CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION
Conventional Books:

A conventional book is a
medium for recording
information in the form of
words or images, often
made up of multiple pages
bound together and wrapped
in a protective cover. These
pages may contain text,
illustrations, images, or
other forms of material. The
phrase "conventional book"
refers to any major written
work that can be distributed
in physical form.
Conventional novels are divided into two categories: fiction, which has imaginative content, and
nonfiction, which offers real information. Within these categories, there are several subgenres,
including children's literature, reference books, and scholarly writings. The Gutenberg Bible, one
of the first books to be printed using the printing press.

History of Conventional Books

1. Ancient Beginnings: Conventional books have a long history, dating back to prehistoric
times when written records were engraved on stone slabs and clay tablets. These evolved
into more portable mediums, such as papyrus scrolls in ancient Egypt, which were
utilized as early as the First Dynasty (about 3100-2900 BCE). Scrolls were the primary
means of written documentation in numerous societies, including Hellenistic, Roman,
Chinese, and Hebrew civilizations.
2. Historical Manuscripts: During the Middle Ages, conventional books were precisely
constructed texts. Monks at monasteries were the principal creators of these writings,
copying religious and classical classics on parchment or vellum. These manuscripts were
frequently adorned with exquisite pictures and ornamentation, making them both
precious and unusual.

The Contemporary Book Industry

The modern book industry has several stages, including authoring, editing, design,
printing, distribution, and marketing. While digital forms like as e-books and audio-books have
grown in popularity, conventional books continue to account for a considerable portion of the
market. Many readers enjoy the tactile sensation of a conventional book, and printed books
continue to outsell digital versions in many places.
The Future of Conventional Books
The publishing industry has changed due to the emergence of digital media, yet
conventional books are still in high demand. For many readers, there is no substitute for the
tactile quality, aesthetic appeal, and sensory experience that come with printed books.
Furthermore, the fact that print media has persevered in the face of dire predictions about its
demise highlights the cultural relevance and ongoing attraction of conventional books.
In conclusion, the history of the conventional book is lengthy and dynamic, spanning from
ancient scrolls and codices to contemporary printed volumes. Its continued existence in society
attests to its significance as a channel for documenting, maintaining, and distributing human
knowledge and creativity.
Formats
1. Conventional Books: Traditionally, books are classified as either paperback or
hardcover:
2. Hardcover Books: Generally, more robust, these feature firm bindings.
3. Paperback Books: These have pliable, frequently less expensive covers.
4. Spiral-bound books: Often used for puzzle books and instructions, these volumes are
bound with plastic or metal spirals.
5. Galley Proofs: Cheap, promotional pre-publication copies that are frequently poorly
prepared and not meant for sale.
6. Dimensions: Traditionally, books have dimensions based on the height and breadth of
their leaves, or pages. Formerly used to specify the number of folds and leaves of a sheet
of paper, terms like folio, quarto, and octavo are now more loosely used to represent the
overall size of typical volumes.
Libraries
Libraries Use classification schemes such as the Library of Congress Classification or the
Dewey Decimal System to arrange conventional books. Every book has a call number, which
makes it easier to organize and find the book on shelves.
1. Preservation: Conventional books are being conserved and restored in an effort to
increase their longevity. Methods include managing, storing, and actively restoring books
in order to ensure that they are kept cultural and historical for future generations.
Cultural and Social Concerns
Book Evaluations: Book reviews assess the substance, style, and overall value of a conventional
book critically. They play a critical role in influencing public opinion and interest in new
traditional publications and might take the form of succinct summaries or in-depth analysis.
Reviews can be found in a variety of sources, including specialized journals and newspapers, and
are indexed in multiple databases.
E-Books
In the ever-changing
environment of literature
consumption, the introduction
of e-books represents a radical
evolution. An e-book, short for
electronic book, radically
changes how we interact with
literature and information.
Unlike traditional printed books,
e-books exist in digital form and
may be accessed by a wide
range of electronic devices,
including computers,
cellphones, and specialist e-
readers. This paradigm change
from paper to pixels has not only transformed the publishing sector, but it has also had a
significant impact on global reading habits.
Definition & Evolution
E-books include a wide range of topics, from classic novels and academic works to
technical guides and contemporary magazines. They usually consist of text, images, or a
combination of the two, all displayed on a flat-panel display. While some e-books closely
resemble the style and look of their printed counterparts, others are designed and developed
specifically for digital consumption, with bespoke features tailored for electronic interfaces.

The Rise of Digital Reading

E-books originated in the late twentieth century, coinciding with the emergence of the
internet. The advent of internet marketplaces and e-commerce systems has provided
unprecedented access to a wide range of digital titles. The appeal of purchasing and
instantaneously downloading e-books, whether from the comfort of one's own home or while on
the go, transformed the procurement of reading material, ushering in an era of ease and
accessibility.

Benefits and Trends

Several compelling causes are driving the growing popularity of e-books. Lower prices,
increased accessibility, and the simple simplicity of digital distribution have made e-books a
more enticing alternative for consumers worldwide. Furthermore, the addition of electronic
bookmarks, annotation tools, and powerful search capabilities enhances the reading experience,
providing unsurpassed utility when compared to traditional printed books.

The Digital Publishing Landscape

The landscape of digital publishing is dynamic and multifaceted, with numerous
platforms and formats competing for market share. Although proprietary formats, like that of
Amazon Kindle, are highly influential in certain areas, open standards, like EPUB, have become
the industry standard for e-book formats. In this constantly changing landscape, publishers,
writers, and readers all have to adjust to new developments in technology and shifting market
tastes.

Historical Background
E-readers had their origins in the early 1900s, when forward-thinking individuals began
to imagine electronic book readers. Early iterations and trial projects established the foundation
for later breakthroughs, which resulted in the creation of specialized e-readers and advanced
digital publishing systems. Pioneers like as Michael S. Hart were instrumental in forming the
early history of e-books and setting the stage for the subsequent revolution in digital reading.

Perspective for the Future

The possibilities for e-books in the future are tremendous as long as technology keeps
developing. Personalized content distribution, interactive multimedia experiences, and
augmented reality are just a few digital publishing innovations. In an increasingly digital
environment, e-books provide unmatched flexibility and accessibility, even as physical books
retain their appeal.

The Adoption and Distribution of E-Books by Libraries

2. Early Offers: In 1998, American libraries started providing the public with free e-books,
originally with an emphasis on intellectual and technical works. They didn't start selling
downloaded e-books of popular fiction and non-fiction until 2003.
3. Growth and Adoption: Between 2005 and 2008, e-books were incredibly popular in
libraries, as evidenced by the 60% rise in e-book collections during that time. In the
United States, 66% of public libraries had e-books available by 2010.
4. Archival Storage: Organizations such as the Internet Archive and the Open Library
provide access to millions of public domain e-books, assuring their preservation and
accessibility.
5. Dedicated Hardware Readers and Mobile Software: The popularity of mobile devices
and e-readers has made it easier to consume e-books. Users can access e-books freely
thanks to e-reader software apps that are offered for a variety of devices by major
retailers and third-party developers.
6. Timeline: From the 1980s to the present, the creation and uptake of e-books in libraries
are described, emphasizing significant turning points and technical developments.
7. Libraries: Libraries are essential for giving people access to e-books, even though there
are still issues with interlibrary loans, licensing, and circulation. Notwithstanding these
obstacles, the public's access to digital reading materials has been greatly increased by
the provision of e-books through libraries.

The Advantages and Disadvantages of Conventional Books Compared to E-

books
Advantages of Conventional Books
1. Tactile Experience
 Sensory Enjoyment: Many readers find pleasure in the tactile aspect of conventional
books. A multimodal experience is enhanced by the weight of the book, the texture of the
paper, and the act of turning pages.
 Aesthetic Value: A lot of individuals value the way a traditional book feels and looks.
Reading can be made more enjoyable with well-designed covers and superior paper.
 2. Simplicity of Annotation
 Actual Note-Taking: It is simple for readers to use physical bookmarks, highlight text,
and make notes in the margins. Students and scholars who need to annotate their reading
materials may find this to be especially helpful.
3. No Electronic Dependency
 Battery Life: Because conventional books don't need batteries or electricity, they can be
used in places where charging electronic devices is difficult or impossible. This makes
them ideal for extended reading periods.
 Durability: Unlike technological equipment, conventional books are not vulnerable to
problems like software bugs, infections, or obsolescence.
4. Eye Comfort
Less Eye Strain: Reading from a conventional book, especially for lengthy periods of
time, typically results in less eye strain than reading from a screen. Blue light output and
screen glare are reduced, which is good for eye health.
5. Longevity and Ownership
 Physical Ownership: Possessing a conventional book entails possessing an actual
possession that may be given, stored, or shown off. Books are able to be inherited by
future generations.
 Durability: When properly maintained, conventional books can endure for several
decades or even centuries. They are not susceptible to the kind of quick technology
advancements that can make e-books and related gadgets outdated.
The Disadvantages of Conventional Books
1. Convenience and Storage
 Bulk and Weight: Especially when carried in big quantities, conventional books can
be difficult to handle and weigh a lot. They might be challenging to move and take up
physical space.
 Storage Space: Those who live in tiny quarters may find it difficult to accommodate a
large collection of conventional books due to the need for substantial storage space.
2. Cost and Availability
 Higher Cost: Compared to e-books, which may be transmitted digitally at a cheaper
cost, conventional books are frequently more expensive to create, ship, and buy.
 Restricted Availability: While e-books are frequently freely accessible and widely
available, out-of-print books and rare editions can be pricey and difficult to locate.
3. Environmental Impact
 Resource-intensive: Paper, ink, and other materials are used in the printing of
conventional books, which can have a big effect on the environment. Deforestation and
the carbon impact resulting from transportation and printing are included in this.
 Garbage Generation: Throwing away old or unwanted books can have a negative
environmental impact. Conventional books that are not recycled or repurposed also add
to garbage.
4. Search and Navigation
 Limited Search Functionality: Conventional books lack built-in search capabilities,
which makes it more difficult to find certain material fast. This is in contrast to e-
books.
 5. Interactive Elements
Interactive and multimedia elements that can improve an e-book's learning experience,
like movies, animations, and hyperlinks, are not permitted in conventional books.

Market Share
 United States: E-books generated 12.4% of overall commerce revenue in 2018 and
$2.04 billion in revenue in 2019.
 Canada: Kobo had a 46% market share in 2012, followed by Amazon (24%), and
Sony (18%).
 Spain: In Spain, e-books were predicted to account for 15% of the market in 2015.
 UK: E-book share climbed from 20% to 33% between 2012 and 2014, then declined to
29% in the first quarter of 2015.

Book Format Preference

Book Format Preference
refers to the choices readers
make regarding the formats
in which they read books.
These choices include:
Conventional Books:
Physical books printed on
paper that offer a tangible
reading experience.
Readers who prefer
conventional books often
appreciate:
 Sensory Qualities:
The feel of the paper, the
smell of the ink, and the
sound of turning pages.
 Collection: The
ability to own, display, and organize a personal library.
 Emotional Connection: A deeper emotional bond to physical books, often linked to
nostalgia and traditional reading habits.
 Rituals: Activities associated with physical books, such as browsing in bookstores,
highlighting text, and marking pages.
E-books: Digital versions of books that can be read on electronic devices such as e-readers,
tablets, and smart-phones. Readers who prefer e-books often value:
 Portability: The convenience of carrying multiple books in a single device, making it
easier to read on-the-go.
 Customization: Features like adjustable text size, built-in dictionaries, and note-taking
capabilities that enhance the reading experience.
 Accessibility: Instant access to a vast array of titles, including out-of-print or hard-to-find
books.
 Cost-Effectiveness: Often cheaper than physical books and without associated
transportation costs.
Both Equally: Some readers do not have a strong preference for one format over the other and
enjoy both conventional books and e-books. These readers might:
 Adaptability: Choose the format based on convenience, availability, and context.
 Versatility: Appreciate the unique advantages of both formats and switch between them
as needed.
 Situational Preferences: Many readers prefer different formats depending on specific
situations. For example:
 Travel: Prefer e-books for their portability.
 Home Reading: Might prefer conventional books for a more immersive experience.
 Academic Reading: Choose e-books for easy access to references and search
functionalities.
In summary, Book Format Preference encompasses the choices readers make regarding the
formats in which they read books, influenced by a variety of factors. Recognizing and
understanding these preferences is essential for adapting to market demands, optimizing sales
strategies, and enhancing reader engagement.

