Ancient India History

1.Tool Age
●​ Stone age (5 lakh BC - 6000 BC)
●​ Stone & Copper age (2500 BC -200 BC)
●​ Iron age (1000 BC - 500 BC)

2.Indus valley civilisation

●​ 3300 BC - 1900 BCE
●​ Bronze Age
●​ Harappa, mohenjo daro, lothal, dholavira ko UNESCO world Heritage मे लिया है ।
●​ Gagar-hakra river ko sarasvati river भी माना जाता है , यहाँ excavation हुई kaliban
(Rajasthan), Rakhigarhi (haryana), banavali (haryana), dholavira ( rann of kutch
gujarat).

3. Vedic period

1.​ Early vedic period ( 1500 - 1000 BC)

a.​ Aryan आए, इनमे से ही थे एक Bharata Tribe जिसके राजा थे sudas जो battle
of ten kings मे लड़े।
b.​ Bharata tribe ने puru tribe से मिलकर kuru tribe बनाई।
c.​ Bharata tribe के नाम पर इस दे श का नाम भारत वर्ष पड़ा।
2.​ Later vedic period (1000-500 BC)
a.​ Sama Veda:- mantra गाने का तरीका।
b.​ Yajur Veda:- यज्ञ का तरीका।
c.​ Atharva Veda:- जाद ू - टूना, health, social structure.

4. Mahajanapadas
●​ 6th-4th century BC
●​ 2nd phase urbanisation. 1st phase Indus valley civilisation था।
●​ 16 mahajanapadas थे।

5. The Mauryan Empire

●​ Chandragupta Maurya raised an army with the help of chanakya and overthrew the
nanda empire in 322BC.
●​ Mauryan dynasty में Grand trunk road patliputra patna se Taxila gandhara की
राजधानी currently in rawalpindi Pakistan तक बनी।
●​ Chandragupta Maurya ने jainism को फैलाया, और Ashoka ने Buddhism को।
●​ Lion capital of Ashoka in sarnath (varanasi) 4 lion back to back standing on

🔔
circular abacus, the buddhist wheel of the moral law appears in relief below each
lion. चक्रो के बीच animals है और abacus के नीचे bell है ।
○​ यही चक्र National flag मे हो और state emblem बने ये jawahar lal Nehru ne
propose किया।
 ●​ Emperor:-
○​ Chandragupta Maurya (322-298 BC)
○​ Ashoka (268 - 232 BC)
○​ Brihadratha (187 - 184 BC)
●​ Decline:-
○​ Brihadratha अपने ही commander in chief pushyamitra द्वारा मारा गया
और, pushyamitra ne shung dynasty establish की।

6. Post Mauryan period.

7. Gupta empire

●​ 240 CE- 550 CE

●​ Golden century
○​ Aryabhatta
○​ Sushrut samhita
○​ Iron pillar at Delhi rust free
○​ Ramayana & Mahabharata compiled in 4th century
○​ Kamasutra
○​ Kalidas
○​ Ajanta caves.

8. Regional kingdom
●​ Palas, pratiharas, Rashtrakutas in 9th century
●​ Pallava , pandya & chola dynasty in South India during 9th century

Medieval india History

1.​ Muslim invasion ( Arab and Turkish)
2.​ Delhi sultanate
3.​ Mughal dynasty
4.​ Vijay nagar dynasty
5.​ Sikhism.

Modern India history

Modern Indian history typically spans from the mid-18th century to the present day, covering
the colonial period, the struggle for independence, and post-independence India. Here is a
comprehensive syllabus for the study of modern Indian history:

1. The Advent of Europeans and British East India Company

European Penetration
●​ - **Arrival of Europeans**: Portuguese, Dutch, French, and British trading companies.
●​ - **Anglo-French Rivalry**: Carnatic Wars and their impact.
●​ - **Establishment of British Control**: Battle of Plassey (1757), Battle of Buxar
(1764).

Expansion and Consolidation

●​ - **British Expansion**: Policies of Warren Hastings, Lord Cornwallis, Lord Wellesley,
Lord Hastings.
●​ - **Subsidiary Alliance and Doctrine of Lapse**: Methods of territorial expansion.
●​ - **Anglo-Mysore and Anglo-Maratha Wars**: Key battles and outcomes.

2. British Economic Policies and Impact

Economic Policies
●​ - **Land Revenue Systems**: Permanent Settlement, Ryotwari System, Mahalwari
System.
●​ - **Commercialization of Agriculture**: Impact on peasants and rural society.
●​ - **Deindustrialization**: Decline of traditional industries and handicrafts.

