A Single Point Solution.…….

General Safety Awareness

 Objectives
▪ The objective of this session is to present with some basic terms and
hazards relating to safety. Upon completion, the participants will :
• Understand key terms and definitions
• Enhanced knowledge and skills related to safety in the workplace.
• Identify hazards at the workplace.
• Identify and control of different types of accidents.
Objectives
• Understand Do’s and Don’ts.
 Responsibilities
Management:
– Understand how safety has to be ensured.
– Identify hazards associated with the work.
– Identify causes of accidents.
– Provide protection to prevent accidents.
– Safety procedure development & maintenance.
– Select & provide appropriate Personal Protective
Equipment.
– Provide employee training.
– Recordkeeping.
– Annual review & update of program.

Employees:
– Understand the hazards associated at the workplace.
– Understand the procedures for safety.
– Use provided Personal Protective Equipment as
required.
– Notify immediate supervisor of any identified hazards
during work.
 PROACTION versus REACTION

• “Well that’s an accident

waiting to happen…”
• “Someone ought to do
something…”

That someone is YOU!

 Accident
Prevention
 An Accident is:
An unexpected and undesirable event, especially one
resulting in damage or harm: car accidents on icy roads.
 Hazard
• Existing or Potential
Condition That Alone or
Interacting With Other
Factors Can Cause Harm
– A Spill on the Floor
– Broken Equipment
– Naked wire
– Open flame
 Risk
• A measure of the probability and
severity of a hazard to harm human
health, property, or the environment
• A measure of how likely harm is to occur
and an indication of how serious the
harm might be

Risk  0
 Safety
FREEDOM FROM DANGER OR HARM

Nothing is Free of

BUT - We can almost always make

something SAFER
 Safety Is Better Defined As….

A Judgement of the
Acceptability of Risk
 Types of Accidents
• FALL TO • CONTACT WITH
– same level – chemicals
– lower level – electricity
– heat/cold
• CAUGHT – Radiation
– in
– on • BODILY REACTION FROM
– between – voluntary motion
– involuntary motion
 Types of Accidents (continued)
• STRUCK • RUBBED OR ABRADED
– Against BY
• stationary or moving – friction
object
– pressure
• protruding object
• sharp or jagged edge – vibration

– By
• moving or flying object
• falling object
 Accident-Causing Factors
• Basic Causes • Direct Causes
– Management – Slips, Trips, Falls
– Environmental – Caught In
– Equipment – Run Over
– Human Behavior – Chemical Exposure
• Indirect Causes
– Unsafe Acts
– Unsafe Conditions
 Policy & Procedures
Basic Causes Environmental Conditions
Equipment/Plant Design
Human Behavior

Unsafe Indirect Causes Unsafe

Acts Conditions

Slip/Trip Fall
Direct Causes Energy Release
Pinched Between

ACCIDENT
Personal Injury
Property Damage
Potential/Actual
 Basic Causes
• Management
Systems & Procedures
• Environment
Natural & Man-made
• Equipment
Design & Equipment
• Human Behavior
 Management

• Systems &
Procedures
– Lack of systems &
procedures
– Availability
– Lack of Supervision
 Environment
• Physical
– Lighting
– Temperature

• Chemical
– vapors
• Biological
– smoke
–Bacteria
–Reptiles
Environment
 Design and Equipment

• Design
– Workplace layout
– Design of tools &
equipment
– Maintenance
Design and Equipment
• Equipment
– Suitability
– Stability
• Guarding

• Ergonomic

• Accessibility
 Human Behavior

Common to
all accidents

Not limited to person

involved in accident
 Human Factors
• Omissions &
Commissions

• Deviations from SOP

– Lacking Authority
– Short Cuts
– Remove guards
Human Behavior is a function of :

Activators (what needs to be done)

Competencies (how it needs to be done)

Consequences
(what happens if it is/isn’t done)
Electrical Safety
Hazards of Electricity

The primary hazards of electricity and it’s use are:

Hazards of Electricity

Dangers associated with electricity and its use are:

• Shock
• Burns
• Arc Blast
• Explosions
• Fires
Electrical Hazards Continued
SHOCK

• Received when part of your body becomes part of the electrical

circuit.
• High voltage shock can cause serious injury or death.
• You will get a shock if you touch:
• Both wires of an energized circuit
• One wire of an energized circuit and ground
• Part of machine that is “hot” because it is contacting an energized wire and the
ground.
• Can cause tingling, cardiac arrest and destruction of body parts.
Electrical Hazards Continued

BURNS
• Results when a person touches
electrical equipment or wiring
that is improperly used or
maintained.
• Most often involves injuries to
the hands.