Factors Influencing Book Format Preference

1. Demographic Groups
 Age Groups: Different age categories exhibit distinct preferences. For instance,
younger readers might be more inclined towards e-books due to their familiarity with
technology, while older readers might prefer conventional books for their nostalgic
value.
 Gender: Gender can influence format preferences, with studies suggesting variations
in how men and women perceive the tactile experience of conventional books versus
the convenience of e-books.
 Educational Background: The level of education impacts preferences, as higher
education often involves extensive use of digital resources, making e-books a
preferred choice for academic and professional purposes.
2. Reading Frequency: How often a person reads can determine their format
preference. Frequent readers might favor e-books for their ease of access and storage,
while occasional readers might prefer the simplicity of picking up a conventional
book.
3. Contextual Preferences
 Reading During Travel: Travelers often prefer e-books for their lightweight
nature and the ability to carry multiple books without physical bulk.
 Reading Location: Preferences can change based on where reading takes place.
E-books might be favored in public or on-the-go settings, while conventional
books might be preferred in the comfort of home.
4. Emotional Connection: The emotional bond a reader has with books can influence
their preference. Those with a strong emotional attachment to reading might lean
towards conventional books for their sensory experiences.
5. Bookshelf Aesthetics: The desire to display and organize physical books can drive a
preference for conventional books, as they contribute to the aesthetic and personal
value of a home library.
6. Functional Aspects
 E-book Features: Practical features of e-books, such as adjustable text size and
integrated note-taking, appeal to readers who prioritize functionality and
customization in their reading experience.
 Conventional Book Rituals: Rituals associated with physical books, such as
browsing bookstores and marking pages, can enhance the reading experience, making
conventional books more appealing to those who value these traditions.
7. Transportation Costs: The cost and effort involved in transporting books can affect
preferences. E-books, being digital, eliminate physical transportation costs, making
them a practical choice for many.
8. Sharing Culture: The inclination to share books with others influences format
preference. Physical books are often shared for their personal touch, while e-books
are easily shared digitally, appealing to those who value quick and convenient
sharing.
Overall Format Preference: This comprehensive view reflects a reader's general
tendency towards one format over another or an equal appreciation for both. It is shaped
by a combination of individual preferences, contextual factors, and practical
considerations.
 CHAPTER-2
STATISTICAL TOOLS
Data: It is the raw information from which statistics are created. It can be numbers, words,
measurements, observations or even just description of things.

1. Types of Data
 Qualitative Data
Qualitative Data in Statistics is also known as categorical data and it can be Observes
and recorded and it is non-numerical in nature. This type of Data is collected with the
help of methods of observation, one-to-one interview, conducting focus groups and
similar methods. The data can be arranged categorically based on the properties of
things and attributed.
 Quantitative Data
Quantitative Data consists of numerical information and the analysis of it involves
statistical techniques. The analysis of quantitative data can be done in many forms
including highlighting keywords, extracting themes and elaborating on concepts. The
type of Data that is collected by person guides the analysis process.

2. Methods of Data Collection

 Primary Data
The term primary data sometimes used to refer as first-hand information and First
information means the raw data which has just been collected from the Source and
has not gone any kind of Statistical treatment like sorting and Tabulation.
 Secondary Data
The data that published and collected in the past is called secondary data. The Source
of primary data are primary units such as basic experimental unit, Individuals and
household. Following methods are used to collect data from primary units and these
methods depend on the nature of the primary units.

Statistical Hypothesis
The best way to determine whether a statistical hypothesis is true would be examine the entire
population. Since that is often impractical, researchers typically examine a random sample from
the population. If sample data are not consistent with the statistical hypothesis, the hypothesis is
rejected. There are two types of Statistical hypothesis:

Null Hypothesis
The null hypothesis, denoted by H is usually the hypothesis that says there is no statistical
significance between the two variables.
We begin with a certain hypothesis on the population characteristic when doing significance
tests. The null hypothesis is the name given to this idea. After being put to the test, the null
hypothesis is either fail to rejected or rejected. H represents the null hypothesis, which is
typically a notion that there is no discernible difference. "A null hypothesis is the hypothesis that
is tested for possible rejection under the assumption that it is true," says Professor Fisher.
Alternative Hypothesis
The alternative hypothesis, denoted by H or H is the hypothesis that states there is a
statistically significant relationship between the two variables.
Any hypothesis that completely opposes what the null hypothesis states is called the
alternative hypothesis. For every null hypothesis, there is at least one complementary hypothesis,
which is called the alternative hypothesis. For example, if the null hypothesis is that the
population mean is not different fromμ𝟎 , i.e., Η𝟎 : μ = μ𝟏 , then the alternative hypotheses are:
(i) Η : μ ≠ μ𝟎 (ii) H : μ < μ𝟎 (iii) Η ∶ μ > μ
It may be noticed that (i) actually includes both (ii) and (iii).
The first alternative hypothesis is a two-tailed alternative hypothesis, where (ii) and (iii) are one-
tailed alternative hypotheses; (ii)is called the left-tailed alternative hypothesis, and (iii) is called
the right-tailed alternative hypothesis.

Level of Significance
When a hypothesis is being tested, the phrase "significance" suggests that if there is little to no
difference between the statistic and the related parameter, the null hypothesis will be fail to
rejected. Therefore, to put it simply, the level of significance is the degree of trust the analyst
wishes to place in the conclusions that he or she has drawn based on the test. The type I error
probability, represented by 'α', indicates the level of significance. The proportion representing the
level of significance is 5% for α = 0.05. The associated confidence is 100 × (1- α )%, or 100 × (1
- 0.05)% = 95%, indicating that the analyst has 95% confidence in the conclusions reached on
the test's performance. Therefore, the greatest probability level below which we reject the null
hypothesis is the significance level.

Parametric Test
A parametric test is a type of statistical test that makes specific assumptions about the parameters
of the population distribution from which the sample is drawn. These tests are based on the
premise that the data follows a known distribution, typically a normal distribution, and involve
estimation and hypothesis testing about the population parameters, such as the mean and
variance.

Key Characteristics of Parametric Tests

 Assumption of Distribution: Parametric tests assume that the data follows a certain
distribution, often the normal distribution. This assumption allows for more powerful and
efficient statistical procedures.
 Estimation of Parameters: These tests involve estimating population parameters (e.g.,
mean, variance) based on sample data. The results of the tests are used to make
inferences about these parameters.
 Hypothesis Testing: Parametric tests typically involve formulating null and alternative
hypotheses about the population parameters. For instance, testing whether the mean of a
population is equal to a specific value.
 More Powerful: When the assumptions of the distribution are met, parametric tests
generally have more statistical power than non-parametric tests, meaning they are more
likely to detect a true effect.
Examples: Common examples of parametric tests include:
 t-tests: One-sample t-test, independent two-sample t-test, paired t-test.
 Analysis of Variance (ANOVA): One-way ANOVA, two-way ANOVA.
 Linear Regression: Simple linear regression, multiple linear regression.
 F-test: Used to compare variances.
Situations for Using Parametric Tests:
 When the sample size is sufficiently large.
 When the underlying population distribution is known or assumed to be normal.
 When the data meets other specific assumptions such as homogeneity of variance and
independence.

Non-Parametric Test
A non-parametric test is a statistical test that does not require specific assumptions about the
form or parameters of the population distribution from which the sample is drawn. These tests
are also referred to as distribution-free methods because they do not rely on assumptions about
the distribution's shape or parameters.
Key Characteristics of Non-Parametric Tests
 Distribution-Free: Non-parametric tests do not assume that the data follows any specific
distribution, such as the normal distribution. This makes them applicable in situations
where the data may not meet the assumptions required for parametric tests.
 Focus on Ranks and Medians: Many non-parametric tests use the ranks of the data rather
than the data values themselves. This makes them less sensitive to outliers and skewed
distributions.
 Hypothesis Testing Without Parameters: These tests often do not concern themselves
with estimating parameters of the population distribution, such as the mean or variance.
Instead, they test hypotheses about the median or the overall shape of the distribution.
 Flexibility and Robustness: Non-parametric tests are more flexible and robust, especially
with small sample sizes or ordinal data. They are less affected by violations of
assumptions like normality and homogeneity of variance.
Examples: Common examples of non-parametric tests include:
 Mann-Whitney U test: Used to compare differences between two independent groups.
 Wilcoxon signed-rank test: Used to compare differences between two related groups.
 Kruskal-Wallis test: Used to compare differences between three or more independent
groups.
 Friedman test: Used to compare differences between three or more related groups.
 Chi-square test of independence: Used to test the association between categorical
variables.
Situations for Using Non-Parametric Tests
 When the sample size is small.
 When the data does not meet the assumptions required for parametric tests (e.g.,
normality, homogeneity of variance).
 When dealing with ordinal data or data on a nominal scale.
 When the data is highly skewed or contains outliers.
Advantages of Non-Parametric Tests
The non-parametric tests has certain advantages over the parametric methods. Some of them are
as follows:
1. It is simple to understand.
2. The calculations associated are relatively simple compared to parametric tests. Also these tests
can be used when the actual measurements are not available but the ranks of the observations are
given. Non- parametric methods can also be applied to data measured in nominal or ordinal
scale.
3. The non- parametric test are based on very mild assumptions compared to parametric tests,
thus, this test can be easily applied. Frequently, it is assumed that the variables just come from a
continuous distribution. The parametric tests are based on some strong assumptions and cannot
provide proper results when the underlying assumptions are violated.
4. In non-parametric methods there is no restriction on the minimum size of the sample for valid
and reliable results. Even with a small sample size non-parametric methods are quite powerful.

Disadvantages of Non-Parametric Tests

Some of the disadvantages commonly encountered by the non-parametric method can be as
follows:
1. Though the assumptions in non-parametric tests are less restrictive than parametric test but the
assumption of independence is as important in non-parametric test as in case of parametric tests.
2. Though it is often claimed that the non-parametric tests are very simple computationally but
this in not always true. Some non-parametric tests demands lots of calculations.
3. In case of estimation, parametric methods are more robust compared to the non-parametric
methods as in case of the parametric methods the estimates remain unbiased even on violation of
the underlying assumption of normality.
4. The parametric tests are more efficient compared to the non-parametric tests as a parametric
test requires a smaller size compared to a non-parametric test to achieve the same level of power.

Test Situation Parametric Non-parametric Efficiency

Single Mean t-test Sign test 0.63
Two Independent Means Two sample t-test Mann-Whitney U-test 0.95
Two Dependent Means Paired t-test Wilcoxon Rank test 0.95

5. The non-parametric tests cannot handle a complicated design like parametric test. Friedman's
two way analysis of variance by ranks is the most complex analysis that can be managed by a
non-parametric procedure. Non-parametric test of ANOVA of split-plot, strip-plot, nested etc.
designs are yet to be discovered.

Chi-Square Test for Independence of Attributes

Purpose
This test is used to measure if the two attributes under consideration is independent of each
other. Let A and B be two attributes where A is divided into r classes, A𝟏 , A𝟐 , … . . , A and B is
divided into s classes B𝟏 , B𝟐 , . . . . . , B𝐬 . The various categories under each of the attributes can be,
classified into a (r x s) two-way table commonly called as the Contingency table.
Contingency Table
A contingency table is a two-way table in which the columns are classified according to one
criterion or attribute and the rows are classified according to the other criterion or attribute. Thus
we get a number of cells, where the number in a particular cell represents the number of
observations at one label of an attribute cross classified under another level of the second
attribute.

