Concept of curriculum transaction

Classroom: Centre of Learning

The Destiny of India is being shaped in her classroom.

Homans, a socio-psychologist says: A classroom is a place where various activities are

going on, where interactions take place, social situations are enhanced and norms are built up in
instructional situations.

--- Purpose of cultivating pupils' minds through significant practices accepted by the teachers,
whereas the teacher is often considered to be a manager of the teaching-learning process.

--- The main objective of teaching-learning is to create a conducive classroom environment so that
the students learn and grow in more productive ways

• The classroom is where minds are shaped, values formed, and futures built.

Example: A 5th-grade classroom where students do a project on water conservation becomes

the birthplace of eco-conscious citizens.

• According to Homans, classrooms are hubs of social interaction and norm-building.

Example: In a group activity, students learn how to divide responsibilities and listen to peers —
practicing teamwork naturally.

Purpose of Curriculum Transaction

• Curriculum is delivered through meaningful classroom practices guided by teachers.

Example: A science teacher uses a real-life example (like photosynthesis in kitchen plants) to
explain a textbook chapter.

• The teacher is a manager of teaching-learning, not just a knowledge-giver.

Example: The teacher schedules a group project, assigns roles, and tracks each group’s
progress weekly — managing the process, not just content.

Physical Set-up and Arrangement of a Good Classroom

--- For a teacher, a teacher should consider in planning classroom management are regulations on
seating and attendance, the handling of instructional materials and equipment, and the control of
activities during the class period.

--- The teacher is the Custodian of the learning opportunities of the pupil

--- Progressive education is concerned with providing every pupil with the facilities that encourage
learning and opens the avenues for it
 Eg: Smart-room, PPT classes…TV equipments…

--- It is the place, where the pupil’s success being produced and begun..

+ Dimensions: if 40, then rectangular fruitful such as this class room, if more than that, semi-circle
will be more beautiful for the creative learning.

+ Furniture, Seating in a Small Class, Class Roll (Teacher should know the students’ names), Entering
and Leaving class-room in a manner, Distributing-Collecting-Handling the materials, Use of Chalk
Board, Use of Laboratory Equipment.

THE CLASSROOM ENVIRONMENT AND MANAGEMENT

+ Creating and Promoting Learning Environment in Classroom:

Activities to be performed by the teacher like communicating knowledge, motivating

the students, clarity of the concepts, classroom discipline, assigning and checking the homework and
interacting with the students.

Relations between the peer group and with teachers also affect the learning
environment; He should be friendly, personally and psychologically should have a bond each other.
 A Good Teacher should:

◼ Create an emotionally pleasant and stimulating environment.

◼ Make the learner to have positive attitude towards educational programmes.
◼ Set meaningful goals; and
◼ Make the subject matter meaningful.

Functioning of a Normal Classroom - Activities of Teachers and Students

--- the use of guidance techniques to encourage students to become self-directed

--- What if: Reducing the role of teacher to that of a policeman is a humbling experience to which
many instructors have been subjected. When it is necessary to maintain order through the exercise
of brute force, learning suffers and teaching lacks satisfaction.

Class Discipline and Learning-Free and Democratic Atmosphere

--- Latin word, "discipulus" which means to learn.

--- Literally, discipline is a mode of life in accordance with certain rules and regulations. It is a sort of
self-control, reflected in action. Eg: Need for this modern world where this lacks utterly in social
media and others.

--- In a classroom, order and system in doing things, regularity and obedience to command should be
observed.

--- In the classroom, Discipline should be coming inside himself not as the result of the imposition by
the teacher..

Need for Lively and Interactive Classroom Environment

--- Create and maintain students' interest by questioning, seeking clarifications, giving their own
views, examining other's views, arguing decisions etc.

Some of the important rules are follows:

(i) Initiator:

-- Participants should raise their hands before asking questions and wait for that: chairperson's
permission.

--All the questions should be addressed to the chairperson.

-- Participants should also learn to listen. Listening skill needs to be cultivated.

-- No participant will interrupt other participants talk and will speak only when the speaker has
completed his presentation.

ii) Motivator: Some students are shy and introvert and hesitate to participate in discussions. You. as a
teacher, should become a motivator and encourage such students to participate. A teacher should
listen to and appreciate the views expressed by the students. Eg; Ustad’s role in bringing out least of
leadership quality.
iii) Facilitator: When the content is not clear to the students, they expect you to clarify the issues and
ideas. Do so. After the discussion, you can give concluding remarks and judgement.

iv) Elaborator: You as a teacher should help them to clarify and elaborate the views expressed by
them. If they do need more clarity of questions, then you, the teacher should help them out in doing
too.

