, half of the global
organic agricultural land is in Oceania (36.0 million hectares).

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Strategies
1. Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY)
• Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana promotes cluster based organic
farming with PGS (Participatory Guarantee System) certification.

• Cluster formation, training, certification and marketing are supported

under the scheme.

• Assistance of Rs. 50,000 per ha /3 years is provided out of which 62 percent

(Rs. 31,000) is given as incentive to a farmer towards organic inputs.

2. Mission Organic Value Chain Development for

North Eastern Region (MOVCDNER)

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 • The scheme promotes third party certified organic farming of niche crops of
north east region through Farmer Producer Organisations (FPOs) with
focus on exports.

• Farmers are given assistance of Rs 25,000 per hectare for three years for
organic inputs including organic manure and bio-fertilisers among other
inputs.

• Support for formation of FPOs, capacity building, post-harvest

infrastructure up to Rs 2 crore are also provided in the scheme

3. Capital Investment Subsidy Scheme (CISS) under

Soil Health Management Scheme
• Under this scheme, 100 percent assistance is provided to state government,
government agencies for setting up of mechanised fruit and vegetable
market waste, agro waste compost production unit up to a maximum
limit of Rs 190 lakh per unit (3000 Total Per Annum TPA capacity).

4. National Mission on Oilseeds and Oil Palm

(NMOOP)
Under the Mission, financial assistance at 50 percent subsidy to the tune of Rs.
300 per hectare is being provided for different components including bio-
fertilisers, supply of Rhizobium culture, Phosphate Solubilising Bacteria (PSB),
Zinc Solubilising Bacteria (ZSB), Azatobacter, Mycorrhiza and vermi compost.

5. National Food Security Mission (NFSM)

Regulatory Mechanism
For Export : Notified by Ministry of Commerce as NPOP. It is in operation since
2002

For Domestic : A framework is being worked out and is likely to be notified

under the Agricultural Produce Grading and Marking Act on the similar lines of
NPOP

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Microbial Inoculations in Organic Farming
Microbial inoculants are beneficiary microorganisms applied to either the soil or
the plant in order to improve productivity and crop health.

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 Biofertilizer Application
Seed treatment: 200 g of nitrogenous bio fertilizer and 200 g of Phosphoric
are suspended in 300-400 ml of water and mixed thoroughly. Ten kg seeds are
treated with this paste and dried in shade. The treated seeds have to be sown as
soon as possible.

Seedling root dip: For rice crop, a bed is made in the field and filled with
water. Recommended bio fertilizers are mixed in this water and the roots of
seedlings are dipped for 8-10 hrs.

Soil treatment: 4 kg each of the recommended bio fertilizers are mixed in 200
kg of compost and kept overnight. This mixture is incorporated in the soil at the
time of sowing or planting.

Use of biocontrol agents for weed control:

Name of the weed Bioagent
Cyperus rotundus Bactra verutana
Ludwigia parviflora Haltica cynea (Steel blue beetle)
Parthenism
Zygrogramma bicolarata
hysterophorus
Lantana camara Crocidosema lantana, Teleonnemia scrupulosa
Opuntia dilleni Dactylopius tomentosus, D. Indicus (cochineal scale insect)
Neochetina eichhornea, N. Bruchi (Hyachinth weevil) Sameodes
Eichhornea crassipes
alliguttalis (hyancinth moth)
Crytobagus singularis (weevil) Paulinia acuminate (grass
Salvinia molesta
hopper), Samea mutiplicalis
Alternanthera
Agasides hygrophilla (flea beetle) Amynothrips andersoni
philoxaroides
Tribulus terrestris Microlarinus lypriformis, M. lareynii
Solanum
Frumenta nephalomicta
elaegnifolium

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 T R A D I T I O N A L V S. M O D E R N F A R M I N G
T E C H N I Q U E S: A C O M P A R A T I V E A N A L Y SI S

Farming techniques have evolved over time, with traditional and modern
approaches being at the forefront of agricultural practices. Understanding the
differences between these two methods is crucial for making informed decisions
regarding sustainability, productivity, and environmental impact. In this
comparison, we explore the key contrasts between traditional and modern
farming techniques.

