REVIEW

Identify
1)​ NJ's Senator, your member of the House of Representatives
Senators: Andy Kim, Cory Booker
House of Representatives: Herbert C. Conaway Jr, Bonnie Watson Coleman

2)​ What's in the first amendment to the Constitution?

●​ Freedom of religion, assembly, petition, press, and speech.
●​ first amendment of the constitution prohibits the congress from making laws
that prioritize/ favor a specific religion, etc. All people are allowed to celebrate
and follow the religion that they worship.

“Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free
exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the
people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.”

3)​ What’s in the second amendment of the Constitution?

●​ People are allowed to house arms (weapons or more commonly, guns) to
defend themselves and be sure of their security

“A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people
to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.”

4)​ Identify and Explain a republican government

●​ A republican government prioritizes the sayings of the constitution, its rules
and laws
●​ Democratic governments prioritize the will of the majority (more for the
people; people are more active in the role of the government in democracy)

5)​ Identify and Explain federalism

●​ Federalism is the idea of division and sharing of power between the national and
state government.
●​ While Federalists supported the constitution, the Anti-Federalists supported
the Articles of Confederation due to their fear of tyranny—they believed that
the Constitution would give too much power to the government.
●​ Federalists want more control over the states (do not favor state sovereignty),
believe a strong national government is essential to do so
 ●​ Federalists wanted a strong central government
●​ Later came the Democrats and Democratic-republicans who had a loose and
strict interpretation of the constitution respectively.

6)​ Why were the Bill of Rights created?

●​ This is the first 10 amendments of the constitution
●​ The Bill of Rights was created in order to satisfy the Anti-Federalists who
wanted to ensure that the Government did not have excessive control/ power.
●​ The Bill of Rights allowed individuals to obtain rights compared to the
constitution which has been made for the welfare of all.
●​ The bill of rights limited the power of the central government, ensuring that it
will not interfere with rights of individuals

7)​ Separation of Powers

The power of a Federal government has been separated into 3 branches—legislative,
judicial, and executive.

Executive Judicial Legislative

(President, cabinet [advisory (Supreme, federal courts) (House, Senate [known
body], other departments) collectively as Congress])

Before a bill can become a The judicial government The legislative consists of
law, the president must must function under equity the Senate and the House of
approve it. If he refrains from to solve any disputes, be it Representatives. The house
doing so, the judicial branch between two nations or of representatives is in
will have to reconsider its among branches of the charge of all bills aimed to
proposition and get two esteemed government. The raise revenue, but the Senate
thirds of the house to supreme court will have may either propose changes
approve before passing it. If great authority and must or agree with the bill. The
the president fail to respond install proper law and order, congress is allowed to
to a bill within 10 days with the exception of abiding perform specified actions
(excluding sunday), it will be by rules of the Congress. All that benefit the people and
approved. The president has trials will happen in front of a their general welfare. This
great power and authority jury and this will occur in the branch is responsible for
which allows them to delay state in which the crime was making laws. The consent
the punishment of another, committed. and advice of the Senate is
with the exception of taken into consideration as
impeachment. The president the president makes a
has the power to make decision. Two thirds of the
treaties. The president may senators must be present in
also appoint Ambassadors order for the president to
and recruit individuals for make decisions. The House
unoccupied jobs. The vice of Representatives and the
president and cabinet are Senate must approve a law
also part of this branch. before it is
passed/established.

8)​ How a Bill becomes a law

●​ Bill is introduced to House of Representatives or Senate
●​ Once bill is reviewed, it is either approved, slightly changed, or rejected
●​ If both House of Representatives and Senate agree on the bill, it goes to
President
●​ The president either vetos bill (reject it and congress can try to override
president with ⅔ votes) or approves it
●​ If president does not react to the bill in 10 days time it is passed
●​ Before a bill can become a law, the president must approve it. If he refrains
from doing so, the judicial branch will have to reconsider its proposition and get
two thirds of the house to approve before passing it. If the president fail to
respond to a bill within 10 days (excluding sunday), it will be approved.

9)​ first political parties

●​ Federalists:
-​ Founded by alexander hamilton and others who supported a strong
central government (federalists were not in favor of state sovereignty)
-​ Followed a loose interpretation of the constitution (this was the idea
that government can do things not specifically mentioned in
constitution but what falls into the general/ big spirit of things)
-​ Promoted policies that favored things like commerce, industries
-​ Wanted to maintain strong-ties with Britain
-​ Party was supported by merchants, bankers, and residents of urban areas
●​ Democratic-Republican:
-​ Founded by Thomas Jefferson and James madison
-​ Wanted state sovereignty (were against a national government due to
fear of tyranny) and believed in a strict interpretation of the
constitution
-​ Mainly supported agriculture
-​ Wanted to maintain strong ties with France
 -​ Party was supported by farmers, residents of southern states and rural
areas

10)​necessary and proper clause

●​ Constitution gives the government power to make laws despite not being
mentioned directly in the constitution
●​ This is basically referring to a loose interpretation of the government