𝐀𝟏 𝐀𝟐 ….. 𝐀𝐢 ….. 𝐀𝐫 Total

𝐁𝟏 A B A B ….. AB ….. AB (𝐁𝟏 )
𝐁𝟐 A B A B ….. AB ….. AB (𝐁𝟐 )
. . . ….. . ….. . .
. . . ….. . ….. . .
𝐁𝐣 A B A B ….. AB ….. A B (𝐁𝐣 )
. . .
….. .
….. . .
. . .
….. .
….. . .
𝐁𝐬 A B A B ….. AB ….. A B (𝐁𝐬 )

Total (𝐀 𝟏 ) (𝐀 𝟐) ….. (𝐀 𝐢 ) ….. (𝐀 𝐫 ) N

Where, A B represents the number of cases possessing both the attributes A ( i = 1,2,...,r) and B
( j = 1,2,...s ) and N is the grand total.
Here, we want to test the null hypothesis
𝐇𝟎 : The two attributes A and B are independent of each other.
The null hypothesis is tested against the alternative hypothesis that
𝐇𝟏 : The attributes A and B are dependent on each other.
Assumptions
1. The data is at nominal level of measurement and grouped into several categories.
2. The subjects in each of the group are randomly and independently selected.
3. For applying chi-square test, frequencies in the various cells should be reasonable large i.e.≥ 5.
The Test Statistic
Under the null hypothesis that the attributes are independent, the theoretical cell frequencies are
calculated as follows:
P[A ] = Probability that the subject possesses attributes A = ; i = 1,2,….,r
P[B ] = Probability that the subject possesses attributes B = ; j = 1,2,.., s.
P[A B ]= Probability that the subject possesses attributes A and B = P[A ]P[B ] = . ;( i = 1,
2,...,r) and ( j = 1,2...,s )
E[A B ]= Expected number of persons processing both the attributes A and B = N. . =
By using this formula we can find out the expected frequencies for each of the cell frequencies
(A B )
where i = 1,2,...,r and j =1 2,...,s.
Under the hypothesis of independence the test statistic for χ is given by,
χ =∑ ∑ ~ χ variate with (r-1)(s-1) d.f.
The calculated value of χ is than compared with the critical value at the desired level of
significance and H is rejected if the calculated value is more than the critical value obtained
from the table otherwise the decision is taken in favour of H .

Mann-Whitney's U Test
Purpose
The Mann-Whitney U test in a non-parametric test that can be used to analyze random sample
from two population (not necessarily paired). Let X , X , … . , X and Y , Y , … . , Y be two
random samples. This test enables us to check if the two random samples come from two
identical populations. This test is used to evaluate the difference between population
distributions and not the difference between groups when the means are in-fact identical. Thus,
the null hypothesis of interest is that H : F (x) = F (x) to be tested against the alternative
hypothesis H : F (x) ≠ F (x). In case, one has some prior information about the distribution
functions then the following alternatives like H : F (x) < F (x) or H : F (x) > F (x) can be
tested.
Assumptions
The distribution functions of both X and Y are continuous. This assumption avoids the chance of
any tied observation.
Derivation of the Test Statistic
Case I: For small samples (none of n1 and n₂ larger than 8)
Here, we define ɸ(x , y ) such that
ɸ(x , y ) = 1 ifx < y
= 0 otherwise.

U = ∑ ∑ ɸ(x , y )
Thus, U measures the number of times x precedesy amongst all possible pairs of
(x , y ). Also it may be noted that, ɸ(x , y )′s are Bernoulli variables with
P ɸ x , y = 1 = P x < y = p(say)
Under the null-hypothesis p = .Similarly, U measures the number of time 𝑦 precedes
𝑥 amongst all possible pairs of (x , y ). Let U= min (U , U ). Now decision about Ho can be
taken by comparing the calculated value of U with the tabulated value of U of samples of size n1
and n₂ at the required level of significance. It may be noted here that unlike other tests the
difference is considered to be significant if the calculated value of U is equal to or less than the
table value at a given level.
Case II: Size of the larger sample is between 9 and 20
The following steps are performed in case of the Mann-Whitney U test.
Step 1: Combine data in both groups and assign a rank between 1 and n (beginning with lowest
value ranked as 1). When ties occur, average the rank assignments that would be given if there
were no ties, and assign this average value of each of the tied values.
Step 2: Add up the rank of the first sample and call it T1. Add up the rank for the second sample
and call it T2.
Step 3: Next we calculate
n (n + 1)
U =n n + − T and
2
 n (n + 1)
U =n n + −T
2
Step 4: For a two sided alternative we find out U = min(U , U ).The computed value of U is
then compared with the tabulated value of U given level of significance for (𝑛 , 𝑛 ) degrees of
freedom. Where, 𝑛 is the larger and 𝑛 is the smaller value of the sample. The selection of
U , U or U = min(U , U ) as the test statistic depends on the type of alternative hypothesis.
Case III: For Large Samples
If the samples are such that one or more than one sample is greater than 20 then the
distribution of U can be approximated by a Normal distribution. In such a case we have,
n n n n (n + n + 1)
E(U) = andVar(U) =
2 12
Thus the test statistic is given by,
Z= ~ N(0,1)
( )

The calculated value of Z is then compared with the table value of Z at a given level of
significance and the null hypothesis is accordingly fail to rejected or rejected.

Shapiro-Wilk Test
The Shapiro-Wilk test is a statistical test designed to assess the normality of a dataset. It tests the
null hypothesis that a sample 𝑥 , 𝑥 , … . . , 𝑥 comes from a normally distributed population. The
test is particularly powerful for small to moderate sample sizes.
Key Concepts:
1. Test Statistic (W): The Shapiro-Wilk test statistic W measures how closely the data
matches a normal distribution. It ranges from 0 to 1, with values closer to 1 indicating
that the data is more likely to be normally distributed.
2. Calculation: The test statistic W is calculated by comparing the order statistics of the
sample to the expected values if the data were normally distributed. The formula for
WWW involves these order statistics and a set of constants derived from the covariance
matrix of the order statistics under the normal distribution.
The test statistic W for the Shapiro-Wilk test is calculated using the following formula:
∑ ()
𝑊= ∑ ( ̅)
3. p-value: A p-value is computed from W. If the p-value is less than the chosen
significance level ( 0.05), the null hypothesis is rejected, suggesting the data is not
normally distributed.
 CHAPTER-3
DATA REPRESENTATION
For the purpose of examining the Reading preferences for conventional book vs e-book among
students in districts ( Rohtak and Jhajjar ), data was collected through a comprehensive
questionnaire. The questionnaire was meticulously designed to capture a wide array of variables
including demographic information, reading habits, format preference, frequency of reading, and
the reasons behind their choices. A diverse group of students, encompassing various age groups
and educational levels, participated in this survey to ensure a representative sample. The data
collection process was conducted both online and in-person to maximize participation and
minimize response bias. This mixed-method approach facilitated a robust understanding of the
current trends and preferences in book format among Haryana's student population, providing
valuable insights into their reading behaviors and preferences.

Table 1: Survey through Questionnaire

Age Gender Educational Book Format Reading Overall Reading Reading
Background Preferences Frequency Preferences Location During
Travel
21 Female Graduate Depends on Weekly Conventional Indoors yes
the situation books
23 Female Graduate Conventional Rarely Conventional Indoors no
books books
22 Male Graduate Depends on Rarely Conventional Indoors no
the situation books
21 Male Graduate Both equally Daily E-Books Indoors no
22 Male Graduate Depends on Daily E-Books Indoors yes
the situation
21 Male Graduate Both equally Weekly Both equally Outdoors no
20 Female Post Conventional Daily Conventional Indoors no
graduate books books
22 Male Post Both equally Rarely Both equally Both no
graduate
21 Female Graduate Both equally Weekly Both equally Indoors yes
22 Female Post Both equally Daily Both equally Indoors no
graduate
20 Female Graduate Both equally Daily Conventional Indoors yes
books
23 Female Graduate Both equally Weekly Both equally Both yes
23 Male Graduate Both equally Daily Both equally Indoors no
28 Male Post Both equally Daily Both equally Both yes
graduate
22 Female Post Conventional Monthly Conventional Both yes
graduate books books
25 Male Graduate Conventional Monthly Conventional Indoors no
books books
20 Male Graduate Both equally Weekly Both equally Indoors yes
22 Male Post Depends on Daily Both equally Both yes
graduate the situation
33 Female Graduate Both equally Weekly E-Books Indoors yes
21 Male Graduate Conventional Weekly Conventional Indoors yes
books books
19 Male Graduate E-Books Monthly E-Books Indoors no
22 Male Graduate Both equally Rarely Both equally Both yes
21 Female Graduate Both equally Weekly Conventional Indoors no
books
22 Male Graduate Depends on Rarely Both equally Indoors no
the situation
23 Male Graduate Depends on Daily Both equally Indoors yes
the situation
22 Male Graduate Depends on Rarely Both equally Indoors yes
the situation
22 Male Graduate Conventional Weekly E-Books Indoors yes
books
23 Male Post Conventional Daily Both equally Both yes
graduate books
22 Female Graduate Depends on Weekly Conventional Indoors yes
the situation books
23 Male Graduate Conventional Monthly Conventional Both yes
books books
22 Male Graduate Depends on Rarely Both equally Outdoors no
the situation
22 Female Post Both equally Weekly Conventional Indoors no
graduate books
22 Female Post Depends on Daily Conventional Indoors no
graduate the situation books
21 Female Post Both equally Daily Both equally Indoors yes
graduate
21 Female Graduate Depends on Daily Conventional Indoors no
the situation books
21 Female Graduate Depends on Daily Both equally Both yes
the situation
21 Female Post Depends on Weekly Both equally Indoors no
graduate the situation
21 Female Post Both equally Rarely Both equally Indoors yes
graduate
23 Female Graduate Depends on Weekly Conventional Indoors no
the situation books
21 Male 12th E-Books Rarely Both equally Indoors no
21 Female Graduate Both equally Rarely Both equally Indoors yes
22 Female Post Both equally Daily Both equally Indoors yes
graduate
21 Female Graduate Depends on Weekly Both equally Indoors yes
the situation
20 Female 12th Conventional Weekly Conventional Indoors yes
books books
21 Female Graduate Both equally Weekly Both equally Indoors yes
21 Female Graduate Depends on Weekly Both equally Indoors yes
the situation
21 Male Post Conventional Monthly Conventional Indoors no
graduate books books
21 Male Graduate Both equally Weekly E-Books Indoors yes
20 Male Graduate Both equally Daily Both equally Both yes
20 Male Graduate Both equally Daily Both equally Both yes
20 Male Graduate Both equally Daily Both equally Both yes
21 Female Graduate Both equally Rarely Conventional Both no
books
18 Female Graduate Depends on Weekly Conventional Both yes
the situation books
24 Female Post Depends on Weekly Both equally Both yes
graduate the situation
23 Female Post Depends on Weekly Conventional Indoors no
graduate the situation books
22 Female Post Conventional Weekly Conventional Indoors yes
graduate books books
21 Female Graduate Conventional Rarely Both equally Indoors no
books
21 Male Graduate E-Books Rarely E-Books Both yes
23 Female Graduate E-Books Weekly E-Books Indoors yes
24 Female Post E-Books Rarely Both equally Both yes
graduate
22 Female Graduate Both equally Daily Both equally Indoors yes
22 Female Post Conventional Daily Conventional Indoors yes
graduate books books
23 Female Graduate Depends on Weekly Conventional Indoors no
the situation books
22 Female Post Both equally Weekly Both equally Indoors no
graduate
19 Male 12th Both equally Rarely Conventional Both yes
books
17 Male 10th E-Books Daily E-Books Indoors no
23 Female Post Depends on Weekly Both equally Indoors no
graduate the situation
22 Male 12th Depends on Rarely Both equally Both no
the situation
22 Female Post Both equally Weekly Both equally Indoors yes
graduate
22 Female Post Conventional Daily Conventional Indoors yes
graduate books books
23 Female Graduate Conventional Weekly Both equally Both no
books
21 Female Graduate Both equally Weekly Both equally Indoors yes
23 Male Graduate Both equally Weekly Conventional Indoors no
books
23 Female Post Conventional Weekly Conventional Indoors no
graduate books books
23 Female Post Conventional Daily Conventional Indoors yes
graduate books books
21 Female Graduate Both equally Daily E-Books Indoors yes
21 Male Graduate Depends on Daily Both equally Indoors no
the situation
22 Male Graduate Both equally Daily Both equally Indoors no
23 Male Post Conventional Daily Conventional Indoors no
graduate books books
20 Male Graduate Conventional Weekly Conventional Indoors no
books books
24 Male Post E-Books Daily E-Books Indoors no
graduate
23 Male Post Depends on Weekly E-Books Indoors yes
graduate the situation
25 Male Post Both equally Daily Both equally Indoors no
graduate
26 Male Graduate Depends on Rarely Both equally Indoors no
the situation
23 Female Graduate E-Books Rarely E-Books Outdoors yes
24 Female Post E-Books Rarely E-Books Outdoors yes
graduate
20 Male Graduate Conventional Daily Conventional Indoors no
books books
17 Female 12th Conventional Daily Conventional Indoors no
books books
19 Male 12th Conventional Daily Conventional Indoors yes
books books
22 Female Post E-Books Rarely E-Books Indoors no
graduate
21 Female Post Conventional Weekly Both equally Indoors no
graduate books
21 Male Graduate Conventional Weekly Conventional Indoors no
 books books
34 Male 12th Conventional Monthly Both equally Outdoors yes
books
23 Male Graduate Both equally Daily Both equally Both yes
20 Female 12th Depends on Rarely Both equally Both yes
the situation
24 Female Post Conventional Weekly Conventional Both yes
graduate books books
23 Female Post E-Books Rarely E-Books Both no
graduate
22 Male Graduate Conventional Daily Conventional Indoors yes
books books
30 Female Graduate Both equally Weekly Both equally Both no
20 Female Graduate Both equally Daily E-Books Indoors yes