1. Approach

Traditional Farming:
 Rooted in centuries-old practices and local knowledge.
 Emphasizes manual labor and simple tools.
 Often geared towards subsistence farming for local consumption.
 Favors crop diversity and organic practices.
 Relies on preservation of indigenous seed varieties.
Modern Farming:
 Incorporates both advanced technology and mechanization.
 Focuses on large-scale production for global markets.
 Utilizes genetically modified organisms (GMOs) for enhanced traits.
 Implements precision agriculture to optimize resource use.
 Aims for higher productivity and efficiency.

2. Env iron menta l I mpa c t

Traditional Farming:
 Low environmental impact due to organic practices.
 Relies on natural pest control and crop rotation to maintain soil fertility.
 Preserves biodiversity through diverse crops and native seeds.
Modern Farming:

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 Higher environmental impact due to chemical inputs and intensive practices.
 Utilizes synthetic both pesticides and fertilizers for pest and disease management.
 May lead to monoculture, reducing biodiversity.

3. Productiv ity

Traditional Farming:
 Generally lower productivity compared to modern farming.
 Suitable for small-scale and needs.
Modern Farming:
 Higher productivity and yield due to technological advancements.
 Can meet the demands of a growing global population.

4. Sustainab ility

Traditional Farming:
 Promotes sustainability through organic practices and community reliance.
 Well-suited for maintaining traditional cultures and local ecosystems.
Modern Farming:
 Faces challenges in sustainability due to resource-intensive practices.
 Requires responsible management to lessen environmental impact.

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 ANNEXURE
QUESTIONNAIRE
Agriculture survey of the villages :
Name of the person :
Phone no:
Age :
Gender :

Address :
Occupation :
1. For how long have you been living here?

2. How much land do you have?

3. What type of soil in the field?

4. Which type of crops are grown in your field?

5.How many crops do you grow in a year?
6.What are the basic needs for farming?
7.Which type of diseases occur for crops?
8.Which crops do you have experience in growing?

9.Do you spray your crops for pests and diseases?Ifnot,how do you control them?
10.How do you market and sell your products?
11.Are there traditional farming techniques you still use today?
12.How do you prevent soil erosion?
13.What types of animals do you raise on your farm?

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14.How do you ensure the nutritional quality of your organic produce?
15.In what ways do you deal with the fluctuating market prices?

16.Do you get profit more than you invested?

17.Which crop needs less maintenance?

18.Do you need any labour help or else do your self?

19.How do you increase the fertility of your soil?
20.What challenges do you face in distributing your produce locally?

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 SURVEY FINDINGS
1. Name of the person : Lakshmidevi
Phone no : 9704219401
Age : 60 years
Address : Venkatampalli

1. For how long have you been living here?

A. 50 years
2. How much land do you have?
A. 8 acres
3. What type of soil in the field?
A. Red soil
4. Which type of crops are grown in your field?

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A. Banana,Maize,Jowar
5. How many crops do you grow in a year?
A. 2 crops
6. What are the basic needs for farming?
A. Tractor,Fencing,pick-up truck,Seed drills and Cultivators
7. Which type of diseases occur for crops?
A. Pachapurugu,aakumudatha
8.Which crops do you have experience in growing?
A. Maize,Jowar,Cotton
9. Do you spray your crops for pests and diseases?Ifnot,how do you
control them?
A. chemical pesticides are often used to control diseases,pests or weeds
10. How do you market and sell your products?
A. Community-supported agriculture
11. Are there traditional farming techniques you still use today?
A. Yes,Crop rotation
12. How do you prevent soil erosion?
A. Maintaining a healthy and perennial plant cover.
13. What types of animals do you raise on your farm?
A. Cows
14. How do you ensure the nutritional quality of your produce?
A. Genuine flavor,Texture
15. In what ways do you deal with the fluctuating market prices?
A. Through the use of several market-based options,such as future markets

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2. Name of the person : Obulesh
Phone no : 8886096472
Age : 45 years
Address : Venkatampalli

1. For how long have you been living here?

A.30 years
2. How much land do you have?
A.2 acres
3. What type of soil in the field?
A.Red soil
4. Which type of crops are grown in your field?