ARC-BLAST
• Occurs when high amperage
currents jump from one
conductor to another through air.
• Happens when opening or closing
of circuits and when static
electricity is discharged.
• Fire can occur if happens in
atmosphere with explosive
mixture.
Electrical Hazards Continued

EXPLOSIONS
• Occurs when electricity provides
ignition source for an explosive
mixture in atmosphere.
• Causes range from overheated
conductors or equipment to
normal arcing at switch
contacts.

FIRES
• Electricity is the most common
cause.
• Defective and/or misused
equipment is the major cause.
• Improperly spliced or connected
wiring creates “high resistance”
connections creating heat that
starts fire.
Causes of Electrical Accidents

Accidents and injuries with

electricity are caused by one or a
combination of the following:

• Unsafe equipment and/or

installation.
• Unsafe workplaces caused by
environmental factors.
• Unsafe work practices.
Prevention of Electrical Accidents

Protection from electrical hazards

is one way to prevent accidents.
Methods of control are:

• Insulation
• Electrical protective devices
• Guarding
• Grounding
• PPE
• Training
Prevention of Electrical Accidents

INSULATION
• Placed on electrical conductors to
protect from hazards.
• Examples are glass, rubber, plastic
or mica.
• OSHA standards specific to
insulation on conductors.

ELECTRICAL PROTECTIVE DEVICES

• Critical to electrical safety.
• Interrupts current flow when it
exceeds conductor capacity.
• Examples are fuses, circuit
breakers
(MCB/MCCB/RCCB/ELCB).
Prevention of Electrical Accidents

GUARDING
• Any “live” parts operating at 50 volts
or more must be guarded to prevent
accidental contact.

To accomplish, machinery or equipment

can be located:
• In room or vault, accessible to
authorized staff only.
• Behind screens/partitions which are
permanent and protect from easy
access.
• On an elevated platform, gallery or
balcony that is not accessible to
unqualified personnel.
• At least eight feet above floor of the
work area.

Warning signs posted appropriately

Prevention of Electrical Accidents

GROUNDING/ EARTHING
• A requirement to protect against
electrical shock, fire and damage
to electrical equipment.

TYPES OF GROUNDING ARE:

• Circuit or System - One conductor
of circuit intentionally connected
to earth.
• Equipment- Provides path for
dangerous fault current to return
to system ground at supply source
should insulator fail.
Prevention of Electrical Accidents

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE)

• Electrical protective equipment that is appropriate for body parts
needing protection and for work to be done.
• Examples of appropriate PPE: Gloves, Insulates Shoes, Anti-static
Clothing, Headgears, etc.
Do’s and Don’ts
• Maintain Electrical Hygiene.
• Electrical tools should always be in good repair.
• Use good judgments when working near electrical lines.
• Wear provided Personal Protective Equipment.
• Follow Lockout/Tagout procedures when necessary.
• Electrical equipment is to be maintained properly.
• Regularly inspect tools, cords, grounds & accessories.
• Authorized staff ONLY to install and repair equipment.
Do’s and Don’ts
• Use 3 prong plugs, double insulated tools, safety switches.
• Machine guards are in place & proper procedures followed.
• Cables and cords are clean and free of kinks.
• Never carry equipment or tools by its cord.
• Use extension cords ONLY when flexibility is needed.
• DO NOT TOUCH water, damp surfaces, bare wires, etc..
• DO NOT WEAR metal objects when working with electricity.
• DO NOT overload sockets and panels.
Fire Safety
Implementation of Program & Fire Prevention

• Fire Safety Management Program

• Good Housekeeping
• Do not use multi plug unless approved by the electrical dept.
• Report any naked/taped loose wiring connections
• Follow No Smoking Policy
Early Detection
• Fire Detection and Response
• Smoke Detector
• Inspection, testing, and maintenance of elements of the fire
protection system

Suppression & Abatement

• Fire Compartment, Fire Rated Doors
• Fire Extinguishers, Fire Blanket, Fire Hose
• Fire Response Team

Safe Exit
• Fire Evacuation Plan
• Fire Response Team
• Staff Awareness Session
• Conduct Fire Drill
How To Extinguish Fire

“Oxygen, Heat
and Fuel (Burning
Products) Are
needed for fire to
exist”

1- Starvation – Removing Fuel

2- Smothering – Removing Oxygen
3- Cooling – Removing Heat
Classification of Fire
DCP Fire Extinguisher Applicable on Below Types of Fire

SAFE USE OF DCP FIRE EXTINGUSHER ON THE FOLLOWING

EQUIPMENT:

• (Type A)- Wood, Paper & Textiles.

