ABSTRACT

We the students of final year Civil engineering of M G M Silver Jubilee Polytechnic

College Vilayancode are presenting the project report with great pleasure. This project
deals with the proposal to construct COMMERCIAL BUILDING, at Muzhappilangad .
Building is constructed as a load bearing structure. We prepared plan, section, and
elevation, of the building in 1:100 scales. Requirement of the structure is provided with
reference of NBC, IS 456-2000, IS 456-1978, and IS 875 etc. Our proposed building is
office building classification group F, the proposed building consists of two stories
having shop rooms, passage, and Toilet. We prepared estimation using ‘Microsoft Excel’.
Estimation is done by ‘center line method’. Here we assumed an approximate of this
construction is 50 lakh. Butwe can done the project in fourty four lakh fifty four thousand
nine hundred and twenty one rupees (4454921).The structural design of slab done by
‘Limit State Method’
 CONTENTS
CHAPTER-1 : INTRODUCTION
1.1-GENERAL………………………………………………………………………………….…...1
1.2- OBJECTIVE……………………………………………………………………….....................1
1.3- SCOPE………………………………………………………………………………….............1

CHAPTER-2 : METHODOLOGY
2.1- GENERAL………………………………………………………………………………...…....2
2.2- PROCEDURES……………………………………………………………………………...…2
2.3- ANALYSIS OF THE PROJECT………………………………………………………………...4

CHAPTER-3 : PLANNING AND DESIGNING

3.1- GENERAL………………………………………………………………………………...........5
3.2-DATA SURVEY…………………………………………...........................................................5
3.3- FUNCTIONAL PLANNING…………………………………………………………………...5
3.4- PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING………………………………………………………………....6
3.5- PLANNING REGULATION AND BY LAWS……………………………………………......9

CHAPTER-4: STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

4.1- GENERAL……………………………………………………………………………………...11
4.2- DESIGN OF RCC STRUCTURES…………………………………………….........................11
4.3-SYMBOLS……………………………………………………………………………………...12
4.3- DESIGN OF SLAB…………………………………………………………………………….13
4.5- SPECIFICATION………………………………………………………………………………16
4.6- SECTIONAL DETAILING…………………………………………………………………….17

CHAPTER-5: ESTIMATION
5.1-GENERAL………………………………………………………………………………….….18
5.2-ESTIMATE QUANTITES……………………………………………………………………..23

CHAPTER-6: DRAWINGS
6.1- GENERAL…………………………………………………………………………………….33
6.2- BUILDING PLAN…………………………………………………………………………….33
6.3-GROUND FLOOR PLAN……………………………………………………………………..34
6.4- FIRST FLOOR PLAN………………………………………………………………………...35
6.5- SECTION……………………………………………………………………………...………36

CHAPTER-7: CONCLUSION………………………………………………………………………...37

REFERENCE………………………………………………………………………………….............38
 CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 : GENERAL
The proposed building is the construction of commercial building. A commercial building
is used for commercial use. It includes office building, retail commercial building etc.
Construction of commercial buildings helps in bringing economic stability to a wide
community.
Our present condition of the project site is under construction. The commercial building is
constructing at Muzhappilangad . Muzhappilangad is a village in Kannur district in the
state of kerala, India .15 km from Kannur town. Muzhappilangad is known for
Muzhappilangad driving beach.

1.2 : OBJECTIVE
The objective of estimation are to ascertain the necessary amount of money required by
the owner to complete the proposed project. For public construction works, estimates are
required in order to obtain administrative approval,allotment of funds,and technical
sanctions.
Objective of structural design is to design the structure for stability to prevent
overturning,siding or buckling.Strength to resist safely the stresses induced by the loads in
the structure.

1.3 : SCOPE
Compare the study of construction in different area, to realize the cost, usage of locally
available material

1
 CHAPTER-2
METHODOLOGY

2.1 : GENERAL
The process of creating a plan for the project.It includes selection of suitable location for
construction of the building , preparation of plan, preparation of estimate and structural analysis
of the project.

