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Investigating the effect of selenium nano-particles on microbial activity and

cancerous cell line of MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231

Article in Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · July 2023

DOI: 10.36721/PJPS.2023.36.4.SP.1331-1336.1

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 doi.org/10.36721/PJPS.2023.36.4.SP.1331-1336.1

Investigating the effect of selenium nano-particles on microbial activity

and cancerous cell line of MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231

Hafiz Muhammad Zohaib1, Madiha Saqlain1, Hamra Jamil2, Hira Hameed3,

Muhammad Ali4, Mohsina Haq5, Rey Y. Capangpangan6, Arnold C Alguno7,
Tse-Wei Chen8, Shahad Ahmed Alkhatib8, Khaloud Mohammed Alarjani9,
Rana Muhammad Hammad10 and Ahad Mehmood11*
1
Department School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
2
Shalamar Medical College, Lahore, Pakistan
3
Institute of Microbiology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
4
Institute of Medical Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
5
Department of Microbiology and Pathology, Peshawar Medical College Ripha International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
6
Department of Physical Sciences and Mathematics, College of Marine and Allied Sciences, Mindanao State University at Naawan,
Poblacion, Naawan, Misamis Oriental, Philippines
7
Department of Physics and Premier Research Institute of Science and Mathematics (PRISM), Mindanao State University, Iligan
Institute of Technology Tibanga Highway, Iligan City, Philippines
8
Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
9
Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
10
Department of Chemistry, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Pakistan
11
Department of Microbiology, Abbottabad University of Science and Technology, Abbottabad, Pakistan

Abstract: Selenium is a mineral that is essential to human health and is widely recognized for its responsibilities as a
powerful anticancer vitamin and antibacterial vitamin. Selenium also plays a critical part in the production of vitamin D.
The purpose of this research was to evaluate the particular effects that selenium nano-particles (SeNPs') had on the
infectious agent Staphylococcus aureus as well as the breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231. The proportion
of MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells that underwent late apoptosis was dramatically increased by selenium nanoparticles,
whereas the number of cells that underwent cell expansion was significantly reduced. There was a wide range of
variability in the effects of selenium nanoparticle treatment on cell growth apoptosis, apoptosis rates and patterns of cell
cycle arrest. After 2, 4 and 6 hours, researchers found that the development of S. aureus was significantly reduced by
selenium nanoparticles at doses of 8.0, 16.0 and 32g/mL. In addition to this, the presence of selenium nanoparticles
resulted in a reduced percentage of bacteria that were still alive. According to the findings of the study, there is a need
for more research into selenium nanoparticles with the intention of preventing and treating infections caused by S.
aureus.

Keywords: Selenium nanoparticle, cell line MCF-7, proliferation.

INTRODUCTION biomedical and pharmaceutical research is a realistic

possibility. With the assistance of selenium nanoparticles,
In recent years, research into selenium nanoparticles (also it is possible to circumvent the presence of pollutants and
known as SeNPs) has taken on an increasingly important heavy metals. Since SeNPs are able to absorb metals and
role as a result of the potential relevance it has for a wide heavy metals, it is possible that they might be beneficial
variety of physiological functions. When compared to for the process of decontaminating polluted water and
selenium, selenium nanoparticles result in greater soil. It has been proposed that sodium selenate, sodium
absorption when used in conjunction with regular dosing. selenite, selenium dioxide, and selenium tetrachloride
In order to increase the transportability, bioavailability, may be converted into selenium nanoparticles by the
and bioactivity of selenium compounds (selenoproteins, process of bioreduction (Al-Otaibi et al., 2022).
selenoenzymes, and the like), novel techniques are
required. SeNPs have garnered a lot of interest from the In women, breast cancer is the most frequent form of
scientific community due to the fact that there is a invasive cancer and it is also the second leading cause of
possibility that they might be used as therapeutic agents death. When breast cancer has progressed to an advanced
and food additives. Due to the antioxidant, antibacterial, stage, surgery is often followed by a course of
anticancer and anti-diabetic characteristics of selenium, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, radiation therapy, or any
the incorporation of selenium nanoparticles into combination of these treatments. According to research
conducted by Sun et al. (2017), metastatic breast cancer is
*Corresponding author: e-mail: jamahad555@gmail.com the most dangerous and incurable form of the disease. The
Pak. J. Pharm. Sci., Vol.36, No.4(Special), July 2023, pp.1331-1336 1331
Investigating the effect of selenium nano-particles on microbial activity and cancerous cell line