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A.Toor dal , Banana,Maize
5.How many crops do you grow in a year?
A.2 crops
6.What are the basic needs for farming?
A.Tractor,Fencing,Harrow,Plows.
7.Which type of diseases occur for crops?
A.Jeeda ,purugu,aakupacha
8.Which crops do you have experience in growing?
A.Toor dal , Banana
9.Do you spray your crops for pests and diseases?Ifnot,how do you
control them?
A.Through fertilizers.
10.How do you market and sell your products?
A.Restaurant sales
11.Are there traditional farming techniques you still use today?
A.Mixed croping
12.How do you prevent soil erosion?
A.By mulching
13.What types of animals do you raise on your farm?
A.Cows
14.How do you ensure the nutritional quality of your organic produce?
A.Compost manure, Cover crops
15.In what ways do you deal with the fluctuating market prices?
A. Selling directly to consumers.

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3. Name of the person : Harini
Phone no : 9963756227
Age : 31 years
Address : Venkatampalli

1. For how long have you been living here?

A.17 years
2. How much land do you have?
A.5 acres
3. What type of soil in the field?
A.Red soil
4. Which type of crops are grown in your field?

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A.Orange, Jowar
5.How many crops do you grow in a year?
A.2 crops
6.What are the basic needs for farming?
A.Tractor,Fencing,Harrow,Plows.
7.Which type of diseases occur for crops?
A.Pachapurugu ,aakumudatha
8.Which crops do you have experience in growing?
A.Orange, Banana
9.Do you spray your crops for pests and diseases?Ifnot,how do you
control them?
A.By using pesticides
10.How do you market and sell your products?
A.By creating value-added products
11.Are there traditional farming techniques you still use today?
A.Crop rotation
12.How do you prevent soil erosion?
A.By replanting with vegetation and covering with mulch
13.What types of animals do you raise on your farm?
A.Cows,goats
14.How do you ensure the nutritional quality of your organic produce?
A.Genuine flavour
15.In what ways do you deal with the fluctuating market prices?
A.Increase in crop productivity

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4. Name of the person : Pullareddy
Phone no : 9963172826
Age : 68 years
Address : Venkatampalli

1. For how long have you been living here?

A.12 years
2. How much land do you have?
A.15 acres
3. What type of soil in the field?
A. Red soil
4. Which type of crops are grown in your field?
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A. Banana,Maize,Jowar
5.How many crops do you grow in a year?
A.1 crop
6.What are the basic needs for farming?
A.Tractor,Fencing
7.Which type of diseases occur for crops?
A.pachapurugu
8.Which crops do you have experience in growing?
A. Banana,Maize,Jowar
9.Do you spray your crops for pests and diseases?Ifnot,how do you
control them?
A. By using fertilizers
10.How do you market and sell your products?
A.Community-supported agriculture
11.Are there traditional farming techniques you still use today?
A.Intercropping
12.How do you prevent soil erosion?
A.Shelter belts
13.What types of animals do you raise on your farm?
A.Cows
14.How do you ensure the nutritional quality of your organic produce?
A.Texture,Size and weight
15.In what ways do you deal with the fluctuating market prices?
A.Increase in livestock productivity

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5. Name of the person : Sudhakar Reddy
Phone no : 9908828752
Age : 52 years
Address : Venkatampalli

1.For how long have you been living here?

A. 50 years
2. How much land do you have?
A.39 acres
3. What type of soil in the field?
A.Red soil
4. Which type of crops are grown in your field?

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A.Toor dal, Banana,Maize,Jowar
5.How many crops do you grow in a year?
A.2 crops
6.What are the basic needs for farming?
A.Tractor,Fencing
7.Which type of diseases occur for crops?
A.Jeedapurugu ,telladoma
8.Which crops do you have experience in growing?
A.Toor dal, lady’sfinger, Banana,Maize,Jowar
9.Do you spray your crops for pests and diseases?Ifnot,how do you
control them?
A.Crop spraying
10.How do you market and sell your products?
A.On-farm sales
11.Are there traditional farming techniques you still use today?
A.Crop rotation
12.How do you prevent soil erosion?
A.Applying mulches
13.What types of animals do you raise on your farm?
A.Cows,Goats
14.How do you ensure the nutritional quality of your organic produce?
A.Original and complete nutritional value
15.In what ways do you deal with the fluctuating market prices?
A.By selling directly to consumers