2.2 : PROCEDURES

2.2.1- Selection of suitable site

2.2.2-Preparation of plan

2.2.3-Preparation of estimate

2.2.4-Structural design

2.2.1- SITE SELECTION

Selected site in Muzhappilangad Panchayath.The plot having 30 cents area.
Muzhappilangad is a village in Kannur district in the state of kerala, India .15 km from
Kannur town. Muzhappilangad is known for Muzhappilangad driving beach.

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 Fig :site

2.2.2-PREPARATION OF PLAN

Preperation of plan using Kerala Public Building Rule.The proposed plan having 131.29 Sqm
in ground floor and 119.29 Sqm in first floor . Proposed building is office building
classification under group F

2.2.3- PREPARATION OF ESTIMATION

Estimation is the process determining the number of materials ,resources, and especially
project costs needed to operate during a construction project.This is usually done beforestarting
the projectso you canprocure estimated materials and gather the funds as theproject progresses.
Estimation ofthis project done by centre line method.In this methodthe total centre line length
of walls in a building is calculated and then multiplied by thebreadth and depth of respective
item to get quantity. By this method estimate preparedmore quikly .In this method eliminates
the need to measure each individual component seperately

2.2.4-STRUCTURAL DESIGN
Struvtural design is the methodgical investigation of the stability,strength and rigidity of the
structures.The basic objective in structural analysis and design is to produce a structure capable
ofresisting all applied loads with out failure during its intented life. Structural analysis done
by ‘limit state method’ method Limit state method is more ec onomical over the working
stress methode.

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2.3 :ANALYSIS OF THE PROJECT
1. TOPOGRAPHIC CONDITION

Location of site: The site of the building is at Muzhappilangad

2. GEOGRAPHICAL CONDITION

The soil is red soil. The condition of the soil seems to be hard. So we decided there will
beno need of deep foundation.

3. CLIMATE CONDITION

Present climate condition and humidity are normal.

4. AVAILABILITY OF RESOURCES

The required quantity of cement and steel is available locally. The required quantity of
water is available from the well in the plot. The electric power is to be taken from the
existing buildings nearby.

5. MATERIALS FOR CONSTRUCTION

Most of the construction materials are available locally. Hence the transportation charge
willbe reduced.

6. APPROACH TO SITE:

Road facilities are available near the site. So easy movement of material and man are
possibleto the site.

7. AREA AND CONTOURS, DETAILS SPACE GROUND

The plot is a plane area and not having great level difference

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 CHAPTER-3
PLANNING AND DESIGNING

3.1 : GENERAL
The proposed commercial building is a two storey building having floor area in ground
floor eqaual to 131.29 Sqm and first floor having 119.29 Sqm . The building contain 6
room and a staircase room.The height of each floor is 300 cm up to bottom of slab.Our
proposed building is office building classification group F,According tonational building
code of India, buildings are classified as follows.

Group A - Residential building

Group B - Educational building

Group C - Institutional/ Medical/ Hospitalbuilding

Group D - Assembly building

Group E - Office/ Business building

Group F- Mercantile/Commercialbuilding

Group G - Industrial building

Group H - Storage building

3.2 : DATA SURVEY

The necessary and need for the proposal was obtained by conducting data survey.The
proposed site is at Muzhappilangad. The site is a plain or levelled one without an undu
lation. For finding out the land and to plot the nearby details, weused measuring tape.

3.3 :FUNCTIONAL PLANNING

According to their functional requirements, making best use of the space available for the
building. While planning, one has to consider each requirement separately and he should
remember that all considerations are inter related and integrated.Three-dimensional
aspect of structure should be kept in mind while planning, since a total pleasing effect
depends upon many components. The first impression regarding the building rests in the
architect- ural composition and treatment surroundings. As one approaches a particular
building,the proportion of voids and solids in the elevation, projection of sun breakers,
shades and sha- dows colour scheme, texture of construction materials etc. The next
impression is imprint- ted as one enters the building, while walking across the different
5
rooms, passages and the staircase one should feel the sizes of rooms, light, ventilation and
spatial arrangements.The success of a design depends not only on major details but also
on minor details suchas the height and material of the window sills, fixture for doors, etc.
Hence it is essential to study the principles of planning to create the desired environment

3.4 : PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING

Planning is governed several factors such as climatic conditions, site location, local by
laws, surrounding environment, etc. Various factors to be considered in planning are:

1. ASPECT

Aspect means peculiarity of arrangement of doors and windows in the external walls of a
building which allow the occupant to enjoy the natural gifts such as sunshine, breeze,
scenery, etc. From the hygienic point of view aspect is very important consideration in
planning.

