Modal Merged
Modal Merged
MODALS
1. S + shall/will + have + VP3 + .....
(a) To express the completion of action in future –
(i) He will have reached there by then.
og ogk¡ rc rd igq¡p pwdk gksxkA
(ii) I shall have returned home.
eSa ?kj ykSV pqdk jgw¡xkA
(b) To express the possibility of the completion of action in future–
(i) He will have regained consciousness by the time you reach there.
rqEgkjs ogk¡ igq¡pus rd og gks'k esa vk pqdk gksxkA
(ii) India will have lost three wickets before lunch.
yap ls igys Hkkjr rhu fodsV [kks pqdk jgsxkA
2. S + may + have + VP3 + ......
To express the possibility of the completion of action–
(a) Her father may have arrived at the hospital.
gks ldrk gS fd mlds firk th vLikrky igq¡p pqds gksaA
(b) He may have visited Pakistan before settling in India.
Hkkjr esa settle gksus ls igys gks ldrk gS og ikfdLrku x;k gksA
(c) By the time you meet him, he may have made his decision.
tc rd vki muls feysaxs rc rd gks ldrk gS og fu.kZ; dj pqdk gksA
3. S + might + have + VP3 + ......
(a) To express the least possibility of the completion of action –
Her father might have arrived at the hospital.
You might have heard about it. (gks ldrk gS ('kk;n) vkius blds ckjs esa lquk gks)
(b) To express the non-fulfillment of action–
She might have talked to him.
og mlls ckr dj ldrh FkhA (ijUrq dh ugha)
It might have proved a game changer.
4. S + can + have + VP3 +.....
To express the possibility of the completion of action–
(i) She can't have eaten all the food. (og lkjk [kkuk [kk gh ugha ldrh gS& ijUrq fdlh ds
}kjk lkjk [kkuk [kk;k tk pqdk gS)
or, (gks gh ugha ldrk gS fd mlus lkjk [kkuk [kk fy;k gks)
(ii) Can he have told them all the secrets?
(D;k gks ldrk gS fd mlus mu yksxksa ls lkjk jgL; dg fn;k gks\)
# fdlh dk;Z ds iw.kZ gksus dh laHkkouk dks udkjus ds fy, ;k ml ij loky mBkus ds fy, bldk iz;ksx
gksrk gSA
# ;kn j[ksa fd blds ldkjkRed :i esa can ds LFkku ij must dk iz;ksx gksrk gS&
(iii) She must have eaten all the food.
(vo';) mlh us lkjk [kkuk [kk;k gksxkA (speaker expresses strong possibility guessing
the truth.)
(iv) She may have eate all the food.
gks ldrk gS mlus lkjk [kkuk [kk fy;k gksA
(Speaker expresses possibility with positive sense)
(v) She might have eaten all the food.
(gks ldrk gS mlus lkjk [kkuk [kk fy;k gks) & ijUrq Speaker can just guess but
doesn't know the fact.
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(vi) The train is not running on time. It can have been delayed by fog, of
course.
(We can also use 'must' here. In Modern English 'must' is preferred.)
Train le; ls ugha py jgh gS gks ldrk gS ;g fog dh otg ls nsj gqbZ gksA
(viii) He can have answered the questions correctly.
(It is possible that he has been able to answer the questions correctly.) &
og lokyksa dk tckc lgh&lgh ns ldk gSA
;gk¡ laHkkouk dk laca/ tckc nsus dh ^;ksX;rk@{kerk* ls gS u fd fØ;k ds djus ;k gksus ls
5. S + would + have + Vp3….
(a) To express the possibility of completion of action
(i) He would have won the match.
dy 'kke rd og dke iwjk dj pwdk gksxk (future time)
(ii) He would have won the match.
og eSp thr pwdk gksxk (past time or immediate past)
(b) To express non-fulfillment of action –
(i) He would have escaped.
og Hkkx x;k gksrk A
(ii) If you had reached on time, you would have met her.
;fn vki le; ls igq¡p tkrs rks vkidh eqykdkr mlls gks x;h gksrh A
6. S + should + have +Vp3+……..
To give advice or suggestion about non- fulfilled action
(i) You should have done it.
vki dks bls djuk pkfg, Fkk (ij fd;k ugha)
(ii) She should not have come late.
mls nsj ls ugha vkuk pkfg, Fkk (ij mlus nsj dj nh)
7. S + must + have + Vp3 +……..
(a) To express strong possibility -
(i) You must have seen, the Taj Mahal
rqeus rkt egy vo'; ns[kk gksxkA
(ii) She must have got a new job.
mls u;h ukSdjh t:j fey x;h gksxhA
(b) To express non- fulfilled action
(i) He must have tried it again because he was very close to his victory
mls nqckjk iz;kl vo'; djuk pkfg, Fkk (ij fd;k ughaA
(ii) You must have forgiven him as it was no blunder at all.
rqEgsa mls ekiQ dj nsuk pkfg, Fkk &
8. S + need + net + have + Vp3 +
To show something was not required but somebody did it-
(i) You need not have gone there.
vki dks ogk¡ tkus dh t:jr gh ugha Fkh (ij vki pys x;s)
(ii) He need not have take out any loan.
mls dtZ ysus dh t:jr ugha Fkh ( ij mlus ys fy;k)
9. S + Could have + V3......
To express non- fulfilled action-
She could have passed the exam.