Table 2: Survey through Questionnaire

Emotional Bookshelf E-book Features Conventional Transportation Sharing
Connection Aesthetics Book Rituals Costs Culture
Conventional No, I prefer a None, I prefer Highlighting yes yes
books clutter-free traditional
environment. reading
Conventional Yes, it adds Social sharing Flipping no yes
books character to my pages
space.
Conventional No, I prefer a Highlighting and Bookmarking no no
books clutter-free note-taking
environment.
E-Books No, I prefer a Social sharing Bookmarking yes no
clutter-free
environment.
E-Books Yes, it adds Highlighting and Bookmarking no yes
character to my note-taking
space.
Conventional Yes, it adds Social sharing Bookmarking no no
books character to my
space.
Conventional Yes, it adds Highlighting and Bookmarking no yes
books character to my note-taking
space.
Conventional No, I prefer a Social sharing Bookmarking yes no
books clutter-free
environment.
Conventional Yes, it adds Highlighting and Highlighting yes yes
books character to my note-taking
 space.
Conventional Yes, it adds Highlighting and Highlighting yes yes
books character to my note-taking
space.
Conventional Yes, it adds Highlighting and Bookmarking yes yes
books character to my note-taking
space.
Both equally Yes, it adds None, I prefer Bookmarking yes yes
character to my traditional
space. reading
Conventional Yes, it adds Interactive Bookmarking yes yes
books character to my multimedia
space.
Conventional Yes, it adds Social sharing Bookmarking not sure yes
books character to my
space.
Conventional Yes, it adds Social sharing Highlighting yes yes
books character to my
space.
Conventional Yes, it adds Built-in Highlighting yes yes
books character to my dictionary
space.
Conventional Yes, it adds Highlighting and Highlighting yes yes
books character to my note-taking
space.
Conventional No, I prefer a Interactive Highlighting yes yes
books clutter-free multimedia
environment.
E-Books Yes, it adds Highlighting and Highlighting yes yes
character to my note-taking
space.
Conventional Yes, it adds Interactive Bookmarking no yes
books character to my multimedia
space.
E-Books Yes, it adds Built-in Flipping no yes
character to my dictionary pages
space.
Conventional Yes, it adds Interactive Highlighting yes yes
books character to my multimedia
space.
Conventional No, I prefer a None, I prefer Flipping no yes
books clutter-free traditional pages
environment. reading
Conventional Yes, it adds Highlighting and Highlighting no yes
books character to my note-taking
space.
Conventional Yes, it adds Highlighting and Highlighting yes yes
books character to my note-taking
space.
Conventional Yes, it adds Interactive Highlighting not sure yes
books character to my multimedia
space.
E-Books Yes, it adds Highlighting and Highlighting not sure yes
character to my note-taking
space.
Conventional Yes, it adds None, I prefer Flipping not sure yes
books character to my traditional pages
space. reading
Conventional Yes, it adds None, I prefer Flipping no yes
books character to my traditional pages
space. reading
Conventional Yes, it adds Built-in Flipping not sure yes
books character to my dictionary pages
space.
Conventional Yes, it adds Social sharing Bookmarking yes yes
books character to my
space.
Conventional Yes, it adds None, I prefer Quotes on yes no
books character to my traditional pages
space. reading
Conventional Yes, it adds Interactive Flipping no yes
books character to my multimedia pages
space.
Conventional Yes, it adds Highlighting and Highlighting yes no
books character to my note-taking
space.
Conventional Yes, it adds Highlighting and Bookmarking yes yes
books character to my note-taking
space.
Conventional Yes, it adds Highlighting and Bookmarking yes no
books character to my note-taking
space.
Conventional Yes, it adds Highlighting and Bookmarking yes yes
books character to my note-taking
space.
Conventional No, I prefer a Highlighting and Highlighting not sure yes
books clutter-free note-taking
environment.
Conventional Yes, it adds Built-in Flipping not sure no
books character to my dictionary pages
space.
Conventional No, I prefer a Social sharing Highlighting yes no
 books clutter-free
environment.
Conventional Yes, it adds Built-in Highlighting not sure yes
books character to my dictionary
space.
Conventional Yes, it adds None, I prefer Flipping no yes
books character to my traditional pages
space. reading
Conventional Yes, it adds Highlighting and Highlighting yes yes
books character to my note-taking
space.
Conventional Yes, it adds Social sharing Flipping yes no
books character to my pages
space.
Conventional Yes, it adds Highlighting and Highlighting yes yes
books character to my note-taking
space.
Conventional Yes, it adds Highlighting and Highlighting no yes
books character to my note-taking
space.
Conventional Yes, it adds None, I prefer Highlighting yes yes
books character to my traditional
space. reading
E-Books Yes, it adds Highlighting and Flipping yes yes
character to my note-taking pages
space.
Conventional Yes, it adds Social sharing Highlighting yes yes
books character to my
space.
Conventional Yes, it adds Social sharing Highlighting yes yes
books character to my
space.
E-Books Yes, it adds Built-in Highlighting yes no
character to my dictionary
space.
Conventional Yes, it adds Interactive Flipping yes yes
books character to my multimedia pages
space.
Conventional Yes, it adds Social sharing Flipping yes yes
books character to my pages
space.
Conventional Yes, it adds Interactive Bookmarking no no
books character to my multimedia
space.
Conventional Yes, it adds Social sharing Flipping yes yes
books character to my pages
 space.
Conventional Yes, it adds Highlighting and Bookmarking yes yes
books character to my note-taking
space.
Conventional Yes, it adds Interactive Bookmarking yes yes
books character to my multimedia
space.
E-Books No, I prefer a Highlighting and Bookmarking no no
clutter-free note-taking
environment.
E-Books Yes, it adds Highlighting and Bookmarking yes no
character to my note-taking
space.
Conventional No, I prefer a Highlighting and Bookmarking yes yes
books clutter-free note-taking
environment.
Conventional Yes, it adds Interactive Bookmarking yes yes
books character to my multimedia
space.
Conventional Yes, it adds Interactive Flipping yes yes
books character to my multimedia pages
space.
Conventional Yes, it adds Highlighting and Adding yes no
books character to my note-taking comments
space.
Conventional Yes, it adds Interactive Flipping yes yes
books character to my multimedia pages
space.
Conventional Yes, it adds None, I prefer Bookmarking yes yes
books character to my traditional
space. reading
E-Books No, I prefer a Built-in Flipping no no
clutter-free dictionary pages
environment.
Conventional No, I prefer a Built-in Bookmarking yes no
books clutter-free dictionary
environment.
E-Books Yes, it adds Interactive Flipping yes yes
character to my multimedia pages
space.
E-Books Yes, it adds Highlighting and Flipping no yes
character to my note-taking pages
space.
Conventional Yes, it adds Social sharing Flipping yes yes
books character to my pages
space.
Conventional Yes, it adds Interactive Flipping no no
books character to my multimedia pages
space.
Conventional Yes, it adds Highlighting and Highlighting yes yes
books character to my note-taking
space.
Conventional Yes, it adds Built-in Flipping yes yes
books character to my dictionary pages
space.
Conventional Yes, it adds Built-in Flipping yes yes
books character to my dictionary pages
space.
Conventional Yes, it adds Social sharing Bookmarking yes yes
books character to my
space.
E-Books No, I prefer a Built-in Bookmarking no yes
clutter-free dictionary
environment.
Conventional Yes, it adds Built-in Bookmarking no yes
books character to my dictionary
space.
E-Books Yes, it adds Interactive Bookmarking yes no
character to my multimedia
space.
Conventional Yes, it adds Highlighting and Bookmarking yes yes
books character to my note-taking
space.
Conventional No, I prefer a Highlighting and Bookmarking no yes
books clutter-free note-taking
environment.
E-Books No, I prefer a Interactive Bookmarking no no
clutter-free multimedia
environment.
E-Books No, I prefer a Built-in Bookmarking no yes
clutter-free dictionary
environment.
E-Books No, I prefer a Interactive Bookmarking no no
clutter-free multimedia
environment.
E-Books Yes, it adds Built-in Flipping yes no
character to my dictionary pages
space.
E-Books No, I prefer a Highlighting and Bookmarking no no
clutter-free note-taking
environment.
E-Books No, I prefer a Highlighting and Bookmarking no no
 clutter-free note-taking
environment.
Conventional Yes, it adds None, I prefer Bookmarking no yes
books character to my traditional
space. reading
Conventional Yes, it adds Highlighting and Flipping no yes
books character to my note-taking pages
space.
Conventional Yes, it adds Highlighting and Flipping no yes
books character to my note-taking pages
space.
E-Books No, I prefer a Interactive Bookmarking yes yes
clutter-free multimedia
environment.
Conventional No, I prefer a Interactive Bookmarking no yes
books clutter-free multimedia
environment.
Conventional Yes, it adds Highlighting and Bookmarking no yes
books character to my note-taking
space.
E-Books Yes, it adds Built-in Flipping no no
character to my dictionary pages
space.
Conventional No, I prefer a None, I prefer Flipping yes no
books clutter-free traditional pages
environment. reading
E-Books Yes, it adds Social sharing Flipping yes yes
character to my pages
space.
Conventional Yes, it adds Interactive Flipping yes yes
books character to my multimedia pages
space.
E-Books No, I prefer a Highlighting and Bookmarking no no
clutter-free note-taking
environment.
Conventional Yes, it adds None, I prefer Bookmarking yes yes
books character to my traditional
space. reading
E-Books No, I prefer a Interactive Flipping no yes
clutter-free multimedia pages
environment.
E-Books No, I prefer a Highlighting and Bookmarking no no
clutter-free note-taking
environment.
 Table 3: Survey through Questionnaire
E-Books Ratings Conventional Books Ratings
Ownership and Customizability Environmental Ownership and Customizability Environmental
appearance impact appearance impact
3 5 4 5 4 3
4 5 4 5 4 5
2 4 1 5 1 4
5 5 5 4 4 4
4 5 5 4 4 3
5 5 5 5 5 5
2 5 5 5 4 5
2 4 4 3 2 4
4 4 4 4 4 3
4 4 5 4 4 3
4 5 4 5 4 3
4 5 4 5 4 5
4 4 4 3 5 5
5 3 5 4 4 4
4 4 3 4 4 3
4 3 5 4 3 4
4 4 4 4 4 3
3 5 4 5 5 5
4 5 5 3 5 4
3 5 4 5 2 4
5 4 2 3 1 4
4 4 4 4 5 4
5 3 4 5 4 5
4 4 1 5 4 3
5 4 3 4 3 5
5 4 4 5 5 4
4 3 4 4 3 5
3 4 4 4 4 4
4 4 5 3 4 5
5 5 5 5 5 3
5 5 5 5 5 5
5 5 5 3 5 3
5 5 4 4 4 5
3 5 3 5 3 2
4 4 3 4 3 3
4 3 2 4 4 5
5 3 4 4 5 4
5 4 5 3 4 3
4 4 3 3 3 4
4 4 5 2 4 4
5 5 5 5 5 1
3 3 4 4 4 4
4 4 4 4 4 4
5 2 4 5 5 2
4 4 4 4 4 3
5 3 1 5 5 4
4 5 5 5 5 4
2 4 1 4 3 4
4 3 2 5 4 5
4 4 5 5 3 5
4 3 5 1 4 5
3 4 3 3 3 2
3 4 4 4 4 5
4 4 3 3 3 3
4 2 5 4 4 4
4 3 5 4 5 3
4 5 4 5 5 5
5 5 5 4 3 3
5 5 5 4 4 4
4 5 5 5 3 3
4 5 4 5 4 4
1 4 3 1 1 2
4 5 4 4 4 4
5 3 5 4 3 3
2 5 3 4 2 4
3 1 4 2 3 5
5 5 5 3 3 3
3 1 1 5 1 2
4 5 4 4 3 4
4 2 3 4 4 2
5 5 5 5 4 3
4 4 4 4 4 3
5 5 4 4 5 3
4 4 3 5 5 5
1 2 4 5 5 5
3 5 3 4 4 3
 4 3 5 5 1 1
4 3 5 4 4 3
5 5 3 5 5 4
5 5 5 5 1 1
5 5 5 5 4 5
5 5 5 5 5 5
5 5 5 4 4 5
5 5 1 5 2 4
4 4 5 3 3 3
5 4 5 4 3 2
4 4 4 5 5 5
4 4 3 5 5 5
3 3 3 5 5 5
4 4 4 4 3 5
4 3 5 5 5 5
3 3 4 4 3 4
4 3 3 4 4 3
4 5 2 5 5 5
4 4 3 4 4 5
2 5 5 5 3 5
4 4 4 5 3 5
4 3 1 4 1 4
4 4 2 5 1 4
5 5 5 4 4 4