2. PROSPECT

Prospect includes the attainment of pleasing appearance by the natural beauties, disposing
of doors and windows, and concealment of some considerable view in a given outlook.

3. PRIVACY

While planning, privacy of all parts of buildings, public streets by ways must be
concerned.Extent of privacy depends upon the function.

4. GROUPING

Grouping means the disposal of various parts in the layout in a typical fashion so that all partsare
placed in proper correlation. In case of office building administrative department should
beplace centrally for convenience of economy of service. Proper grouping should provide
facility of economy,

5. ROOMINESS

Roominess refer to the effect produced by deriving the maximum benefit from the
minimum dimensions of a room. A great skill should be exercised in making suitable
arrangements of theroom, doors and passengers for accommodation in such a way that the
utility, liability, privacyand extension appearance are not adversely affected. The design
of elements such as floors, walls, ceilings, lifts, etc., should be such as to create a sense of
space beyond the actual dimensions.

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6. FURNITURE REQUIREMENTS

In the case of buildings other plan residential, it is planned with due thought to the
furniture, equipment, and other fixture, to meet the needs of particular function required to
be performed. This can be done by assuming the sufficient sizes of furniture pieces and
then studying the circulation and space requirement around them.

7. SANITATION

Sanitation consist of providing ample light, ventilation facilities for cleaning and sanitary
conveniences. Light has two fold significance, firstly it illuminates and secondly from the
hygienic point of view. Light in interior buildings may be provided by natural or artificial
means. Uniform distribution of light is necessary particularly in schools, workshops, etc.
A room should get sunlight as long as and as much as possible. Vertical windows are better
than horizontal ones. Generally, the minimum window area for proper lighting should not
be less than 1/10th of the floor area, however this may be increased to 1/5th for buildings
like schools, workshops, factories, dormitories, etc. Good lighting promotes the safety of
the people using the building and it creates a pleasing environment.

8. VENTILATION

Good ventilation is an important factor conductive to comfort in buildings. Poor

ventilationor lack of fresh air in building always produces head-ache, sleepiness, inability
to fix attention etc. Ventilation may be natural or artificial. Good ventilation is generally
achievedby placing the windows, doors and ventilators such that they catch as much of
breeze as possible.

9. CLEANING AND SANITARY CONVENIENCES

The general clearing up keep of the building is the responsibility of the occupants but
even then some provisions to facilitate cleaning and prevention of dust are necessary in
planning. The floors, as far as possible, should be of non-absorbent surface, smooth and
proper slope should be given to facilitate washing with suitable outlets in the walls.
Prevention of dust accumulation is essential. Sanitary conveniences include the provision
of bath room, waterclosets, lavatories, latrines, urinals, etc., in a building.

10. FLEXIBILITY

Flexibility means planning a room or rooms in such a way through originally designed
for a specific purpose may be used to serve other overlapping purpose also, as and when
desired. This is particularly important for designing houses for middle class families or
either buildings with economy is the major consideration.

7
11. CIRCULATION

Circulation means ‘Internal through fares’ or the movement space providing on the same
floor either between the rooms or within the room called horizontal circulation and
between the different floors through stairs or lifts called vertical circulation. Passages,
corridors, halls and lobbies serve the purpose of horizontal circulation, whereas for vertical
circulations normally stair or staircases, electric circulation. The following points should
be considered in the planning of a building,

The links between entrances, passages and staircases should be planned in a proper
relation.

All passages in a building should be straight, short, sufficiently lighted and well
ventilated to achieve efficiency, comfort and convenience.

All the sanitary services and stair case must have an independent access from every
room through a lobby, to increase the usefulness of the building.

All stairs or staircases should satisfy the minimum requirements regarding tread, rise,
width, landing, light and ventilation.

Stairs should have strong balustrades or parapets and handrails on both the sides and
should also be easily accessible from entrance as well as rooms on floors being linked.

