GENERAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY & ISOMERISM Vital force theory Organic compounds can be made only from natural sources. It was given by Berzelius, Wholer synthesis He made urea, the first organic compound made in Labouratory from inorganic sources. NH,CL+KCNO—>KCI + NH,CNO rearrange Us H.N-C-NH, (Urea) Organic Compound : Hydrocarbon and their derivatives are called as organic compounds. Organic Compounds Aliphatic or Ai Cyelie or Ringchain [contain only open chain} [At least one ring] Saturated Unsaturated Homocy. (only bond) (at leastone ‘bond) (only carbon form ring Aromatic Alicyelic [Obey Huckelrule] [Doesn't ‘obey Huckelrule] Benzenoid_Nonbenzenoid [—> Trivial system Nonmenclautre L_s1UPAC s Aromatic Compounds Earlicar, compounds with pleasant smell were called Aromatic compounds. Now a days the termaromatic means planar eyelie molecule or ion containing delocalised x-electrons, must follow Huckel’s rule ie (4nr+2)rx electrons, resist addition reaction, gives electrophilic substitution reaction, In Huckel’srulen = any whole number ie 0, 1,2, 1 ne2 4n+2= 10p electrons 4n+2 = 6relectrons Benzene Naphthalene| 4n+2 = 14 nelectrons ‘nelectrons a SS .—!) Arom: Heterocyel ‘Atomatie compounds which conta UW BW Thiophene Furan Pyitole Pyridine ‘Quinoline a hetero atom (O, S, N ete.) in the ring are called heterocyclic compound e.g. Indole ‘A. Numbering of the carbon atoms of the longest chain : (a) Lowest individiual number or lowest locant rule ‘The carbon atoms carrying the first substituent get the lowest possible number, CH. CH-CH,CH-CH, CH. CH, CH, gH cit eg. CH, CH, 2-Methylpentane (Correct) __4-Methylpentane (wrong) (b) Lowest Sum Rule When many substituents are present, the numbering is done from the end where upon the sum of locants is the lowest “CH, 2, 2, 6, 6-Tetramethyloctane (correct) +24+6+6=16 Sum of locants =Hy } 1H, cH, i i a CH, ~ CH, ~ CH, CCH, by I ‘CH, 3,3,7,7-Tetramethyloctane (wrong) ‘Sum of locants = 3+3+7+7=20 (©) First point of difference rule Fora vey lng ston chin he tf oan paired whish hs lower mr a theft point of tie er f lt he vet na Gun, Gan Gn Gar C—G,—Ga,G Ga-n Comet numbering ¢ eee ee £ ‘¢—Wrong numbering CH, CH cH, (@) Alphabetical order of mple substituents If there are different alkyl substituents attached to the parent chain, their names are written in the alphabetical order. CH, CH, 1) 4 <——correet > C—C-CH-CH an "é—wrong CH, CH, 3,3-Diethyl-4, 4-dimethylhexane cu, a Ae ~ch CH, CH, -methylpentane B. Naming the Complex Alkyl Substituents ‘When the substituents on the parent el itself branched chain, itis named as substituted alkyl group and its carbon chain is separately numbered in such @ way, that the carbon atom directly attached to the parent chain is, given number 1. The name of this complex substituents is written in brackets. CH,-CH ¢ CH, ~ CH, - CH, ~ CH, ~ CH, ~ CH, ve, 20H cH, 3CH, 3-(2'methylpropy!)nonane Note: The numerical prefixes ‘bis’, “tris, ‘tetrakis ec, are used to indicate a multiplicity of substituted substituent CHC A ‘TAL A CICH, ~ CH, f CH, ~CH.CL a 1 3,3-Bis (Chloromethyl)-1,5-dichloropentanehhatic Hydrocarbons (i) Longest chain : The longest chain of carbon atoms (parent chain) is so selected as to include the double or triple bond even if itis not the actual longest chain of carbon atoms. ¢n,-CH= CH-CH-CH=CH, CH, 3—Propylhexa - 1,4 (ii) Numbering of carbon chain : The parent carbon chain is numbered in such a manner so as to give lowest ‘number to that carbon atom linked by double or triple bond even if it violates the rules of saturated hydrocarbons os i CH CH ~CH,-CH-CH, 4,6-Dimethylhept-2-ene D. Rules for Naming Complex Aliphatic Compounds Containing one Funetional Group : CH,—CH, ~cH,- FH —CH,-CH, CHOH 2-Ethylpentam-1-ol Numbering of Parent Chain ‘The numbering of the parent carbon chain is done in such @ way that the carbon linking to functional group gets the lowest number even if there is violation of saturated hydrocarbon rules ea cts ~ CH. -H —CH, CH, OH 5 - Dimethlhexan-2-ol Note (When a chain terminating group such as CHO, ~COOH, ~COOR, ~CONH,, ~C=N, efe is present as the functional group, it must be assigned number 1. This does not apply to non-terminal groups such as >CO, NH, and -OH from first position may or may not be assigned, CH, CH, CH~CH,~ CH, 1COOH 2-Ethylbutanoic acid (i) Numerical prefixes di-, tri, tetra ete are attached before the designations of functional group if two or more identical groups are present. e.g, ¢H,COOH cH. CH-CH, CH,COOH ba bu bn Butane-1,4-dioic acid Propane ~ 1,2,3 - triolGi) When two or more prefixes consists of identical roman letters, priority is given to the group which contains the lowest locant at the first point difference. eg. a CH—CH, CH-CH-Cl 1-(1'-chloroethyl)-4-(2'-chloroethyl) cyclohexane Here I'-chloroethyl gets priority over 2-chloroethyl. (iv) [funbranched chain is linked directly to more than two carboxyl groups, these groups are named by substitutive use of suffix “tricarboxylic acid” etc. The principal chain selected should be linked dircetly to maximum possible ‘number of carboxyl groups e.2, goou fooH coon COOH — HOOC CH-CH, ~CH —CH, ~ COOH Butane 1, 2, 3-tricarboxylic acid Pentane-1,2,4,5-tetracarboxylic acid (v) The carboxylic groups which are not directly linked to the principal chain are expressed as carboxyalkyl prefixes eg. COOH COOH coon cH, -CH-C! CH, ~ CH ~CH-CH, 3-(carboxymethylhexane-1,2,5-tricarboyxlie acid Similarly, the substtutive prefixes for aldehyde, cyanides, acylehlorides and amides are carbaldehyde carbonitrile, chlorocarbonyl and carboxamide respectively E. Rules for Naming Aliphatie Compounds Having Polyfunctional Groups A compound containing more than one functional group is called polyfunctional compound. In IUPAC system, ‘one of the functional groups is chosen as the principal function group (secondary suffix) and the remaining functional groups (secondary functional groups) are treated as substituents and indicated by prefixes. ‘The choice of the principal functional group is made on the basis of the following order of preference. Carboxylic acid > sulphonic acid > acid anhydrides > esters > acid chlorides > acid amides > cyanides > aldehydes - ketones > alcohols, phenols, thiols > amines > alkenes > alkynes > halo, nitro, alkyl Seniority Table for Principal groups (Highest priority group at the top) Group Prefix Name Suftix Name -COOH Carboxy oie acid ‘SO\H Sulpho ‘Sulphonie acid-COOR Alkoxy carbonyl or Carbalkoxy ate COX Haloformyl or Halocarbonyl -oyl halide -CONH, Carbamoyl amide -CN cyano nitrile -NC Isocyano Carbylamine CHO Formyl or aldo val >c=0 Keto or oxo -one -OH Hydroxy ol -SH Mereapto Thiol -NH. Amino amine >C=C< : sone c : yne 1. The first step in the naming of polyfunctional compounds is the selection of principal functional group which gives the class name of the structure. 2. The second step is the selection of parent chain as such it includes the maximum number of functional group including the prineipal group. 3. The third step is the numbering of parent chain, Which is done from the side of principal functional group ic. ‘gets lowest number. The following decreasing order of preference for giving thelowest numbers is followed. Principal functional group > Double bond or Triple bond> Substituents Note (@) Ifa molecule contains both carbon-carbon double and triple bonds, preference of numbering is generally given from the double bond side. Bu in one case when triple bond is present at the terminal postion and double bond at, any where in central position, then numbering should be done from triple bond side CH, -C=sC-CH=CH, CH=sC-CH=CH-CH=CH, Gneé-Gu-¢n-éu, Pent - 1 -en-3-yne Hexa - 1.3 -dien - 5 - yne tee (b) In case two substitutents of same seniority occupy identical position in relation to the end of the chain, the lower number should be given to the substituent in alphabetical order. CICH,CH,CH,Br 1-Bromo-3-Chloropropane 4, Iall the like groups are not directly linked