• (Type B)- Flammable Liquids.
• (Type D)- Combustible Metal.
• (Type K)- Oils & Fats.
CO2 Fire Extinguisher Applicable on Below Type of Fire

SAFE USE OF CO2 (Carbon + Oxygen(2) = Carbon di oxide)

- FIRE EXTINGUSHER ON THE FOLLOWING EQUIPMENT:

• (Type C)- (Preferred on Energized Electric Equipment

In Case of Fire Follow RACE
Rescue – Those who are in danger.
Alarm – Fire Alarm and Call ERT, Inform them the
exact location.
Contain – Close doors and windows when make
sure no one is inside the room/ward.
Extinguish – If safe to do so, otherwise evacuate to
respective Assembly Area mentioned
in evacuation map.
How to Operate The Extinguisher
 How To Use MCP (Manual Call Point)

• MCP enables the occupants of the building to raise the alarm within the
building.
• Activation of an MCP occurs when the glass is broken.

• Press & apply reasonable force on the dot indicated by arrows

• & the glass will break to set the alarm.

Emergency Equipment (Fire)

Stretcher
First Aid Basics
 OBJECTIVES OF THE FIRST AID

▶ Prolonged life
▶ Alleviate suffering
▶ First aiders responsibilities ends when the
services of Medical professional begins
▶ First aiders are not intended to compete
with Medical professionals
 FIRST AID KIT

▶ Sterile adhesive bandages in

assorted sizes
▶ Sterile gauze pads in assorted
sizes
▶ Assorted sizes of safety pins
▶ Hypoallergenic adhesive tape
▶ Anti-bacterial soap
▶ Scissors
▶ Antibiotic ointment
▶ Tweezers
▶ Latex gloves and face mask
▶ Needle
▶ Sunscreen
▶ Ace bandage
▶ Aspirin and/or ibuprofen
▶ Moistened towelettes
▶ Ice Pack
▶ Antiseptic
▶ Thermometer
▶ Splints in assorted sizes
▶ Tongue blades
▶ Petroleum jelly
 CUTS AND SCRAPES
Open Wound apply 5 C’s
▶ Clean the wound
▶ Control Bleeding
⮚ By applying pressure
⮚ Elevating the wounded part at least
above the heart
⮚ Put pressure on Limbs pressure
points
▶ Cover the wounds with sterilize or
clean cloths
▶ Care for shock
▶ Call Physician
 SHOCK
First Aid for Shock
▶ Call 108 for immediate medical help.
▶ Check the person's airway, breathing, and circulation. If
necessary, begin rescue breathing and CPR.
▶ Even if the person is able to breathe on his or her own,
continue to check rate of breathing at least every 5
minutes until help arrives.
▶ If the person is conscious and DOES NOT have an injury
to the head, leg, neck, or spine, place the person in the
shock position. Lay the person on the back and elevate
the legs about 12 inches. DO NOT elevate the head. If
raising the legs will cause pain or potential harm, leave
the person lying flat.
▶ Give appropriate first aid for any wounds, injuries, or
illnesses.
▶ Keep the person warm and comfortable. Loosen tight
clothing.
 SHOCK
RECOVERY POSITION

Continue to roll the Adjust the top leg so that

To put the victim in victim until he is on both the hip and knee are
the recovery position his side. bent at right angles. Gently
grab the victim's leg tilt the head back to keep
and shoulder and roll the airway open. Keep the
him towards you person warm until medical
help is obtained.
 SHOCK
DO NOT
▶ DO NOT give the person anything by mouth, including anything to
eat or drink.
▶ DO NOT move the person with a known or suspected spinal injury.
▶ DO NOT wait for milder shock symptoms to worsen before calling
for emergency medical help.

IF THE PERSON VOMITS OR DROOLS

▶ Turn the head to one side so he or she will not choke. Do this as
long as there is NO suspicion of spinal injury.
▶ If a spinal injury is suspected, "log roll" him instead. Keep the
person's head, neck and back in line and roll him or her as a unit.

58
 BURNS

▶ A burn victim will require different

type of care depending on the type
and extent of his injury. Burns vary
greatly from a common, fairly
harmless sunburn to a potentially
life-threatening 3rd degree burn
caused by open flames or
electrocution. Here's how to
distinguish the three different types
of burn injuries and how to care for
each:
 BURNS

▶ 1st degree burns are usually accompanied by

redness and some swelling of the skin.
Treat a minor burn by first cooling the affected
area. If possible, keep the injury under cool
running water for at least 10 minutes. If running
water is not available place the burn in a
container of cold water such as a bucket, tub or
even a deep dish. Using a cool, wet compress
made of clean cloth will also work if nothing else
is available. Keeping the burn cool will reduce
pain and minimize the swelling. If the injury is on
the part of a body where jewelry or snug clothing
is present, carefully remove them before it begins
to swell. Apply a moisturizing lotion or Aloe Vera
extract and dress the burnt area with loosely
wrapped sterile gauze.
 BURNS

