Endoscopy

Presented to:
Madam Shamim Akhtar
Presented by:
Sehrish khan
 Definition
An endoscopy is a medical procedure that allows
a doctor to see inside the body using a flexible
tube with a camera and light.

Types :
The type of endoscopy depends on the area of the
body being examined, but mainly there are two
types:
a) Upper Endoscopy
b) Lower Endoscopy
Upper Endoscopy
Upper Endoscopy:
• An upper endoscopy/
EGD(Esophagogastroduodenoscopy), is a procedure
that examines the upper part of the
gastrointestinal (GI) tract. It’s used to
diagnose and treat conditions in the esophagus,
stomach, and duodenum.
• Indications:
1. Dysphagia (difficulty in swallowing)
2. Unexplained weight loss.
3. Upper belly pain or chest pain that is not
heart-related.
4. Intractable vomitting
Contraindications
1. Possible perforation(in esophagus, stomach
or small intestine)
2. Svere respiratory distress
3. Svere active bleeding
4. Head and neck surgery (relative
contraindications)
5. Unwilling patientt
Equipments
• Sedation medication
• Light source (to provide light for endoscopy)
• Endoscope(A long flexible tube with a camera
and light on one end )
• Video processor (to capture images from inside
the body)
• Forceps (Used to take biopsies of tissue)
Procedure
1.Patient Preparation : Educate patient, obtain informed
consent,Fasting (6-8hr), stopping blood thinners .
2. Patient positioning: The patient lies on their back on an
examination table.
3. Sedation: Sedation is administered to help the patient relax
and reduce discomfort.
4. Insertion of the endoscope: The endoscope is inserted
through the patient’s mouth and guided through the esophagus,
stomach, and duodenum.
5. Air insufflation: Air is pumped into the stomach to inflate
it and provide a clear view.
6. Visualization: The doctor visualizes the inside of the upper
digestive tract using the endoscope.
7. Biopsy And polyp removal : If necessary, a biopsy is taken
using biopsy forceps.
8. Withdrawal of the endoscope:The endoscope is slowly
withdrawn, and the patient is monitored for any complications.
Complications:
1. Perforation(A hole in the wall of the
esophagus, stomach, or duodenum)
2. Bleeding( Bleeding can occur due to biopsy or
polyp removal)
3. Respiratory or cardiovascular
complications(can occur due to anesthesia)
4. Infection
5. Pancreatitis or splenic injury (due to
biopsy)
6. Nausea vomiting
 Lower
Endoscopy
Lower Endoscopy
Definition
Lower endoscopy, also known as colonoscopy, is a
medical procedure that uses a flexible tube with a
camera and light on the end (colonoscope) to
visually examine the inside of the colon (large
intestine) and rectum.
Indications
1. Screening for colorectal cancer
2. Investigating Abdominal pain
3. Rectal bleeding
4. Removing polyps
5. Changes in bowel habits
Contraindications
• 1. Suspected perforation of the colon
• 2. Severe inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
• 3. Recent colon surgery
• 4. Pregnancy or suspected pregnancy
• 5. Severe Active rectal bleeding
Equipments:
• Sedation medication
• Suction apparatus
• Colonoscope_
• Colonoscope processor
• Light source
• Biopsy forceps or Polyp retrieval basket
Procedure
1. Patient Preparation : Educate patient, obtain informed
consent,Fasting (6-8hr), stopping blood thinners .
2. Patient positioning: The patient lie in prone or supine(with
legs slightly bent) or decubitus position.
3. Sedation: Sedation is administered to help the patient relax and
reduce discomfort.
4. Insertion of the colonoscop: The colonoscop is inserted through
the patient’s mouth and guided through the esophagus, stomach, and
duodenum.
5. Air insufflation: Air is pumped into the stomach to inflate it
and provide a clear view.
6. Visualization: The doctor visualizes the inside of the upper
digestive tract using the colonoscop.
7. Biopsy And polyp removal : If necessary, a biopsy is taken using
biopsy forceps.
8. Withdrawal of the colonoscop:The endoscope is slowly withdrawn,
and the patient is monitored for any complications.
9.Monitering and follow up: Vital signs and any complications are
monitored and follow
Up appointments are scheduled .
Complications of lower
Endoscopy:
• Bleeding
• Gas and bloating (due to air insufflation)
• Nausea vomiting
• Sepsis
• Perforation
• Respiratory and cardiovascular problems(due to
sedation)
Nursing Interventions
Pre-Procedure Interventions:
1. Assess patient’s medical history: Review patient’s medical
history, allergies, and medications.
2. Informed consent*l: Ensure patient understands the procedure,
risks, and benefits.
3. NPO (Nil Per Os) status: Confirm patient has fasted for the
required period.
4. Vital sign assessment: Record patient’s vital signs, including
heart rate, blood pressure, and oxygen saturation.
5. Sedation assessment*: Assess patient’s need for sedation and
administer as prescribed.
During procedure Interventions:
1.Moniter vital signs
2.Maintain patient’s comfort
3.Assist the procedure
4.Monitor for any complications such as bleeding, perforation, or
respiratory distress.
• Post-Procedure Interventions:
• 1. Vital sign assessment: Record patient’s vital
signs after the procedure.
• 2. Monitor for complications: Continue to monitor
for signs of complications.
• 3. Provide comfort measures: Offer comfort
measures, such as pain management and emotional
support.
• 4. Educate patient and family: Educate patient and
family on post-procedure care and follow-up
instructions.
• 5. Document findings and care: Document procedure
findings, care provided, and patient’s response.
Reference:

Medical and surgical nursing Brunner and