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Can
1. Can dk iz;ksx ;ksX;rk (
ability), {kerk(Capacity) rFkk 'kfDr
(power/strength) dks n'kkZus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
(a) He can answer the question. (ability)
(b) She can speak more than one language. (ability)
(c) The room can accommodate more than one hundred students. (capacity)
(d) India can challenge any other country. (power)
2. Can dk iz;ksx
permission (vuqefr) ysus ;k nsus nksuksa (purpose)
gh mís';ksa
ls fd;k tkrk gSA
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(a) She could be in trouble.
Permission You can go now. (b) It could be dangerous.
nsuk You cannot park your car here.
May
May dk iz;ksxpermission (vuqefr) ysus ;k nsus
Permission Can I help you?
ysuk Can we say something in this regard?
1.
ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
(a) May I help you?
3. Can dk iz;ksx lS¼kafrd laHkkouk
(theoretical pos-
(b) May I leave now?
sibility) dks crkus ds fy, gksrk gSA (c) You may do what you like
(a) Electricity can be dangerous. (d) You may come any time.
(b) Water can extinguish fire. 2. May dk iz;ksx gYdh laHkkouk weak(possibil-
(c) An idea can change one's life. ity) dks n'kkZus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
4. Can dk iz;ksx habit ;k nature crkus ds fy, Hkh (a) He may come today.
gksrk gSA (b) You may catch cold, so don't go out.
(a) A liar can deceive anyone. (c) It may take some more time.
(b) A mother cannot be unkind to her child. 3. tc fdlh ds fy, dkeuk (wish) ;k izkFkZuk (
Prayer)
(c) A thief can tell a lie to defend himself. djuk gks ;k vfHk'kki ( nsuk gksmay
curse) rks dk iz;ksx
5. Can dk iz;ksx verbs of perception such as, see, optative sentence esa gksrk gSA
hear, feel taste, smell ds lkFkpresent situation (a) May God bless you !
dks O;Dr djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA (b) May you prosper in life !
(a) Can you hear me? (c) May his soul rest in peace !
(b) I can't see anything now. (d) May you go to hell !
4. May dk iz;ksx purpose (mís';) crkus ds fy, so
Could that, that, ;k in order that ds ckn okys
clause
1. Could dk iz;ksxpast dh ;ksX;rk
(ability), {kerk esa gksrk gSA
(capacity) rFkk 'kfDr
(power) dks crkus ds fy, (a) He is working hard so that he may get
fd;k tkrk gSA success in the examination.
(b) Listen to me carefully that you may
(a) I could work for hours when I was
do it properly.
young.
(c) She is walking fast in order that she
(b) She was so intelligent that she could
may reach the office on time.
answer such questions.
(c) He could drive a car only at the age of
5. ;fn uncertainty (vfuf'prrk) esa vk'p;Zs(uprise)
nine. dk Hkko gksmayrks dk iz;ksx djuk pkfg,A
2. Past time dks n'kkZus dscan
fy, dh txg could (a) Who may be there !
(b) How beautiful she may be !
dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
(a) He said that he could not come that day. Might
(b) I did all that I could.
(c) She could not meet me yesterday. 1. Might dk iz;ksxpast time activity dks O;Dr
3. Could dk iz;ksxrequest ds fy, interrogative djus ds fy, may ds LFkku ij gksrk gSA
(a) She said that it might rain that night.
sentence esa gksrk gSA
(b) He might be waiting for us yesterday.
(a) Could you please move a bit?
(b) Could you lend me your pen for a mo- 2. May ds LFkku ijmight dk iz;ksx vR;Ur de
ment? laHkkouk
less( or least probability) dks n'kkZus ds
(c) Could you walk a little faster? fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
4. Could dk iz;ksxunreal situation dks O;Dr djus (a) He might come this evening.
(b) dks
okys okD; esa gskrk gS vkSj ,slh fLFkfr esa ;g viQlksl India might win the next ODI.
tkfgj djrk gSA (c) They might be in trouble.
(a) I wish I could do it. 3. fouez lq>ko (polite suggestion) ;k Mk¡V&iQVdkj
(b) If we had money, we could buy a car. (scolding) ds fy, Hkhmight dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
(c) O that I could reach there in time! (a) You might come with me in the car, if
5. fdlh ckr dh vfu'prrk (uncertainty) dks è;ku esa you are getting late.
j[k dj tc dksbZpresent ;k future ds ckjs esa dqN (b) You might have done it this way.
(c) You might have asked me first.
dgrk gS rkscould dk iz;ksx
possibility (laHkkouk)
(d) I thought you might want to join me
dks O;Dr djus ds fy, gksrk gSA for dinner.
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