▶ 2nd degree burns will result in deeper,

more intense redness of the skin as well
as swelling and blistering.
This type of burn should be treated just
as a 1st degree burn but because the
damage to the skin is more extensive,
extra care should be taken to avoid
infection and excessive scarring. Replace
the dressing daily and keep the wound
clean. If a blister breaks use mild soap
and warm water to rinse the area. Apply
antibiotic cream such as Neosporin to
prevent infection before redressing in
sterile gauze.
 BURNS
▶ 3rd degree burns may appear and feel
deceptively harmless as the victim may not
feel much pain due to complete destruction
of all layers of skin and tissue as well as
nerve endings. The damaged area may
appear charred or ash-color and will
instantly start to blister or "peel".
If the victim's clothing is on fire, douse him
with non-flammable liquid.
▶ Dial 1-0-8. Do not remove burnt clothing
from the victim as this will expose open
wounds to the elements and potential
infection. If possible, cover the victim's
injuries with wet sterile cloth to reduce the
pain and swelling. If you notice that the
victim is going into shock and loses
consciousness, you will need to perform
CPR.
 ELECTROCUTION

▶ Electricity travels through conductors - any

material which allows electrical flow - as it
tries to reach the ground. Because people
make excellent conductors, minor
electrocution is a common household
hazard. Fortunately, it is usually more
surprising than dangerous and does not
require medical attention. However, some
basic precautions should be taken to
insure that the shock does not interfere
with the body's normal electrical impulses
including the functions of the brain and
the heart. Prolonged exposure to a direct
source of electricity can also cause severe
burns to the skin and the tissue.
 ELECTROCUTION
▶ In the event of electrocution do
NOT rush to assist the victim
until you are certain that he is
no longer in contact with
electricity. Otherwise, the
current will pass through the
victim directly to you.
▶ If at all possible, turn off the
source of electricity (i.e. light
switch, circuit breaker, etc.) If
this is not an option, use non-
conductive material such as
plastic or dry wood to separate
the source of electricity from
the victim.
▶ If the injuries appear serious or
extensive, dial 1-0-8.
 ELECTROCUTION

▶ Check the victim's vitals signs such as the

depth of his breathing and regularity of his
heartbeat. If either one is effected by
exposure to electricity or if the victim is
unconscious, begin to perform CPR.
▶ Treat any areas of the victim's body that may
have sustained burns.
▶ If the victim is responsive and does not
appear seriously injured but looks pale or
faint, he may be at risk of going into shock.
Gently lay him down with his head slightly
lower than his chest and his feet elevated.
FALL FROM HEIGHT
FALL FROM HEIGHT
FALL FROM HEIGHT
FALL FROM HEIGHT
FALL FROM HEIGHT
FALL FROM HEIGHT
FALL FROM HEIGHT
FALL FROM HEIGHT
 FRACTURES
▶ A fracture (broken bone) may not always be
obvious as most breaks do not result in
compound fractures (bone protruding through
the skin). It is important not to misdiagnose a
break and mistake it for a bruise or sprain.
Typical symptoms of a fracture are:
▶ Immediate and excessive swelling
▶ Injured area appears deformed
▶ The farthest point of the injured limb turns blue
or is numb to the touch
▶ Even slight movement or contact to the injured
area causes excessive pain
74
 FRACTURES

There are several types of bone

fracture, including:
▶ Oblique - a fracture which goes at
an angle to the axis
▶ Comminuted - a fracture of many
relatively small fragments
▶ Spiral - a fracture which runs
around the axis of the bone
▶ Compound - a fracture (also
called open) which breaks the
skin
 FRACTURES

▶ Dial 1-0-8 immediately and immobilize the broken bone with a

splint. A functional splint can be made of almost any material
(wood, plastic, etc.) as long as it is rigid and is longer than the
broken bone. To apply the splint simply lay it along the broken
bone and wrap it against the limb with gauze or a length of
cloth, starting at a point farthest from the body. Do not wrap it
too tight as this may cut off blood flow.
▶ If the break is in the forearm, loosely wrap a magazine or a
thick newspaper around the break and use a sling fashioned
from gauze or a strip of cloth to keep the elbow immobilized.
▶ A break in the lower part of the leg requires two splints, one on
each side of the leg (or at least the shin). If suitable material is
not available, you can use the victim's healthy leg as a
makeshift splint.
 FRACTURES