median overall survival time for patients with this kind of Despite the fact that selenium has been employed for a
the disease is just two to three years. variety of reasons, including as a medicine to treat cancer,
the effects of selenium on microbes are not currently the
Selenium is a mineral that is essential to human health subject of extensive research at this time. In this work, we
and is widely recognized for its responsibilities as a investigated the effect that selenium nanoparticles
powerful anticancer vitamin and antibacterial vitamin. (SeNPs) had on S. aureus, in addition to the breast cancer
Selenium also plays a critical part in the production of cell lines MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231.
vitamin D. Consumption of selenium has been
demonstrated in a number of ecological and case-control MATERIALS AND METHODS
studies to be negatively linked to the risk of breast cancer
as well as the death rate associated with the disease Preparation of selenium nano-particles
(Zhang et al., 2013). Studies conducted in vitro utilizing The production of selenium nanoparticles began with the
breast cancer cells revealed that treatment with selenium reduction of sodium selenite with glutathione, which was
decreased the proliferation of the cancerous cells. When followed by the stabilization of the process using bovine
administered at a dose of 0.8 milligrams per kilogram of serum albumin (BSA). We combined 0.15 g of BSA with
body weight, selenium reduced the growth of breast 9mL of double-distilled water, 3mL of 25mM Na2SeO3,
cancer cells by an amount ranging from 80-93%. Because 3mL of 100mM GSH and 3mL of double-distilled water
of the natural cell damage that is caused by cancer in a sterile cabinet. The final mixture included 100mM
therapies like chemotherapy and radiation therapy, GSH. All of the solutions were sterilized using double-
lymphedema may become permanent in certain cancer distilled water, which was utilized in an atmosphere that
patients. This is particularly true for individuals who have was kept sterile. The pH of the reactant solution was
had radiation therapy. Selenium is a mineral that has brought into the alkaline range by adding 1M of NaOH
lately been suggested as a potential alternative treatment after it had been well mixed. The addition of NaOH led
for lymphedema brought on by radiation therapy and the white reactant solution to become red, which is a sign
chemotherapy. Taking selenium supplements may be that selenium nanoparticles were formed. Before being
advantageous for individuals with advanced breast cancer used in bacterial research, the selenium nanoparticles
because of selenium's anticancer characteristics and its were separated using centrifugation at 13,000 rpm,
ability to reduce the negative effects of chemotherapy, disinfected using ultraviolet light irradiation and
including lymphedema. However, it is yet unknown how resuspended in sterile double-distilled water five times.
the combination of chemotherapy and selenium would This was done in order to ensure that the nanoparticles
affect advanced breast cancer (Liu et al., 2016). were free of any bacteria. Both the National Institute of
Numerous pieces of research from the scientific Agriculture and Biotechnology in Faisalabad and
community have shown that selenium is an excellent Government College University in Faisalabad, which both
weapon against microorganisms. Selenium-rich offer facilities that are on the leading edge, played host to
environments have been shown to greatly reduce the the research that was carried out (Wang et al., 2019).
growth of pathogenic Escherichia coli probiotics in both
animal and laboratory settings. This has been shown via An investigation of the effects of SeNPs on a breast
several scientific studies. A dose of 0.509g selenium per cancer cell line
gram of probiotics was shown to suppress the Cell culture preparation
development of E. coli after 96 hours in vitro. This was The University of Health Sciences in Lahore provided us
proved by the fact that the growth of E. coli was slowed with the MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 human breast cancer
down. Mice were given probiotics that were either rich or cell lines to use in our research. On tissue culture plates,
low in selenium in vivo for a period of 28 days before the test cells were cultured in fetal bovine serum (FBS)
being injected with E. coli. In the group that was treated, supplemented DMEM at a concentration of 10%.
the number of deaths that occurred was much lower. (5*100000) (Gomathi et al., 2020) The cells were
Organoselenium compounds such as 2,4,6-tri-para- maintained in an incubator that was humidified at 37
methoxy phenyl selenopyrylium chloride, 9-para- degrees Celsius and contained 5% carbon dioxide.
chlorophenyl octahydro selena xanthene and
perhydroselenoxanthene were synthesized and shown to Following treatment of each cell line with SeNPs and
have an antibacterial action in vitro. This effect was found subsequent seeding of 5100,000 cells in DMEM
to be especially effective against S. aureus. On the other containing 10% fetal bovine serum, growth was evaluated
hand, very little is known about the effect that elemental and compared. After a period of 24 hours in which the
selenium nanoparticles have on bacteria. The bacteria cells were allowed to proliferate in fresh medium, they
known as staphylococcus aureus is a significant one that were washed with phosphate-buffered saline. In order to
has been linked to a broad variety of diseases. Infections verify the effects of selenium on cell growth and survival,
caused by S. aureus may be difficult to treat because the MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells were given 8, 16, or
bacteria can form biofilms and are resistant to medicines. 32g/mL of selenium nanoparticles and treated for a period
1332 Pak. J. Pharm. Sci., Vol.36, No.4(Special), July 2023, pp.1331-1336
 Hafiz Muhammad Zohaib et al.

