1. Gore AC, Chappell VA, Fenton SE, et al.
EDC-2: The Endocrine Society's Second
Scientific Statement on Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals. Endocrine Reviews
2015;36(6):E1-E150. doi: 10.1210/er.2015-1010
2. American Academy of Family Physicians. Infertility
(https://familydoctor.org/condition/infertility/). Accessed 4/19/2023.
3. American Society of Reproductive Medicine. Quick Facts About Infertility
(https://www.reproductivefacts.org/faqs/quick-facts-about-infertility/). Accessed
4/19/2023.
4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Assisted Reproductive Technology
(ART) (https://www.cdc.gov/art/whatis.html) & Reproductive Health: Infertility
FAQs (https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/infertility/index.htm). Accessed
4/19/2023.
5. Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development.
What Infertility Treatments Are Available?
(https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/infertility/conditioninfo/
treatments)Accessed 4/19/2023.
6. Hormone Health Network. Reproductive Infertility
(https://www.endocrine.org/patient-engagement/endocrine-library/infertility
%C2%A0). Accessed 4/19/2023.
7. Office on Women’s Health. Infertility
(https://www.womenshealth.gov/a-z-topics/infertility). Accessed 4/19/2023.
8. Planned Parenthood. Infertility Signs, Symptoms and Causes
(https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/pregnancy/infertility). Accessed
4/19/2023.
9. The National Infertility Association (Resolve). Insurance Coverage by State
(https://resolve.org/learn/financial-resources-for-family-building/insurance-coverage/
insurance-coverage-by-state/). Accessed 4/19/2023.
10. Vander Borght M, Wyns C. Fertility and infertility: Definition and epidemiology
(https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29555319/). Clin Biochem. 2018 Dec;62:2-10.
Accessed 4/19/2023.
11. Walker MH, Tobler KJ. Female Infertility
(https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32310493/). 2022 May 26. In: StatPearls [Internet].
Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. Accessed 4/19/2023.
12. American Society of Reproductive Medicine. Unexplained Infertility
(https://www.asrm.org/topics/topics-index/unexplained-infertility/). Accessed
6/7/2022.
13. Bulletti C, Coccia ME, Battistoni S, Borini A. Endometriosis and infertility
(https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20574791/). J Assist Reprod Genet.
2010;27(8):441-447. Accessed 6/7/2022.
14. Gelbaya TA, Potdar N, Jeve YB, Nardo LG. Definition and Epidemiology of
Unexplained Infertility (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25112489/). Obstet Gynecol
Surv. 2014;69(2):109-115. Accessed 6/7/2022.
15. Herbert DL, Lucke JC, Dobson AJ. Birth outcomes after spontaneous or assisted
conception among infertile Australian women aged 28 to 36 years: a prospective,
population-based study (https://www.fertstert.org/article/S0015-0282(11%2902917-
7/fulltext). Fertil Steril. 2012;97(3):630-638. Accessed 6/7/2022.
16. Sadeghi MR. Unexplained infertility, the controversial matter in management of
infertile couples (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4322174/). J
Reprod Infertil. 2015;16(1):1-2. Accessed 6/7/2022.
17. Singh P, Arora S, Lal S, Strand TA, Makharia GK. Celiac Disease in Women With
Infertility: A Meta-Analysis (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25564410/). J Clin
Gastroenterol. 2016;50(1):33-39. Accessed 6/7/2022.
18. Your Fertility Coalition. Unexplained infertility and chance of pregnancy
(https://www.yourfertility.org.au/general-resources/interactive-tools/unexplained-
infertility). Accessed 6/7/2022.
19. Landon MB, et al. Normal labor and delivery. http://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed
Oct. 28, 2021.
20. Meek JY, et al. The first feedings In: The American Academy of Pediatrics New
Mother's Guide to Breastfeeding. Kindle edition. 3rd ed. Bantam Books; 2017.
Accessed Oct. 28, 2021
21. https://www.reproductivefacts.org/news-and-publications/patient-fact-sheets-and-
booklets/documents/fact-sheets-and-info-booklets/infertility-an-overview-booklet/.
Accessed April 7, 2023.)
22. Robertson RP, ed. Female infertility https://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed April 7,
2023.)
23. Partin AW, et al., eds. Male infertility https://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed April 7,
2023.)
24. Kuohung W, et al. Overview of infertility. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search.
Accessed April 7, 2023.
25. Infertility and psychological distress: a critical review of the literature. Greil AL. Soc
Sci Med. 1997;45:1679–1704. doi: 10.1016/s0277-9536(97)00102-0.