to the unbranched carbon chain, the carbon atoms of the two like ‘groups are included in the present chain while the third which forms the side chain is considered substitutent ‘group. ex. gCHO oné ~ CH, ~ CH, ~C~ CH, - CHO 0 CH,CHO 3,3-Bis (formylmethyl) hexane-1, 6-dial 4 GHICONH, H.N-C-¢H, ~ FeH4 Cone, 2 CH.CONH, is (carbamoyl methyl) pentane-1,5-diamideent Nomenclature F,_ Replace In this system, ethers, sulphides, sclenides and amines are named as oxa, thia, selena and aza derivatives of alkane corresponding to the total number of carbon and oxygen or sulphur or selenium or nitrogen atoms, The location of these hetero atoms on the carbon chain are indicated by numerals in accordance with lowest set of locant rule, CH, ~CH 1 2 3 4 6 (CH; -CH, -NH-CH, -CH-CH)-CH; 5~Ethyl-3—azaheptane Pg Ge (i) CH -O-CH, ~CH -O-CH, ~CH) -0-CH; 2,5,8~Trioxanonane Gi) : Thiacyclohexane IUPAC NOMENCLATURE OF ALICYCLIC COMPOUNDS 1._Cycloatkanes In cycloalkanes, carbon atoms are arranged in a ring. H. C LN HC tH, H,C—CH, ! ne be cH, ea fi Substituted cycloalkanes are named as alkyl eycloalkanes. The substituent which comes first in the phabetical order is given the lowest possible number provided it does not violet the lowest set of locants rule. cHCH, Ath He ce | CH, Hy a & Rou, Hi Hy 1-Ethyl-3-methyleyclohexane _3-Ethyl-1,1-dimethyleyclohexane ‘When the ring contains more or equal number of carbon atoms than the alkyl group attached toi, then itis named a a derivative of eycloalkane and the alkyl group is treated as substituentCH—CH—-CH>- CH Butyleyelobutane In case the diphatic chain contains greater number of carbon atoms than present in the ring, the compound is considered as derivative of alkane and the ring is designated as substituent. GACH.CH.CHCH, a HC tH, \c7 Hy 1-Cyclobutylpentane 2._Cycloalkenes 1d Cyel scu.—cu I all acu, "CH 7 CH | CH—CH 3-Ethyleyclopentene | HE _ r L c 4 A ~ Ah Cyclopentanone i, 5,6-Dimethyleyclohex-2-en-I-one -Cyclohexylbutan-2-ol Note : Ifthe side chain contains a multiple bond or a functional group, the alicyclic ring is treated as substituent irrespective of the size of the rt IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Compounds in Bond Line StructuresThe structure of the compound is represented by bond line. The free end is occupied by C-atom group and bent portion is occupied by -CH, group. C-atom. Rest valency of carbon is satisfied by adding H-atom. ie cH, a7 NY HC | cH, i) cH, Dimethylbutane _- ° Gi) AN oO ww D”™ a CH, oO o—>—o. 2-Methyl-2-nitropropane ISOMERISM De ition: ‘The different organic compounds having same molecular formula but different physical or chemical or both the properties are called isomers and the phenomenon is called Isomers, Structural Stereo isomerism isomerism or space isomerism Chain isomerism Confighrational —_ Conforthational Positional : Functional -—_—_ Metamerism Geometrical Optical Ringchain or Tautomerism —__Cistrans isomerismA. STRUCTURAL ISOMERISM Arises due to the difference in the manner of linkage of atom to atom. 1._Chain isomerism/Skeleton/Nuclear : ‘The structural isomerism which aris ‘due to the difference in the length of C-chain is called chain isomerism. (@) H,C-CH,-CH,-CH, & | CH,-CH-CH, n-Butane CH. iso-Butane os (e) CH,CHCH,CH,CH,, CH,-CH-CH,CH, & CH, ~C-CH. n-Pentane | I CH, CH, iso-Pentane neo-Pentane 2. Positional Isomerism ‘The structural isomerism which arises due to the difference in the position of (a) Double bond (b) Triple bond (c) Same functional groups => CH ~CH =CH—-CH3,CH3 ~CH-CH =CH, eg But-2-ene But-1—ene => CH3 ~CH ~CH2OH, CH ~ CH-CHs 1 Propanol on 2-Propanol 1 2 12/1,6= ortho 1,5/1,3 = meta 3 1.4= para . x eo x Y > y ortho meta a para 3._Funetional The isomerism which arises due to the difference their functional group is called as functional isomerism, General Formula Homologous Series Homologous Series CHa Aleohol Ether Hoa Aldehyde Ketone C\H,,0 Acid Ester CyetHapaN Cyanide Isocyanide (carbylamine)@ =) CHCH,CH,CH,0H & CH - CH, ~O-CH —CH; Butylalcohol Diethylether (i) CyHOH & CH;-O-CHy Ethyialcohol Dimethylether Metamerism ~The structural isomerism which arises due to the difference in the distribution of C-atom on the either or both sides of same functional group. = Metamers ean also be chain and position isomers. Some examples of Metamerism (i) CH -O-CH ~CH) ~CH3, CH ~CH ~O-CH ~CH; ~CH3 ~O-CH-CH; | CH; iL g (i) CH,~C-CH,-CH,—CH, and CH, ~ CH, C~CH,~ CH, 2-Pentanone 3-Pentanone Ring Chain Isomerism Shown by unsaturated hydrocarbons and alicyclic compounds eg. CH,CH,CH= CH, CHCH-CH=CH, & [——] But-I-ene Cyclobutane * Ring chain isomers are actually a type of functional isomers. 6. Tautomerism : = Its spocial type of functional isomerism in which two functional isomers interconvert duc to the movement of an acidic H-atom between two poly valent atoms. Here two isomers exist in dynamic equilibrium and hence itis also known as desmotropistn/kryptomerism/Alleotropism. ° H ‘Shown by the compounds having —C a a = Tautomerism arises due to shift of an atom from one si molecule, in the molecule to another equivalent site in the same SOME EXAMPLES OF TAUTOMERISM Keto-enol ta jutamerism ° = Aldehydes and ketones containing _C_ Cy}, — group shows tautomerism,- Enol containing C=C group shows tautomerism, OH It cc 1 enol form H OOH ° | H-C- C =C-H CH3 -C-CH3 | ‘mm ee Od H Keto.form <= ‘ enol form - (1%) ~ B-iketones have more enolic content due to theformationof chelation. oH oO ° OH I I a ! CH; -C-CH-C-cH, === CH,-C-CH=C-cH, ‘enol form CH, -C a. io ig i | I | CH - C-CHg ~C-CHy > CH3 ~C-CH3 ~C-H > CH ~C-CH > CH;CHO H f th Gi Nivo-aci tautomerism: HCY OH = Sp=N- on ts 7 HO wos Nitro form aci form \ I RR ee | HW H Nitroso form Oximino-formMECHANISM Substrate + Re: L Product Intermediate Substrate : Part of reactant which is underattack Reagent : Part of reactant which attacks over substrate, Reagents | ¥ v ¥ Electrophile Nucleophile Free radicals Electron pair seeking | Electron pairdonors. | Species having at ‘groups. ©8-2:¢ 4,941 9%%, | least one unpair eg. CH, H, Gk NH. 1 E.g.-H, -CH,, AICL, BF,, And all lewis bases And all lewis acids When reagent attacks over substrate they cause bond cleavage Bond cleavage (fission) Homolytic Heterolytie Shared electrons are taken away Shared electrons are taken away by both the bonding atoms by only one bonding atom equally, leading to formation of forming cation and anion. two radicals. AIBA +B ALBOA+B Ab—ox eB Abate polar nature of bond and solvent Nonpotar nature of bond and peletcehe athe solvent favours homolysis. Necessary & sufficient condition (i) very high temperature, or (ii) light, or (iii) source of radical ELECTRON DISPLACEMENT : Inductive effect: - Permanent effect in which polarisation of one bond induces polarisation in all the neighbouring, bonds but with the decreasing efficiency as we move farther from the group is called as inductive effect. I group : Electron withdrawing groups. NO, >-COOH > -F>—Cl> -Br > -1>-OR > -NHR > -OH > -NH, +1 group : Electron repelling groups cH, I -C-CH, >-CH~CH, > -CH, ~CH, >-CH, > -H. | | cH, cH,ic Effect Mesomes Shifting of r-clectrons in conjugate system giving permanent polarity on the chain, cu, =CH-cH * CH, > CH, “CHY CH-CH, eg, CH,~CH=CH-CH, Delocalisation of m-cleetrons as a result of mesomerie effect giving a number of resonance structure. Due to this cffect terminal carbon is almost as positive asthe first carbon. This is quite different from Inductive effect due to which charge decreases as one moves away from the source. (a) Positive Mesomeric Effect (+M) The direction of electron displacement is away from the group or atom having lone pir of electrons = ‘They release the letron pair for conjugation with an attached conjugated sys. ce OH, OR, SH, SR, -X: te. show 4M eft '* Incase of aromatic compound they are ortho and para directors. (Ring activators) gu on on O-H oH Note : Electron density increases at 0 & p-positions, electrophile attacks at o and p positions. © Negative Mesomeric effect (-M effect) = Displacement of r-clectron takes palce away from conjugate system. = -Meeficet deactivates the conjugate system for S, (Eleetrophilic substitution reaction) ~ —Meefect decreases electrons density in the conjugate system thus in case of aromatic compound these are meta director. © Eg.