As much as possible, keep the victim from moving and until an

ambulance arrives, remember ICE:
▶ "I" is for ice - if possible apply an ice pack or ice cubes to the
injured area. This will keep down the swelling and reduce pain.
▶ "C" is for compression - if the wound is bleeding, apply direct
pressure with a clean cloth to reduce blood flow.
▶ "E" is for elevation - try to keep the injured area as high above
heart level as possible. This will reduce blood flow to the injury
and minimize swelling.
 FRACTURES
Splint is a medical device for the
immobilization of limbs is a medical
device for the immobilization of limbs
or of the spine. It can be used:
▶ By the Emergency Medical ServicesBy
the Emergency Medical Services or by
volunteer first responders, to
immobilize a fractured limb before the
transportation; it is then a temporary
immobilization;

78
 HEAD INJURY

Although most minor head injuries caused by a fall or a strike to the

head may result in a bruise or a bump and are not dangerous, it is
extremely important to pay close attention to the following
symptoms:
▶ Excessive bleeding from an open wound
▶ Loss of consciousness
▶ Interruption of breathing
▶ Prolonged disorientation or apparent memory loss
If you detect any of the above, the victim may have sustained serious
head trauma and will require professional medical attention. If that's
the case, dial 9-1-1 immediately. Until the ambulance arrives:
 HEAD INJURY

▶ If possible, place the victim in a dim, quiet

area.
▶ Lay the victim down with his head and
shoulders slightly elevated.
▶ If the wound is bleeding, dress it with
gauze or clean cloth.
▶ Do not leave the victim unattended.
▶ If the victim loses consciousness, you may
need to perform CPR.

If the injury does not appear serious or

extend beyond minor bruising, it should be
treated accordingly.
 NOSE BLEED

▶ A human nose is rich with small

fragile blood vessels which are
susceptible to damage. A
nosebleed may be caused by a fall,
a strike to the nose, or even from
breathing excessively dry air.
▶ If the nosebleed is not a symptom
of a more serious injury, it is rarely
dangerous and can usually be
stopped by applying continuous
pressure
 NOSE BLEED

▶ Do NOT tilt the victim's head backward.

▶ Have the victim sit or stand upright to slow down the flow of blood.
▶ Loosen any tight clothing around the victim's neck.
▶ If possible, have the victim spit out excess saliva - swallowing may disturb the
clot and cause nausea.
▶ Pinch the nostrils shut and press the tip of the nose against the bones of the
face.
▶ Maintain pressure for 5 to 10 minutes.
▶ Once the bleeding has stopped, the victim should avoid blowing his nose or
otherwise straining himself for at least an hour.

If the victim's nose continues to bleed or if the blood flow appears to be

excessive, or if the victim feels weak or faint, the damage may be more serious
than it appears. You should call 1-0-8 or take him to the nearest emergency
room as soon as possible.
 BITE WOUND

▶ If the victim was bitten by an animal

or insects such as dog, cat, snake,
scorpion, poisonous spider or a rat,
an immediate shot may be necessary
to prevent the possibility of a rabies
infection or venom.
▶ Contrary to common belief, a human
bite can sometimes be more
dangerous than that of an animal
because human saliva contains many
more types of bacteria which may
cause infection.

83
 BITE WOUND
First Aid treatment should be;
▶ Use anti-bacterial soap and water to thoroughly
clean the bite wound.
▶ Apply antibiotic ointment such as Neosporin to
prevent infection.
▶ If the injury resulted in broken skin, dress it with
a sterile bandage and replace the dressing
frequently.
▶ If the bite is deep, the victim may need to be
treated for a puncture wound.
▶ Bring to Physician
 BASIC LIFE SUPPORT (BLS)
Basic Life Support (BLS) is a specific level of pre-hospital medical care
provided by trained responders, including emergency medical
technicians, in the absence of advanced medical care.
▶ Basic Life Support consists of a number of life-saving techniques
focused on the "ABC"s of pre-hospital emergency care:
▶ Airway: the protection and maintenance of patient airway including
the use of airway adjuncts such as an oral or nasal airway
▶ Breathing: the actual flow of air through respiration, natural or artificial
respiration: the actual flow of air through respiration, natural or
artificial respiration, often assisted by emergency oxygen
▶ Circulation: the movement of blood through the beating of the heart
or the emergency measure of CPR

BLS may also include considerations of patient transport such as the

protection of the cervical spine and avoiding additional injuries through
splinting and immobilization.
 WHAT NOT TO DO?
Before we learn what to do in an emergency, we must first
emphasize what not to do:

▶ DO NOT leave the victim alone.

