GRAMMAR REVIEW 1

TASK 1. CHOOSE THE BEST OPTION.

1. Adverse drug __________ (ADR, or adverse drug effect) is a broad term referring to
unwanted, uncomfortable, or dangerous __________ that a drug may have.
A. reaction/ effects B. reaction/ affects
C. reactive/ affects D. reactive/ effects

2. __________ flu viruses can cause illness in people of any age group, children are
most likely to get sick because their immune systems aren’t strong enough to fight off the
infection.
A. Because B. Due to C. Although D. Despite

3. Off-label use is the practice of __________ drugs for a purpose outside the scope of
the drug’s approved purposes, most often concerning the drug’s indication.
A. prescribe B. prescribing C. prescribed D. prescription

4. ________ flu viruses can cause illness in people of any age group, children are most
likely to get sick because their immune systems aren’t strong enough to fight off the
infection.
A. Because B. Due to C. Although D. Despite

5. After a patient is sensitized, subsequent __________ to the drug produces

one of several different types of __________ reaction.
A. exposure/ allergy B. expose/ allergy
C. exposure/ allergic D. expose/ allergic

6. Potential treatment must be studied in laboratory animals first to determine potential

__________ before they can be tried in people.
A. toxic B. toxin C. toxically D. toxicity

7. Virus concentration in nasal and tracheal secretions ________ high for 24 to 48

hours after the symptoms start and may last longer in children.
A. remains B. remain C. remained D. is remained

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8. Cell death at later times may also result ________ the actions of cytotoxic T-cells.
A. to B. from C. in D. with

9. Clinical trials test __________ treatments in human volunteers to see if they should
be approved for wider use in the general population.
A. potential B. potentially
C. more potentially D. less potentially

10. The influenza virus is a single molecule __________ of millions of individual atoms.
A. composed B. comprised C. made up D. All are correct

11. The research outcomes show more patients __________ both kinds of medicine
reached target BP goal compared to those taking either agent alone.
A. receive B. who receives C. that receives D. receiving

12. Although __________ can be considered a type of plant, __________ like the
influenza virus are living organisms themselves.
A. bacteria/ viruses B. viruses/ bacteria
C. viruses/ viruses D. bacteria/ bacteria

13. We must also consider viruses as being alive __________ they are able to multiply
in __________ quantities.
A. since/ limited B. because/ unlimited
C. as/ limited D. All are correct

14. This medication, __________ in the United States as first direct renin inhibitor,
works by directly targeting an enzyme which triggers a process that can cause
hypertension. pressure.
A. approve B. approving C. approved D. is approved

15. Immunotherapy does not work for everyone and is only partly effective in some
people, but it offers allergy sufferers the chance of eventually ___________ medication
or ___________ the amount they have to take.
A. stop/ reducing B. stopping/ reducing
C. stopping/ reduce D. stop/ reduce

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TASK 2. CHOOSE THE SYNONYM.

1. Influenza is a contagious respiratory illness caused by influenza viruses.

A. communicable B. deadly C. moderate D. mild
2. Scientists were already researching potential vaccines for other coronaviruses,
such as SARS and MERS, so they could apply much of what they had already learned
to develop a COVID vaccine.
A. dangerous B. impossible C. risky D. prospective
3. Pharmacists distribute prescription drugs to individuals. They also advise their
patients, as well as physicians and other health practitioners, on the selection, dosages,
interactions and side effects of medications.
A. adverse effects B. desired effects
C. favorable effects D. wanted effects
4. Pharmacists in community pharmacies dispense medications, counsel patients on
the use of prescription and over-the-counter medications, and advise physicians about
patients’ medication therapy.
A. pharmacists B. doctors C. nurses D. managers
5. According to The College of Physicians of Philadelphia, vaccines usually take an
average of 10-15 years to create. Yet, the COVID vaccines were developed in less
than a year. Here are some of the factors that sped up the COVID vaccine testing
process.
A. Besides B. Additionally C. However D. Moreover

TASK 3. GIVE THE CORRECT FORM OF THE WORD IN BRACKET.

1. Each drug begins with (DISCOVER) __________ and development in a lab.
2. Pharma companies spend millions of dollars on research and (DEVELOP)
__________ that includes (SCIENCE) __________ study and development of drugs
for new innovation.
3. The best way to prevent the flu is by getting a flu (VACCINE) __________ each year.
4. Complications from the flu can include ( BACTERIUM) __________ pneumonia, ear
or sinus infections, dehydration, and worsening of chronic medical conditions.

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5. Every year in the US, on average 5 to 20 % of the population get the flu and more
than 200,000 people are (HOSPITAL) __________ from flu-related complications. Of
these, about 36,000 people die from flu-related causes.
6. The biological properties of these plants have (BENEFIT) __________ effects. Other
factors are (REPONSIBILITY) __________ for their benefits as well, such as the type
of environment in which the plant grew, the way in which it was harvested and how it
was processed.
7. Other options for pharmacy graduates who are (INTEREST) __________ in further
training include 1-year or 2-year residency programs or fellowships.
8. Pharmacy residencies are postgraduate training programs in pharmacy practice and
usually require the (COMPLETE) __________ of a research project.
9. (PHARMACOLOGY) __________ determine the therapeutic index of drugs, that is,
the relative benefit to toxicity at various doses. This helps define the dosage of a drug
that will most benefit a sick person.
10. Structure-Activity Relationship (SAR) is a means by which the effect of a drug or toxic
chemical on an animal, plant, or the environment can be related to its ( MOLECULE)
__________ structure.

TASK 4. TRANSLATION
In addition, some people are sensitive to aspirin, ibuprofen or other non-steroidal anti-
inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). One type of aspirin or NSAID sensitivity may cause a stuffy
nose, wheezing and difficulty breathing. This is most common in adults with asthma and
in people with nasal polyps (benign growths). Other reactions to NSAIDs can result in
hives or in rare instances, severe reactions can result in shock.
A number of factors influence your chances of having an adverse reaction to a medication.
These include: genetics, body chemistry, frequent drug exposure or the presence of an
underlying disease. Also, having an allergy to one drug predisposes an individual to have
an allergy to another unrelated drug. Contrary to popular myth, a family history of a
reaction to a specific drug typically does not increase your chance of reacting to the same
drug.