-CN,-CHO,-COOH, - NH, ete show-M effect, O=C-H O-0-Q-0 Note : Conjugate compounds can be represented by two or more than two possible structures duc to the delocalisation of conjugated electrons. These possible structures are known as Resonating structures. The real structure of conjugated compounds is a hybrid of all resonating structures. This phenomenon is known as resonance. ‘Thus resonance is hybridisation of resonating structures,CH-CH) and CH)-CI wm ay and II are Resonating structures of allyl carbanion, = Resonating structures are not the real structures of conjugated compounds. G-G-O-9 Ito IV are the resonating structures of aniline. The real structure of aniline will be a resonance hybrid of all these four structures. Effect of resonance on the conjugate functional group of the compound. (a) Resonance decreases bond length of functional group thus increases bond energy. 1 (©) Bond length of functional group ” oof resonating structures (©) Bond strength ce No. of resonating structures. 1 (@)_ Reactivity of functional group due to bond breaking 2 —————_!__ No.of resonating structures (e)_ Stability of conjugated compounds «- No. of resonating structures. Contribution of Resonating Structures It depends upon the stability of structure and the stability depends upon Neutral species is more stable than the charged (or dipolar species). Species having complete octet is more stable than the species having incomplete octet. [fall structures have formal charge, the most stable one is that in which the positive and negative charges reside on the most electropositive and most electronegative atoms of the species respectively i i H-C=0H H-C=9-H 0 ay (jv) Resonating structure with a greater number of covalent bonds is more stable. (v)_ Increase in charge separation decreases the stability of a resonating structure. OH O-H 0-H 0-H 1 it i Vv 1> 11 s1V> Ill (stability order) Conditions of Resonating Structures:1. All resonating siractures must have the same arrangement of atomic nucle ° o i Ll + R-C-O-H—>R-C = 0-H o a = _N. Bi: Position of atomic nuclei in (I) and (II) are same, ° I R-C-CH (ui = Position of H-nuclei in (II) and (IV) are different, hence (III) and (IV) are not the resonating structures, The resonating structures must have the same numbers of paired and unpaired electrons. However, they differ in the way of distribution of electrons. nao 1 = EB NHB 3. ‘The energies of the different resonating structures must be the same or nearly the same. All atoms that are part of the delocalisation system must be planar. 5. All atoms of the resonating structures should follow the oetet rule. 0%) ° C C r I 6. Bond order in compounds which exhibit resonance Total no. of bonds on centralatomamongall resonating structures No. of resonating structures . O-6 241 Bond order ofearbon in benzene = => 5 Hyperconjugation/No Bond Resonance/Baker - Nathan Effect/o—x C sjugation = When sp’ carbon containing at least one H is in conjugation with sp? carbon. = Compound should have at least one sp°-hybrid carbon of either alkene, alkyl carbocation or alkyl free radical = Resonating structures due to hyperconjugation may be written involving “no bond” between the alpha carbon and = No bond resonance ean be represented asElectromerie Effect (Temporary effect) : ‘When a compound having 7 bond is approached by a charged reagent (electrophile or nucleophile), the electrons of the bond are completely polarised or displaced towards one of the constitutent atoms due to electrostatic attraction or repulsion. ‘Type of reactions Organic Reaction Intermediates Carbon Free Radicals : Formed due to homolytic fission Carbon atom having one odd electron, Incomplete octet so highly