Impact on Society
●​ - **Social and Cultural Impact**: Western education, social reforms, rise of middle
class.
●​ - **Famines and Public Health**: Major famines, public health policies.
●​ - **Railways and Infrastructure**: Development and impact on Indian society and
economy.

3. Socio-Religious Reforms and Cultural Awakening

Reform Movements
●​ - **Brahmo Samaj and Arya Samaj**: Key figures and contributions.
●​ - **Ramakrishna Mission and Theosophical Society**: Ideologies and impact.
●​ - **Muslim Reform Movements**: Aligarh Movement, Deoband Movement.

Cultural Renaissance
●​ - **Vernacular Literature and Press**: Growth of regional languages and newspapers.
●​ - **Art, Architecture, and Performing Arts**: Revival and development in colonial
context.

4. Early Resistance to British Rule

Peasant and Tribal Uprisings

●​ - **Early Revolts**: Sanyasi-Fakir Rebellion, Paika Rebellion, Santhal Rebellion.
●​ - **Tribal Uprisings**: Munda Rebellion, Bhil Revolt.

●​ Sepoy Mutiny (1857)

○​ - **Causes and Course**: Immediate and underlying causes, major events.
 ○​ - **Consequences and Significance**: Impact on British policies and Indian
society.

5. Indian National Movement

Formation of Indian National Congress

●​ - **Early Phase**: Objectives, methods, and key leaders (Moderates and Extremists).
●​ - **Partition of Bengal (1905)**: Swadeshi Movement and its impact.
●​ - **Muslim League Formation (1906)**: Objectives and early activities.

Gandhian Era

- **Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-22)**:

Causes
●​ **Rowlatt Act (1919):** -
●​ **Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (1919):**
●​ **Khilafat Movement:**- The defeat of the Ottoman Empire in World War I and the
subsequent disintegration of the Caliphate disturbed Indian Muslims. The Khilafat
Movement sought to protect the Ottoman Caliphate and was supported by Mahatma
Gandhi to unify Hindu and Muslim communities against British rule.

●​ **Economic Hardships:**- Post-war economic struggles, inflation, and increased

taxation led to widespread poverty and discontent among the Indian population.

●​ **Gandhi's Leadership:**- Mahatma Gandhi emerged as a unifying figure, advocating

for non-violent resistance and self-rule (Swaraj). His charisma and strategic vision
played a crucial role in mobilizing the masses.

Course
●​ **Launch of the Movement:**- Gandhi formally launched the Non-Cooperation
Movement in August 1920, urging Indians to withdraw from British institutions and
practices.

●​ **Boycott of Institutions:**- Indians were encouraged to boycott British educational

institutions, legal courts, government offices, and foreign goods. Many students and
professionals resigned from their positions in response.

●​ **Swadeshi and Khadi:**- Promotion of swadeshi (self-reliance) and khadi

(hand-spun cloth) became central. People were encouraged to spin their own cloth
and boycott British textiles.

●​ **Mass Protests and Strikes:**- Widespread protests, strikes, and demonstrations

occurred across the country. Farmers refused to pay taxes, and workers went on
strike, causing significant disruptions.
 ●​ **Violence and Repression:**- Despite the emphasis on non-violence, instances of
violence occurred, such as the Chauri Chaura incident in 1922, where protesters
killed police officers. The British government responded with severe repression,
arrests, and crackdowns.

●​ **Suspension of the Movement:**- The Chauri Chaura incident led Gandhi to call off
the movement in February 1922, believing that the people were not ready for a
completely non-violent struggle.

Impact
●​ **Political Awakening:** - The movement marked a significant shift in Indian political
consciousness. Millions of Indians, including those from rural areas, became actively
involved in the struggle for independence.

●​ **Unity Among Communities:**- The movement fostered a sense of unity among

diverse Indian communities, particularly Hindus and Muslims, despite later communal
tensions.

●​ **Strengthening of Congress:**- The Indian National Congress emerged as a mass

political party with a strong organizational base. Gandhi’s leadership transformed it
into a robust national movement.

●​ **Economic Impact:**- The boycott of British goods and promotion of swadeshi led to
a resurgence in Indian industries and handicrafts.

●​ **British Repression:**- The British response included mass arrests, censorship, and
repression, highlighting the oppressive nature of colonial rule and garnering further
support for the freedom struggle.

●​ **Foundation for Future Movements:**- Although the Non-Cooperation Movement

was suspended, it laid the groundwork for future movements, such as the Civil
Disobedience Movement and the Quit India Movement, and solidified non-violent
resistance as a powerful tool against colonial rule.