Graphical Representation
1. Book Format Preference nces
with Age Group
The graph illustrates book
Book Format Preferences with
format preferences based on e- e Age Group
book features across three
different age groups. Let's break
28
down the key findings for each
category: 18
17
Both Equally: (17-22) 28%
prefer both formats equally.(23
23- 6 2 9 1 8 0 5 6 0
28) 6% prefer both h formats.
(29-34) 2% prefer both formats. BOTH EQUALLY CONVENTIONAL DEPENDS ON THE E-BOOKS
BOOKS SITUATION
Conventional Books: (17-22 22)
17% prefer conventional books. 17-22 23-28 29
29-34
(23-28)) 9% prefer conventional
books. (29-34)) 1% prefer conventional books.
Depends on the Situation: (17-22)
(17 18% prefer both formats according to the situation.
sit (23-28)
8% prefer both formats according to the situation. (29-34)
( ) 0% prefer both formats according to
the situation.
E-Books: (17-22)) 5% prefer ee-books. (23-28) 6% prefer e-books. (29-34)) 0% prefer e-books.
e
Overall summary: The graph illustrates bbook ook format preferences based on ee-book features
across three age groups, showing that younger individuals (17 (17-22)
22) have more diverse
preferences, while older groups (23-28
(23 34) lean towards conventional books or
and 29-34)
situational preferences, with minimal preference
p for e-books.

2. Book Format Preferences

Book Format Preferences with Gender with Gender
The graph shows the types of
books preferred by males and
20 females. Each bar indicates the
16
percentage of each gender that
15
14 13 prefers a certain book format.
11
Females: 20% prefer both
6 5 conventional
onventional anda e-books equally,
14% prefer conventional books,books
BOTH EQUALLY CONVENTIONAL DEPENDS ON THE E-BOOKS
BOOKS SITUATION 6% prefer e--books, and 15% say it
depends on the situation.
Female Male Males: 16% both conventional
books equally
and e-books equally, 13% prefer
e books, and 11% say it depends on the situation.
conventional books,, 5% prefer e-books,
onventional and e-books
Overall summary: Both genders mostly prefer both conventional e equally, with
females
males liking them slightly more.

3. Book Format Preferences with Educational Background

The graph shows book format preferences based on education levels. Each bar indicates ind the
percentage of people with different educational backgrounds who prefer a certain book format.
10th Grade: 1% preferr e- e
books. Book Format Preferences with Educational
12th Grade: 1% prefer both Background
conventional and e-books
books
equally, 4% prefer conventional
books, 2% preferred depends on 25
situation and 1% prefer ee-
books. 17
Graduates: 25% prefer both 11 12
10
conventional and e-books
books 7
0 1 0 4 0 2 1 1 4 5
equally, 11%
% prefer
conventional books,, 17% BOTH EQUALLY CONVENTIONAL DEPENDS ON THE E-BOOKS
BOOKS SITUATION
preferred depends on situation
and 4% prefer e-books. 10th 12th Graduate Post graduate

Post-Graduates: 10% prefer

both conventional and e-books
books equally, 12
12% prefer conventional books,, 7% preferred depends
on situation and 5% prefer e-books
books.
Overall summary: Graduates have the highest preference for both formats equally and for
situational choices. Conventional books are preferred more consistently across higher
educational levels.

4. Book Format Preferences with Reading Frequency

The graph shows book format preferences based on how often people read. Each bar represents
the percentage of people with different reading habits who prefer a certain book format.
Daily Readers:
R 16% prefer
Book Format Preferences with Reading both formats equally,
equally 10%
Frequency prefer conventional books,
7% depends on situation and
2% prefer e-books.
e
16 Readers: 5%
Monthly Readers
14
12 prefer conventional books
10 10 and 1% prefer ee-books.
7 7 7 Rarely Readers: 6% prefer
6
5 both formats equally, 2%
0 2 0 2 1 1
prefer conventional
conventio books,
BOTH EQUALLY CONVENTIONAL
BOOKS
DEPENDS ON THE
SITUATION
E-BOOKS 7% depends on situation and
7% prefer e-books.
e
Daily Monthly Rarely Weekly Weekly Readers: 14%
prefer both formats equally,
10% prefer conventional books, 12% depends on situation and 1% prefer ee-books.
Overall summary: Daily and weekly readers show a strong preference for both formats equally
and conventional books, while rarely readers show a higher preference for ee-books. Monthly
readers have the lowest preference for both formats.

5. Book Format Preferences with Format Enjoyment

The graph shows book format preferences based on how much people enjoy different formats.
Each bar indicates the percentage of people who prefer a certain format based on their enjoyment
level.
Enjoy Both Formats
Equally: 25% like both Book Format Preferences with Format
conventional and e-booksbooks Enjoyment
equally, 6% prefer
conventional books,
oks, and 5% 25
21
prefer e-books.
Enjoy Conventional Books: 15
21% prefer conventional 9 9
books, 5% like both formats 6 5 5 1 2 2 0
equally, and 1% prefer e- BOTH EQUALLY CONVENTIONAL DEPENDS ON THE E-BOOKS
books. BOOKS SITUATION
Enjoy E-books: 9% prefer Both equally Conventional books E-books
e-books, 2% % like both
formats equally.
oth formats equally, and 9% prefer
Situational Preference: 2% prefer ee-books, 15% like both
conventional books.
Overall summary: Most respondents enjoy both conventional books and ee-books equally, with
25% favoring both formats. Conventional books are also popular, with 21% of people preferring
them over e-books.

6. Book Format Preferences with Reading Location

The graph shows book format preferences based on where people like to read. Each bar
represents the percentage of respondents who prefer a certain format based on their reading
location.
Book Format Preferences with Reading Both Formats Equally
Equ Enjoyed:
Location 24% people prefer to read indoors.
11% enjoy oy reading on both location
24
21 equally . 1% prefer reading outdoors.
19 Conventional Book Lovers: 21%
prefer conventional books when
11 reading indoors. 11% enjoy reading on
1 5 1 6 1 3 6 2 both location equally. Only 1% prefer
conventional books when reading
BOTH EQUALLY CONVENTIONAL DEPENDS ON THE E-BOOKS outdoors.
BOOKS SITUATION
Book Enthusiast
E-Book Enthusiast: 6% prefer e-
Both Indoors Outdoors
books when reading indoors. 33% enjoy
reading on both location equally
equally. 2%
prefer e-books
books when reading outdoors.
Situational Preferences: 19% % prefer e-books when reading indoors. 6% enjoy reading on both
location equally. 1% prefer e-books
books when reading outdoors.
Overall Summary: Majorityajority of people prefer both formats equally and conventional books for
e books and situational choices. Outdoo
indoor reading, with lesser preferences for e-books Outdoor reading is
generally less favored across all formats.

7. Book Format Preferences with Reading During Travel

The graph shows book format preferences based on reading during travel. Based on their travel
reading habits, the
respondents preference for a
Book Format Preferences with Reading During
certain
ertain format is shown by
Travel
each bar.
Both Formats Equally 23

Enjoyed: When reading

while traveling, 23% of 13 13 14 13 13
readers prefer both
conventional books and e- 6 5
books equally. When they
BOTH EQUALLY CONVENTIONAL DEPENDS ON THE E-BOOKS
don't read while traveling, BOOKS SITUATION
no yes
13% of readers prefer both formats.
Conventional Book Lovers: 14% of readers say they prefer reading conventional novels. 13%
of readers who don't read while traveling say they prefer conventional books.
E-Book Lovers: When reading while traveling, 6% of readers prefer e-books.e When people
don't read while traveling,
aveling, 5% of readers prefer e-books.
e
Situational Preferences: 13% respond that in both scenarios, their preference is depending upon
the circumstances.
Overall Summary: Most respondents prefer their favorite format based on their reading habits
during travel.
ravel. Conventional books remain popular even when traveling, despite the availability of
e-books.

8. Book Format Preferences with Emotional Connection

The graph shows book format preferences based on emotional connection. Each bar represents
entage of respondents who prefer a certain format based on their emotions
the percentage emotions.
Both Formats Equally
: 25% prefer both
conventional books and Book Format Preferences with Emotional
e-books equally. 10% Connection
find both formats
equally emotionally 25 25
satisfying. 5% have no 21
emotional preference
between formats.
Conventional Book 10 9
Lovers: 25% have a
1 0 2 0 5 0 2
strong emotional
connection to BOTH EQUALLY CONVENTIONAL DEPENDS ON THE E-BOOKS
conventional books. BOOKS SITUATION

Only 1% prefer e-books

emotionally. Both equally Conventional books E-books
E-Book Lovers: 21%
have a clear emotional preference for ee-books. 6% find both formats equally emotionally
satisfying. 2% have an emotional
motional connection to conventional books.
Situational Preferences: 9% say their emotional preference depends on the situation, but the
data doesn't specify their emotional connection to either format.
Overall Summary: Emotional connection significantly in fluences format preference.
influences
Conventional books evoke stronger emotions for many respondents. E-books books have a dedicated
group of enthusiasts, but situation-al
situation factors also play a role.
 9. Book Format
Book Preference with Bookself Aesthetics Preferences with
Bookshelf Aesthetics
The graph shows book
27
25 format preferences based
21 on Bookshelf Aesthetics.
Each bar represents the
percentage of
respondents who prefer a
9 9
certain format based on
2 5 2
their Bookshelf
BOTH EQUALLY CONVENTIONAL DEPENDS ON THE E-BOOKS Aesthetics.
Aesthetics
BOOKS SITUATION Both Formats Equally :
No, I prefer a clutter-free
free environment. Yes, it adds character to my space.
27% of respondents
appreciate the character
that books add to their
t
space. 9% prefer a clutter-free
free environment.
Conventional Books Lovers: haracter in conventional books. Only 2% prefer a
Lovers 25% find character
clutter-free environment.
Situational Preferences: 21% value character in their space. 5% prefer a clutter-free
clutter
environment.
E-Book Lovers: 9% emotionally connectconne with e-books for aesthetics. 2% prefer a clutter-free
clutter
environment.
esthetics significantly impact book format choices. Conventional books
Overall Summary: Aesthetics
attract minimalists, while e-books
books accommodate various ta tastes.