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6. Name of the person : Srinivas Reddy
Phone no : 9908828752
Age : 60 years
Address : Venkatampalli

1. For how long have you been living here?

A.17 years
2. How much land do you have?
A.35 acres
3. What type of soil in the field?
A.Red soil

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4. Which type of crops are grown in your field?
A.Groundnut, Banana,Maize
5.How many crops do you grow in a year?
A.1 crop
6.What are the basic needs for farming?
A.Tractor,pick-up truck,plows
7.Which type of diseases occur for crops?
A. Jeedapurugu ,telladoma
8.Which crops do you have experience in growing?
A.Groundnut, Banana,Maize,Jowar
9.Do you spray your crops for pests and diseases?
A.By Crop spraying fertilizers
10.How do you market and sell your products?
A.By direct selling to consumers
11.Are there traditional farming techniques you still use today?
A.Crop rotation
12.How do you prevent soil erosion?
A.Covering with mulch
13.What types of animals do you raise on your farm?
A.Cows,buffaloes
14.How do you ensure the nutritional quality of your organic produce?
A.Size and weight,Texture/firmness
15.In what ways do you deal with the fluctuating market prices?
A.Increasing in cropping intensity
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7. Name of the person : Sunki Reddy
Phone no : 9908828752
Age : 62 years
Address : Venkatampalli

1. For how long have you been living here?

A.30 years
2. How much land do you have?
A.12 acres
3. What type of soil in the field?
A.Red soil
4. Which type of crops are grown in your field?

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A.Toor dal, groundnut, Banana,Maize,Jowar
5.How many crops do you grow in a year?
A.2 crops
6.What are the basic needs for farming?
A.Tractor,pick-up truck,plows
7.Which type of diseases occur for crops?
A.Aakupacha
8.Which crops do you have experience in growing?
A.Toor dal, groundnut, Banana,Maize,Jowar
9.Do you spray your crops for pests and diseases?Ifnot,how do you
control them?
A.By Crop spraying fertilizers
10.How do you market and sell your products?
A.Restuarant sales
11.Are there traditional farming techniques you still use today?
A.Mixed cropping
12.How do you prevent soil erosion?
A. Crop rotations
13.What types of animals do you raise on your farm?
A.Cows,goats
14.How do you ensure the nutritional quality of your organic produce?
A.Genuine flavor,texture
15.In what ways do you deal with the fluctuating market prices?
A.Diversification to high value agriculture

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8. Name of the person : Saraswathi
Phone no : 9553055194
Age : 50 years
Address : Venkatampalli

1. For how long have you been living here?

A.25 years
2. How much land do you have?
A.2 acres wet land
3. What type of soil in the field?
A. Red soil

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4. Which type of crops are grown in your field?
A.Groundnut , Banana,Jowar
5.How many crops do you grow in a year?
A.One
6.What are the basic needs for farming?
A.Tractor,pick-up truck,plows,harrow
7.Which type of diseases occur for crops?
A.Jeeda, Aakupacha ,purugu
8.Which crops do you have experience in growing?
A.Groundnut , Banana,Maize
9.Do you spray your crops for pests and diseases?
A.By pesticides
10.How do you market and sell your products?
A.On-farm sales
11.Are there traditional farming techniques you still use today?
A.Mixed cropping
12.How do you prevent soil erosion?
A.Applying mulches
13.What types of animals do you raise on your farm?
A.Cows,goats
14.How do you ensure the nutritional quality of your organic produce?
A.By functional compounds
15.In what ways do you deal with the fluctuating market prices?
A.Based on future markets and insurances
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9. Name of the person : Kavitha
Phone no : 9177025507
Age : 25 years
Address : Venkatampalli

1. For how long have you been living here?

A.25 years
2. How much land do you have?
A.10 acres dry land depends on electricity
3. What type of soil in the field?
A.Red soil