▶ DO NOT try make the victim drink water.
▶ DO NOT throw water on the victim's face.
▶ DO NOT prompt the victim into a sitting position.
▶ DO NOT try to revive the victim by slapping his face.

Always remember to exercise solid common sense!

When faced with an emergency situation we may act
impulsively and place ourselves in harm's way. Although time
should not be wasted, only approach the victim after
determining that the scene is safe: always check for any
potential hazards before attempting to perform CPR.
 ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION (AR)

▶ Artificial respiration is the act of simulating respiration, which

provides for the overall exchange of gases in the body by
pulmonary ventilation, external respiration and internal
respiration
▶ This means providing air for a person who is not breathingThis
means providing air for a person who is not breathing or is not
making sufficient respiratory effort on their own (although it
must be used on a patient with a beating heart or as part of
cardiopulmonary resuscitation in order to achieve the internal
respiration).
▶ Pulmonary ventilation (and hence external respiration) is
achieved through manual insufflations of the lungs either by
the rescuer blowing in to the patient's lungs
▶ It is also commonly called as rescue breathing or ventilation
 ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION (AR)

These methods include:

▶ Mouth to mouth - This involves the
rescuer making a seal between their
mouth and the patient's mouth and
'blowing', in order to pass air in to
the patient's body
 ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION (AR)

▶ Mouth to mask – Most organizations

recommend the use of some sort of
barrier between rescuer and patient to
reduce cross infection risk. One
popular type is the 'pocket mask'.
▶ If you feel a pulse (i.e. the victim's heart is
beating) but the victim is still not
breathing, rescue breaths should be
administered, one rescue breath every five
seconds (remember to pinch the nose to
prevent air from escaping). After the first
rescue breath, count five seconds and if
the victim does not take a breath on his
own, give another rescue breath.

89
 CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION (CPR)

Can you save a life? In an emergency, when every second is

critical, do you know what to do?

● According to recent statistics sudden

cardiac arrest is rapidly becoming the
leading cause of death in world. Once
the heart ceases to function, a healthy
human brain may survive without
oxygen for up to 4 minutes without
suffering any permanent damage.
Unfortunately, a typical ERT response
may take 6, 8 or even 10 minutes.
 CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION (CPR)
CPR is a lifesaving procedure that is performed when someone's
breathing or heartbeat has stopped, as in cases of electric shock,
drowning, or heart attack. CPR is a combination of:
▶ Rescue breathing, which provides oxygen to a person's lungs
▶ Chest compressions, which keep the person's blood circulating.
CPR = ECC + AR
ECC – External Chest Compression
AR – Artificial Respiration / rescue breathing / ventilation
Permanent brain damage or death can occur within minutes if a person's
blood flow stops. Therefore, you must continue these procedures until
the person's heartbeat and breathing return, or trained medical help
arrives.
 HOW CPR WORKS

▶ The air we breathe in travels to our lungs

where oxygen is picked up by our blood and
then pumped by the heart to our tissue and
organs. When a person experiences cardiac
arrest - whether due to heart failure in adults
and the elderly or an injury such as near
drowning, electrocution or severe trauma in
a child - the heart goes from a normal beat to
an arrhythmic pattern called ventricular
fibrillation, and eventually ceases to beat
altogether.
▶ This prevents oxygen from circulating
throughout the body, rapidly killing cells and
tissue. In essence, Cardio (heart) Pulmonary
(lung) Resuscitation (revive, revitalize) serves
as an artificial heartbeat and an artificial
respirator.
92
 HOW CPR WORKS
▶ CPR may not save the victim even when performed properly,
but if started within 4 minutes of cardiac arrest and
defibrillation is provided within 10 minutes, a person has a 40%
chance of survival.
▶
CPR is a simple but effective procedure that allows almost
anyone to sustain life in the first critical minutes of cardiac
arrest. CPR provides oxygenated blood to the brain and the
heart long enough to keep vital organs alive until emergency
equipment arrives.

To make learning CPR easier, a system was devised that makes

remembering it as simple as A-B-C:
Airway
Breathing
Circulation
 CALLING FOR HELP (DIAL 1-0-8)

▶ It is critical to remember that

dialing 108 may be the most Provide operator with:
important step you can take to save
a life. 1. Your location
If someone besides you is present, 2. Your phone number
they should dial 108 immediately. If 3. Type of emergency
you’re alone with the victim, try to 4. Victim's condition
call for help prior to starting CPR
on an adult and after a minute on
a child.
 ADULT CPR
▶ American Heart Association's guidelines
dictate that Adult CPR is performed on
any person over the age of 8. The
procedure outlined in the following
lessons is similar to Children CPR and
Infant CPR, although some critical
differences apply.
▶ Before you start any rescue efforts, you
must remember to check the victim for
responsiveness.