- **Civil Disobedience Movement (1930-34)**

Background

The Civil Disobedience Movement was launched by Mahatma Gandhi and the Indian
National Congress in response to the continued British refusal to grant India dominion status
and to address economic and political grievances.

Causes

1. **Failure of Simon Commission (1927):**

 - The Simon Commission, set up by the British to review constitutional reforms, did not
include any Indian members, leading to widespread protests and its rejection by Indian
leaders.

2. **Demand for Dominion Status:**

- The Nehru Report (1928) demanded dominion status for India, which was not accepted
by the British government.

3. **Economic Distress:**
- Economic hardships, exacerbated by the Great Depression, increased dissatisfaction
among Indians. High taxes, unemployment, and exploitation of Indian resources by the
British fueled discontent.

Key Events

1. **Dandi March (Salt March) - March 12 to April 6, 1930:**

- **Initiation:** Gandhi started the 240-mile march from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi to
protest the British monopoly on salt. He was accompanied by 78 followers, but thousands
joined as the march progressed.

- **Symbolic Defiance:** On reaching Dandi, Gandhi broke the salt law by making salt from
seawater, symbolizing defiance against unjust British laws.

- **Impact:** The march sparked widespread participation across the country, with people
making salt, boycotting British goods, refusing to pay taxes, and resigning from government
jobs.

2. **Widespread Civil Disobedience:**

- **Mass Participation:** People across India participated in acts of civil disobedience, such
as boycotting foreign cloth, refusing to pay taxes, and picketing liquor shops.

- **Repression:** The British government responded with severe repression, arresting over
60,000 people, including Gandhi and other prominent leaders.

3. **Round Table Conferences:**

- **First Round Table Conference (1930):** The British government called for a conference in
London to discuss constitutional reforms, but the Congress boycotted it due to the
imprisonment of its leaders.

- **Gandhi-Irwin Pact (March 1931):** To secure Congress participation, Viceroy Lord Irwin
negotiated with Gandhi, resulting in the release of political prisoners and the suspension of
the movement. Gandhi agreed to attend the Second Round Table Conference.
- **Second Round Table Conference (1931):** Gandhi represented the Congress, but the
talks failed to produce any significant agreement. The British refused to grant dominion
status and did not address key Indian demands.

- **Third Round Table Conference (1932):** Held without Congress participation, it was
largely ineffective and failed to resolve the constitutional deadlock.

Suspension of the Movement

1. **Repression and Fatigue:**

- **Repression:** The British government intensified repression, leading to widespread
arrests, violence, and economic hardships.
- **Decline:** The movement began to lose momentum due to sustained repression,
internal divisions, and the lack of immediate achievements.

2. **Reform Proposals:**
- The British government proposed constitutional reforms, leading to the Government of
India Act, 1935. Although not fully satisfying Indian demands, it provided a framework for
future political developments.

Impact

1. **Increased Political Awareness:**

- The movement significantly raised political consciousness among Indians and
strengthened the resolve for complete independence.

2. **Unity and Mobilization:**

- It fostered greater unity among diverse social and regional groups, bringing more people
into the nationalist struggle, including women and rural communities.

3. **Economic Self-Reliance:**
- The boycott of British goods promoted indigenous industries and self-reliance.

4. **International Attention:**
- The movement garnered significant international attention, highlighting the legitimacy of
the Indian struggle for freedom.

5. **British Concessions:**
- While immediate goals were not achieved, the movement compelled the British to
consider constitutional reforms, leading to the Government of India Act, 1935.

The Civil Disobedience Movement was a crucial phase in India's independence struggle,
demonstrating the power of mass non-violent resistance and laying the groundwork for
future campaigns against British rule.

- **Quit India Movement (1942)**:

Causes

1. **World War II and Indian Involvement:**

- The British unilaterally involved India in World War II without consulting Indian leaders,
leading to widespread resentment. The Indian National Congress demanded a post-war
promise of independence, which the British refused.

2. **Failure of Cripps Mission (1942):**

- The Cripps Mission, sent by the British government to secure Indian cooperation during
the war, offered limited self-governance and no immediate independence, which was
rejected by Indian leaders.

3. **Economic Hardships:**
- The war exacerbated economic issues in India, including inflation, shortages of essential
goods, and famine-like conditions in some regions, notably the Bengal famine of 1943.

4. **Rising Nationalist Sentiment:**

- Increasing frustration with British rule and the desire for immediate independence
galvanized the Indian population. The success of previous movements under Gandhi’s
leadership also inspired confidence in mass resistance.