12. ELEGANCE

Elegance is the effect produced by the elevation and plan. The elevation, therefore, should
speak out the internal facts and be indicative of the character. Elevation should be
impressive and should be developed together with the plan simultaneously. With the
economy limitation, elevations, should be aesthetically good and attractive.

13. ECONOMY

The economy may be a principle of planning but it is certainly a factor which affects
planning. The economy may restrict the liberties of the architect and may also require
certain alterations and omissions in the original plan. Economy should not have any evil
effect on the utilities and safety of the structure.

14. PRACTICAL CONSIDERATION

The following practical points should be given due consideration in the planning of
buildings.
Strength and stability of structure, coupled with convenience and comfort should occupy
the first place of importance in planning.
Simplicity and effect of strength lend a lasting beauty and mobility to a building.

8
 It should be remembered that a building or a house is immovable properly and is built
to last for several generations. One has, therefore, no right to practice false economy by
erecting a weak structure.
While planning, it is necessary to keep provisions for either adding a wing or extending
some part of house without dismantling.

3.5 : PLANNING REGULATIONS AND BYE – LAWS

There are certain rules and regulations laid down by Panchayath or Town planning
authorities or urban improvement boards, in their jurisdiction. These have to be considered by
an architect while planning and designing the layout of the buildings.

1. OPEN SPACE REQUIREMENT AROUND BUILDINGS

In case of building abutting streets in the front, rare or sides, the open space provided
shall serve the purpose of future widening of such streets. According to ‘Kerala building
rule’ 1984 the frontage of every commercial building abutting streets shall have a minimum
width of 6m. For every mercantile use should not be located in plot less than 60 s.q.m in
extend.

2. BUILDING LINES AND OPEN SPACE

In addition to above, any restrictions under street alignment or building line or both if any
fixed for the area, restrictions under any development plan or any other rules or bye-laws
shall alsoapply simultaneously to all buildings.

3. EXTERIOR OPEN SPACE

i. Front yard: Every building shall a clear front yard of 3m width. In exceptional
circumstances where this depth cannot be obtained laterally, mean depth of 3m is
provided under condition that minimum depth at any point shall not be less than 1.8m.
ii. Rear yard: Every building should have a clear rear yard of width not less than 1.5m
laterally. The rear yard shall not be less than 20% of the area of the plot with minimum
dimensions being not less than 1.8m at any point.
iii. Side yard: Every building should have a clear open air space of not less than 1 m width
on its sides other than front and rear.
The open space give above rules is for building up to 10m height. For building above
10m height in addition to the minimum front, rear, side and interior open space required
for height 10m, there shall be increase in such minimum open space at the rate of 0.5m
per every 3m height exceeding 10m. Or fraction there for no construction of any sort
shall be permitted to project outside the boundaries of the site in to the street.

4. OCCUPANCY

In case of mercantile buildings there shall include any building or a part of building,

9
which isused for display and sale of merchandise such as shops, stores, markets etc.,
either whole saleor retail, banking and financial institutions, private business houses, and
professional establishments of doctors, dentists, tailors etc., beauty parlours, barber shops,
new stands, milk booths, lunch counters and restaurants having a carpet area not
exceeding 60sq.m. There are certain rules and regulations laid down by Panchayath or
Town planning authorities or urban improvement boards, in their jurisdiction. These have to
be considered by an architect while planning and designing the layout of the buildings.

5. COVERAGE AND FLOOR AREA RATIO (F.A.R)

The maximum percentage coverage permissible for each occupancy shall limit the plinth
areaof a building. The floor area ratio F.A.R value shall limit the total floor area.
F.A.R = Total floor area on all floors/Plot area
For mercantile buildings maximum permissible coverage percentage of plot area is 60 and
maximum permissible F.A.R is 2.00.

6. HEIGHT OF BUILDING

The maximum height of any building or part of building shall be limited according to the
widthof the street as follows:

Maximum height of building shall not exceed 1.5 times the width of street abutting
plus 1.5 times the front yard. If the height of building shall be regulated by the street of
greater width.