10. Book Preferences with

E-Book Features Book Format Preferences with E--Book Features
The graph shows book
format preferences based on 12
10
e-book features. Each bar
8 8
represents the percentage of
6 6 6 6
respondents who prefer a 4 4
5 5
4
5
4
certain format based on e- 2 2 2 0 1
book features. BUILT-IN HIGHLIGHTING INTERACTIVE NONE, I PREFER SOCIAL
Built-in Dictionary: 2% DICTIONARY AND NOTE- MULTIMEDIA TRADITIONAL SHARING
TAKING READING
prefer e-books with a built-
in dictionary. 4% find both
Both equally Conventional books Depends on the situation E-books
formats equally appealing in
this context. 5% have
situational preference. 4% find conventional book appealing.
Note-Taking and Highlighting: 8% prefer conventional books for note-taking taking and highlighting.
12% find both formats equallyally appealing in this context. 10% 10 have situational preference. 66%
find e-books appealing.
Multimedia Features: 6% % prefer conventional books for multimedia features.
features 8% find both
formats equally
ally appealing in this context. 5% ational preference. 2%
5 have situational 2 find e-books
appealing.
Traditional Reading: 12% % of respondents prefer traditional reading without e-book
e features.
Social Sharing: 5% % prefer conventional books for social sharing . 6% % find both formats equally
equ
appealing in this context. 4% books appealing
% have situational preference and 1% find e-books appealing.
Overall Summary: E-book book features play a significant role in format preference. Both format
taking and highlighting. Multimedia features attract some ee-book
remains popular for note-taking
enthusiasts. Traditional reading still has a dedicated audience.
audience

11. Book Preferences with Conventional Book Features

The graph shows book format
preferences based on
Conventional book features. Book Preference with Conventional Book Features
Each bar represents the
13 13
percentage of respondents 12
11
who prefer a certain
ertain format 10
9
based on conventional book 8 8
7
features.
Adding Comments: Minimal 4
preference for adding 0 0 1 0 2 1 1 0 0 0
comments, with only 1% ADDING COMMENTS BOOKMARKING FLIPPING PAGES HIGHLIGHTING QUOTES ON PAGES
considering it depends on the
situation. Both equally Conventional books Depends on the situation E-books

Bookmarking: Highest
preference is for both formats equally 13% , followed by conventional boo books 11%, Situational
preference 10%. E-books
books have a notable preference 8%.
Flipping Pages: Conventional books are preferred the most 12% for flipping pages. Both
formats equally preferences 9%, Situational preference 8%. E-books E books have preference of 2%.
Highlighting: Both formats equally are highly preferred 13% for highlighting. Conventional
books are less preferred 4%, with a moderate preference for situational dependence 7%. E-books E
have preference of 1%.
Quotes on Pages: Minimal preference across all categories, ories, with a slight preference for both
equally 1%.
Overall Summary: Bookmarking and Highlighting are the most important features for users,
with high preferences for both formats equally. Flipping Pages sees a strong preference for
ding Comments and Quotes on Pages are not significant preferences for
conventional books. Adding
most users.

12. Book Preferences with Transportation Cost Impact

The graph shows book format preferences based on transportation cost. Each bar represents the
percentage of respondents who prefer a certain format based on transportation cost impact on
their decision.
 Both Equally: A
significant majority,
Book Format Preference with Transportation Cost 25%, prefer both
Impact formats equally when
transportation costs
25 influence their decision.
A small percentage,
8%, prefer both formats
15
11
13 equal
equally when
8
3 3
9
2 7 0 4
transportation costs
have no impact on their
BOTH EQUALLY CONVENTIONAL DEPENDS ON THE E-BOOKS decision. Only 3% are
BOOKS SITUATION
no not sure yes unsure about the impact
of transportation costs
on their decision.
Conventional Books: 13% prefer conventional books even when transportation costs influence
their decision. 11% prefer
fer conventional books when transportation costs have no impact on their
decision. A small group, 3%, are unsure about the impact of transportation costs on their
decision.
Depends on the Situation: 15% believe their preference depends on the situation, regardless
re of
transportation costs. 9% are in favor of the situational approach when transportation costs have
no impact on their decision. A minimal 2% are unsure about the impact of transportation costs on
their decision.
E-books: Only 4% prefer e-books when considering the impact of transportation costs on their
books when
books when transportation costs have no impact on their decision.
decision. 7% prefer e-books
Overall Summary: The data highlights varying preferences in book formats based on
nificant majority prefer both formats equally when costs influence
transportation costs. A significant
decisions, contrasting with a smaller percentage when costs have no impact.

13. Book Preferences with Sharing Culture

The graph shows book
format preferences based Book Format Preference with Sharing Culture
on sharing culture. Each
bar represents the
percentage of respondents 26
24
who prefer a certain format
based on sharing culture 19
influence.
Both Equally: 26% of
10
individuals like both book 8
7
types the same in a sharing 3 3
community. However,
10% of individuals who BOTH EQUALLY CONVENTIONAL
BOOKS
DEPENDS ON THE
SITUATION
E-BOOKS

like both equally don't

think they're good for no yes
sharing.
Conventional Books: 24% really prefer Conventional books in a sharing community. However,
3% of individuals who like Conventional books don't think they're good for sharing.
Depends on the Situation: In a sharing community, 19% say they choose books based on the
situation. Yet, 7% aren't so sure this approach works well for sharing.
E-books: Only 3% of individuals like e-books for sharing. However, 3% of individuals who like
e-books don't think they're good for sharing.
Overall Summary: Most individuals - 26% - are cool with either book type in a sharing
community. Regular books - 24% - are still a big hit, and some - 19% - like to adapt based on the
situation. E-books - 3% - aren't as popular for sharing, but some - 8% - still prefer them
individually.
 Chapter-4
DATA ANALYSIS

1. In the analysis part we used the Chi-Square Tests to check which

factors affect Book Format Preferences across the following factors
1. Between Book Format Preferences and Demographic Groups(Age, Gender,
Educational Background)
 Age groups
The test hypothesis is:
𝐇𝟎 : There is no significant association between Age groups and Book Format
Preferences.
𝐇𝟏 : There is a significant association between Age groups and Book Format
Preferences.

Contingency Table for Age groups and Book Format Preferences

Book Format Preferences
Age Both Conventional Depends on the E- Total
groups equally books situation books
17-22 28 17 18 5 68
23-28 6 9 8 6 29
29-34 2 1 0 0 3
Total 36 27 26 11 100

Chi-Square Test for Age groups and Book Format Preferences:

𝛘𝟐 − 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞 DF p-value

7.9396 6 0.2425

The p-value is greater than 0.05, so we fail to reject null hypothesis at 5% level of
significance. We conclude that there is no significant association between Age
groups and Book Format Preferences.
 Gender
The test hypothesis is:
𝐇𝟎 : There is no significant association between Gender and Book Format
Preferences.
𝐇𝟏 : There is a significant association between Gender and Book Format Preferences.

Contingency Table for Gender and Book Format Preferences

Book Format Preferences
Both Conventional Depends on E-books Total
Gender equally books the situation
Female 20 14 15 6 55
Male 16 13 11 5 45
Total 36 27 26 11 100
 Chi-Square Test for Gender and Book Format Preferences:

𝛘𝟐 − 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞 DF p-value
0.1896 3 0.9792

The p-value is greater than 0.05. Hence, we fail to reject null hypothesis at 5% level
of significance. We conclude that there is no significant association between Gender
and Book Format Preferences.
 Educational Background
The test hypothesis is:
𝐇𝟎 : There is no significant association between Educational Background and Book
Format Preferences.
𝐇𝟏 : There is a significant association between Educational Background and Book
Format Preferences.

Contingency Table for Educational Background and Book Format Preferences

Book Format Preferences
Educational Both Conventional Depends on the E-books Total
Background equally books situation
10th 0 0 0 1 1
12th 1 4 2 1 8
Graduate 25 11 17 4 57
Post graduate 10 12 7 5 34
Total 36 27 26 11 100

Chi-Square Test for Educational Background and Book Format Preferences:

𝛘𝟐 − 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞 DF p-value
16.3615 9 0.0597

The p-value is greater than 0.05, so we fail to reject null hypothesis at 5% level of
significance. We conclude that there is no significant association between
Educational Background and Book Format Preferences.
2. Between Book Format Preferences and Reading Frequency
The test hypothesis is:
𝐇𝟎 : There is no significant association between Reading Frequency and Book Format
Preferences.
𝐇𝟏 : There is a significant association between Reading Frequency and Book Format
Preferences.

Contingency Table for Reading Frequency and Book Format Preferences

Book Format Preferences
Reading Frequency Both Conventional Depends on E-books Total
equally books the situation
 Daily 16 10 7 2 35
Monthly 0 5 0 1 6
Rarely 6 2 7 7 22
Weekly 14 10 12 1 37
Total 36 27 26 11 100

Chi-Square Test for Reading Frequency and Book Format Preferences:

𝛘𝟐 − 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞 DF p-value
28.2427 9 0.0008

The p-value is less than 0.05. Hence, we reject null hypothesis at 5% level of
significance. We conclude that there is a significant association between Reading
Frequency and Book Format Preferences.
3. Between Book Format Preferences and Overall Preferences
The test hypothesis is:
𝐇𝟎 : There is no significant association between Overall Preferences and Book Format
Preferences.
𝐇𝟏 : There is a significant association between Overall Preferences and Book Format
Preferences.

Contingency Table for Overall preferences and Book Format Preferences

Book Format Preferences
Overall preferences Both Conventional Depends on E-books Total
equally books the situation
Both equally 25 5 15 2 47
Conventional books 6 21 9 0 36
E-books 5 1 2 9 17
Total 36 27 26 11 100

Chi-Square Test for Overall Preferences and Book Format Preference

𝛘𝟐 − 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞 DF p-value
63.4200 6 0.0001

The p-value is less than 0.05, so we reject null hypothesis at 5% level of significance. We
conclude that there is a significant association between Overall Preferences (Format
Enjoyment) and Book Format Preferences.
4. Between Book Format Preferences and Reading Habits
 Reading Location:
The test hypothesis is:
𝐇𝟎 : There is no significant association between Reading Location and Book Format
Preferences.
𝐇𝟏 : There is a significant association between Reading Location and Book Format
Preferences.
 Contingency Table for Reading Location and Book Format Preferences
Book Format Preferences
Reading Location Both Conventional Depends on the E-books Total
equally books situation
Both 11 5 6 3 25
Indoors 24 21 19 6 70
Outdoors 1 1 1 2 5
Total 36 27 26 11 100

Chi-Square Test for Reading Location and Book Format Preference

𝛘𝟐 − 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞 DF p-value
5.9985 6 0.4233

The p-value is greater than 0.05. Therefore, we fail to reject null hypothesis at 5%
level of significance. We conclude that there is no significant association between
Reading Location and Book Format Preferences.
 Reading During Travel
The test hypothesis is
𝐇𝟎 : There is no significant association between Reading During Travel and Book
Format Preferences.
𝐇𝟏 : There is a significant association between Reading During Travel and Book
Format Preferences.