11)​ Whiskey Rebellions

●​ Whiskey rebellion refers to the protest of farmers in western pennsylvania
(1790)
●​ Rebellion occurred due to farmers getting upset with the tax on whiskey–they
converted their product (wheat) into whiskey for easier transportation
●​ Farmers felt targeted and refused to pay the taxes
●​ Later, farmers refused to pay the tak at all and attacked tax collector—they
tarred and feathered them (1794)
●​ Washington send soldiers to end the rebellion, showcasing the extent of the
powers of the federal government
●​ The rebellion ended quickly as a result of the soldiers sent, however, this showed
the strength of the government following the establishment of the
constitution
●​ The whiskey rebellion was started by farmers as they felt targeted by the tax on
whiskey. They were the ones who started to convert wheat to whiskey in order
to avoid the difficult transportation of the raw product. However, due to the tax
on finished goods by the government, they started having to pay much more.

12)​Jay's Treaty
Jay’s agreement of 1974 was one made between the British and America after they
had bombed American ships despite America not engaging in war—it was aimed at
solving this issue.
●​ British agreed to evacuate US territory
●​ The US would have to repay their debt to Britain
●​ British agreed to pay reparations for damaged ships
●​ However, the British did not stop seizing American ships

13)​Genet Affair
 ●​ Genet affair consists of Edmond Genet who was a french diplomat sent to
America during the french revolution
●​ Genet wanted to get America’s support during the french revolution against
Britain
●​ Genet used American merchants to attack British ships despite America’s
neutrality—the merchants agreed to attack the ships as they were guaranteed
all the goods inside the ship they attacked
●​ However, this was quickly stopped by Washington as he ordered France to call
Genet back; washington wanted to remain neutral
●​ Genet was removed from his position following his return to france
_______________________________________________________________

Federalists and Anti-Federalists Came into being over ratification of the

Constitution

Federalists and Democratic-Republicans Came into being during Washington’s

Presidency over difference in views for
American

Think about the Federalists and the Democratic-Republicans.

What similarities are there between the Federalists of the Constitutional era and the
Federalists of Washington’s presidency?

Both the Federalists of the Constitutional era and the Federalists of Washington’s presidency
established a strong national government with the Constitution as a foundation. To overcome the
failure of the Articles of Confederation, both groups of Federalists, drawing inspiration from
Europe, were inclined towards establishing a central government that could tend to the general
welfare of the country—opposed to the power remaining with the states. Additionally, both
Federalists had a loose interpretation of the constitution.

What similarities are there between the Federalists of the Constitutional era and the
Democratic-Republicans of Washington’s presidency?

Despite their differences, a similarity between the Federalists of the Constitutional era and the
Democratic Republicans was that they both favored the United States’ freedom and contributed
towards the development of the American nation as a whole. Additionally, both parties are driven
towards avoiding tyranny and creating a government for the welfare of the people.

What similarities are there between the Anti-Federalists of the Constitutional era and the
Federalists of Washington’s presidency?

A similarity between these two parties is that they both advocate for individual rights and liberties
for all. Additionally, their aim was to create a stable government for the benefit of the people of
the United States. Not only that, but both parties aimed to create a government with shared
powers, in hopes of avoiding tyranny.

What similarities are there between the Anti-Federalists of the Constitutional era and the
Democratic-Republicans of Washington’s presidency?

The Anti-Federalists and the Democratic-Republicans both had a very strict interpretation of the
Constitution. They believed that the Constitution should be followed diligently word for word and
that the government cannot take action beyond that of the sayings of the Constitution.

_______________________________________________________________

Jefferson Hamilton

Background Founding father, 3rd Founding father, soldier,

president of United States lawyer, first secretary of the
treasury for the US

Position in Cabinet Secretary of State Secretary of the Treasury

View of the Constitution Strict constitution Loose constitution

(flexible):
The idea that not everything
has to be explicitly stated in
the constitution, in case of
confusion the power should
go to the central
 government

View of State vs Federal State’s rights Strong central government

Power

Thoughts on a National Bank National banks should not be National banks should be
established (this is not present
written in the constitution +
support commercial
interests more than that of
farmers)

Country the US should France England

emulate

Political Party (Jeffersonian) Republican Federalist

[Democrat]

Economic vision Government should not get Government should be

involved in the economy involved in the economy to
assist economic
development

_______________________________________________________________

Similarities

●​ Governments are controlled by the people

●​ People have a voice in the decisions
●​ Vote for change
●​ Economic system
●​ Social structure

Differences

Democracy Republic

People do not elect representatives People elect officials to represent them

People make laws themselves Officials make laws for the people

Works better in smaller populations Better for larger populations

Decisions and laws can be made very quickly Laws are made slowly because all branches
of the government must approve them

Majority based decisions Constitution based decisions

National sovereignty Individual sovereignty

No constraint on the government Constraints on the government