7. PARKING SPACE

Each off-street parking space provided for parking motor cars shall not be less than
18sq.m. Area (6×3) and for scooters and cycles the parking spaces provided shall not
be less than18sq.m. Respectively. For mercantile buildings there should be one parking
space (18sq.m area) for every 100sq.m of carpet area of building.

8. VERTICAL TRANSPORTATION

If any building exceeding four stories every floor area, over, above and below the plinth
shall have at least two staircases, one of which may be an external stairway. Every
building exceeding 1.2m in height and with plinth area exceeding 2500sq.m shall be provided
with one lift for every 2500sq, m or part there of; in addition to the required number of
staircases.

10
 CHAPTER-4
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

4.1 : GENERAL
Concrete is one of the artificially made materials, widely used in the construction industry
all over the world. Reinforced cement concrete (RCC) is the concrete, with certain
percentage steel reinforcement embedded it. This reinforcement is provided mainly to take
care of the tensile stress developed in the member and sometimes to increase the strength
of concrete in compression and shear also. Reinforcement also limits the cradles in concrete
due to shrinkage and temperature variation.

4.2 : DESIGN OF RCC STRUCTURES.

The following methods are needed for the design of RCC Structures.

1. Working stress Method

2. Ultimate load Method
3. Limit state Method

1. WORKING STRESS METHOD

The working stress method gives satisfactory performance of the structure at working
load. It is unrealistic at ultimate state of collapse. Similarly the ultimate load method
provides realistic assessment of safety. It does not guarantee the satisfactory serviceability
requirements at service load. Latest codes of various countries prefer design of RCC
structure by limit state methods rather than working stress methods.

2. LIMIT STATE METHOD

An ideal method is the one which takes into account not only the ultimate strength of the
structure but also the serviceability and durability requirements. The newly emerge in limit
state method of design is oriented towards simultaneously satisfaction of all their
requirements. The new methods make a judicious combination of working stress and the
ultimate load. Thus avoiding demerits of both acceptable limits of safety and serviceability
requirements before failure occurs is called limit state.

The types of limit states are:

1. Strength limit state

2. Serviceability limit state
3. Durability limit state

LIMIT STATE OF COLLAPSE IN FLEXURE

The state at which have flexural member like slab, beam, etc. tends to collapse due to
the bending stresses or strains reaching their maximum permitted values.

11
Assumption:

1. Plane section normal to the axis remains plane after bending.

2. The maximum strain in concrete at the outer most compression fiber is taken as
0.0035 in bending.
3. For design purpose the stress-strain relationship for concrete in compression may be
assumed.
4. The tensile strength of concrete is ignores. The section failure shall not be less than
(fy/1.15Es)+0.002. The modulus of elasticity Es is taken as 20000N/mm2.
5. The strain in the tension steel in the critical section at failure shall not be less than
(fy/1.15Es)+0.002. The modulus of elasticity Es is taken as20000N/mm2.
6. The compressive strength of concrete is assumed to be 0.67 times the characteristic
strength. The design strength is determined by dividing the compressive strength by
thepractical safety factor, 1.5 design strength of concrete = 0.67 fck / 1.5= 0.44 b fck.

4.3-SYMBOLS
Ast - Area of steel in tension
Asc- Area of steel in compression
Asv - Area of shear reinforcement
L -Clear span
l - Effective span
D – Over all depth of section
d – Effective depth of section
b – Width of section
fck-Characteristic compressive strength of concrete]
fy – Characteristic strength of reinforcement

LX - Length of shorter side

LY - Length of longer side of slab
m – Bending moment
V – Shear force
SV – Spacing of stirrups
τv - Nominal shear stress
ø – Diameter of bar
Ld – Development length

12
4.4 : DESIGN OF SLAB

13
14
15
4.5 : SPECIFICATIONS

1. 10 mm dia bar @ 180 mm spacing along shorter span in middle strip

2. 10 mm dia bar @ 300mm spacing along longer span middle strip

3. 10 mm dia bar @ 300 mm spacing along edge strip

16
4.6 :SECTIONAL DETAILING

17
 CHAPTER-5
ESTIMATION

5.1-GENERAL

Estimation is the process determining the number of materials ,resources,and especially project
costs needed to operate during a construction project.This is usually done before starting the pro-
ject,so you can procure estimated materials and gather the funds as the project progressesEstim-
ation of this project done by centre line method.