of 72 hours. The cells were stained with trypan blue at a Antimicrobial evaluations currently being conducted
concentration of 0.38 percent and then counted using a We investigated how the development of S. aureus was
hemocytometer. At least three independent runs of each affected by exposure to selenium nanoparticles at
experiment were carried out and measurements were concentrations of 8, 16 and 32g/ml. After infusing
collected in both directions twice for each variable. bacterial solutions with selenium nanoparticles and
cultivating them at 37.1% temperature, 275 rpm shaking,
Checks for the death of apoptotic cells and 45% humidity, the bacterial solutions were cultivated
It was advised by the manufacturer that the annexin V for 2, 4 and 6 hours. In the absence of selenium
stain be used, thus that is what was done. Trypsin and nanoparticles, bacteria were grown in TSB at 37 degrees
ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid were used in the process Celsius, 95% humidity, 5% carbon dioxide and 250
of developing single-cell suspensions. After the cell lines revolutions per minute. When TSB that had been cleaned
were treated, they were centrifuged twice with cold PBS of all microorganisms was used to make blank solutions,
and then they were resuspended in a binding buffer that the quantities of selenium nanoparticles that were
included 10mM HEPES, pH 7.4, 150mM NaCl, 5mM specified before were added to the mixture. For the
KCl, 1mM MgCl2 and 1.8mM CaCl2. An aliquot (100 l) controls, we utilized TSB solutions that were sterile and
of the solution that included 1 105 cells, 5 l of Annexin free of selenium and bacteria. After incubation, the
V-fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) and 5 l of propidium bacterial concentration of the solution was determined by
iodide (PI) was added to each culture tube that was 5mL comparing the solution's final optical density to a
in volume and then refilled. Following an incubation reference curve and graphing the results. After adding 200
period of 15 minutes in the dark at a temperature of 25 mL of bacterial solution, control solution, or blank to each
degrees Celsius, 400mL of the binding buffer was added well of a 96-well plate and reading the plate with a
to each tube and the contents of each tube were then SpectraMax M5 plate reader, the optical densities were
vortexed. Flow cytometry was performed on a sample measured at 562 nm. The measurements were taken. We
with the help of FACSCalibur instruments in a little over found that there were significant differences in the optical
half an hour (Ezhilarasan et al., 2019). densities of the bacterial solutions compared to the values
of the blanks.
Antimicrobial potential of selenium nano-particles
Bacterial culture preparation The microbe's status as viable or nonviable
Lyophilized bacterial cells from the University of After the allotted amount of time had passed, we used the
Karachi's Microbiology Department were used to buy a Bac Light Bacterial Viability Kit to conduct live/dead
cell line that produces biofilm from the bacterium S. animal experiments in accordance with the instructions
aureus. The cells were cultured in a tryptic soy broth provided by the manufacturer. In order to conduct the
(TSB) concentration of 30 mg/ml. After the bacteria had analysis of the fluorescent signals, a Molecular Devices
developed to the point where they were able to enter the Spectra Max M5 fluorescence micro plate reader was
stationary phase, they were flash-frozen in a solution that used.
consisted of glycerol and TSB in equal parts. In each of
the experiments, the frozen supply was used. The day STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
before the injection, the bacteria for the bacterial injection
were removed from the frozen stock using a sterile 101 The data were gathered from at least three different tests
loop. This was done in order to maintain the integrity of in total. Student t-tests were used to make the comparison
the bacteria. After spreading the germs out over TSB between the findings obtained from the experimental cells
agar, we let them 37 degrees Celsius and 16 hours to and the outcomes of the control cells. In order to assess
develop before observing the results. After cultivating the the continuous variables that followed a normal
bacteria in a sterile loop for 24 hours, three milliliters of distribution, one-way analysis of variance tests were
TSB were injected into a test tube. This was done after the carried out. When comparing continuous variables with
bacteria had been cultured. We circulated the tube at a non normal distributions, Kruskal-Wallis tests were used
rate of 275 revolutions per minute and placed it in an as the statistical method of choice. Chi-square tests were
incubator set to 37.1 degrees Celsius in order to stimulate used in order to make comparisons between the nominal
the bacteria into entering the exponential growth phase. variables. The efficiency of the antibacterial treatment
We were able to calculate the concentration of the was evaluated three times with duplicate samples each
bacteria in the solution by first measuring the optical time. After gathering all of the data, we used a Student's t-
density of the solution at 561 nm and then extrapolating test using only one direction of analysis to seek for
those data with the use of a standard curve that showed statistically significant deviations. At every stage of the
the proportionality between the optical density and the statistical analysis process, Microsoft Excel (Redmond,
concentration. On the next page, you will find a WA) was used. For this analysis of the data, we utilized
description of experiments that were conducted using a SPSS 18.00. We considered p-values with two-tailed
bacterial solution that included 30,000 microorganisms significance tests that were lower than 0.05 to be
per milliliter. statistically significant.
Pak. J. Pharm. Sci., Vol.36, No.4(Special), July 2023, pp.1331-1336 1333
Investigating the effect of selenium nano-particles on microbial activity and cancerous cell line