26. Effect of psychological stress on the L-arginine-nitric oxide pathway and semen
quality. Eskiocak S, Gozen AS, Taskiran A, Kilic AS, Eskiocak M, Gulen S. Braz J
Med Biol Res. 2006;39:581–588. doi: 10.1590/s0100-879x2006000500003.
27. Guidelines for counselling in infertility: outline version. Boivin J, Appleton TC,
Baetens P, et al. Hum Reprod. 2001;16:1301–1304. doi: 10.1093/humrep/16.6.1301.
28. The complex relationship between infertility and psychological distress (Review)
Simionescu G, Doroftei B, Maftei R, et al. Exp Ther Med. 2021;21:306. doi:
10.3892/etm.2021.9737.
29. Role of mental health practitioner in infertility clinics: A review on past, present and
future directions. Patel A, Sharma PS, Kumar P. J Hum Reprod Sci. 2018;11:219–
228. doi: 10.4103/jhrs.JHRS_41_18
30. American Psychiatric Association. Resource Document on Psychiatric Aspects of
Infertility, Feb. 2019
31. https://tkg.af/english/2025/04/27/infertility-a-common-problem-but-a-burden-for-
women-in-afghanistan/
32. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8117903/
33. Psychosocial aspects of infertility and its treatment. Malina A, Błaszkiewicz A,
Owczarz U. Ginekol Pol. 2016;87:527–531. doi: 10.5603/GP.2016.0038.
34. 1.WHO: Infertility. [ Jul; 2022 ]. 2022.
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/infertility
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/infertility
35. 2.Psychosocial aspects of infertility and its treatment. Malina A, Błaszkiewicz A,
Owczarz U. Ginekol Pol. 2016;87:527–531. doi: 10.5603/GP.2016.0038. [DOI]
[PubMed] [Google Scholar]
36. 3.Clinical determinants of mental disorders occurring during the infertility treatment.
Holka-Pokorska J, Jarema M, Wichniak A. Psychiatr Pol. 2015;49:965–982. doi:
10.12740/PP/35958. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
37. 4.Infertility and psychological distress: a critical review of the literature. Greil AL.
Soc Sci Med. 1997;45:1679–1704. doi: 10.1016/s0277-9536(97)00102-0. [DOI]
[PubMed] [Google Scholar]
38. 5.Quality of life and sexual functioning of Polish infertile couples. Drosdzol A,
Skrzypulec V. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care. 2008;13:271–281. doi:
10.1080/13625180802049187. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
39. 6.International estimates of infertility prevalence and treatment-seeking: potential
need and demand for infertility medical care. Boivin J, Bunting L, Collins JA, Nygren
KG. Hum Reprod. 2007;22:1506–1512. doi: 10.1093/humrep/dem046. [DOI]
[PubMed] [Google Scholar]
40. 7.Effect of psychological stress on the L-arginine-nitric oxide pathway and semen
quality. Eskiocak S, Gozen AS, Taskiran A, Kilic AS, Eskiocak M, Gulen S. Braz J
Med Biol Res. 2006;39:581–588. doi: 10.1590/s0100-879x2006000500003. [DOI]
[PubMed] [Google Scholar]
41. 8.Effect of the Lebanese civil war on sperm parameters. Abu-Musa AA, Nassar AH,
Hannoun AB, Usta IM. Fertil Steril. 2007;88:1579–1582. doi:
10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.01.067. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
42. 9.Decline in sex ratio at birth after 10-day war in Slovenia: brief communication.
Zorn B, Sucur V, Stare J, Meden-Vrtovec H. Hum Reprod. 2002;17:3173–3177. doi:
10.1093/humrep/17.12.3173. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
43. 10.[The effect of stress on the semen quality] Jurewicz J, Hanke W, Sobala W,
Merecz D, Radwan M. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21452563/ Med Pr.
2010;61:607–613. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
44. 11.Effects of psychological stress on human semen quality. Fenster L, Katz DF,
Wyrobek AJ, Pieper C, Rempel DM, Oman D, Swan SH.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9154514/ J Androl. 1997;18:194–202. [PubMed]
[Google Scholar]
45. 12.Infertility and the role of psychotherapy. Hart VA. Issues Ment Health Nurs.