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4. Which type of crops are grown in your field?
A.Groundnut , Banana
5.How many crops do you grow in a year?
A. One
6.What are the basic needs for farming?
A.Tractor,pick-up truck,plows,harrow
7.Which type of diseases occur for crops?
A.Jeeda, Aakupacha ,purugu ,insecticides
8.Which crops do you have experience in growing?
A.Groundnut , Banana
9.Do you spray your crops for pests and diseases?
A.Crop spraying
10.How do you market and sell your products?
A.Community-supported agriculture
11.Are there traditional farming techniques you still use today?
A.Crop rotation
12.How do you prevent soil erosion?
A.Embankments,Croprotaions
13.What types of animals do you raise on your farm?
A.Cows,buffaloes
14.How do you ensure the nutritional quality of your organic produce?
A.Original and complete nutritional value
15.In what ways do you deal with the fluctuating market prices?
A.Based on future markets and insurances
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10. Name of the person : Sudhakar Reddy
Phone no : 9177025507
Age : 46 years
Address : Venkatampalli

1. For how long have you been living here?

A.25 years
2. How much land do you have?
A.9 acres wet land
3. What type of soil in the field?
A.Red soil

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4. Which type of crops are grown in your field?
A. Ladies finger, Banana
5.How many crops do you grow in a year?
A. One
6.What are the basic needs for farming?
A.Tractor,pick-up truck,plows,harrow
7.Which type of diseases occur for crops?
A.Jeeda, Aakupacha ,purugu
8.Which crops do you have experience in growing?
A. Banana,Maize,Jowar
9.Do you spray your crops for pests and diseases?
A.Crop spraying
10.How do you market and sell your products?
A.On farm-sales
11.Are there traditional farming techniques you still use today?
A.Mixed cropping
12.How do you prevent soil erosion?
A.Applying mulches
13.What types of animals do you raise on your farm?
A.Cows,Goats
14.How do you ensure the nutritional quality of your organic produce?
A.Genuine flavor,size and weight
15.In what ways do you deal with the fluctuating market prices?
A.Based on several market-based options
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Group Survey :

What is your gender?

Male Female

Which crops do you grow on your farm?

Rice

Maize

Ginger

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 Vegetables

Fruits

Do you use organic fertilizers on your farm?

Yes No

How many years have you been practicing organic farming?

Less than 1 year 1-5 years 5-10 years More than 10 years

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What pests or diseases do you encounter most often on your farm?
Aphids

Caterpillars

Fungal diseases

Bacterial diseases

None

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Do you have organic farming training programs in your area?
Yes No

Are you a member of any organic farming association or group?

Yes No

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Which organic farming practices have you found most effective?
Crop rotation

Companion planting

Cover cropping

Natural pest control

None of the above

Have you faced any criticism for practicing organic farming?

Yes No

Do you believe organic farming is sustainable in the long term?

Yes No Not Sure

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Do you use any traditional or indigenous farming practices in your
organic farming methods?
Yes No

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What are the main reasons you chose to practice organic farming?
Environmental reasons

Health reasons

Community support

Economic reasons

Personal beliefs

Do you face any water scarcity issues on your farm?

Yes No

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A Review on Organic Farming: Issues and Strategies
The use of pesticides and fertilizers in modern agriculture causes a negative
impact on the environment. This occurs mainly with an increase in toxic residue
through the food chain and animal feed, triggering numerous health problems.
With such adverse implications, the farming community is becoming increasingly
aware of alternative agriculture systems such as organic farming.

This review paper attempts to bring together different issues in recent

developments in organic farming by employing non systemic literature review.
The key issues emerging in organic farming include yield reduction in conversion
to organic farming, lack of raw materials for organic fertilizer production, lack of
awareness of technical skills among farmers, soil fertility enhancement,
certification constraints, and marketing and policy support. It has been argued
that organic farming is productive and sustainable, but there is a need for strong
support for it in the form of subsidies, agricultural extension services and research.
Therefore, adopting organic farming as a gradual process by establishing proper
strategies to ensure an adequate supply of organic fertilizer through
increased production and availability by a well-developed distribution
mechanism in the country is suggested.

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 Conclusion
Agriculture has given so much to society.Furthermore,the government is doing
his every bit to help in the growth and development of agriculture;still,it needs to
do something for the negative impacts of agriculture.

Proper maintenance of agriculture implements is essential in order to maximize

production and ensure a safe working environment. To accelerate rural
development,it is necessary to promote agriculture produce marketing as well
as agriculture.

In conclusion,crop science encompasses a wide range of agriculture practices

aimed at sustainable production and the efficient use of resources.

*******ORGANIC FARMING TAKES CARE OF THE PLANET*******

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