Contingency Table for Reading During Travel andBook Format Preferences

Book Format Preferences
Reading During Travel Both Conventional Depends on the E-books Total
equally books situation
no 13 13 13 6 45
yes 23 14 13 5 55
Total 36 27 26 11 100

Chi-Square Test for Reading During Travel and Book Format Preference

𝛘𝟐 − 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞 DF p-value
1.9249 3 0.5881

The p-value is greater than 0.05. Hence, we fail to reject null hypothesis at 5% level
of significance. We conclude that there is no significant association between Reading
During Travel and Book Format Preferences.
5. Between Book Format Preferences and Sentiment and Experience
 Emotional Connection:
The test hypothesis is
 𝐇𝟎 : There is no significant association between Emotional Connection and Book
Format Preferences.
𝐇𝟏 : There is a significant association between Emotional Connection and Book
Format Preferences.

Contingency Table for Emotional Connection and Book Format Preferences

Book Format Preferences
Emotional Connection Both equally Conventional Depends on the E-books Total
books situation
Both equally 1 0 0 0 1
Conventional books 25 25 21 2 73
E-books 10 2 5 9 26
Total 36 27 26 11 100

Chi-Square Test for Emotional Connection and Book Format Preference

𝛘𝟐 − 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞 DF p-value
25.2764 6 0.0003

The p-value is less than 0.05, so we reject null hypothesis at 5% level of significance.
We conclude that there is a significant association between Emotional Connection
and Book Format Preferences.
6. Between Book Format Preferences and Bookshelf Aesthetics
The test hypothesis is:
𝐇𝟎 : There is no significant association between Bookshelf Aesthetics and Book Format
Preferences.
𝐇𝟏 : There is a significant association between Bookshelf Aesthetics and Book Format
Preferences.

Contingency Table for Bookshelf Aesthetics and Book Format Preferences

Book Format Preferences
Bookshelf Aesthetics Both Conventional Depends on E-books Total
equally books the situation
No, I prefer a clutter-free 9 2 5 9 25
environment.
Yes, it adds character to my 27 25 21 2 75
space.
Total 36 27 26 11 100

Chi-Square Test for Bookshelf Aesthetics and Book Format Preference

𝛘𝟐 − 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞 DF p-value
23.8577 3 0.00002
 The p-value is less than 0.05. Hence, we reject null hypothesis at 5% level of
significance. We conclude that there is a significant association between Bookshelf
Aesthetics and Book Format Preferences.
7. Between Book Format Preferences and E-book Features, Printed Book Rituals
 E-book Features
The test hypothesis is:
𝐇𝟎 : There is no significant association between E-book Features and Book Format
Preferences.
𝐇𝟏 : There is a significant association between E-book Features and Book Format
Preferences.

Contingency Table for E-book Features and Book Format Preferences

Book Format Preferences
E-book Features Both Conventional Depends on the E- Total
equally books situation books
Built-in dictionary 4 4 5 2 15
Highlighting and note-taking 12 8 10 6 36
Interactive multimedia 8 6 5 2 21
None, I prefer traditional reading 6 4 2 0 12
Social sharing 6 5 4 1 16
Total 36 27 26 11 100

Chi-Square Test for E-book Features and Book Format Preference:

𝛘𝟐 − 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞 DF p-value
5.3484 12 0.9453

The p-value is greater than 0.05. Hence, we fail to reject null hypothesis at 5% level of
significance. We conclude that there is no significant association between E-book
Features and Book Format Preferences.
 Conventional Book Rituals
The test hypothesis is:
𝐇𝟎 : There is no significant association between Conventional Book Rituals and Book
Format Preferences.
𝐇𝟏 : There is a significant association between Conventional Book Rituals and Book
Format Preferences.

Contingency Table for Conventional Book Rituals and Book Format Preferences
Book Format Preferences
Conventional Book Rituals Both equally Conventional Depends on E-books Total
books the situation
Adding comments 0 0 1 0 1
Bookmarking 13 11 10 8 42
Flipping pages 9 12 8 2 31
Highlighting 13 4 7 1 25
 Quotes on pages 1 0 0 0 1
Grand Total 36 27 26 11 100

Chi-Square Test for Conventional Book Rituals and Book Format Preference:

𝛘𝟐 − 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞 DF p-value
14.1078 12 0.2938

The p-value is greater than 0.05, so we fail to reject null hypothesis at 5% level of
significance. We conclude that there is no significant association between Conventional
Book Rituals and Book Format Preferences.
8. Between Book Format Preferences and Transportation Costs Impact, Sharing
Culture
 Transportation Costs Impact
The test hypothesis is:
𝐇𝟎 : There is no significant association between Transportation Costs and Book Format
Preferences.
𝐇𝟏 : There is a significant association between Transportation Costs and Book Format
Preferences.

Contingency Table for Transportation Costs and Book Format Preferences

Book Format Preferences
Transportation Costs Both Conventional Depends on E-books Total
equally books the situation
no 8 11 9 7 35
not sure 3 3 2 0 8
yes 25 13 15 4 57
Total 36 27 26 11 100

Chi-Square Test for Transportation Costs Impact and Book Format Preference:

𝛘𝟐 − 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞 DF p-value
7.8999 6 0.2455

The p-value is greater than 0.05. Therefore, we fail to reject null hypothesis at 5% level of
significance. We conclude that there is no significant association between Transportation
Costs and Book Format Preferences.
 Sharing Culture
The test hypothesis is:
𝐇𝟎 : There is no significant association between Sharing Culture and Book Format
Preferences.
𝐇𝟏 : There is a significant association between Sharing Culture and Book Format
Preferences.
 Contingency Table for Sharing Culture and Book Format Preferences
Book Format Preferences
Sharing Culture Both Conventional Depends on E-books Total
equally books the situation
no 10 3 7 8 28
yes 26 24 19 3 72
Total 36 27 26 11 100

Chi-Square Test for Sharing Culture and Book Format Preference:

𝛘𝟐 − 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞 DF p-value
14.7515 12 0.0020

The p-value is less than 0.05, so we reject null hypothesis at 5% level of significance. We
conclude that there is a significant association between Sharing Culture and Book Format
Preferences.

2. Shapiro-Wilk Test to check the normality of numeric data:

 E-book Ratings
The test hypothesis is
𝐇𝟎 : Data follow normal distribution.
𝐇𝟏 : Data does not follow a normal distribution.

Test statistics p-value

Ownership and appearance 0.8175 0.0001
Customizability 0.8253 0.0001
Environmental impact 0.8184 0.0001

The p-value is less than 0.05 .Hence, we reject the null hypothesis at 5% level of
significance. We conclude that the data is not normally distributed.
 Conventional book Ratings
The test hypothesis is
𝐇𝟎 : Data follow normal distribution.
𝐇𝟏 : Data does not follow a normal distribution.

Test statistics p-value

Ownership and appearance 0.7794 0.0001
Customizability 0.8430 0.0001
Environmental impact 0.8844 0.0001

The p-value is less than 0.05, so we reject the null hypothesis at 5% level of significance.
We conclude that the data is not normally distributed.
3. Mann-Whitney's U Test to compare E-Book and Conventional Book
Ratings (in 1 to 5 scale)
 Ownership and appearance
The test hypothesis is:
𝐇𝟎 : There is no statistically significant difference between the ratings.
𝐇𝟏 : There is a statistically significant difference between the ratings.
Mann-Whitney U Test Statistic: 4308.0
P-value: 0.1122
The p-value is greater than 0.05, so we fail to reject null hypothesis at 5% level of significance.
We conclude that there is no statistically significant difference between the ratings.
 Customizability (font size, background color, etc.)
The test hypothesis is:
𝐇𝟎 : There is no statistically significant difference between the ratings.
𝐇𝟏 : There is a statistically significant difference between the ratings.
Mann-Whitney U Test Statistic: 5679.0
P-value: 0.0422
The p-value is less than 0.05. Therefore, we reject null hypothesis at 5% level of significance.
We conclude that there is a statistically significant difference between the ratings.
 Environmental impact
The test hypothesis is:
𝐇𝟎 : There is no statistically significant difference between the ratings.
𝐇𝟏 : There is a statistically significant difference between the ratings.
Mann-Whitney U Test Statistic: 5144.5
P-value: 0.5271
The p-value is greater than 0.05. Hence, we fail to reject null hypothesis at 5% level of
significance. We conclude that there is no statistically significant difference between the ratings.
 CHAPTER-5
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

1. In the analysis part we used the Chi-Square Tests to check which factors affect Book
Format Preferences across the following factors:
1. Book Format Preferences across Demographic Groups (Age, Gender, Educational
Background):
 Age:
The p-value is greater than 0.05 then we fail to reject null hypothesis at 5% level of
significance. Therefore, we conclude that there is no significant association between Age
groups and Book Format Preferences.
 Gender:
The p-value is greater than 0.05 then we fail to reject null hypothesis at 5% level of
significance. So, we conclude that there is no significant association between Gender and
Book Format Preferences.
 Educational Background:
The p-value is greater than 0.05 then we fail to reject null hypothesis at 5% level of
significance. Hence, we conclude that there is no significant association between Gender
and Book Format Preferences.
2. Book Format Preferences across Reading Frequency:
The p-value is less than 0.05 then we reject null hypothesis at 5% level of significance.
Therefore, we conclude that there is a significant association between Reading Frequency
and Book Format Preferences.
3. Book Format Preferences across Overall Preferences
The p-value is less than 0.05 then we reject null hypothesis at 5% level of significance.
Hence, we conclude that there is a significant association between Overall Preferences
and Book Format Preferences.
4. 4.Book Format Preferences across Reading Habits:
 Reading Location:
The p-value is greater than 0.05 then we fail to reject null hypothesis at 5% level of
significance. So, we conclude that there is no significant association between Reading
Location and Book Format Preferences.
 Reading During Travel:
The p-value is greater than 0.05 then we fail to reject null hypothesis at 5% level of
significance. Hence, we conclude that there is no significant association between Reading
During Travel and Book Format Preferences.
5. Book Format Preferences across Sentiment and Experience:
 Emotional Connection:
The p-value is less than 0.05 then we reject null hypothesis at 5% level of significance.
So, we conclude that there is a significant association between Emotional Connection and
Book Format Preferences.
 Book Format Preferences across Bookshelf Aesthetics:
The p-value is less than 0.05 then we reject null hypothesis at 5% level of significance.
Therefore, we conclude that there is a significant association between Bookshelf
Aesthetics and Book Format Preferences.
 6. Book Format Preferences across E-book Features and Printed Book Rituals:
 E-book Features:
The p-value is less than 0.05 then we reject null hypothesis at 5% level of significance.
So, we conclude that there is a significant association between E-book Features and Book
Format Preferences.
 Conventional Book Rituals:
The p-value is less than 0.05 then we reject null hypothesis at 5%level of significance.
Hence, we conclude that there is a significant association between Conventional Book
Rituals and Book Format Preferences.
7. Book Format Preferences across Transportation Costs Impact and Sharing Culture:
 Transportation Costs Impact
The p-value is greater than 0.05 then we fail to reject null hypothesis at 5% level of
significance. So, we conclude that there is no significant association between
Transportation Costs and Book Format Preferences.
 Sharing Culture
The p-value is less than 0.05 then we reject null hypothesis at 5% level of significance.
Therefore, we conclude that there is a significant association between Sharing Culture
and Book Format Preferences.

2. Mann-Whitney's U Test to compare E-books and Conventional Books Ratings

 Ownership and appearance :
The p-value is greater than 0.05 then we fail to reject null hypothesis at 5%level of
significance. So, we conclude that there is no statistically significant difference between
the ratings.
 Customizability (font size, background color, etc.):
The p-value is less than 0.05 then we reject null hypothesis at 5%level of significance.
Hence, we conclude that there is a statistically significant difference between the ratings.
 Environmental impact:
The p-value is greater than 0.05 then we fail to reject null hypothesis at 5% level of
significance. Therefore, we conclude that there is no statistically significant difference
between the ratings.