1. EARTH WORK EXCAVATION

The excavate for the foundation trended plan approval at site. The site of the foundation
trenches shall be truly vertical and bottom shall be uniformly level. The excavated material
shall be fitted on the plinth in layer of 30cm and we watered. The surplus material shall be
spread out uniformly up to the water pipes, electric cables, servers etc. Which are met with
in foundation trenches at the same time of excavation. They shall be carefully supported
out protected by the contractor as per instruction of the engineer; the excavation shall be
measured as per length and width of the lowest footing according to drawing or engineer
direction. The late of excavation includes all tempering and other support which is
necessary for securing the sides of the trenches and the contractor shall be responsible for
this safety. No extra amount shall be paid to the contractor for the excavation of working
space.

2. CEMENT CONCRETE FOUNDATION 1:2:4

All materials shall be as per standard specification. Coarse aggregates shall be hard, clear,
free from dust and other foreign matters and roughly cubical in shape. Fine aggregates
should be free from dust and foreign matters. Cement shall be fresh Portland 181
specification and can have the required tensile and compressive stresses. Water shall be
clear from alkaline and acid. Proportion of concrete can be 1:4:8 as cement standard broken
stone by water tight platform of sufficient stage.
Firstly four boxes of sand, two boxes of cement can mixed by thoroughly and then this dry
mix of cement and sand can mixed by turning at least three times to have a uniform mix.
Water can be added slowly and gradually. Then whole shall be mixed thoroughly by turning
at least three times to give a uniform concrete. Concrete after completion can be kept for a
period of at least 7 days and no masonry can be constructed upon it spreading given bags
or sand or keeping them water at regular intervals.

3. LATERITE MASONRY

In this masonry no irregular stones are used. The entire construction is done using square or
rectangular dressed stone block. The stone used are all dressed finely with chisel. Thickness of
dressed stone is 220mm. in the case of laying vertical points of consecutive course cannot come
18
directly over one another. Vertical joints in alternative course can be come directly over one
another, when one part of the wall has to be delayed stepping can be left an angle of 450. All
joints could be racked and faces of call wall cleaned at the each days of work. The stone can
be kept wet for a period of at least 10 days after laying. At the end of day’s work, the top of
walls shall be flooded with water by making small weak ending mortar ending to contain at
least 2.5cm deep water.

4.R.C.C WORK 1:1.5:3 FOR ROOF SLAB

The portion of cement concrete shall be of one part of cement, one and a half part of sand and
three parts of coarse aggregate by volume. The cement used in this work can be applied with
standard requirements and the sand shall be clean and free from any organic matter. The sand
shall be washed, if there is any tract of earth in it. The coarse aggregate consist of black trap
metal of size varying from 20mm-40mm of 67% and 33% metal size be used. Varying from
20mm-60mm. the coarse aggregate for concrete shall be clean and free from impurities such as
earth, coal, dust and other organic materials. Unclean aggregates shall be screened and washed
before use and the water to be used. All requirements and all bars shall be placed as per design
given and care shall be taken to keep them in the same portion. While packing the concrete, the
reinforcement shall be got approved by the engineer.

5. PLASTERING IN CEMENT MORTAR

The joints of the literate works shall be out to a depth of 18mm and the wall shall be washed
and kept wet for 2 days before plastering. Cement and sand should be of standard specifications.
The materials of mortar shall be first dry mixed by measuring with boxes to have the required
proportion and water is added slowly and gradually and mixed thoroughly.
The thickness of plastering shall be as spread applied in 3 or 2 coats. To ensure the uniform
thickness of plaster, patches of 15×15cm strips in apart or 10m wide plaster shall be applied
first at about 2m apart to act as a guide. First mortar shall be dashed and pressed over the surface
and then brought to a smooth and uniform surface by means of float and trowel. Ceiling
plastering should be completed before wall plastering. All concerns and edges are rounded. The
plastered surface shall be kept wet for 10 days. The surface should be protected from rain, sun,
frost etc.
The ideal work, the plastering should be applied in three coats, the rendering or first of 10mm,
the floating or second coat of 6mm to 10mm and finishing coat of 5mm to 6mm having total
minimum thickness of 20mm. The work shall be tested by a straight edge and plumb bob.