reactive towards other free radicals. Carbon free radical is sp” hybridise H-C-H bond angle in G1, is 120° and three C-H coplanar. ‘© Stability order of different types of carbon five radicals are éecH, ~cuscu—tie-cr mena cain > ae ca eH Allyl 1° Methyl Vinyl . CH; . : o Decreasing onder of sabi Note: (i) Greater the stability casier will be formation of that species. Gi) Stability of allyl and benzyl carbon free radical is explained by resonance and stabilityof 3°, 2°, and 1° carbon free radicals is explained by hyperconjugation i.e. number of hyperconjugation effect stability 2._Carbocation / Carbonium Ion * Results due to hetrolytic fission. * Carbon atom having positive charge * Incomplete octet thus reactive towards electron rich species (Nucleophiles).. * Stability order of different types of carbocations.Geen, > cus > cueHecucn.> ec 1° Methyl Vinyl Decreasing order of sabi Note ‘Stability of allyl and benzyl carbocation is explained by hyperoconjugation and inductive effect. Number of hyperconjugation effect oc stability 3._Carbanion * An organic ion with a pair of available electrons and a negative charge ont he central carbon atom is called a carbanion, = Carbanion is sp* hybridised. Its geometry is pyramidal like NH, It is an electron rich species, thus reactive towards clectron deficient species (clectrophiles). ~ Stability order of different types of carbanions: eu, CH, O CH,> CH,CH, > CH, ~ CH > CH, - C Stabilised as ud ee by resonance stability explained by inductive effect = Presence of electron-attracting group (-CN, NO,) increases stability and presence of electron-releasing group (CH,) ete decreases stability of earbanion. 4. Carbenes = Obtained by photolysis of either diazomethan (CH,N,) or keten (CH,=C=0) = Incomeplete octet thus highly reactive CH,= N-N—S85:CH,+N, CH 0 S:CH,+ CO two forms, Carbenes (A) Singlet (B) Triplet 1. In this case unshared electrons 2. Unshared electrons are not paired (sp are paired (sp” hybridised) hybridised) These are present in two nhybridised p-orbital,>: D HS On H” 130° H, 103° 2 oN a NCH H H 3. Bond length between C-His 1.12. 3. Bond length between C-H is 1. 12 A. 4. Less stable 4. More stable 5. an electrophile 5. A free diradical DIFFERENT REACTION 1. Adon reactions Formation of wo new g-onds dct breaking on-hand nocce (Elestrophitc aion : Ilesropbile stacks in the show stop wile ation, is electrophilic ation cl x * . i) cu, -cH 4 tn, /ft' > CH—cH—cu-scn, - CH-CH, Gi) Nucleopilc addition I mclopileatacks Ge On OH ee i HoH => cu,— I = SH REP HF a Radical addition : If radical attacks in the slow step while addition, an 4 oo, AE cn, b-cn, the slow step while addition CH,~ N nA CH CHM Gi + By stg CH Br Br 2. Elimination reaction : Iftwo o-bonds are broken from any molecule, reaction is called as elimination reaction. It isofthree types, (i) c-elimination : Two o -bonds are broken from the same atom forming a carbene. | neo-con, i H (ii) B-elimination : Two 6 -bonds are broken from consecutive atoms, forming a -bond. cl city —CH-CHty "2 sen, CH=CH +HC1 4i) y-elimination : Two -bondsare broken from alternate atoms, forming a three membered ring, Cl cl da, du, 28 © Ne NG + ZnCl, ‘When any group comes in place ofanother group, reaction is called as substitution group. of three types (i) Nucleophillic Substitution (Sy): When any nucleophile replaces another nucleophile. QA Poirot on + or Gi). Radical Substitution (S,) : When any radical replaces another radical H 4 H | | | H-C-H+ Cha 5H-C-cl I | | H H H (ii) Electrophillic Substitution (S,) : When any clectrophile replaces another clectrophile. 1 it H i H + CI CUA i H 1 H ‘Two or more reactants are combined to form a produet with or without the. like H,O, HCl, NH, R-OH etc. 4. Condensation Reaction mination of simple molecules ° ° 1 CCH, 24H, ~CH=CH-C-OH, cH, "CH, rangement reac ‘Structure is rearranged. cH, S85 CH, -CH-CH, | CH, cH, -Cl c 6. Polymerisation reaction ‘Smaller molecules are combined to form bigger molecule. H, —(-CH, ~CH,), nH,