Technique Application Advantages Drawbacks
field
Discharge Test Used for capacity Easy and accurate; Offline, time intensive, modifies the battery state, loss of
Determination at the Independent of energy
beginning of life SOH
Coulomb All battery systems, Accurate if Sensitive to parasite reactions; needs regular re-
Counting most applications enough re- calibrations points
calibration points
are available and
with good current
measurements
OCV Lead,Lithium,Zn/Br Online,cheap,OC Needs long rest time (current=0)
V prediction
EMF Lead, Lithium Online,cheap,EM Needs long rest time (current=0)
F prediction
Linear model Lead photovoltaic Online, easy Needs reference data for fitting parameters
Impedance All systems Gives information Temperature sensitive, cost intensive
spectroscopy about SOH and
quality
DC internal Lead,Ni/Cd Gives information Good accuracy, but only for a short time interval
resistance about SOH,
possibility of
online
measurements
Artifical neural All battery systems Online Needs training data of a similar battery, expensive to
networks implement
Fuzzy logic All battery systems Online Ask memory in real-word application
Kalman filters All battery Online, dynamics Difficult to implement the filtering algorithm that
systems,PV,dynami considered
c application