Factors with Significant Association to Book Format Preferences

1. Reading Frequency and Book Format Preference: The p-value is less than 0.05,
indicating a significant association between reading frequency and book format
preferences.
2. Overall Preferences and Book Format Preferences: The p-value is less than 0.05,
indicating a significant association between overall preferences and book format
preferences.
3. Emotional Connection and Book Format Preferences: The p-value is less than 0.05,
indicating a significant association between emotional connection and book format
preferences.
 4. Bookshelf Aesthetics and Book Format Preferences: The p-value is less than 0.05,
indicating a significant association between bookshelf aesthetics and book format
preferences.
5. E-book Features and Book Format Preferences: The p-value is less than 0.05,
indicating a significant association between e-book features and book format preferences.
6. Conventional Book Rituals and Book Format Preferences: The p-value is less than
0.05, indicating a significant association between conventional book rituals and book
format preferences.
7. Sharing Culture and Book Format Preferences: The p-value is less than 0.05,
indicating a significant association between sharing culture and book format preferences.
8. Customizability and Book Format Preferences: The p-value is less than 0.05,
indicating a statistically significant difference in the ratings of customizability between e-
books and conventional books.

Suggestions Based on Study

1. Increase Engagement Based on Reading Frequency
Given the significant association between reading frequency and book format
preferences, educational institutions and libraries should tailor their reading materials and
programs to align with the preferences of frequent and infrequent readers. Offering a
balanced mix of printed books and e-books can cater to diverse reading habits.
2. Enhance User Experience According to Overall Preferences
Since overall preferences significantly influence book format choices, publishers and
booksellers should conduct regular surveys to understand the evolving preferences of
readers.
3. Leverage Emotional Connection to Boost Book Format Appeal
The significant association between emotional connection and book format preferences
suggests that promoting the emotional benefits of each format can be effective. For
printed books, highlighting the tactile experience and nostalgic value can appeal to
readers, while for e-books, emphasizing the convenience and accessibility can attract
tech-savvy individuals.
4. Capitalize on Bookshelf Aesthetics
With bookshelf aesthetics playing a significant role, retailers can market printed books as
aesthetic and decorative items. This can appeal to readers who value the visual presence
of books in their homes, potentially increasing sales of printed formats.
5. Promote Appealing E-book Features
As e-book features significantly affect preferences, developers and publishers should
focus on enhancing these features. Improved customizability, interactive content, and
user-friendly interfaces can make e-books more attractive, catering to the preferences of a
digitally inclined audience.
6. Preserve and Highlight Conventional Book Rituals
The association between conventional book rituals and format preferences indicates a
strong attachment to traditional reading experiences. Encouraging these rituals through
marketing campaigns that celebrate the unique aspects of printed books can strengthen
their appeal among traditional readers.
7. Encourage Sharing Culture
Since sharing culture influences format preferences, creating platforms that facilitate the
sharing of both printed and e-books can foster a sense of community among readers.
Book clubs, online sharing forums, and lending programs can enhance the social aspect
of reading.
8. Improve Customizability of E-books
With customizability being a significant differentiator, e-book developers should invest
in features that allow extensive personalization. Options for adjusting font size,
background color, and other reading settings can enhance the user experience, making e-
books more attractive to a wider audience.
 REFERENCES
1. GOON.A.M.;GUPTA,M.K. AND DASGUPTA, B. (2001): FUNDAMENTALS OF
STATISTICS,VOLUME II
2. GUPTA, S.C. AND KAPOOR, V.K. (2013): FUNDAMENTALS OF APPLIED
STATISTICS
3. KISHORE K. DAS AND DIBYOJYOTI BHATTACHARJEE: A TREATISE ON
STATISTICAL INFERENCE AND DISTRIBUTIONS
4. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book
5. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebook
 APPENDIX

import pandas as pd
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import seaborn as sns
from scipy.stats import chi2_contingency, mannwhitneyu, shapiro
import numpy as np
# Load the dataset
file_path = 'neha31may.csv'
data = pd.read_csv(file_path)
# Display the first few rows and column names to understand its structure
print(data.head())
print("Column Names in DataFrame:\n", data.columns)
# Data cleaning and preparation
missing_values = data.isnull().sum()
print("Missing Values:\n", missing_values)
print(data.describe(include='all'))
# List all column names to find the correct ones
print("Column Names in DataFrame:\n", data.columns)
# Define the new bins and labels for discrete intervals
bins = [16, 23, 29, 35]
labels = ['17-22', '23-28', '29-34']
data['Age_Group'] = pd.cut(data['Age:'], bins=bins, labels=labels, right=False)
# Function to perform chi-square tests and print results
def chi_square_test(col1, col2):
contingency_table = pd.crosstab(data[col1], data[col2])
chi2, p, dof, expected = chi2_contingency(contingency_table)
print(f"\nChi-square Test for {col1} and {col2}:")
print(f"Chi2: {chi2}, p-value: {p}, dof: {dof}")
print("Observed Frequencies:\n", contingency_table)
print("Expected Frequencies:\n", pd.DataFrame(expected, index=contingency_table.index,
columns=contingency_table.columns))
if p < 0.05:
print("There is a significant association between the variables.")
else:
print("There is no significant association between the variables.")
plt.figure(figsize=(8, 6))
plt.table(cellText=contingency_table.values, rowLabels=contingency_table.index,
colLabels=contingency_table.columns, loc='center')
plt.axis('off')
plt.title(f'Contingency Table for {col1} and {col2}')
plt.show()
# Perform chi-square tests
chi_square_test('Age_Group', 'Do you prefer reading ebooks or conventional books?')
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
# Plotting contingency table
plt.figure(figsize=(8, 6))
plt.table(cellText=contingency_table_age_pref.values,
rowLabels=contingency_table_age_pref.index,
colLabels=contingency_table_age_pref.columns,
loc='center')
plt.axis('off')
plt.title('Contingency Table for Age groups and Book Preference')
plt.show()
# Function to perform chi-square tests and print results
def chi_square_test(col1, col2):
contingency_table = pd.crosstab(data[col1], data[col2])
chi2, p, dof, expected = chi2_contingency(contingency_table)
print(f"\nChi-square Test for {col1} and {col2}:")
print(f"Chi2: {chi2}, p-value: {p}, dof: {dof}")
print("Observed Frequencies:\n", contingency_table)
print("Expected Frequencies:\n", pd.DataFrame(expected, index=contingency_table.index,
columns=contingency_table.columns))
if p < 0.05:
print("There is a significant association between the variables.")
else:
print("There is no significant association between the variables.")
plt.figure(figsize=(8, 6))
plt.table(cellText=contingency_table.values, rowLabels=contingency_table.index,
colLabels=contingency_table.columns, loc='center')
plt.axis('off')
plt.title(f'Contingency Table for {col1} and {col2}')
plt.show()
# Perform chi-square tests
chi_square_test('Gender:', 'Do you prefer reading ebooks or conventional books?')
chi_square_test('Educational Background:', 'Do you prefer reading ebooks or conventional
books?')
chi_square_test('How often do you read books?', 'Do you prefer reading ebooks or conventional
books?')
chi_square_test('Which format do you find more enjoyable overall?', 'Do you prefer reading
ebooks or conventional books?')
chi_square_test('Where do you usually read?', 'Do you prefer reading ebooks or conventional
books?')
chi_square_test('Do you read during travel (e.g., commuting)?', 'Do you prefer reading ebooks or
conventional books?')
chi_square_test('Which format makes you feel more connected to the content (emotionally or
intellectually)?', 'Do you prefer reading ebooks or conventional books?')
chi_square_test('Do you enjoy having conventional books displayed on your bookshelf?', 'Do
you prefer reading ebooks or conventional books?')
chi_square_test('Which ebook features do you find most appealing?', 'Do you prefer reading
ebooks or conventional books?')
chi_square_test('Describe any rituals associated with reading conventional books (e.g., flipping
pages, bookmarking).', 'Do you prefer reading ebooks or conventional books?')
chi_square_test('Consider a scenario where a bookstore chain like Barnes & Noble manages its
book inventory. Does transportation costs impact their decisions?', 'Do you prefer reading ebooks
or conventional books?')
chi_square_test('Does sharing culture influence your preference ?', 'Do you prefer reading
ebooks or conventional books?')
# Function to check normality
def check_normality(column_name):
stat, p = shapiro(data[column_name])
print(f'Shapiro-Wilk Test for {column_name}: Statistic={stat}, p-value={p}')
if p > 0.05:
print(f'The {column_name} data follows a normal distribution (fail to reject H0).')
else:
print(f'The {column_name} data does not follow a normal distribution (reject H0).')
# Mann-Whitney U test
column_pairs = [
('Ownership and appearance ( in 1 to 5 scale )', 'Ownership and appearance ( in 1 to 5 scale
).1'),
('Customizability (font size, background color, etc)\n( in 1 to 5 scale )', 'Customizability (font
size, background color, etc)\n( in 1 to 5 scale ).1'),
('Environmental impact ( in 1 to 5 scale )', 'Environmental impact ( in 1 to 5 scale ).1')
]

for col1, col2 in column_pairs:

ratings1 = data[col1].iloc[1:].astype(int)
ratings2 = data[col2].iloc[1:].astype(int)
stat, p_value = mannwhitneyu(ratings1, ratings2)
print(f'Comparison between {col1} and {col2}: Mann-Whitney U Test Statistic={stat}, p-
value={p_value}')
if p_value < 0.05:
print(' Interpretation: There is a statistically significant difference between the ratings.')
else:
print(' Interpretation: There is no statistically significant difference between the ratings.')
print()
# Proportions for various categories
categories = [
'How often do you read books?',
'Which format do you find more enjoyable overall?',
'Where do you usually read?',
'Do you read during travel (e.g., commuting)?',
'Which format makes you feel more connected to the content (emotionally or intellectually)?',
 'Do you enjoy having conventional books displayed on your bookshelf?',
'Which ebook features do you find most appealing?',
'Describe any rituals associated with reading conventional books (e.g., flipping pages,
bookmarking).',
'Consider a scenario where a bookstore chain like Barnes & Noble manages its book
inventory. Does transportation costs impact their decisions?',
'Does sharing culture influence your preference ?'
]
for category in categories:
proportions = data[category].value_counts(normalize=True)
print(f"\nProportions for {category}:\n{proportions}")

E-books vs. Conventional Books:

Demographic Information:
Age:
Gender:
Educational Background:

Reading Book Format Preferences:

Do you prefer reading e- E-books Conventional Both Depends on the
books or conventional books equally situation
books?
Reading Frequency:
How often do you read books? Daily Weekly Monthly Rarely
Overall Preference:
Which format do you find E-books Conventional books Both equally
more enjoyable overall?
Reading Habits:
Where do you usually read? Indoors Outdoors Both
Do you read during travel (e.g., commuting)? Yes No
Sentiment and Experience:
Which format makes you feel Conventional books E-books
more connected to the
content (emotionally or
intellectually)?
Bookshelf Aesthetics:
Do you enjoy having Yes, it adds character to my space. No, I prefer a
conventional books displayed clutter-free
on your bookshelf? environment.
E-book Features:
Which e-book Highlighting Interactive Built-in Social None, I
features do you find and note- multimedia dictionary sharing prefer
most appealing? taking traditional
reading
Printed Book Rituals:
Describe any rituals Adding Bookmarking Flipping Highlighting Quotes
associated with reading comments pages on
conventional books Pages
Transportation Costs Impact:
Consider a scenario where a bookstore chain like Barnes & Noble yes no
manages its book inventory. Does transportation costs impact their
decisions?
Sharing Culture:
Do you lend or borrow conventional books from friends or family? yes no
Does sharing culture influence your preference now?
E-books Ratings:
Ownership and
appearance
Customizability
Environmental
impact
Conventional Books Ratings:
Ownership and
appearance
Customizability
Environmental
impact