RESULTS nanoparticles were evaluated, and there was no

discernible difference in the percentage of alive cells
Antimicrobial potential of selenium nano-particles on between any of them. At all of the selenium nanoparticle
bacterial culture concentrations and time points considered, there was no
The introduction of selenium nanoparticles to the discernible change in the percentage of alive cells. The
bacterial solution reduced growth after 2 hours (and live/dead findings demonstrated that the bacteria were
continued to do so for another 4 and 6 hours). Fig. 1 really destroyed by the selenium nanoparticles, as
provides a more detailed depiction of the bacterial growth opposed to only having their development slowed (fig. 2).
profile after exposure to selenium nanoparticles. Ignoring
the correlation between variables. fig. 1 illustrates that Cancer cell growth
bacterial growth is slowed and inhibited when selenium A and B show the results of treating the MDA-MB-231
nanoparticles are present. Bacterial growth was reduced and MCF-7 cell lines with 8, 16 and 32g/mL of selenium
by factors of 20 after 2 hours, 23 after 3 hours and 30 nanoparticles, respectively. Cells were stained with trypan
after 6 hours when compared to the controls. blue and counted in a hemocytometer to establish their
viability. After being exposed to the drug at several doses,
the graph displays the percentage of the indicated cells
* that have survived. These figs. are the mean and standard
deviation of at least three separate studies (fig. 3)

Apoptosis analyses
DNA content was shown to be reduced at selenium
nanoparticle concentrations of 8.0, 16.0 and 32g/mL. The
biggest benefits, as seen in fig. 4, were seen at the highest
concentration of selenium nanoparticles.