● If you suspect that the victim has sustained spinal or neck injury, do not
move or shake him. Otherwise, shake the victim gently and shout "Are
you okay?" to see if there is any response. If the victim is someone you
know, call out his name as you shake him.
● If there is no response, immediately dial 1-0-8 and check the airway
 ADULT CPR

AIRWAY
▶ "A" is for AIRWAY. If the victim is
unconscious and is unresponsive,
you need to make sure that his
airway is clear of any obstructions.
▶ The breaths may be faint and
shallow - look, listen and feel for
any signs of breathing.
▶ If you determine that the victim is
not breathing, then something may
be blocking his air passage. The
tongue is the most common airway
obstruction in an unconscious
person.
 ADULT CPR
● With the victim lying flat on his
back, place your hand on his
forehead and your other hand
under the tip of the chin
● Gently tilt the victim's head
backward. In this position the
weight of the tongue will force it
to shift away from the back of the
throat, opening the airway
● If the person is still not breathing
on his own after the airway has
been cleared, you will have to
assist him breathing
 ADULT CPR
BREATHING
▶ "B" is for BREATHING. With the victim's
airway clear of any obstructions, gently
support his chin so as to keep it lifted up
and the head tilted back. Pinch his nose
with your fingertips to prevent air from
escaping once you begin to ventilate and
place your mouth over the victim's,
creating a tight seal.
▶ As you assist the person in breathing,
keep an eye on his chest. Try not to over-
inflate the victim's lungs as this may force
air into the stomach, causing him to
vomit. If this happens, turn the person's
head to the side and sweep any
obstructions out of the mouth before
proceeding.
98
 ADULT
ADULTCPR
CPR
Give two full breaths.

▶ Between each breath allow

the victim's lungs to relax -
place your ear near his mouth
and listen for air to escape
and watch the chest fall as the
victim exhales
▶ If the victim remains
unresponsive (no breathing,
coughing or moving), check
his circulation
 ADULT
ADULTCPR
CPR

CIRCULATION
▶ "C" is for CIRCULATION. In order to
determine if the victim's heart is
beating, place two fingertips on his
carotid artery, located in the
depression between the windpipe
and the neck muscles, and apply
slight pressure for several seconds.
▶ If there is no pulse then the
victim's heart is not beating, and
you will have to perform chest
compressions
 ADULT CPR
COMPRESSIONS
▶ When performing chest
compressions, proper hand
placement is very important. To locate
the correct hand position place two
fingers at the sternum (the spot
where the lower ribs meet) then put
the heel of your other hand next to
your fingers
▶ Place one hand on top of the other
and interlace the fingers . Lock your
elbows and using your body's weight,
compress the victim’s chest. The
depth of compressions should be
approximately 1½ to 2 inches -
remember: 2 hands, 2 inches
101
 ADULT CPR

▶ If you feel or hear slight cracking sound,

you may be pressing too hard. Do not
become alarmed and do not stop your
rescue efforts! Damaged cartilage or
cracked ribs are far less serious than a lost
life. Simply apply less pressure as you
continue compressions.
▶ Count aloud as you compress 30 times
and giving the victim 2 breaths. This
process should be performed four times
in the span of 1 minute- 15 compressions
and 2 breaths - after which remember to
check the victim's carotid artery for pulse
and any signs of consciousness.
 ADULT CPR

▶ If there is no pulse, continue performing 30 compressions/2

breaths, checking for pulse after every 4 cycles in the span of 1
minute until help arrives.
▶ If you feel a pulse (i.e. the victim's heart is beating) but the victim is
still not breathing, rescue breaths should be administered, one
rescue breath every five seconds (remember to pinch the nose to
prevent air from escaping). After the first rescue breath, count five
seconds and if the victim does not take a breath on his own, give
another rescue breath.
 ADULT CPR

Two Man Rescue

▶ Just like the procedure in one man
rescue, ABC shall be apply before
proceeding to CPR
▶ The only difference is the manner of
ratio of ECC and AR to be given
▶ For One man rescue 30:2 , 4 cycles in 1
minute
▶ For Two man rescue 15:1 , 8 cycles in 1
minute
 ADULT CPR

When to stop CPR /AR?

▶ When the victim is already conscious

/ breathing / with pulse
▶ When the rescuer is totally exhausted
to perform a rescue
▶ When another rescuer takes his place
after completing 4 cycles
▶ When the services of the Medical
professional takes over
▶ When the Medical professionals
pronounced that the victim is dead.
 CHOKING

Start by asking the person if he is choking.