6. DOORS AND WINDOWS

Timber to be used shall of best quality, well-seasoned and free crocks, knolls and other defects.
The rate for door and windows include fabrication and fixing in position. The shutter shall be
prepared from scanting as per design supplied and shall be fully glazed on partially paneled
and partially glazed as per plan supplied. The thickness of panel shall be at least 20mm. three
members of hold fast are provided on each side of the window.

19
8. CEMENT CONCRETE FLOOR

The cement concrete shall be of proportion 1:2:4 as specified. Cement can be fresh
Portland cement. The coarse aggregate shall be hard and tough of 20mm gauge, well
graded and free from dust etc. the sand shall be coarse of down well 15mm maximum size
and down well graded, clean and free from dust, dirt and organic matters. The floor shall be
leveled and divided in to panels of size not exceeding 1m in its smaller dimensions and 2m
in its longer dimensions. The floor can be laid in two layers. The lower layer being 22 mm
thick and upper layer 3mm thick. The base shall be made roughly and cleaned and soaked
with water thoroughly and then give a cement with just before laying. The surface can be
smoothed with wooden flats and any unevenness can be removed by adding 1:2 cement and
sand mortar. Finally the surface shall be finished with wooden or steel floats by applying
thick mortar. The whole operation shall be completed within 30 minutes. After 24 hours
cured by flooding for at least 7 days. Place 12mm thick marbles over the cement concrete
grout.

9. WHITE WASHING IN THREE COATS

Before going to slant the work, the wall should be cleaned fresh while time shall be at
site of work and then mixed thoroughly with sufficient quantity of water in a pot and shall
then screen through a clean cloth. The clean gum or risk dissolved water can be mixed with
lime in required. quantities. The white can be applied with jute brush and the brush can
be so worked that the surfaces with uniform color each after previous coats are
completely dried. quantities. The white can be applied with jute brush and the brush can
be so worked thatthe surfaces with uniform color each after previous coats are completely
dried.

11. VARNISHING

Knots, holes, cracks etc. can be filled and covered with putty made of whiling and linseed
oil. The woodwork is rubbed with sand paper sufficiently smooth to remove any gain marks
and it shall be applied and each coat can be allowed to dry up and rubbed smooth with a
fine sand paper. The varnish can be applied with brushes and spread evenly. Brushes can
be of good quality and perfectly cleaned. In no case sand paper shall be rubbed across the
grain. This may cause the finest mark on the finished surfaces. Second coat can be applied
after the first coat of varnish has thoroughly been dried up. Varnishing can be done during
dry weather and should not be allowed.

12. WOOD WORK (CARPENTER’S WORK)

All wood works of the scanting exceeds 20m3 (3sq.in) section and which is not specially
molded or carved comes under carpenters work. This includes all timber work in doors
and windows in roof works as roof struts, tiles, rafter, purlins in Timber bridge etc. timber
as specified may be Teak, Sal, Irul etc. They should be of the best quality. Well-seasoned
and free from saps, knots, warps, cracks, and other defects. The scantling can be shown in
the direction of grains. All wood work should be planed neatly and truly finished to the
exact dimensions. All joints must be neat and strong. Truly and accurately fitted with while
20
lead before being fitted together.
All beams shall be bent on plates with a minimum bearing of 25cm and 6mm clear air
spaces shall be left on each side. Measurement of wood work shall be taken in m3 for the
finished work fixed in position including soil, planning, joining of nails, screws etc.
exposed surface should be painted with two coats and this can be measured under separate
item.

13. CENTERING AND SHUTTERING

Shuttering shall be either of hardwood planking 30mm thick or of steel plates stiffened by
angle iron. The shuttering can be supported on battens. Props and wedges and properly
crossbraced together so as to make the form work sufficiently rigid, strong and stable to
support the wet concrete work and should not yield on working and laying concrete beams
for centering can be carried and supported at intervals with prop.

