Ch17
Obtaining a medical certi cate
• Most pilots must have valid medical certificates..glider and free balloon are not required to hold.
medical certificate
• Medical certificate requires by aviation medical examiner ( AME )
• There are three types of medical certificate:
Type 1-3 medical 1-2 medical 1 medical
To. Students, privet , cfi. Commercial, first office. PiC
Under 40 60 months.
1 year.
t 1 year
Above 40 24 months
6 months
• Students how have physical limitations may be issued medical certificate.. valid only as student
Healthy and physiological factors affecting pilot performance
• a number of health factors can be linked to flying some are minor while other are important to
ensure safety flight
• Physiological factors can lead to emergency.. some important medical factors pilot should be aware
• include :
1- hypoxia
2-hyperventlation
3-middle ear and sinus
4-spatial disorientation
5-motion sickens
6- carbon monoxide
7- poisonings
8- stress and fatigue
9- dehydration and heatstroke
• other subjects include effects
1- alcohol
2- drugs
3-anxiety
4- nitrogen in blood
HYPOXIA
• means reduce oxygen or not enough.. the greatest concert regarding hypoxia during
ight is lack of oxygen to brain.. any reduce in mental while ight can result life-
threatenin errors
• Hypoxia can cause by several factors
1-Hypoxia Hypoxia: is result of insu cient oxygen available to body.. because oxygen
pressure at high altitude
2-Hypemic Hypoxia: means not enough blood this type of hypoxia result of oxygen in
blood it may be due ( severe bleeding, anemia, hemoglobin)
3-Stagnat Hypoxia: means.. not owing.. result when oxygen rich blood but not moving
like arm or leg sleep.. also result shock and heart failing.. occur when acceleration of
gravity
4-Histotoxic Hypoxia: inability the cell to use oxygen.. in these case enough oxygen
being transported to cell but they are unable to make use it .. can caused by alcohol and
drugs
Symptoms of Hypoxia
• hight altitudes y can place pilot in hypoxia
• Include :
1- blue nger and lip 2- headache 3- visual. 4- dizzy
TREATMENT OF HYPOXIA
• includs : ight at lower altitude and use supplemental oxygen
• As altitude increase symptoms hypoxia increase
HYPERVENTILATION
• More breathing
• Hyperventilation include:
•
1- Visual 2- dizzy 3- hot or col 4- muscle spasms
MIDDLE EAR AND SINUS
• During climbs and descents the free gas various body.. due di erence between
pressure of air outside body and air inside body.. to remedy this ( pinch the nostrils,
shut , close the mouth and lips and blow slowly)
SPATIAL DISORIENTATION AND IIILUSIONS
• Visual iiusions : hazardous because pilot rely on their eys.. this illustration
knows as AUTOKINESIS
• Runway Width illusion: a narrow than usual can create the aircraft is higher.. leading to
lower approach... a wider than usual can create the aircraft is lower .. leading to higher
approach
• Runway and terrain slops illusion: A downslope runway can create that the aircraft is
lower thant actually leading to higher approach.. A upslope runway can creat that the
aircraft is higher than actually leading to lower approach
•
S-L-I-C-E-G ( SLICE-G)
Somatogravic : A rapid acceleration as experienced during ight
Leans : Condition called the leans is the most common illusion during ight caused by
return to level ight
Inversion : claim to straight and level ight can organs enough to create illusion of
tumbling backward
Coriolis : occurs when pilot has been turn long enough for uid in the ear..looking at
something in di erent par of ight deck may set uid moving
Elevator :
Graveyard : pilot in prolonged coordinated constant rate turn may experience the illusion
of not turning
HAZE illusion:
• can create illusion of being greater distance and high from runway.. result pilot to be
low on approach
Fog illusion:
• Flying into fog can create an illusion of pitching up
How To Prevent Landing Errors Due to Optical Illusions :
1-anticipation visual illusion during approach unfamiliar airport ( consult airport,digrams)
2-Make reference to altimeter especially during approach
3-visual inspection of unfamiliar airports before landing.
4-use ( PAPI ) or ( VASI )
5-Utilize the visual descent point (VDP)
6- Maintain pro ciency in landing
Motion Sickness :
Caused by brain receiving con cting messages about state of body...pilot may have it in
initial ight but generally gose away with rst few lessons.. includ ( dizziness, sweating)
Carbon Monoxide (CO) Poisoning:
Produced by engines..CO prevent hemoglobin from carrying oxygen to cells..can result
death..e ects of CO include ( headache,dizziness,lose muscle power).. any time pilot
smells exhaust should turn o heater and have fresh air
Stress:
Is the body response to physical and psychological demands placed upon it
Fatigue :
is frequently associated with pilot error.. the e ects include: ( degradation of attention
and communication ) these factors seriously in uence ability to make e ective decisions
Fatigue falls in two categories :
Acute : is short term..is normal.. A special type of acute fatigue is skill fatigue ( time
disruption and perceptual disruption..Acute have many causes ( hypoxia,physical
stress,psychological stress , Sustained psychological stress) Sustained psychological
stress accelerates body quick reactions during emergency
Acute : can be prevented by ( proper dite , rest , sleep )
Chronic: is long term.. high stress level produce chronic..is not relieved by dite or rest or
sleep .. usually require treatment by physician.. if it occurs in ight deck no amount of
training or experience can overcome the detrimental e ects.
Exposure to chemicals:
When pre ight or post- ight pilot must verify uid levels in aircraft include ( hydraulic
uid, fule , engine oil ) it’s important pilot recognizes hazards of working with these uids
Dehydration And Heatstroke:
Is losse water from body..causes by ( hot ight deck, diuretic drinks.. co e tea alcohol
ca eine’s drinks) signs of it ..sleepiness, dizziness.. recommends water be carried
Alcohol :
Impairs e ciency of human body..can remain in the body over 16 hours.. 14 CFR PART 91
requires that blood alcohol level be less than 0.04 and 8 hours pass between drink and
piloting
Drugs:
The Federal Aviation Regulation included no speci c reference to medication use
Medication:
If there any doubt regarding e ects of medication consult AME before ying .. for new
medication you should wait at least 48 h after rst dose before ying
Diving :
It’s recommended to wait at least 12 hours before ight up to 8,000
You should wait at least 24 hours before ight above 8,000
Vision of ight:
Of all senses vision is most important for the safe ight.. vision subjects to limitations as
illusion and blind spots.. more pilot understand about eye the easier to use vision
e ectively..
ight deck lights
should keep as low as possible in night vision
Self-Imposed Stress
Night ight.. some factors cause self-imposed stress
1-Drugs
2-Exhaustion
3-Poor physical
4-Alcohol
5-Tabaco
6-Hypoglycemia and Nutritional De ciency