V) Moderator: A teacher should have the skill of moderating the overall environment of interactive
sessions by providing the equal opportunities to ma y, if not to all, participants. Repetition should be
avoided. Eg; as Ustad does here

vi) Controller: The success of the interaction session depends on its systematic and purposeful
organisation.

vii) Closing the Interactive Session: Closure part is also significant. A teacher should carefully
highlight and summarise the views and arguments expressed during the session. The feelings of any
particular student should not be hurt.

---- Effective Teaching & Classroom Management with Examples

1. Role of the Teacher

i. Adapting to Classroom Conditions

• The teacher must tailor lesson plans according to class size, seating arrangement, and
available materials.

Example: In a class of 50 students, the teacher divides the class into groups for a group
discussion rather than trying to hold a whole-class debate.

ii. Managing Attendance and Discipline

• Absences and tardiness should be handled according to rules.

Example: A student returning after absence submits a signed note; late-comers hand in their
tardy slips quietly without interrupting the lesson.

iii. Routine Handling of Materials

• Teachers must establish a system for distributing books or using the board to save time.

Example: (Virtual assignments) Assigning one student each week to hand out workbooks helps
avoid daily delays.

iv. Thoughtful Seating Arrangements

• Seat students according to their learning needs and comfort.

Example: A child with poor eyesight is placed in the front row; group tables are arranged for
collaborative work.

v. Creating a Positive Learning Environment

 • Focus more on praising good behaviour than punishing bad (Boss v/s Leader).

Example: "I appreciate how quietly group 3 is working" encourages others to follow suit.

vi. Promoting Self-Control and Motivation

• Encourage students to manage their behaviour independently.

Example: Use of a 'behaviour chart' where students mark their progress towards weekly goals.

2. Role of the Head Teacher (Principal)

i. Active Participation in Teaching

• Head Teachers should teach occasionally to stay connected.

Example: The principal teaches moral science every Friday to interact with students and observe
learning firsthand.

ii. Teacher Support and Supervision

• Conduct classroom visits and offer feedback.

Example: The Head Teacher observes a class and later suggests using more visual aids for better
engagement.

iii. Democratic and Respectful Atmosphere

• Treat teachers and students with respect and value their input.

Example: Organising monthly meetings where teachers share challenges and suggestions freely.

iv. Setting Traditions and Standards

• Be a role model for classroom discipline and innovation.

Example: The Head Teacher starts a monthly ‘Best Classroom Practice’ award, encouraging
healthy competition.

v. Conflict Resolution through Committees

• Appoint a neutral group to solve classroom or student disputes.

Example: A group of senior teachers investigates complaints of bullying in a class and

recommends action.

vi. Fair Distribution of Workload

• Assign responsibilities based on ability, not favouritism.

Example: Timetable duties are rotated fairly among staff, ensuring no one is overburdened.

3. Supporting Teachers

i. Mentoring New Teachers

 • Provide extra help and guidance to newcomers.

Example: Assigning a senior teacher to mentor a new recruit for the first 3 months.

ii. Encouraging Innovation

• Allow room for trying new teaching strategies.

Example: Permitting a teacher to use theatre-based learning methods for a history lesson.

iii. Promoting Professional Ethics

• Lead by example in conduct.

Example: The Head Teacher avoids gossip and insists on professional language in staff rooms.

iv. Avoiding Politics

• Keep school environment focused on learning, not politics.

Example: Discouraging staff from forming cliques or favouring certain student groups.

4. Ideal Classroom Environment

i. Respecting Student Voices

• Encourage student participation and opinion-sharing.

Example: During a debate, every student is given a chance to speak, even if their opinions differ.

ii. Teacher as Facilitator

• Guide students rather than just instruct.

Example: Instead of giving answers directly, a teacher poses questions that lead students to
discover answers themselves.

iii. Promoting Self-Directed Learning

• Students should manage their own learning activities.

Example: Allowing students to choose their project topics based on interest increases
engagement.

5. Summary: Practical Knowledge + Emotional Intelligence

A good teacher combines understanding of teaching methods, student psychology, and classroom
behaviour.

• Example: Knowing that adolescents value independence, a teacher offers choices in

assignments, increasing student motivation.