This simple step can be deceptively effective -
the victim may be coughing violently or even
gasping for air, but if he is able to answer
then he is probably not choking. A choking
victim will not be able to speak since oxygen
cannot reach his lungs. But if after asking the
person if he's choking all he can do is gesture
or point to his throat and you notice his face
starting to turn blue, then he is most likely
choking and you will need to perform the
Heimlich Maneuver immediately.
 CHOKING
▶ Start by finding the proper stance -
behind the victim with one of your feet
planted firmly between the victim's
feet.
▶ Place one fist just above the person’s
navel with your thumb against the
abdomen.
▶ Place your other hand directly on top of
the first.
▶ Squeeze the victim's abdomen in quick
upward thrusts as many times as it is
necessary to dislodge the object in his
windpipe.
 CHOKING
▶ If he was choked very badly the chance that he will collapse
is eminent since he is running out of air, you must properly
positioned your self and hold him to prevent him directly from
falling
▶ Lie him down properly. Check for foreign object in his mouth
by sweeping using one finger.
▶ Give full breath to check if his airway is still blocked. If air fast
through his airway is clear then check for ABC
▶ If still block, Kneel beside the victim and apply pressure on the
abdomen put your 2 palms just above his navel and make a
quick upward thrusts ; this will pushed out the air inside his
stomach to expelled the foreign object in his mouth
▶ You need at least 8-10 stroke and then Check for foreign
object in his mouth by sweeping using one finger
▶ Repeat the above procedures until object is expelled and air
fast through.
CHOKING
 SUMMARY

First aid includes any one-time treatment and follow-up

for observation of minor injuries, including cuts,
abrasions, bruises, first-degree burns, sprains, and
splinters. Injuries or illnesses requiring only first aid are
commonplace. One or more workers should be properly
trained to administer basic first aid, including CPR.
Workplaces should have a well-stocked first-aid kit and at
least one or more employee assigned the responsibility
for administering or coordinating first-aid treatments.
 SUMMARY
▶ When an injury does take place, whether it is to ourselves or a fellow
employee, knowing what to do and being able to react quickly can limit
the severity of the injury... or even prevent a death.
▶ First Aid is a best tool to help your co-workers, your family or maybe
your own

LIFE
Emergency Response
 General Guidance for Medical
Emergencies

• Remain calm
– Take time to assess the situation and hazards
(Avoid tunnel vision)
• Save YOURSELF first
• Call 1-0-8/Emergency No. ASAP if serious
• Contact Building Security/ERT to initiate
internal response
 Fire Safety
• Fire Alarm Pull Stations, Typically Located:
– Near the Emergency Exit Doors Leading
to the emergency exit
• Give First-Aid if required and trained
• Warn Others in Immediate Area
• Use Fire Extinguisher Only if It’s a Small Fire
and Safe to Do So
• Proceed to Emergency Assembly Point
• Do not Enter the building until told to do so.
 Earthquake Safety
• Duck, Cover and Hold in place until the
shaking stops.
• Face away from windows and stay clear of
falling objects.
• Stay Inside! Do not evacuate unless directed
to do so.
• Do not use the stairs until instructed that it
is safe to do so.
• Once the earthquake has stopped, survey
your area. Report all injuries and damage to
Security.
• Be prepared for aftershocks.

Follow directions given by Building

Management or by your Floor Warden.
Sample Evacuation Map

• Follow the
evacuation
procedure
displayed on the
map.
• Human Image
showed on the
map is the current
location you are
on “You Are
here”.
• Follow the green
Arrows to
evacuate the
building.
 Assembly Area

• Leave the building by nearest Safe & available Exit.

• Do not use the lift, use the staircases instead.

• Report to assembly point soon.

• Do not return to the building until authorized to do so.

• Report to the person in charge of assembly point and follow his instructions.
 Your Role in Emergnecy Management
Do’s Dont’s
1. Keep clear all Exits/ Walkways all 1. Don't park vehicles in front of the
the time. Be familiar with emergency exit.
Locations of Safe & Nearest Exits.
2. Use of Extensions, Multi Plugging
2. Report any incident/ fire, smoke Sockets, Electric Heaters, Blowers,
smell, naked wiring. without basic precautionary measures is
3. Make sure of No Smoking strictly prohibited.
Compliance is within the building. 3. “NO SMOKING”
4. Be familiar with Locations 4. Do not take risks.
of Fire Extinguisher/Emergency
5. Do not stop to collect personal
Eqpt.
belongings.
5. Be familiar with Location of
6. Do not use the lift, use the stairways
Assembly Area.
instead.
6. Conduct & participate in training,
7. Do not return to the building until
drills and learn how to use fire
authorized to do so.
extinguisher.
THANK YOU