14. CEMENT MORTAR

The proportion of cement and sand may be specified as 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, 1:5 and 1:6. Cement
shall be Portland cement of standard specifications. Sand shall be free from dust, dirt and
organic matters and cannot contain more than 4% silt. Fine local sand may use which pass
through screening will have 9 meshes per sq.cm. Fineness modulus of sand cannot be less
than 10. The mixing can be done first day on a platform and then with water. Cement and
sand are measured with boxes to have a required proportion. Sand is spread out on the
platform and required quantity of cement is spread on top of sand and the whole dry
roughly into. The dry mix can be then formed into have uniform color and consistency.
Quantity of water should not exceed 30 liters per bag of cement. Mixing may also done by
means of mechanical mixer. In this, first about 5 to 10% of water can be put in the mixer
and then the sand and cement in required proportion are added.Mixing will be continued
until the mix become uniform in color and consistency.

15. SAND

Sand shall be hard, durable, angular, sharp and gritty to touch and free from mica, salts,
and alkalis, organic and vegetable matters. It should not contain more than 5% of clay or
silt. Sand should be perfectly dried before being measured. If damp sand is used,
compensation shall be made for bulking by adding additional sand up to the extent of
bulking. Sand may be natural river sand or pit sand of approved quality.
For concrete coarse sand of maximum size of 5mm (5/16) shall be used. All sand shall
pass through a sieve of 5mm square mesh and 60% restrained on IS sieve no.60. Fineness
modulus of coarse sand may not be less than 2.5.
For brick work or masonry and for plastering fine or medium sand can be used. This shall
be screened through a sieve having 9 meshes per square cm and the bigger particles
excluded and rejected. Fine sand cannot pass more than 20% through a sieve of 400 meshes
per sq.cm and not more than 5% should pass through a sieve 1600 meshes per sq.m.
Fineness modulus of fine sand should not be less than 10.

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16. WATER SUPPLY AND SANITARY ARRANGEMENTS

There is a bore well existing near to the site which may be utilized for the need of water
supply. Moreover water supply pipes of KWA are also passing near by the site. In addition
to it rainwater harvesting tank is also exist near the site. For sanitary purposes, backside of
the plot is used. The septic tank and other sanitary works are done there.

17. AVAILABILITY OF CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

Most of the construction materials are available locally. The transportation charges is very
low, since the site is situated near to National highway and the materials are also locally
available.

18. AVAILABILITY OF LABOURS

Skilled and unskilled workers are available in this area. POWER SUPPLYElectrical and
telephone lines are passing through or near to the site

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5.2-ESTIMATE QUANTITIES

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 CHAPTER-6
DRAWINGS

6.1 :GENERAL
Contains building plan ,ground floor plan, first floor plan,and section

6.2 : BUILDING PLAN

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6.3-GROUND FLOOR PLAN

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6.4-FIRST FLOOR PLAN

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6.5-SECTION

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 CHAPTER-8
CONCLUSION

This report has been prepared from a practical point of view and it is satisfied the average
requirement of a commercial building, complete structural design for the building has
been included in the report. The cost analysis is also done very elaborately and rates of
each andevery item of work have been arrived at on the basis of current market price of
materials and current rate of labour charge. The site for the building has been selected
very carefullyto provide healthy environment for occupants.We prepared estimation using
‘Microsoft Excel’. Estimation is done by ‘center line method’. Here we assumed an
approximate of this construction is 50 lakh. But we can done the project in fourty four
lakh fifty four thousand nine hundred and twenty one rupees (4454921).The structural
design of slab done by ‘Limit State Method’

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 REFERENCE
1. National Building Code. (NBC)

https://www.wbphed.gov.in/resources/manuals/is_sp_7_2005_nbc.pdf

2. IS Code 456-2000

https://law.resource.org/pub/in/bis/S03/is.456.2000.pdf

3. Kerala Building Rule. (KBR)

https://buildingpermit.lsgkerala.gov.in/Content/Rules/2019_kpbr.pdf

4. PWD Rate.

https://lsgkerala.gov.in/htm/PDF/pwd_sor2010.pdf

5. SP 16

https://archive.org/download/gov.in.is.sp.16.1980/is.sp.16.1980.pdf

6. Estimating and costing-B.N Dutta.

https://www.aca demia.e du/45048239/Estimation_and_Costing_by_

B_N_Dutta

7. IS 875 Part 1,2,3

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