Course

1. **Launch of the Movement:**

- On August 8, 1942, the All India Congress Committee, led by Mahatma Gandhi, passed
the Quit India Resolution at the Bombay session, demanding an end to British rule. Gandhi
called for mass civil disobedience with the slogan "Do or Die."

2. **Immediate Repression:**
- The British government responded swiftly by arresting Gandhi and other top Congress
leaders, including Jawaharlal Nehru and Sardar Patel, early on August 9, 1942. This led to a
leaderless but widespread and spontaneous uprising.

3. **Mass Protests:**
- Despite the lack of centralized leadership, protests erupted across India. People engaged
in strikes, demonstrations, and acts of sabotage, such as destroying communication and
transportation infrastructure.

4. **Violence and Repression:**

- The movement saw significant violence, with protesters clashing with police and military
forces. The British employed brutal repression, including mass arrests, public flogging, and
shooting protesters.

5. **Underground Activities:**
- With many leaders imprisoned, some went underground to continue resistance activities.
Notable figures like Jayaprakash Narayan and Aruna Asaf Ali played crucial roles in keeping
the movement alive through clandestine operations.
6. **Role of the Indian National Army (INA):**
- Concurrently, Subhas Chandra Bose, an exiled nationalist leader, formed the INA with
Japanese support, fighting against British forces in Southeast Asia. The INA's activities
boosted nationalist sentiments within India.

Impact

1. **Widespread Mobilization:**
- The movement marked one of the most intense phases of the Indian independence
struggle, involving millions of Indians from all walks of life, including students, workers, and
peasants.

2. **Severe British Repression:**

- The British arrested over 100,000 people, imposed martial law in many areas, and
executed or deported several activists. The movement was effectively crushed by the end of
1942, but sporadic resistance continued until 1944.

3. **International Attention:**
- The Quit India Movement drew significant global attention to India's independence
struggle. The harsh British response was widely criticized and led to increased international
support for India's cause.

4. **Strengthened Resolve for Independence:**

- Despite its immediate suppression, the movement intensified Indian determination for
independence. The massive participation and sacrifices further delegitimized British rule.

5. **Post-War Developments:**
- After World War II, the economic and political pressures on Britain increased. The Quit
India Movement highlighted the untenability of British rule in India, contributing to the
decision to grant independence.

6. **Transfer of Power:**
- The political atmosphere created by the Quit India Movement, along with other factors
like the INA trials and naval mutinies in 1946, culminated in the British decision to leave
India. The movement set the stage for the final phase of the freedom struggle, leading to
India's independence on August 15, 1947.

The Quit India Movement was a significant milestone in India's journey to independence. It
showcased the power of mass resistance and the unyielding spirit of the Indian people,
ultimately contributing to the end of British colonial rule.

Revolutionary Movements
●​ - **Key Revolutionary Organizations**: Anushilan Samiti, Ghadar Party, HSRA.
●​ - **Notable Figures and Events**: Bhagat Singh, Chittagong Armoury Raid, Naval
Mutiny.
6. Towards Independence and Partition

Constitutional Developments
●​ - **Government of India Acts**: 1909, 1919, 1935.
●​ - **Cripps Mission, Cabinet Mission, and Interim Government**: Proposals and
outcomes.

Independence and Partition

●​ - **Role of INA and Subhas Chandra Bose**: Formation, campaigns, and impact.
●​ - **Mountbatten Plan (1947)**: Partition and Independence.
●​ - **Communal Violence and Refugee Crisis**: Humanitarian impact and challenges.

7. Post-Independence India (1947 onwards)

Political Developments
●​ - **Integration of Princely States**:
○​ Sardar Patel’s role, Hyderabad, Junagadh, Kashmir.
●​ - **Constitution of India (1950)**:
○​ Drafting, key features, and significance.
●​ - **Political Parties and Electoral Politics**: Major parties, elections, and political
dynamics.

Economic and Social Policies

●​ - **Five-Year Plans**: Objectives, successes, and failures.
●​ - **Land Reforms and Green Revolution**: Impact on agriculture and rural society.
●​ - **Industrialization and Economic Liberalization**: Key policies and outcomes.

Foreign Policy
●​ - **Non-Alignment Movement**: Objectives and significance.
●​ - **Indo-Pak Wars and Indo-China War**: Causes, courses, and consequences.
●​ - **Relations with Superpowers**: Cold War dynamics, post-Cold War foreign policy.

Social Movements and Cultural Changes

●​ - **Caste and Social Justice Movements**: Dalit movements, Mandal Commission.
●​ - **Women's Movement**: Key issues and developments.
●​ - **Cultural and Intellectual Developments**: Literature, cinema, and media evolution.