DISCUSSION

Fig. 1: Microbial assay According to the results of the research, selenium

nanoparticles reduced the development of Staphylococcus
aureus at concentrations of 8, 16 and 32g/mL for the
course of the 2, 4 and 6 hour time periods that were
investigated (fig. 1). The present investigation
demonstrated equivalent results to those observed in
previous studies on the antibacterial effectiveness of
SeNPs; however, the reported value for these findings
was only 30%. Researchers at the University of
California, Santa Cruz used an innovative method of
colloidal synthesis to manufacture selenium nanoparticles.
These nanoparticles greatly inhibited the development of
S. aureus compared to the control group, which received
no therapy. The early suppression of Staphylococcus
aureus by selenium nanoparticles (up to 5 hours early) has
the potential to prevent the development of biofilms.
Experiments comparing live and dead bacteria revealed
that after 3, 4 and 5 hours of exposure to selenium
nanoparticles, only forty percent of S. aureus were
destroyed. It is necessary to conduct more study and
Fig. 2: Live/dead bacteria development of these potential antibacterial nanoparticles
in order to shed light on the processes that are responsible
Live/Dead microbes for the antibacterial properties of selenium. According to
The bacterial viability of each solution was further Tran, P.A. and Webster, T.J.'s (2011) research, sodium
evaluated using live/dead assays. The findings showed a selenite should be utilized as a positive control, and silver
significant decrease in the percentage of live bacteria in nanoparticles should be used as comparisons.
the treated solution across all three time periods examined
(2, 4 and 6 hours). Sixty percent of the bacteria were Using live/dead tests, additional investigation of the
successful in the experiments without selenium bacterial viability of each solution was carried out. The
nanoparticles. Three different concentrations of selenium findings demonstrated that the amount of live bacteria in
1334 Pak. J. Pharm. Sci., Vol.36, No.4(Special), July 2023, pp.1331-1336
 Hafiz Muhammad Zohaib et al.

the fluid that included selenium nanoparticles was and cell cycle arrest at G2/M (P 0.001) compared to the
significantly reduced during the course of the whole control group.
experiment, regardless of the dosage of selenium
nanoparticles that was being examined or the length of After continuous exposure to the electromagnetic
time that the experiment was being conducted. Klebsiella radiation (EMR) released by mobile phones, the authors
sp. was shown to be the most susceptible to the of the research found that free oxygen radical generation,
antibacterial effects of the optimized nanoparticles in a apoptosis and mitochondrial depolarization may all rise.
second investigation that compared the effectiveness of This research attempted to evaluate how the antioxidant
the optimized nanoparticles against cultures of Gram- redox system, mitochondrial apoptosis, and cell death
positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The use of were impacted by 900 MHz radiation. The MDA-MB-231
biosynthesized and optimized selenium nanoparticles in breast cancer cell line was used for the investigation. A
pharmacological and industrial applications is growing comparison was made between the primary cancer cell
(Menon et al., 2020). cultures and those of the selenium group, the EMR group
and the EMR plus selenium group. For one hour, cells in
the EMR group were exposed to electromagnetic
* radiation at a frequency of 900 MHz, with a specific
absorption rate (SAR) value of 0.36 W/kg. The cells in
the selenium groups were treated with sodium selenite for
an extra hour before they were exposed to
electromagnetic radiation (EMR). After that,
measurements were taken of cell viability, the production
of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), the
depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane, apoptosis,
and the levels of caspase-3 and -9. According to the
results of the MTT test, a decrease in oxidative stress and
Fig. 3: Cancer Cell Growth an increase in the potential of the mitochondrial
*P-value below 0.05. membrane offered protection for the cells against the
oxidative damage caused by EMR. The anti-apoptotic
effects of selenium were shown by monitoring the
amounts of caspase-3 and caspase-9 in the apoptotic
process. A study in which apoptosis was induced by
selenium nanoparticles came to the conclusion that, while
* selenium incubation appeared to prevent effects on
apoptosis and oxidative stress, 900 MHz EMR appeared
to promote apoptotic effects via oxidative stress and
mitochondrial depolarization (Kahya et al., 2014). The
study was published in the journal Kahya, M.C.

CONCLUSION
Fig. 4: DNA content
*P-value below 0.05 Use of selenium nano-particles not only possesses
antimicrobial activities but also showed strong anticancer
The outcomes of treating the MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 potential in the MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells. SeNPs’
cell lines with 8, 16, and 32g/mL of selenium not only reduced bacterial growth but also reduced live
nanoparticles, respectively, are shown in both A and B. In bacteria count. It was found useful in reducing the cancer
order to determine whether or not the cells were still cell proliferation and growth.
alive, they were stained with trypan blue and then counted
using a hemocytometer. The survival rate of the cells that ACKNOWLEDGMENT
were indicated is shown as a percentage on the graph after
they were subjected to the medicine in a variety of The authors extend their appreciation to the Researchers
dosages. According to the findings of the research, growth Supporting Project No.RSP2023R185, King Saud
rates decreased down. The researchers who were University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
investigating the anticancer potential of selenium
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