2002;23:31–41. doi: 10.1080/01612840252825464. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google
Scholar]
46. 13.Psychological side-effects of clomiphene citrate and human menopausal
gonadotrophin. Choi SH, Shapiro H, Robinson GE, et al. J Psychosom Obstet
Gynaecol. 2005;26:93–100. doi: 10.1080/01443610400022983. [DOI] [PubMed]
[Google Scholar]
47. 14.Depressive mood symptoms associated with ovarian suppression. Warnock JK,
Bundren JC, Morris DW. Fertil Steril. 2000;74:984–986. doi: 10.1016/s0015-
0282(00)01607-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
48. 15.Depressive symptoms related to infertility and infertility treatments. Wilkins KM,
Warnock JK, Serrano E. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2010;33:309–321. doi:
10.1016/j.psc.2010.01.009. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
49. 16.The complex relationship between infertility and psychological distress (Review)
Simionescu G, Doroftei B, Maftei R, et al. Exp Ther Med. 2021;21:306. doi:
10.3892/etm.2021.9737. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
50. 17.Role of mental health practitioner in infertility clinics: A review on past, present
and future directions. Patel A, Sharma PS, Kumar P. J Hum Reprod Sci.
2018;11:219–228. doi: 10.4103/jhrs.JHRS_41_18. [DOI] [PMC free article]
[PubMed] [Google Scholar]
51. 18.Guidelines for counselling in infertility: outline version. Boivin J, Appleton TC,
Baetens P, et al. Hum Reprod. 2001;16:1301–1304. doi: 10.1093/humrep/16.6.1301.
[DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
52. 19.Counseling-supportive interventions to decrease infertile women's perceived
stress: A systematic review. Yazdani F, Elyasi F, Peyvandi S, et al. Electron
Physician. 2017;9:4694–4702. doi: 10.19082/4694. [DOI] [PMC free article]
[PubMed] [Google Scholar]
53. 20.The efficacy of relaxation response interventions with adult patients: a review of
the literature. Mandle CL, Jacobs SC, Arcari PM, Domar AD. J Cardiovasc Nurs.
1996;10:4–26. doi: 10.1097/00005082-199604000-00003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google
Scholar]
54. 21.The impact of group psychological interventions on distress in infertile women.
Domar AD, Clapp D, Slawsby E, Kessel B, Orav J, Freizinger M. Health Psychol.
2000;19:568–575. doi: 10.1037//0278-6133.19.6.568. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google
Scholar]
55. 22.A prospective study using Hatha Yoga for stress reduction among women waiting
for IVF treatment. Oron G, Allnutt E, Lackman T, Sokal-Arnon T, Holzer H,
Takefman J. Reprod Biomed Online. 2015;30:542–548. doi:
10.1016/j.rbmo.2015.01.011. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
56. 23.The relationship between stress and infertility. Rooney KL, Domar AD.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6016043/#:~:text=The
%20relationship%20between%20stress%20and%20infertility%20has
%20been,however%2C%20is%20whether%20or%20not%20stress%20causes
%20infertility. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2018;20:41–47. doi:
10.31887/DCNS.2018.20.1/klrooney. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google
Scholar]
57. 24.Exploratory randomized trial on the effect of a brief psychological intervention on
emotions, quality of life, discontinuation, and pregnancy rates in in vitro fertilization
patients. Domar AD, Gross J, Rooney K, Boivin J. Fertil Steril. 2015;104:440–451.
doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2015.05.009. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
58. 25.A feasibility study of a brief coping intervention (PRCI) for the waiting period
before a pregnancy test during fertility treatment. Lancastle D, Boivin J. Hum Reprod.
2008;23:2299–2307. doi: 10.1093/humrep/den257. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
59. 26.When and why do subfertile couples discontinue their fertility care? A longitudinal
cohort study in a secondary care subfertility population. Brandes M, van der Steen JO,
Bokdam SB, Hamilton CJ, de Bruin JP, Nelen WL, Kremer JA. Hum Reprod.
2009;24:3127–3135. doi: 10.1093/humrep/dep340. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
60. 27.ESHRE guideline: routine psychosocial care in infertility and medically assisted
reproduction-a guide for fertility staff. Gameiro S, Boivin J, Dancet E, et al. Hum
Reprod. 2015;30:2476–2485. doi: 10.1093/humrep/dev177. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google
Scholar]
61. 28.Women's emotional adjustment to IVF: a systematic review of 25 years of
research. Verhaak CM, Smeenk JM, Evers AW, Kremer JA, Kraaimaat FW, Braat
DD. Hum Reprod Update. 2007;13:27–36. doi: 10.1093/humupd/dml040. [DOI]
[PubMed] [Google Scholar]
62. 29.Long-term psychological adjustment to IVF/ICSI treatment in women. Verhaak
CM, Smeenk JM, Nahuis MJ, Kremer JA, Braat DD. Hum Reprod. 2007;22:305–308.
doi: 10.1093/humrep/del355. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar