READING PASSAGE 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 on page 2 and 3. BUILDING A CASTLE Guédelon is no ordinary building site. There is no rumble of diggers or shriek of circular saws. All is peaceful and quiet, save for the continual tapping of the small army of stonemasons, the quacking of the ducks or the occasional crow of the cockerel, Slowly but surely, a brand new medieval castle is rising from the woods of Guédelon, Yonne, home to the Burgundy vineyards in the heart of France. The year is 1229 that is, for the perposes of this project: to build a prince's ‘chateau fort’ using only the techniques and tools of the 13" century ‘The project has four main aims,’ explains Macyline Martin, managing director for Guédelon. ‘The first is experimental archaeology — to try and verify all the theories, based on documents of the time, There's also a social aim, because this region is very poor. with high unemployment: s0 it provides jobs. Then there's tourism: the project couldn't work without visitors because a lot of money is needed to pay people working here and to run the site. And finally, we want to open experimental archaeology to everybody — because in France, history and architecture are still very much oriented to academics.’ The idea for the project emerged about five years ago. It was the brainchild of Michel Guyot, who bought and renovated the nearby castle of Saint-Fargeau, which was built and rebuild between the 10” and 18" centuries, Beneath hist castle were the original foundations of the 13".century building. Guyot thought it would be fun to construct a chateau to the same pians, but this proved too big to attempt, So Jacques Moulin, managing director for the locai historical monuments, drew up plans for a smaller castle that would stil be ambitious, but realistic. Five months later, having managed to get together 600,000 Euros in funding, they began looking for a site that would provide all the materials they needed: stone, water, sand, wood, iron and clay. They found it at Guédelon. The only major cheat'so far was early on when a mechanical earthmover was brought in to raise the castle floor. Archaeologists know how it was done in the 13 century: by backbreaking, tedious work. ‘To do it by hand would have added ten years to the project,’ says Franck, one of the site’s guides. It’s stil a long, painstaking task. Next to the beginnings of the east wall is the quarry, where masons extract the ferruginous limestone to build the thick castle walls. They bore lines of holes into the rocks and then they hammer metal wedges into them unti the rock spits along the line. It is then hewn into bricks, and cemented together with a mortar of chalk, sand and quicklime. Quickiime is made by heating limestone to 800°C — done off-site because of the poisonous gases that come from the process. Little wonder that 13"-century lime- burners had a life expectancy of only 25-30 years. ‘The bricks are the laid horizontally for the first metre of the wal, and vertically thereafter,’ says Franck, ‘because if there was a shock from, say, a catapult, and the stones were all laid in the same way, the shockwave would shatter the wall.” The scientists and craftspeople alike are learning on the job, as they don’t know exactly why or how things were done as the historical evidence suggests. One such discovery significance of the marks that masons carved into each finished stone. It was thought that these probably had superstitious meaning, but experience and archaeological research reveals three very practical uses: to establish how much each mason shouldbe paid; to keep track of who made what, in case of any problems; and to specify where the stone should be placed in the castle reconstruction. Guédelon has scientific committee of archaeologists that discusses ideas and problems as they emerge, and will approve works and practices only when its members are sure that they are true to the 13” century. Reaching unanimity is not always easy. ‘All the big plans for the castle itself all done but the details aren't settled,’ says Martin. ‘So, during the winter, the site manager and I visit other castles in the region. When we see ‘something we want to do here, we draw a sketch, make plans and show this to the committee’ The castle will take at least a decade longer to build then it would have in the 13" century. ‘With the same number of workers it would have taken 15 years then,’ says Franck. 'But we could do this too if we had only professional workers, if the site wasn't ‘open to the public and if we worked harder — today i's illegal to work more than 8 hours ‘a day, as thoy did at the time.” Workers come and go but at any one time about 40 people are working on the site, Some are students, others have ‘downshifted’ from other careers, others are local unemployed people leaming skills they might use elsewhere — say, in chateau restorations around France. They are trained on the site as the need arises, and in the winter they may be trained in modem techniques as part of Guédelon’s social remit. So, indeed, what will happen when Guédelon’s magical-looking castle is complete? They might build houses eround it; perhaps villages may develop, testing out 13°- century agricultural techniques. If they can build this castle, anything seems possible.Questions 1-4 Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1 In boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet, write 4, TRUE If the statement agrees with the information FALSE if the statement contradicts the information NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this ‘One of the reasons for building the castle is to make history more accessible to the general public. Guyot was reluctant to abandon his original idea in fevour of a more realistic Project. The lime-burners did not live long because their bodies were damaged by the extreme heat The bricks used to be laid in different ways to lessen the impact of an attack. Questions 5-7 Choose THREE letters, A-H. Write the correct letters in boxes 5-7 on your answer sheet. The list befow gives reasons why the castle-may be taking @ long time to build. Which THREE reasons are mentioned by the writer of the text? xO7moOm> the reluctance of workers to commit themselves to the project the lengthy training programmes the workers have to do having to abide by modern employment regulations the inability of committee members to reach any decsisions tourists who come and visit the site the number of unskilled workers employed having to do-everything by hand the difficulty of finding authentic raw materialsQuestions 8-13 Complete the flow-chart below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 8-13 on your answer sheet. How the limestone is extracted and used The 8 drill rows of 10 seseeeeneeeeee AF@ USOD ‘The resuitis that the rock eventually l U1. . ‘Once extracted, the limestone —— ™ is made into or, through a 13... 12... ssotes | Quickiene | process, can be used to makeREADING PASSAGE 2 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 Questions 14-20 Reading Passage 2 has seven paragraphs, A-G. Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below. Write the correct number, i-x, in boxes 14-20 on your answer sheet List of Headings i Whyit'is necessary to explain the meaning of the word celebrity The influence of non-human celebrities on societies The impact of broadcasting on concepts of celebrity Creativity having greater value ‘Admiration ‘or physical achievement The advantages of celebrity status in the ancient world A result of hardship Literacy and widespread celebrity Attitudes of celebrities towards the media The original definition of celebrity 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Paragraph A Paragraph 8 Paragraph C Paragraph D Paragraph E Paragraph F Paragraph GA study of western celebrity In our celebrity-obsessed culture, TV shows, internet blogs, and even newspapers are ofter gossip and scandals A. It seems that our current society cannot get ‘of celebrities. But how did celebrities become so much an important force in our culture? While people have always had shared a certain obsession for the fantastic and the famous, the notion of celebrity, as well as the types of people termed ‘celebrities’, has evolved greatly throughout the ages. The word ‘celebrity’ has its roots in the language of the ancient Roman civilization. The word we now know to mean ‘a condition of being famous’ or ‘a famous person’ is derived from the Latin word ‘celeber’, meaning ‘frequented or populous B The celebrities of the ancient world were the powerful and awesome deities of Greece and Rome, and the citizens of these civilizations believed in a vast number of immortals. who had a direct impact on their lives. It was, therefore, important to know about these figures’ personal lives. This need to know led to the creation ef myths, which personalized the gods and involved them in ancient celebrity scandals that thrilled and excited the common people. © During ancient times, amateur and professional athletes also began to make an impact ‘on the celebrity culture. Victors in the ancient Olympic Games were treated as heroes and were often elevated to god-like status. In the ancient Roman civilization, gladiators — the equivalent of today’s professional athletes — were also revered by the common people for their heroics and seemingly superhuman strength. D As Europe moved into the Dark Ages (the years spanning approximately 400-1300 ‘AD) and a time when athletics and the arts were largely forgotten, monarchs and rulers continued to maintain celebrity status, while religious figures took on nevifound fame, The miraculous lives and fascinating deaths of spintual figures lent excitement to the lives of ‘common people when there was often little else to be excited about, as they faced war, disease and food shortages, E During the period 1300-1600 AD, or the Renaissance period as it is known, interest in ruling figures faded. As Europe emerged from its long neglect of the arts, there was. greater appreciation for portraits, statues and stone carvings. This period of appreciation for the arts lent a sense of celebrity to artists who were noted for their works and their personal achievements. It was a time when artists began to surpass political and religious individuals for supreme celebrity ~ a trend that would continue into later centuries. F While the figures of the ancient and early modern civilizations were able to achieve moderate and sometimes lasting celebrity within particular cultures, the global reach of their fame was limited. It was not until the 1700s, when technological advances made publishing commercially viable, that the extent of a person's fame could sproad further. The increase in the availabilty of the written word was accompanied by a huge rise in the number of common people who could read, allowing a mass audience to find out about celebrities for the first time. Suddenly, the lives of authors, politicians, war heroes, and other celebrities could now be read about in newspapers around the world. These gave‘ordinary people the opportunity to become intimately knowledgeable about the figures they most admired. G Inthe modern are, particularly as radio and film took off in the 1900s, things really began to change. First, radio began to make its way into the average home in the 1920s and 1930s, Professional athletes also began to be regarded as stars, as their games and exploits could be broadcast over the air for an entirely new audience. Then, the rise of television in the 1950s only cemented the premier level of celebrity that film stars, athletes and television actors were beginning to share. This also meant a huge increase in the individual salaries of these celebrities. Even a few animals gained fame through children's TV shows. The emergence of reality television shows in the late 1990s allowed all kinds of people with itle ability to enjoy a short burst of fame on the television screen. All you needed, it seemed, was an attractive appearance. Today, realty television programmers make it possible to be famous nor for doing anything in particular, but simply for being, with the audience deciding whether someone deserves to become a celebrity or not. As the meaning of celebrity continues to evolve and redefine itself in a quickly changing world, there is no telling who will become of interest nextQuestions 21-23 Look at the following statements (Questions 21-23) and the list of histoncal penods in Europe below. Match each siatement with the correct historical period, A, B, C or D. Write the correct letter, A, B, Cor D, in boxes 21-23 on your answer sheet. 21 Awide variety of people achieve a brief period of fame. 22 Stories are invented about celebrities lives. 23° The fame of rulers is starting to diminish, List of historical periods in Europe A Ancient times B Dark Ages C Renaissance D Modern era Questions 24-26 Complete the summary below. Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 24-26 on your answer sheet. Celebrities achieve a glob: ‘The development of the publishing industry in the 1700s signalled the beginning of international fame. A growing number of people could read, which meant they had the chance to become informed about their favourite figures by reading 24 - This exposure to celebrities expanded further when radio and television became popular, and it was mass rhedia attention that resulted in higher status and fame for some celebrities, The recent rise of reality television has also meant that a person's 25 ..... father than their talent can bring fame. With this type of television programme, fame may be entirely dependent on the response of the 26....READING PASSAGE 3 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 on pages 10 and 11. ‘Some views on the use of headphones. Whether wearing headphones at work, or in other areas of everyday life, is a good thing or a bad thing has generated a lot of research and opinion To visit @ typical modern office today is to walk into a room with possibly a dozen songs playing simultaneous'y but to hear none of them. Up to half of younger workers listen to music on their headphones, and nearly all of them think it makes them better at their jobs. In survey after survey, people report with confidence that music makes them happier, better at concentrating, and more productive. Scientists do not share this belief, they maintain that listening to music hurts people's ability to recall other things they should be doing, and any pop song, loud or soft, reduces overall performance for both extroverts and introverts, A Taiwanese study linked music that has lyrics to lower marks on concentration tests-for college students, ‘and otner research has shown music with lyrics scrambles our brains’ verbal-processing skills. ‘As silence has the best overall performance, it would still be advisable that people work in silence,’ another reporter dryly concluded. The question is therefore: if headphones are so bad for productivity, why do so many people at work have them? One factor to consider‘is that countries like the USA have moved from a farming and manufacturing economy to a service economy, with an ‘emphasis on jobs in offices that require high¢r levels of concentration, reflection and creativity. As an estimated 70 percent of office workers work in open-plan office spaces, itis more important to create one's own enclosing bubble of sound. Lending strength to the argument for headphones at work is evidence that music relaxes our muscles, improves our mood, and may even moderately reduce blood pressure, heart rate and anxiety The story of headphones began in 1910, when the US Navy received an odd letter varitten in purple ink on blue-and-pink paper. The letter writer, an eccentric inventor and repairman named Nathaniel Baldwin, from the USA state of Utah, made what at the time was an astonishing claim: ne had built, in his kitchen, a new kind of headset that ‘could amplify sound. This was an opportune invention for the Navy, who asked for a ‘sound test and then enthusiastically adopted the headsets, later called headohones, and used them in World War | for naval radio communication. ‘The purpose of headphones is to concentrate a quiet and private sound in the ear of the listener, which is a radical departure from music's social purpose in history. ‘Music, together with dance, co-evolved biologically and culturally to serve as a technology of social bonding,’ Nills L Wallin and Bjorn Merker wrote in The Origins of Music. Songs don't leave behind fossils, but evidence of musical notation dates back to Sumeria, 3.5000 years ago, and in 1995 archeologists discovered a bone flute in southem Europe estimated to be 44,000 years old. If music evolved as a social glue for the species, as a way to make groups and keep them together, headphones have done what writing and literacy did for language — they made music private.Author and columnist Stephen Marche wrote that separation from other people is one of the first things ordinary Americans spend their money achieving. It is ‘a by-product of a long-standing national appetite for independence,’ he said. Americans are not alone in their desire for personal independence and privacy. Marche is right; wealth can buy — and modern technology can deliver — personal independence, and itis this that people have always sought. Dr Michael Bull, an expert on personal music devices from the University of Sussex in the UK, has repeatedly made the larger point that personal music devices change how we relate to public spaces. Controlling our public spaces is more important now that more people are moving from the edges of cities to live in urban centers. ‘With the urban space, the more it's inhabited, the safer you feel,’ Bull says, 'You feel safe if you can feel people there, but you don't’ want to interact with them.’ Headphones create shields for wearers, separating them from other people and their surroundings. Headphones have their own rules of good manners; they are like wearing a ‘Do not disturb’ sign. We assume that people wearing them are busy and we should respect their privacy, so now people wear them to appear busy. In fact, itis now becoming quite common for people not to listen to anything at ali, but just to wear headphones. However, as pointed out at the beginning of this piece, although scientists have stated that headphones are bad for productivity, people still wear them at work. It is not just that headphones create privacy out of public areas, but also that music causes people to relax and reflect and pause. The outcome of relaxation, reflection and pausing at work won't be captured in minute-to-minute produetivity metrics. What must be considered is that in moments of extreme focus, our attention radiates outward, toward the problem, rather than inward, on how to sdive the problem. However, with music “When our minds are at ease, we're morevikely to direct the spotlight of attention inward,’ Jonah Lehrer wrote in his book Jmagine: How Creativity Works. The answers have been there all along. We just weren't listening.” In a crowded world, real estate is the ultimate scarce resource, and a headphone is a small invisible fence around our minds — making space, creating separation, and helping us listen to ourselvesQuestions 27-31 Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 3? In boxes 27-31 on your answer sheet, write YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer No if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer NOT GIVEN It itis impossible to say what the wnter thinks about this 27 Young people are easily persuaded by surveys that listening to music is beneficial 28 Different studies share the same conclusions about the desirability of working in silence 29 Some doctors recommend wearing headphones to lower blood pressure 30 Nathaniel Baldwin was a respected government researcher 31 The effect of the invention of headphones is comparable to the effect of the invention of the writing Questions 32-36 Choose the conect letter, A, B, C or D. Wnite the correct letter in boxes 32-36 on your answer sheet. 32 What does the writer suggest'about a service economy? ‘A The work is mentally demanding Bit provides employment for younger workers C Its a small part of a country’s economy D Workers have to live in urban centres 33 When the writer mentions the historical evidence for early music he is Aemphasizing the diversity of musical forms B expressing his frustration with the limited archaeological evidence uncovered C lending support to the view that music has been important in human history D creating 2 geographical map of the evolution of music 34 What does the writer say about the social effects of listening to music through headphones? Alt has caused a reduction in the number of people who listen to music B It has increased people's participation in music events C It has reduced the global variation of music styles. Dit has changes the traditional role of music in society35 What does the writer say about personal independence? ‘A Americans are unique in their desire for personal independence B Personal independence is something that can be purchased C Striving for personal independence is a recent phenomenon D Personal independence destroys social connections 36 Why does the writer quote Jonah Lehrer in the last paragraph? ‘A to support the writer's own view B to draw attention to an authonttative book about music C to raise awareness of people's loss of listening skils D to illustrate how music brings people closer to each other Questions 37-40 Complete the summary using the list of words, A-1, below. Write the correct letter, A-I, in boxes 37-40 on your answer sheet. Headphones and city living Dr Michael Bull believes that listening to music through headphones has changed the 37 .sscsssne the Wearers of headphones have with public spaces. Living in the centre f cities is becoming popular, as people become léss keen on living in the 38 ............... In densely populated city centres, headphones form 39 ............ that isolate people from fellow citizens and from their environment, Wearers of headphones are treated with 40 that other people do not receive. This is because if we ‘see someone wearing headphones, we believe they must be occupied in some way and should not be interrupted. Acourtesy B relationship C difficulty Dcountryside E suburbs F language G barriers Hobstacles, | disapprovalPart 1 Questions 1-10 Complete the notes. Write ONE WORD AND/OR A NUMBER for each ancwer. Renting an apartment Location in central Sydney Description al, apartment (for one or two people) + approximately 34 square meters a shared 2... on the fourteenth floor + Views of the 3... + outdoor area:a 4... Tenants have a5. (no charge for residents) an indoor pool “two . (reduced charge for residents) underground 7. + easy access to transport in the area Rent + $8. per month Other details + available from 10. AugustPart 2 Question 11-20 Questions 11-16 Complete the flow-charts below. Choose SIX answers from the box and write the correct letter, A-I next to questions 11-15, 12 months'probation Circuit-based Provisional licence Renewable after one year Revision Road-based Road safety check RTD test Trial test A B © D E F 6 H ' Driving lessons Theory course Practical course Lessons(classroom Training and ‘or online) assessment (14... ee + . 4 Training and (classroom) assessment, Tn (on the highways) Road Traffic Department(RTD) testi Trial test Full driving licence a )Questions 17-20 Choose the correct letter, A, Bor €. 7 18 19 If you want to do the theory course, you ‘A have to reserve a place. B can get details on the internet. © must pay the whole cost in advance. What does the woman say about the theory classes? A. They are available in more than one language B All the necessary materials are provided. © Trainees stay together for the whole course, What does the woman say about the practical course? ‘A. You must attend'a session every day. B You are allowed to drive your own car © You can book at certain shops. There is no charge for a cancelled practical session if A the instructor agrees to reschedule it, B the required amount of notice is given. C amedical certificate is producedPart 3 Question 21-30 Questions 21-25 Choose the correct letter, A,B or C. 2 22 23 24 25 Product development presentation: mosquito net Edward heard about a type of mosquito net from A an administrator. B a doctor. © atriend. Edward believes that mosquito nets were first used in A China, B Japan, © Eoypt. Chemical treatment of mosquito nets in the mi twentieth century A _was first developed by a soldier B__made them potentially dangerous to users. © was made possible by modern textiles. The owners of present-day nets A. are likely to find they have an unpleasant smell B should avoid using them every night. may have difficulty obtaining the necessary chemical, According to Edward, Olyset nets are better than other nets because they A. remain effective for longer. Buse a greater number of chemicals C give protection against more types of insectsQuestions26-30 Complete the flow-chart below, Choose FIVE answers from the box and write the correct letter, A-G, next to questions 26-30, workiorce sources of funding investment opportunities unique features of the product mon wD future developments production figures national economies Seminar presentation Context: need for anti-malarial products Figures relating to. * global incidence of the disease . impact on 26 + Mosquitonets oo © History e P. Production . information about 28 .. . profile of manufacturer with description of 29 .. a _ (according to website)Part 4 Question 31-40 Complete the sentences below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer. Earth-sheltered Housing Advantages: shas 231. on the environment increased use of energy-efficient 32... anun technologies can have a very long 33... easy to maintain no noise from the 34... outside (big problem in many conventional homes) health benefits from advanced methods of 35. Earth sheltered housing in the UK: no longer difficult to get planning permission more likely to get approval for development in 36.. so FAS «may replace mobile homes on the coast Questions 37-40 Which UK projects have the following features?Choose the correct answer. AMole Manor B the Hockerton Project ‘Cboth Mole Manor and the Hockerton Project, 37 favourable reaction .. 38 self-sufficiency in energy 39 low building costs ..... 40 luxurious accommodation ..READING PASSAGE 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1. How to find your way out of a food desert Ordinary citizens have been using the internet to draw attention to the lack of healthy eating options in inner cities Over the last few months, a survey has been carried out of over 200 greengrocers and convenience stores in Crown Heights, a neighborhood in Brooklyn, New York, As researchers from the Brooklyn Food Association enter the details, colorful dots appear on their online map, which display the specific location of each of the food stores in a handful of central Brooklyn neighborhoods. Clicking on a dot will show you the store's name and whether it carries fresh fruit and vegetables, wholegrain bread, low-fat dairy and other healthy options ‘The researchers plan eventually to survey the entire borough of Brooklyn. We want to get toa more specific and detailed description of what that looks like’, says Jeffrey Heehs, who leads the project. He hopes it will help residents find fresh food in urban areas where the stores sell mostly packaged snacks or fast food, areas otherwise known as food deserts. The aim of the project is'also to assist government officials in assessing food availability, and in forming future policies about what kind of food should be sold and where. In fact, the Brooklyn project represents the intersection of two growing trends: mapping fresh food markets in US cities, and private citizens creating online maps of local neighborhood features. According to Michael Goodchild, a geographer at the University of California at Santa Barbara, citizen, map makers may make maps because there is no good government map, or to record problems such as burned-out traffic lights. According to recent studies, people at higher risk of chronic disease and who receive minimal incomes for the work they do, frequently live in neighborhoods located in food deserts. But how did these food deserts arise? Linda Alwitt and Thomas Donley, marketing researchers at DePaul University in Chicago, found that supermarkets often can't afford the amount of land required for their stores in cities. City planning researcher Cliff Guy and colleagues at the University of Leeds in the UK found in 2004 that smaller urban groceries tend to close due to competition from suburban supermarkets, As fresh food stores leave a neighborhood, residents find it harder to eat well and stay healthy. Food deserts are linked with lower local health outcomes, and they may be a driving force in the health disparities between lower-income and affluent people in the US. Until recently, the issue attracted litle national attention, and received no ongoing funding for research. Now, more US cities are becoming aware of their food landscapes. Last year, the United States Department of Agriculture launched a map of where food stores are located in all the US counties. Mari Gallagher, who runs a private consulting fim, says het researchers have mapped food stores and related them to health statistics for the sities of Detroit, Chicago, Cincinnati and Washington, D.C. These maps help citiesidentify where food deserts are and, occasionally, have documented that people living in food ceserts have higher rates of diet-related diseases ‘The Brooklyn project differs in that it's run by a local core of five volunteers who have worked on the project for the past year, rather than trained, academic researchers. To gather data, they simply go to individual stores with pre-printed surveys in hand, and once the storekeeper's permission has been obtained, check off boxes on their list against the products for sole in the store. Their approach to data collection and research has been made possible by technologies such as mapping software and GPS-related ‘smart phones, Google Maps and OpenStreeMap, an open-source online map with a history of involvement in social issues. Like Brooklyn Food Association volunteers, many citizen online map makers use maps to bring local problems to official attention, Goodchild says. Heehs, the mapping project leader, says that after his group gathers more data, it will compare neighborhoods, come up with solutions to address local needs, and then present them to New York City officials. Their website hasn't caught them much local or official attention yet, however, It was launched only recently, but its creators haven't yet set up systems to see who's looking at it. Experts who visited the Brooklyn group's site were optimistic but cautious. ‘This kind of detailed information could be very useful’ says Michele Ver Ploeg, an economist for the Department of Agriculture. To make the map more helpful to both residents and policy makers, she would like to see price data for healthy products, too. Karen Ansel, a registered dietician and a spokesperson for the American Dietetic Association, found the site confusing to navigate. ‘That said, with this information in place the group has the tools to build a more user-friendly site that could be ... very helpful to consumers’, she says. ‘The group also should ensure their map is available to those who don't have internet access at home’, she adds. In fact, a significant proportion of Brooklyn residents don't have intemet access at home and 8 percent rely on dial-up service, instead of high-speed intemet access, according to Gretchen Maneval, director of Brooklyn College's Center for the Study of Brooklyn. It's still very much a work in progress’, Heehs says of the online map. They'll start advertising it online and by email to other ‘community groups, such as urban food garden associations, next month. He aiso hopes warmer days in the spring will draw out fresn volunteers to spread awareness and to finish surverying, as they have about two-thirds of Brooklyn left to cover.Questions 1-6 Complete the notes below. Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet. Data on food deserts and their effects on health ‘The Brooklyn Food Association + The online map provides users with a store's name. 1... ofits produce + One goal of the mapping project is to help develop new 2 * Citizen maps are sometimes made when 3 unsatisfactory, and details on food, maps are Reasons for the development of food deserts + New research suggests that people living in food deserts often have low 4 + Some supermarkets are unable to buy enough 6 .. inside citios for their stores + Small grocery stores in cities often cannot cope with supermarket 6 Questions 7-13 Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1? In boxes 7-13 on your answer sheet, write TRUE if the statement agrees with the information FALSE if the statement contradicts the information NOT GIVEN if thereis no information on this 7 A group of professional researchers are in charge of the Brooklyn project. 8 The Brooklyn project team carries out their assessment of stores without the owner's knowledge 9 The Brooklyn project has experienced technical difficulties setting up the website 10 The city government has taken a considerable interest in the Brooklyn project website 11 Michele Ver Ploeg believes the Brooklyn project website should contain additional information 412 The rate of internet use in Brookiyn is unlikely to increase in the near future 43 Jeffrey Heehs would like more people to assist with the Brooklyn project researchREADING PASSAGE 2 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2. The dingo debate Graziers see them as pests, and poisoning is common, but some biologists think Australia's dingoes are the best weapon in a war against imported cats and foxes A Aplane flies a slow pattern over Carlton Hill station, a 3,600 square kilometre ranch in the Kimberley region in northwest Australia, As the plane circles, those aboard drop 1,000 small pieces of meat, one by one, onto the scrubland below, each piece laced with poison; this practice is known as baiting. Besides 50,000 head of cattle, Carlton Hill s home to the dingo, Australia's largest mammalian predator and the bane of a grazier's (cattle farmer's) life. Stuart McKechnie, manager of Carlton Hill, complains that graziers’ livelihoods are threatened when dingoes prey on cattle. But one man wants the baiting to end,jand for dingoes to once again roam Australia’s wide-open spaces. According 10 Chris Johnson of James Cook University, ‘Australia needs more dingoes to protect our biodiversity.’ B Adout 4,000 years ago, Asian sailors introduced dingoes to Australia. Throughout the ensuing millennia, these descendants of the wolf spread across the continent and, as the Tasmanian tiger disappeared completely from Australia, dingoes became ‘Australia’s top predators. As agricultural development took place, the European settlers found that they could not safely keep their livestock where dingoes roamed. So began one of the most sustained efforts at pest cantrol in Australia’s history. Over the last 150 years, dingoes have been shot and poisoned, and fences have been used in an attempt to keep them away from livestock. But at the same time, as the European settlers tried to eliminate one native pest from Australia, they introduced more of their own C_ In 1860, the rabbit was unleashed on Australia by a wealthy landowner and by 1980 rabbits had covered most of the mainland. Rabbits provide huge prey base for two other introduced species: the feral (wild) cat and the red fox. The Interaction'between foxes, cats and rabbits is a huge problem for native mammals. In good years, rabbit numbers increase dramatically, and fox and cat populations grow Quickly in response to the abundance of this prey. When bad seasons follow, rabbit numbers are significantly reduced — and the dwindling but stil large fox and cat populations are left with little to eat besides native mammals. D Australian mammals generally reproduce much more slowly than rabbits, cats and foxes — and adaption to prevent overpopulation in the arid environment, where food can be scarce and unreliable — and populations decline because they can't grow fast enough to replace animals killed by the predators. Johnson says dingoes are the solution to this problem because they keep cat and fox populations under control Besides regularly eating the smaller predators, dingoes wil kill them simply to lessen. competition Dingo packs live in large, stable territories and generally have only one fertile, which limits their rate of increase. In the 4,000 years that dingoes have been Australia, they have contributed to few, if any, extinctions, Johnsons says,E Reaching out from a desolate spot where three states meet, for 2,500 km in either direction, is the world’s longest fence, two metres high and stretching from the coast in Queensiand to the Great Australian Bight in South Australia: itis there to keep dingoes out of southeast, the fence separates the main types of livestock found in Australia. To the northwest of the fence, cattle predominate; to the southwest, sheep fill the landscape. In fact, Australia is a land dominated by these animals - 25 million cattle, 100 million sheep and just over 20 million people. F While there is no argument that dingoes will prey on sheep if given the chance, they don't hunt cattle once the calves are much past two or three weeks old, according to McKechnie. And a study in Queensland suggests that dingoes don't even prey heavily on the newborn calves unless their staple prey disappears due to deteriorating conditions like drought. This study, co-authored by Lee Alien of the Robert Wicks Research Centre in Queensiand, suggests that the aggressive baiting programs used against dingoes may actually be counter-productive for graziers. When dingoes are removed from an area by baiting m the area is recolonized by younger, more solitary dingoes. These animals aren't capable of going after the large prey like kangaroos, so they turn to calves. In their study, some of the highest rates of calf predation occurred in areas that had been baited G Mark Clifford, general manager of a firm that manages over 200,000 head of cattle, is not convinced by Allen's assertion. Clifford says, ‘I's obvious if we drop or loosen control on dingoes. we are going to lose more calves.’ He doesn't believe that dingoes will go after kangaroos when calves are around. Nor is he persuaded of dingoes’ supposed ecological benefits, saying he is not convinced that they manage to catch cats that often, believing they are more likely to catch small native animals instead H_ McKechnie agrees that dingoes kill the wallabies (small native animals) that compete with his cattle for food, but points out that in parts of Westers Australia, there are no fixes, and not very many cats. He doesn't see how relaxing controls on dingoes, in his area will improve the ecological balance. Johnson sees a need for a change in philosophy on the part of graziers. ‘There might be ‘a number of different ways of thinking through cingo management in cattle country,’ he says. ‘Al the moment, though, that hasn't got through to graziers, There's still just on prescription, and that is to bait as widely as possible.”Questions 14-20 Reading Passage 2 has eight sections, A-H. Which sections contains the following information? White the correct letter, A-H, in boxes 14-20 on your answer sheet. NB You may use any letter more than once. 14 a description of a barrier designed to stop dingoes, which also divides two kinds of non-natives animals 15. how dingoes ensure that rival species donot dominate 16 areference toa widespread non-native species that other animals feed on 17 amention of the dingo's arrival in Australia 18 research which has proved that dingoes have resorted to eating young livestock 19. a description of a method used to kill dingoes 20. the way that the structure of dingo groups affects how quickly their numbers grow Questions 21-23 Look at the following statements (Questions 21-23) and the list of people below. Match each statement with the correct person, A, B, C or D. Whte the correct letter, A, B, C or D, in boxes 21-23 on your answer sheet. 21 Dingoes tend to hunt native animals rather than hunting other non-native predators. 22. The presence of dingoes puts the income of some people at risk. 23 Dinaoes have had little impact on the dvina out of animal species in Australia. List of People A. Stuart McKechnie B_ Chris Johnson C Lee Allen D Mark Clifford Questions 24-26 Complete the sentences below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 24-26 on your answer sheet 24 The dingo replaced the 25 Foxes and cats are more likely to hunt native animals when there are fewer . as the main predatory animal in Australia. 26 Australian animals reproduce at a slow rate as a natural way of avoidingREADING PASSAGE 3 You should spend 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3. Pacific navigation and voyaging How peopie migrated to the Pacific islands The many tiny islands of the Pacific Ocean had no human population until ancestors of today’s islanders sailed from Southeast Asia in ocean-going canoes approximately 2,000 years ago. At the present time, the debate continues about exactly how they migrated such vast distances across the ocean, without any of the modem technologies. we take for granted Although the romantic vision of some early twentieth-century witers of fleets of heroic navigators simultaneously setting sail had come to be considered by later investigators to be exaggerated, no considered assessment of Pacific voyaging was forthcoming until 1956 when the American historian Andrew Sharp published his research. Sharp challenged the ‘heroic vision’ by asserting that the expertise of the navigators was limited, and that the settlement of the islands was not systematic, being more dependent on good fortune by drifting canoes. Sharp's theory was widely challenged, and deservedly so. If nothing else, however, it did spark renewed interest in the topic and precipitated valuable new research. Since the 1960s a wealth of investigations has been conducted, and most of them, thankfully, have been of the 'non-armchair’ variety. While it would be wrong to denigrate all ‘armchair’ research ~ that based on an examination of available published materials ~ it has turned out that so little progress had been made in the area of Pacific voyaging because most writers relied on the same old sources — travelers’ journals or missionary narratives compiled by unskilled observers. After Sharp, this began to change, and researchers conducted most of their investigations not in libraries, but in the field. In 1965, David Lewis, a physician and experienced yachtsman, set to work using his ‘own unique philosophy: he took the yacht he had owned for many years and navigated through the islands in order to contact those men who siill ind their way at sea using traditional methods. He then accompanied these men, in their traditional canoes. on test voyages from which all modem instruments were banished from sight, though Lewis secretly used them to confirm the navigator's calculations. His most famous such voyage was a return trip of around 1,000 nautical miles between two islands in mid- ‘ocean. Far from drifting, as proposed by Sharp, Lewis found that ancient navigators would have known which course to steer by memorizing which stars rose and set in certain positions along the horizon and this gave them fixed directions by which to steer their boats. The geographer Edwin Doran followed a quite different approach. He was interested in obtaining exact data on canoe sailing performance, and to that end employed the latest electronic instrumentation. Doran traveled on board traditional sailing canoes in some of the most remote parts of the Pacific, all the while using his instruments to record canoe speeds in different wind strengths — from gales to calms — the angle canoes could sail relative to the wind. In the process, he provided the first really precise attributes of traditional sailing canoes.A further contribution was made by Steven Horvath. As a physiologist, Horvath's interest was not in navigation techniques or in canoes, but in the physical capabiltios of the men themselves. By adapting standard physiological techniques, Horvath was able to calculate the energy expenditure required to paddle canoes of this sort at times when, there was no wind to fill the sails, or when the wind was contrary. He concluded that paddles, or perhaps long oars, could indeed have propelled for long distances what were primarily sailing vessels. Finally, a team led by P Wall Garrard conducted important research, in this case by making investigations while remaining safely in the laboratory. Wall Garrard's unusual method was to use the findings of linguists who had studied the languages of the Pacific islands, many of which are remarkably similar although the islands where they are spoken are sometimes thousands of kilometres apart Clever adaptation of computer simulation techniques pioneered in other disciplines allowed him to produce convincing models suggesting the migrations were indeed systematic, but not simultaneous. Wall Garrard proposed the migrations should be seen not as a single journey made by a massed fleet of canoes, but as a series of ever more ambitious voyages, each pushing further into the unknown ocean, What do we learn about Pacific navigation and voyaging from this research? Quite correctly, none of the researchers tried to use their findings to prove one theory or another, experiments such as these cannot categorically confirm or negate a hypothesis. The strength of this research lay in the range of methodologies employed When we splice together these findings we can propose that traditional navigators used a variety of canoe types, sources of water and navigation techniques, and it was this adaptability which was their greatest accomplishment. These navigators observed the conditions prevailing at sea at thé time a voyage was made and altered their techniques accordingly. Furthermore, the canoes of the navigators were not drifting helplessly at ‘sea but were most likely part of a systematic migration; as such, the Pacific peoples were able to view the ocean as an avenue, not a barrier, to communication be‘ore any other race on Earth, Finally, one unexpected but most welcome consequence of this research has been a renaissance in the practice of traditional voyaging. In some groups of islands in the Pacific today young people are resurrecting the skills of their ancestors, when a few decadas ago it seemed they would be lost forever.Question 27-31 Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 3? In boxes 27-31 on your answer sheet, write YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer NOT GIVEN if is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this 27 The Pacific islands were uninhabited when migrants arrived by sea from Southeast Asia 28 Andrew Sharp was the first person to write about the migrants to islanders 29 Andrew Sharp believed migratory voyages were based on more on luck than skill 30 Despite being controversial, Andrew Sharp's research had positive results 31 Edwin Doran disagreed with the findinas of Lewis's researchQuestions 32-36 Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D. White the correct letter in boxes 32-36 on your answer sheet. 32 David Lewis's research was different because Ane observed traditional navigators at work B he conducted test voyages using his own yacht Che carried no modem instruments on test voyages D he spoke the same language as the islanders he sailed with 33 What did David Lewis's research discover about traditional navigators? ‘A They used the sun and moon to find their position B They could not sail further than about 1,000 nautical miles C They knew which direction they were sailing in D They were able to drift for long distances 34 What are we told about Edwin Doran's research? ‘A Data were collected after the canoes had returned to land B Canoe characteristics were recorded using modem instruments C Research was conducted in the most densely populated regions D Navigators were not allowed to see the instruments Doran used 35 Which of the following did Steven Horvath discover during his research? ‘A Ganoe design was lass important than human strength B New research methods had to be developed for use in canoes C Navigators became very tired on the longest voyages D Human energy may have been used to assist sailing canoes 36 What is the writer's opinion of P Wall Garrard’s research? ‘Ate is- disappointed it was conducted in the laboratory B He is impressed by the originality of the techniques used C He is surprised it was used to help linguists with their research DHe is concerned that the islands studied are long distances apartQuestions 37-40 Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-F, below. Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 37-40 on your answer sheet 37 One limitation in the information produced by all of this research is that it 38 The best thing about this type of research 39 The most important achievement of traditional navigators 40 The migration of people from Asia to the Pacific was the variety of experimental techniques used was not of interest to young islanders today was not conclusive evidence in support of a single theory was being able to change their practices when necessary was the first time humans intentionally crossed an ocean was the speed with which it was conducted nmmoomDSECTION 1 Questions 1 - 10 Complete the notes below, Write ONE WORD AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer Holiday rental ‘Example ‘Owners’ name: Carol and Dave Marriott Aster cottage + Available for week beginning 1 + Cost for the week: 25 Periwinkle Cottage ‘+The same price as Aster Cottage last year «Part of a building that was first used asa 3 ..... ‘+ The living room leads out to the 4 © View of the S................. from the bedroom, * Bring our own 6 * Doesn't have a7 The town, * The owner recommends the .. restaurant + The town is well know for this antique shopes Payment + Deposit: 95 .... 2 + Deadline for final payment: final day of 10SECTION 2 Questions 11 - 20 Question 11-14 Choose the correct letter, A, Bor C. Bridge to Brisbane Fun Run " (On the day of the race the speaker recommends parking ‘A _ inthe sports ground B by the river. C in the shopping centre 12 The timing Chip should be attached to A the shirt or singiet B ashoe. c the wristband, 13 Which group will run first? A yellow Bored C purple 14 The race organisers still need to find volunteers to help with. A giving firsr aid B handing out water. © starting the race.Question 15 - 20 Label the map below. Write the correct letter, A- I, next to questions 15-20. 15 Stage 16 T- shirt Stand 17 Bag Collection Area 18 Information Centre ES: 19 Prize Draw Box 20 Water StationSECTION 3 Questions 21 - 30 Questions 21 -26 Choose the correct letter, A, B or C. 21 22 23 24 25 26 Farmers’ attitudes to new developments in agriculture What does Dr Owen advise Joel to include in the title of his project? A the location of the farms B the number of farmers. c the types of farming Why has Joe! decided to do face-to-face interviews? A to see the farmers’ workplaces B to limit the time he spends on the project c to get fuller answers Joel agrees to investigate how farmers get information on new developments A by showing them a series of pictures. B by asking them open questions. c by sending them a checklist in advance. Conceming government communication with farmers, the speakers agree that A much of it is irrelevant. B itis often insufficient for farmers’ needs c the wording is sometimes unclear. ‘According to Joe!'s reading about the cost of making changes, many British farmers A leave investment decisions to their accountants B have too litle time to calculate the costs of new methods. c are reluctant to spend money on improvements. survey of Australian sheep farmers found that most of themA are usually reluctant to make changes. make changes based on limited research. c want plenty of evidence before they make changes Questions 27 - 30 What opinion is expressed about each of the following books? Choose FOUR answers from the boy and write the correct letter, A-G. next to questions 27- 30 2 28 29 Opinions Its badly organised, Its out of date. Its clear. It’s essential reading. Its inaccurate It's wel ilustrated Its boring anmmoow>r Books Contemporary Farming Manual Running 2 Small Farm Agriculture and Economies How to Survive in FarmingSECTION 4 Questions 31 - 40 ‘Complete the notes below. Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer. Aboriginal Textile Design Emabella Arts Centre + Artists produce craft and leam new techniques + Initially, artists produced rugs made from 34... + Later artists made batik and screen-printed fabrics Tiwi Designs + Early designs included 32 images + Designs are linked to traditional beliefs, e.g. some designs are believed to bring 33, Jimmy Pike + Inspired by the Australian landscape, especially the 34. + Started creating art when he was in 35. + His textiles were used to make 36... Bronwyn Bancroft + Her work is a modem look at 37 and nature + 1995 . painted a successful Aboriginal athlete's jeans with lizards and a 38 + 2001 - designed a ‘Journey of a Nation’ parade outfit with part of a 39 on it Copyright issues + Exploiting Aboriginal imagery affects the artists and the cultural group, e.g. ‘The 40 Case’READING PASSAGE 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 on pages 2 and 3. Traditional Maori Medicine ‘The Maori are the indigenous peopie of the islands of New Zealand. Their traditional medicin, which is believed to date back as far as the 13" century, was a system of healing that was passed down through the generations orally. It comprised diverse practices and placed an emphasis on the spiritual dimension of health. Its practice included remedies made from herbs, and physical therapies such as massage to relieve discomfort in the muscles and bones Maori systems for treating illness were well developed before European arrived in New Zealand in the late 1700s: they had quite detailed knowledge of anatomy and recognition of the healing properties of various plants. When Europeans first visited New Zealand, the average age of death for Maori adults was around 30. However, apart from this, the people were fit and healthy, and troubled by few diseases. lliness was offen seen as spiritually based. Maori saw themselves as guardians of the earth, and the focus of their existence was to remain at one with the natural and supematural world. Rather than a medical problem, sickness was often viewed as a symptom of disharmony with natures. In Maori culture, illnesses were divided into diseases of the gods (mate atua) and physical diseases (mate tangata). Diseases sent by the gods were often attributed to attacks by evil spirits, because the person had broken a religious rule. For instance, for Maori, Places where people had died, or places where their ancestors were buried were sacred, so if someone took food from a river where someone had died, or took a stick form a tree that had held their ancestor's bones and placed it on a cooking fre, it was believed that the gods could punish them for their disrespectful acts by making them sick. More than 200 plants were used medicinally by Maori. The leaves of the flax plant were usad to treat skin infections and food poisoning. and the hard part of the leaf was also used as a splint or brace for broken bones and injured backs, Flax fibres were used along with 2 sharpened stick to sew up bad cuts. The bark and leaves of the pepper tree were used to heal cuts, wounds and stomach pain. People who had toothache were instructed to chew the leaves of this same tree, and this was found to be of considerable benefit, The pepper tree was also used in vapour baths to treat people with painful joints. Colonization by European in the 1800s had a significant effect on traditional Maori healing. Europeans brought many new diseases with them which Maori healers hadlimited ability to combat. Though Wester medicine was also relatively ineffectual at the time, this failure still strongly affected Maori confidence in their healers. Some western missionaries attnbuted the spread of disease to the fact the Maori did not believe in Christianity, and as Maori healers appeared powerless, many Maori accepted this explanation and turned to Christianity. Over time the schools of higher learning which ahd trained healers started to close and the tradition of the Maori healer declined. From the late 20" century, there was renewed Maori interest in their traditional medicine. This was due to several factors. There was a resurgence of all aspects of Maori culture in New Zealand. Furthermore, people started to be less trusting of Western medicine-statistics from the 1970s came out revealing that Maori health continued to be poorer than that of other New Zealanders. There were also problems with access to health care for Maori. Additionally, there was and still a today a perceived lack of a spiritual dimension in Western health services. Although Maori today largely accepted Western concepts of health and illness, and use the mainstream health system, there is significant demand for traditional medicine. This is true for unusual illnesses, or those that fail to respond to standard ‘medical treatment, but also for common ailments such as th3e cold and influenza. Today's healers differ significantly from those of old times. Training is highly variable, usually informal, and often less tribally bound than the rigorous education of the traditional houses of higher learning. Many modern healers work in urban clinics, some alongside mainstream health professionals. They experiment, incorporating knowledge from Western and other medical systems. As a result, their modern day work has no standard system of diagnosis or widespread agreement about treatments. Despite this, many healers are recognized as having knowledge and ability that has been passed down from their ancestors, The Maori language is also seen as important by many of those receiving treatment.Questions 1-6 Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1? In boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet, write TRUE if the statement agrees with the information FALSE if the statement contradicts the information NOTGIVEN if there is no information on this Early Maori healers learned their skills through studying written texts. The first Europeans in New Zealand were surprised by how long the Maor’ lived. Diseases of the gods were believed to be more serious than physical diseases. The leaves of the pepper tree were used to treat toothache. Western religion was one reason why traditional Maon medicine became less popular. 6 Modem day Maori healers often reach the same conclusion about the type of treatment which is best. enon Questions 7-13 Complete the notes below. ‘Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 7-19 on your answer sheet. A short history of Maori healing Pre-European arrival © Maori were using plant-based remedies, as well as treatment including massage © Diseases sent from the gods were thought to be caused by disobeying a spiritual 7 © Sickness could be attributed to eating food from a sacred 8 or burning sacred wood After European arrival 1800s © The inability of Maori healers to cure new diseases meant the Maori people lost 9 in them, © Eventually the 10 for Maori healing began shutting down 1970s Published 11 showed that Maori were not as healthy as Europeans 2000s © Maori healers can be seen working with Western doctors in 12, in cities © Many patients appreciate the fact that the Maoris 13__ in used by healersREADING PASSAGE 2 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 on pages 6 and 7. Questions 14-19 Reading Passage 2 has seven paragraphs, A-F. Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of heading below. Write the correct number, i-vii, in boxes “14-19 on your answer sheet, List of Headings i Music comes to be enjoyed in a large vanety of situations i More people gain access to live music iii A focus on survival limits the practice of classical music iv aclash of musical styles takes place v_ Arange of scientific advances brings music to a wider audience Vi_ Listening to music being limited to live performances vii_How classical music has managed to survive for centures 14. Paragraph A 15. Paragraph B 16 Paragraph C 47 Paragraph D 18 Paragraph E 19 Paragraph FClassical music over the centuries A The production of any great art form, and classical music is no exception, does. not usually occur in a society dominated by the basic material demands of food and shelter-Art and music have flourished in those periods of history, and those Parts of society, in which the luxury of free time and material wealth ahs allowed such @ culture to take precedence over more material matters. In the medieval European world, it was thus primarily in the closed communities of the church and monastery, and royal courts that music, literature and learning were able to flourish B It was until 18" century that this situation changed to any great extent, and the rise of an economically independent middie class meant that concert going became a public activity for anyone who cared to buy a ticket. It is worth remembering that the idea of classical music widely accepted today did not exist unti| about 300 years ago. Performing music in concert halls to 4 paying audience, as something inherently pleasurable and significant, was pretty much unheard of until the 18" century, and not widely established until the 19". The concert venue, the audience, and the idea of ‘masterpieces’ of classical music, were all effectively invented during the course of the 18" century- in London, Paris, Vienna, Berlin and other European cities where the arts in general were blossoming. C Today, music that was originally written for a concert venue may appear, out of its original context, in an advert of film. Conversely, music written specifically for films is sometimes performed live, But nothing has changed music over the last century more radically than the invention and dissemination of recording technologies. However, although Thomas Edison originally developed the photograph in 1877, and wax cylinders were used as early as 1880s for recording music, commercial recordings of music were not generally available to the majority until 1920s. From the mid-1980s onwards, the vinyl disc gradually gave way to the new technology of the CD, but just a decade later, the digital MP3 file was already displacing the CD as the favoured way to produce records music, Yet now, people have more music stored on their phones or computers-which they can call up with the touch ofa finger-than world have been contained on all the metres of library shelves of a proud ‘record collector’ of the 20" century. * D Before recording, music was a social event-it involved one or more people coming together to make music. The music lasted for as long as the musicians sang or played and then it was over. Therefore, the orly music that was heard tended to. be composition by recent or living musicians, probably working in the locality; it was rare to hear music from @ past generation, distant place or culture. Even when music became professionalized, peopie who wanted to listen to music went to a spectfic venue, at a spectfic time, to hear musicians create a one-off event.E These days, however, technology makes almost all the world’s music instantly and constantly available to anyone with access 10 simple and cheap gadgets designed for playing it. Music thus floats free of any specific occasion or venue. It is no longer restricted to a particular audience or group of musicians. For the first time, music (any music) can be entirely personal affair. This is one of the reasons that the ‘classical label becomes harder to pin down. One of its distinctive aspects-a performance defined by concert halls and opera houses- is dissolved by digital recording formats. As a consequence all music, classical music included, can become any person's soundtrack for activities such as commuting, exercising ‘or shopping, F The ubiquity of music as recorded sound means that its very easy to overlook perhaps the most definitive aspect of the classical music tradition-the fact that it is a written or notated music. Though classical music may lack a precise definition today and mean quite different things to different people, at its heart is the idea of a music that has remained viable over the years because it was written down in some form. The original of what music historians thinks of as classical music dates from the ninth century, when a system of musical notation was first developed. Before this time, singers in religious services in cathedrals or monasteries had to learn by heart a huge repertory of chants. The first attempts to notate music were intended to help them remember these. Over the next thousand years, notation became more complex, incorporating such aspects as rhythm and pitch, allowing composers to rework and refine their musical ideas, Put very simply, the history of classical music, in all its varied forms, is the history of a tradition that grew out of the possibilities of musical notation.Questions 20 and 21 Choose TWO letters, A-E Write the correct letters in boxes 20 and 21 on your answer sheet. Which TWO of the following statements does the writer make about recording technologies? The vinyl disc was relatively easy to damage The sound quality from wax cylinders was inferior to that of the phonograph Electronic storage allows people to keep a vast amount of music Recorded music sold well immediately after Edison invented the photograph The CD was popular for a relatively brief period moow> Questions 22 and 23 Choose TWO letters, A-E Write the correct letters in boxes 22 and 23 on your answer sheet. Which TWO of the following statements does the writer make about musical notation? The way itis interpreted has changed over time It was originally designed as a memory aid Itis often ignored by classical musicians today. Classical music could not have survived without it. Its importance diminished with the arrival of recording. moomp> Questions 24-26 Complete the summary below. Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 24-26 on your answer sheet. ‘The impact of today’s technology on music These days, the world's music is instantly and constantly available to almost everyone. Thus, music is no longer tied to a particular location or occasion, nor is it associated with a group of musicians or a specific 24 Itcan become uniquely in its history, completely personal to each and every individual. Thanks to digital recording, the need for venues such as opera houses or 25 where concerts are performed has vanished. Digitization has also made it possible for people to treat music as a 26 to their daily activities.READING PASSAGE 3 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 on pages 11 and 12 Mapping the Mind Dr Simon Hanson revies Rita Carter's book Mapping the Mind The often used phrase ‘Ill believe it when | see it’ betrays @ very intimate fact of human nature. We are visual creatures and we rly on sight to serve as a judge of what is real and what is not. When discussing the intricacies of the human mind, for most of society's existence things have not been visible; we have for the most part relied on intangible concepts, metaphors, and words to explore or inner psyche. | have no idea what my ego looks like. | must have one because it can be hurt or appeased by how others treat me. But how do | know it really exist? Recent progress in brain research ‘and neuroimaging are changing al of this, With our modern technology of functional imaging, we can now look at the brain as it is working, and attribute activation in certain areas of the brain to behaviours, thoughts, and feelings. In essence, our new tools are prompting new thoughts on who we are and how we are organized. Rita Carter's book, Mapping the Mind, explores these issues and exploits science’s ability to look into our heads as a tool to examine who we are. In its most basic form, Carter's book serves as a very accessible introduction to the subject of Neuroanatomy, a subject most of us would not appreciate fully without investing in a semester of medical school Mapping the Mind uses beautifully rendered three-dimensional computer images of the brain to explain anatomical structures and pathways. The presentation style acknowedges our natural bias towards perceiving and leaming information visually. Presenting the concept of a brain area devoted to maintaining attention by calling it the ‘anterior cingulate cortex’ would probably put most readers to sleep while their brains struggled to use that area to focus on what the name meant. Showing the reader a three-dimensionally-oriented area that easily translates to a place we can point to on our skulls grounds the anatomical vocabulary in something we can all understand- our own heads, In spite of the title, however, the book is not an exact map or a reference guide. Its chapters cover concepts such as perception, emotions, memory, and higher consciousness, and are best read rather than referenced. The book, beautifully accented with brain-oriented artwork of both pure esthetic and illustrative value, walks a pleasing line between college textbook and coffee table art book, describing the subile nuances of vision, language, thought, and feeling with science and art While the art requires no explanations, Carter uses her background as a journalist to keep the reader engaged in the science Factual support in the form of documented cases is liberally employed to show the abstract concepts in recognizable behaviorsand consequences we can all relate to. For example, in describing brain circuitry involved in controling anger, Carter uses familiar situations, like suppressing anger when we feel we have been insulted, to illustrate the neuroscience involved. She follows with a discussion of children’s emotional maturity, pointing out that in children the areas involved in inhibition of anger are not as well developed as in adults, providing an explanation for the tantrums of a six-year-old. Carter presents the science in an engaging yet factual manner, allowing people to draw their own conclusions and connect the dots between scientific discovery and what it means in our daily lives. By presenting neuroscience in this manner, Mapping the Mind seems to aim itself at an audience that is often forgotten: the general reader who wants to know more about a specific area of scientific study. From a scientific perspective, danger oiten lurks when writing for a general audience as scientific credibility can be sacrificed in order to keep readers engaged. Carter circumvents this problem by including the Pariicipation of research scientists in the writing. The book is littered with short directed essays written by specialists in specific areas of brain research ‘One of my favorite features of the boo is the optical illusions. As a teacher, | am ‘always searching for ways to make information relevant to the reader. Mapping the Mind does this by peppering appropriate chapters with optical illusions that illustrated how the brain processes information. These delicious enigmas do not stand alone as supplementary information or unrelated facts but are accompanied by textual explanations and insights into what causes the perceptual incongruities. | found many of these explanations so good at conveying basic brain principles that | borrowed ‘some of them for use in lecturers. From our unique piace history we can, at present, use our overly developed ‘neo-cortex in combination with the tools of science to examine our own minds at work. Our joumey is to try and figure out who we are. Rather than providing us with an academic textbook, Mapping the Mind serves as a sort of kiosk map saying ‘you are here’ with a big red dot. Mapping the Mind shows us where we are by giving us a snapshot of how we work. There are many books out there that explain the mind. The unique perspective of this book is that it uses the brain itself to guide the journey.Questions 27-32 Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 3? In boxes 27-32 on your answer sheet, write YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer NO. if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this 27 Our sense of what is real is independent of what we can see. 28 The ego must exist because its reaction can be felt 29 The illustration in Mapping the Mind are in vibrant colours 30 People prefer to learn facts that are presented visually 31 Mapping the Mind is primarily a decorative book 32 Mapping the Mind leaves the readers to interpret the facts it presents. Questions 33-37 Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D. Write the correct letter in boxes 33-37 on your answer sheet. 33. According to the writer, Carter's background in journalism means that A. she has easy access to relevant sources. B_ she cannot explain complex medical ideas Cher writing style maintains the reader's interest D__ her presentation of information is more suited to newspapers 34 When discussing how the brain works in controlling anger, Carter gives guidance to parents of young children uses examples readers can relate to admires the control shown by adults criticizes the behaviour of children vom> 34 The wnter feels that the way neuroscience is presented in Mapping the Mind A. will not give readers any new information B_ could make readers doubt scientific claims. C_ will encourage more people to study neuroscience. D_ will appeal to readers with no knowledge of the topic 35. The writer especially likes the optical illusions in Mapping the Mind because they A help people relate to the topic B area long-standing scientific mystery. C can teach us about the function of the eye D_ have never appeared in books about the brain before.36 The writer says that Mapping the Mind operates as a ‘kiosk map’ because it reveals our current position in terms of our knowledge of the brain. the reader can become lost in other textbooks about the brain it describes specific areas of the brain such as the neo-cortex its illustrations are particularly clear and accurate. oom> Questions 38-40 Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-G, below. ‘Write the correct letter, A-G, in boxes 38-40 on your answer sheet. 38 A book that uses terms such as ‘anterior cingulate cortex’ 39. The use of three-dimensional illustrations in the book 40 The inclusion of essays by research scientists in Mapping the Mind makes a background in science essential for comprehension adds academic integrity to a popular approach is not helpful for checking particular data about the brain bores and confuses people generates more interest in the field of study and promotes research solves the difficulty of people's negative reactions to technical language has no clear purpose ommooa>PART1 Questions 1-10 Questions 1-8 Complete the form below. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/ORA NUMBER for each answer. Post Office-Package Delivery Form Country of destination: USA Package to reach destination by: 1 ae latest Service selected: Zevon Express Peter White 3 Lakeview Anna 4. ApaRMeNt 228, Seecenennenene Upper 6. New York Questions 9 and 10 ‘Answer the questions below. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer. 9 What is the total cost of sending the package? 8 10 Whats required in order to find a lost package?PART2 Questions 11-20 Questions 11-15 Choose the correct letter, A, Bor. The Montana Resort Hotel 11 Rob says the hotel is exceptional because of A its easy access to the airport. B its unpolluted setting. € its quiet location. 12 Whatis the price range for a standard room? A $80-$145, B $145-s210 $210-8285 13° All the bedrooms in the deluxe suites have ‘A windows on two sides.» B_ mountain views. © abalcony. 14 The hotel encourages families to stay by offering ‘A. rooms with connecting doors B childcare facilities. € discounts at certain times of the year 15 What does Rob say visitors can do in the Grill Room? A listen to live music 8 have a full meal or a snack see their food being cookedQuestions 16-20 Label the map below. Write the correct letter, A-H, next to questions 16-20 Hotel's outdoor facilities 16 7 18 19 Barn for horses Tennis courts ‘Swimming pool Golf coursePART 3 Questions21-30 ‘Questions 21-25 Choose the correct letter, A, B or C. Oral History 21 What source did Mike use for his definition? A a history textbook B anacademic article © alecture handout 22 According to Mike and hi of the intern to oral history? tutor, what is the most impertant contribution A the permanent preservation of recordings. Ban increase in student interest wide access to the interviews by the public 23 Mike says he chose his particular topic because A heica football fan B his father loves football. Chis friends encouraged him 24 = What does Mike say was his best source of information about the team? A. doing research in the local newspaper archives B speaking to the team manager € looking at materials in the local library 25 How did Mike find the former players he has arranged to interview? ‘A. onthe internet B_ inthe team records © inthe phone bookQuestions 26-30 What problems with the following aspects of the proposed interviews do the speakers identity? Choose FIVE answers from the box and write the correct letter, A-H. next to questions 26-30. 26 2 28 29 30 Problems too unreliable too short too noisy too long mon mw > too formal too factual 6 too complicated H_ too vague Aspects of the proposed interviews Questions drafted Time allotted Recording equipment used Subjects chosen soon Proposed reportPART 4 Questions 31-40 Complete the notes below. Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer Plant Behaviour Changing ideas © Sciemtists once thought of plants as being 31 ...c.0.. Organisms © Now there is evidence that this is not true Recent studies Great Lakes sea rocket @ Found on 32 ‘* When near other plants, it normally produces extra 33 compete for nutrients. ‘« Howeverit behaves differently if itis related to the other plants to Sagebrush and thomapple ‘¢ Recognise surrounding plants by the type of 34 that they reflect '* Identification is possible because all plants have a particular 35 .. Dodder plant # is unable to produce 36 nnn. Needs to feed off another plant to survive Affects fatmers’ cropse.g.alfalfa, 37 and citrus, Identifies suitable “hosts’ by detecting the 38 Moves i 39 on... to check the environment, then grows towards the most suitable host sun they give off Plant science © Use of modern 40 ........... provides evidence of plant behaviourREADING PASSAGE 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13. which are based on Reading Passage 1 on pages 2 and 3 A Brief Introduction to Pepper Pepper, the spice, comes from the berries of a plant that is a woody climbing vine. In the botanical world, pepper belongs to a genus of plants called Piper. This genus was created in 1753 by Cari Linnaeus, the Swedish botanist whose system for classifying piants is still in use today. He placed seventeen species in the piper genus and probably used the ancient Greek name for black pepper, Peperi, as the basis for the group. Pepper isn't a fast-maturing plant. It takes several years for the branching woody vines to mature, and during their growth the vines can reach up to thirty feet. The pepper berries- which grow in clusters and dangle from the vines-are picked by hand when they are ready for harvesting, which usually begins two or three years after the vine is first Planted. Black pepper is picked when the berries are still green, while white pepper is Picked later, when the berries have tumed from green to red. Preparing the bernies for sale involves a lengthy process of drying, cleaning and sorting. Once the bernes have been dried. they are then referred to as peppercoms, and these are what are used in food preparation around the world. The pepper plant loves the warm, humid, rainy tropics. in a narrow band around the equator. Pepper also requires well-drained soils, and its preferred habitat is forests. Unshaded plants which are exposed too long to the sun will not yield many berries. The colourful mixes of whole peppercorns s8en in many markets today contain green and biack peppercorns. Although there aré pink peppercorns, the ripest berries, these are more fragile and are therefore more costly than other kinds. This is why there are few of them in a peppercorn mix No one knows when the first human bit into a peppercom and decided it would taste good on a piece of meat or, in a vegetable stew, but in the West it was the ancient Romans who apparently first mace pepper an essential part of their meals. Food was only part of the reason for pepper’s popularity; health played an equally important role. In the Roman Empire, pepper was employed to relieve the pain that was a common consequence of numerous medical conditions and complaints. i you showed signs of a fever, it was common practice to be given a liquid that had some pepper in it. ‘The Romans were not the first to embrace pepper as a medicine. Belief in the spice's considerable usefulness is reflected in India's ancient Ayurvedic system of medicine, which is more than three thousand years old. in Sanskrit (a language of ancient india). biack pepper is known as maricha or marica, meaning an ability to get rid of poison, which suggests it was used in patients for this purpose. Pepper was also believed by the Indians to have other qualities as well. For example, physicians would frequently apply pepper-based lotions to reduce the effects of decay in teeth, which made it an ‘extremely popular remedy. In the Middle Ages (5th-15th centuries) black peppers renown made it a must-have item for the European wealthy, who loved the spice. At that time, pepper was guarded by servants in royal households and kept in the private wardrobes of the rich. It wasconsidered a privilege to cook with pepper and many of the recipes from the period called for substantial quantities of pepper, which might be considered very unappetising today. But for most people, pepper was too expensive. In the year 1439, a pound of pepper was roughly equal to more than two days’ pay in England. Meanwhile, pepper could be exchanged for gold, and also became a form of payment for peoples work. In some of the larger cities, it was even possible to use pepper as rent in some kinds of accommodation. Employees in the pepper industry were not allowed to have pockets in their jackets or trousers so that this valuable commodity would not be stolen. The huge demand for pepper and the money it could bring encouraged people to risk adventure on foreign oceans and in foreign lands, and it is within this context that the story of pepper really begins. Questions 1-6 Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1? In boxes 1-8 on your answer sheet, write TRUE ifthe statement agrees with the information FALSE if the statement contradicts the information NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this 1 Carl Linnaeus method for categorising plants has been replaced by a better one. 2 The ancient Greeks originally took the word for pepper from another language. 3 Machines are used to harvest pepper berries. 4 pepper berries are riper than black pepper berries when they are picked. 5 Pepper vines need a lot of sunlight to produce a large harvest of berries. 6 Pink peppercoms are more expensive to buy than other varieties.Questions 7-13 Complete the notes below. Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer Write your answers in boxes 7-13 on your answer sheet ‘The Many Uses of Pepper Ancient Rome ‘4 the Romans used pepper to reduce 7. . caused by many health issues * 8............. containing pepper was used as medicine to bring down high temperatures India pepper has been used in Ayurvedic medicine for thousands of years «pepper was thought to be able to extract 9 .. . from people, as indicated by its name in Sanskrit pper was used to treat problems with peoples 10 ... Europe in the Middle Ages in wealthy households, pepper was stored'in 11 .. 412written at that time required large amounts of pepper rent could be paid in the form of pepper in city areas people who worked with pepper had to wear clothes without 13, discourage theft . toREADING PASSAGE 2 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-28, which are based on Reading Passage 2 on pages 6 and 7 The horseshoe crab A One of the world’s oldest animal species, the horseshoe crab, is found along the east coast of the United States and Mexico. Fossil records indicate this creature dates back 450 million years, and it has changed very little over time. This is because its anatomy has been so successful, In fact, the horseshoe crab is more closely related to spiders, scorpions and ticks than it is to true crabs and other crustaceans, B The soft body of the horseshoe crab is protected by a large oval shell with jagged, point spines. The two-part body consists of a head and an abdominal region The head region contains a brain, heart, mouth, four eyes and six pairs of legs. What is significant is that horseshoe crabs possess the rare ability to regrow lost limbs. They aiso use crawling as their primary means of movement, and commonly bury themselves under the surface of the sand. However, in the water, they will occasionally tun onto tmeir backs and swim upside-down. The mouth of ‘the horseshoe carb is located between the twelve legs. They can only eat when crawling, as the motion allows them 10 open and close their mouths. Their diet consists mainly of worms and clams. The abdominal region contains mules far movement and Is for breathing. A long spine forming a tail, called a telson, is located behind the abdominal region. Although this part of the body looks intimidating, it is not dangerous, poisonous or used to sting Horseshoe crabs use it to flip over if they happen to be pushed on their backs, but this is only possible under the sea, Every year, about 10 percent of the horseshoe crab breeding population dies while on the beach, when rough surf flips the creatures onto their backs, a position from which they often cannot right themselves. C Another distinctive feature of horseshoe crabs is that they do not have hemoglobin (a protein that contains the mineral iron), which gives blood its red color. Hemoglobin is the basis of oxygen transport in the blood of mammals, reptiles and birds. Rather. the blood of horseshoe crabs has a copper-containing protein called hemocyanin. Hemocyanin is dark blue when it is transporting oxygen and colorless when it is not. The oxygen is also transported in a fluid on the exterior of the cell, in contrast to most animals, where oxygen molecules are transported inside red blood bacteria and fungi. In fact, there enzymes are used by astronauts in the International Space Station to test surfaces for unwanted bacteria and fungi, Another application is a protein from horseshoe crab blood that is under investigation as an antibiotic. D The horseshoe crab faces the greatest dangers in early life. Between April and June, adult horseshoe crabs travel from deep ocean waters to converge on beaches. Crawling out of the sea and onto the beach is especially common at high tides during full and new moons. The males arrive first and await the females for breeding. Female horseshoe crabs communicate by releasing a scent to signal to the males. Then female horseshoe crabs crate nests by digging holes in the Sand and laying between 60,000 and 120,000 eggs at a time before covering them with sand for Protection. Most eggs do not survive the hatching period before being eaten, as the‘eggs are a food source for numerous birds, reptiles and fish E If the egg does survive, the young horseshoe crab will hatch after five weeks. Referred to as larvae, they look like miniature versions of adult horseshoe crabs. When first entering the sea, they exhibit a ‘swimming frenzy similar to that of newbom sea turtles, swimming vigorously and continuously for hours. During the larval stage, which can last a year or more, newly hatched horseshoe crabs travel into the ocean water and settle on the sandy bottom in shallow waters, As they develop, they move into deeper waters: After the larval stage, horseshoe crabs move into the juvenile period. The juvenile horseshoe crabs will slowly grow over a period of about ten years. The growing process requires shedding small exterior shells, known as exoskeletons, in exchange for larger shells, Horseshoe crabs can shed up to 17 exoskeletons during development and their entire life span can be over twenty years. Mature females can reach 45-50 centimeters from head to tail, while the males grow to approximately 35-40 centimeters. F Despite their long history, horseshoe crabs face increased threats in modern times. For this reason. scientists have been studying the populations of horseshoe crabs, but more investigation is needed, particulary on the coast of Florida. A widespread decline in their abundance in the last 20 years may be especially severe in the Indian River Lagoon system in Florida, While the horseshoe crab is not currently listed as threatened, there is rising concern about the fact that it is increasingly absent from the Indian River Lagoon system, where it has historically been common. Loss of the horseshoe crab would negatively impact species that feed on the animal and its eggs and would decrease the biodiversity of the lagoon. Moreover, this development might indicate serious ecological disturbance in the region. In the northeast, the use of horseshoe crabs as bait to catch fish over the pastten years is, in part, responsible for a rapidly declining population of this unique species, and it is suspected that this is also a problem in Florida, However, the extent of this has not been well documented.Questions 14-18 Reading Passage 2 has six sections, A-F Which section contains the following information? Write the correct letter, A-F it boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet. NB You may use any letter more than once. 14 amention of the horseshoe crab’s potential value in mecical science 15 an explanation of the function of the horseshoe crab's tail 16 —_areference to the horseshoe crab’s feeding habits 17 adescription of horseshoe crab reproduction 18 an account of the horseshoe crab’s development to adulthood ‘Questions 19 and 20 Choose TWO letters, A-E Write the correct letters in boxes 19 and 20 on your answer sheet. According to the writer, which TWO of the following are true about the characteristics of horseshoe crabs? A They bury themselves upside down. B They must continue moving while eating. C They most commonly move by swimming, D They are able to replace their missing legs. E They breathe through their mouth while on land. Questions 21 and 22 Choose TWO letters, A-E Write the correct letters in boxes 21 and 22 on your answer sheet According to the writer, in. which TWO ways is horseshoe crab blood different from that of most other animals? A Ithas a different mineral composition B It lacks a bacteria-fighting protein C Harmless fungi regularly grow in the blood D Its colour changes from blue to red as it circulates. E The blood cell carries oxygen its surface,Questions 23-26 ‘Complete the summary below. Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 23-26 on your answer sheet The horseshoe crab in Florida AA study of the Indian River Lagoon system in Florida has shown a 23 in the horseshoe crab's population. This means that animals that eat both horseshoe crabs and their 24could also be impacted. The result would affect the Indian River Lagoon system's 25Local fishermen taking horseshoe crabs for 26could be ‘one cause of the reduction in numbers,READING PASSAGE 3 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 on pages 10 and 11 Temperament Although temperament the way an individual normally behaves-is a key concept in psychology, as yet, developmental psychologists have not found a single agreed framework to define and measure this human trait. ‘One of the most influential studies of temperament has been the New York Longitudinal Study (NYLS), initiated during the 1950s by Thomas and Chess. They wore the first researchers to develop a systematic theory, and they used a nine-dimensional framework for describing children’s temperament across a wide age range, from infancy to adolescence. These dimensions represented behavioural aspects such as activity level, adaptability, distractibility (how easily distracted a child is) and attention span. ‘One of the major difficulties with this framework is that it has not been possible to confirm that these nine dimensions are independent aspects of temperament. Such in dependence is important, because if any two factors are highly correlated, this implies that a single factor could be used instead. in fact, it is likely that there are fewer than nine independent influences on children's behaviour. For example, a child who is very distractible is also likely to have a short attention span. Thomas and Chess also suggest that as well as separate dimensions, there are distinct types of temperament. Based on the NYLS sample, they suggest that the basic temperament types can be identified early in infancy: the ‘easy’ child, the ‘slow to warm up’ child, and the difficult child. 1n 1968, they presented findings that indicated that children with the difficult style were at increased risk of later behavioural problems. However, the concept of the difficult temperament type has been the subjact of much controversy. It was argued that the concept was primarily a product of the parents’ perceptions of their children, rather than differences in the child's actual behaviour. This ‘concer reached its height when Vaughan found that mothers’ future ratings of temperament could be reliably identified before the child was born. Vaughan et al (1987) measured aspects of mother’s personalities and attitudes towards child-rearing during their pregnancies and found them to be related to their subsequent ratings of the child's temperament. It was therefore argued that the temperament measure was more influenced by characteristics of the mother than the child An alternative theory of temperament was proposed by Buss and Plomin (1984). Partly in response 1o crticisms of the over-complexity of the Thomas and Chess framework, these researchers developed a simpler system. They were also more strongly influenced by theories of adult personality than were Thomas and Chess. Buss and Plomin suggested that both experimental laboratory studies and analyses of questionnaire data indicated that there were Just three independent temperament dimensions: emotionality, activity and sociability In developing their system, Buss and Plomin sought to identify traits that showed earlyemergence and strong genetic influence. since they considered that these traits are the basis for adult personality. Despite the differences between the two groups of researchers, both see temperamental differences as varying along a continuum, in contrast, Kagan (1988) emphasises qualitative distinctions. He and his colleagues have been studying children who they regard as belonging to distinct categories, es determined by their response to unfamiliar events and people. On the basis of a systematic series of observations of their behaviour in the laboratory, they suggest that 15 per cent or So of children aged 2-3 years are very shy and timid when faced with the unfamiliar. A roughly equal percentage are uninhibited and socially responsive when confronting unfamiliar people. These two groups show a high degree (75 per cent) of stability into middle chidhood, with the children becoming quiet and cautious, and talkative and sociable respectively. This means, for example, that for the substantial majority of children who show extreme shyness in middle childhood, this is not simply a consequence of recent stresses and upsets, but rather a reflection of enduring qualities of their behaviour. Kagan proposes that very specific sites in the brain, which regulate emotional behaviour and long-term memory, are responsible for differences in behavioural style, He has shown some physiological differences between these groups of children on measures such as heart rate, heart rate variability and pupil dilation These are all features which indicate the degree of the child’s emotional reactions to experiences. Dunn and Kendrick (1982) have offered an alternative model for the nature of temperamental differences. They found that most children showed some behavioural reaction to the arrival in the family of a new baby, such as disturbed sleep, increased demands for attention, and more tearfulness, and that differences in the intensity of these reactions were related to temperamental characteristics of the children, as measured before the new sibling was born, They also found that temperamental differences were related to differences in the quality of the interaction between the mother and the older child, Dunn and Kendrick emphasised that children’s behaviour is not independent of the situations in which they find themselves. They suggest that the behavioural style that a Child will show in a particular setting is partly a property of the relationship between the Child and the other person. To the extent that this relationship is stable, so then will the temperamental aifferences be stable. Using this explanation, it can be seen that the continuing action of genetic effects on behaviour is not the only mechanism that can produce stable individual differences in behaviour. It is important that theones of temperament consider the child's behaviour in a social context and not in isolation.Questions 30-34 Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-G below. Write the correct letter, A-G. in boxes 30-34 on your answer sheet 30 Buss and Plomin tried to find evidence for 31 Kagan rejected the idea that certain traits were mainly 2 result of 32 Kagan suggested that the root of behavioural traits lay in 33 Kagan measured children's emotional reactions by assessing 34 Dunn and Kendrick reported an effect on temperament of A parental response to children. B_ particular neurological locations. C a laboratory setting. D_ certain physical functions. E unpleasant experiences. F communication problems. G _ inherited aspects of temperament Questions 35-39 Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 3? In boxes 35-39 on your answer sheet, write Yes if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer NO fthe statement contradicts the claims of the writer NOT GIVEN if itis impossible to say what the writer thinks about this 35 Some of Thomas and Chess's temperamental dimensions overtap with each other. 36 The concept of the ‘difficult temperament has been accepted without question. 37 Vaughan found that ifipthers assessments of their children's temperaments were predictable. 38 Buss and Plomin relied on data which had been collected at different periods 39 Kagan’ studies showed that the majority of children reacted confidently to new people.SECTION 1 Questions 1-10 Complete the notes below. Write ONE WORD AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer. Getting a job with an airline Example Job: cabin crew attendant Duties include ‘¢ ving the safety demonstration inronnen ftom elas during the flight ¢ serving food Requirements ‘¢-mustbe over age 19 and atleast 2s €m tall + basic academic requirements: English and 3... Se eee ‘¢-mustbe able to 5, Training will include + what to do in case of. during a flight + awareness of different 7, Application + the airline is elle + can download application form from website «mention experience of — dealing with questions from supermarket customers — working ina. -- (voluntary work) Other information ‘+ you dontt have to buy a 10.SECTION 2 Questions411-20 Questions 11 and 12 Choose TWO letters, A-E Which TWO kinds of people are the scholarships intended for? A people working as temporary staff B people with management experience € people straight from college D people with at least three years’ experience E people with or without qualifications ‘Questions 13 ane 14 Choose TWO letters, AE, ‘Which TWO tines does Marie say about the hospitality industry in Scotland? ‘A tumainly attracts UK tourists 8 It pays high wages. © tie very impertant for the Sebttish economy Dis highly regarded by visitors. is attractinga lot of investmentQuestions 15-20 Choose the correct letter, AB or € 15 Why did Marie start working at the Rock Hotel? lable A tewasthe only joba 8 She needed a job with exible working hours. C She wanted job working with people 16 What id the scholarship application process involve? A givinga presentation 8 weting 2report about the Rock Hotel © researching the role of hotel manager 17 What does Marie say about the other winners she met? A They were not 28 old as she expecied B__ They were doing a variety of jobs in the hotel sector C Most ofthem had applied fr scholarships before 18 Marie says that at the Florida Beach Hotel every member of staff ‘A. takes part inannual customer service traning sessions B is responsible for providing rrefitent service C _isexpected to interact with vistors. 19 What dd Mare find out about people's attitude to visting Scotland? A Most people would be interested in vsiting it 8 People new a surprising amount about it © People only wanted to see a limited numberof places 20 What improvernent has Marie introduced at the Rock Hotel? A getting better feedback from customers 8 providing more information for customers © making contact with more customersSECTIONS ——Questions21-30 ‘Questions 21:26 Label the diagram below. choose 5m answers from the box and write the correct letter A-t,next to questions 21-26 A fresh iis removed B freshairis pulled in heat oe is reduced D rainwater is checked E rainwaterisused F old airisremoved G temperature ischecked H water temperature isreeucedh, Education House eater statin Cost Tower a = eae iedows 71 timber shuts J Late Shot _ Shower Tower Bn BalconyQuestions 27-30 Choose the correct letter, AB or € 27 What do John and Debbie think will surprise wsitors tothe Education House bulding? ‘A how igh the buildings 8 wherethemainentrance & what ison the outside wale 2 Whats theirreaction t the findings on staf productivity inthe building? A. They think the findings are predictable. B__ They believe more research should be done They suggestthe findings arereported in the media 28 What do they think about the edge space’ inthe bulding? A femight be unpopular with staff. 8 tesa sueprning pat of the design itis onarea for managers. 30 What could be a problem forthe building's water system? A the reaction ofthe calf B the completion date € the possible health hazardsSECTIONS Questions 31-40 Complete the notes below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer. Textiles with Business Studies New development - Now possible to work withthe 32, Facuity to widen learning opportunities Alms of course + Toccoverthrae areas of tetas knited “2 -woven + To focus on related business operations + Work placement: focus on studio work in the context of the 33... Course content Year One: experimentation Visual research with 34. and suggestions forts application Year Two: relating skills to the real world Optional course: 35... _sesign processes Three. or foursyear course?Studerts sre offered 36. ......tahelp them make their ection. Year Three: contalidation, Learning ste: 37, Students produce: portfolio 938, a _practice Career opportunities Within tertile business-e.g stylists, retail managers Further opportunitiesiobs in 38, and trend forecasting IHinterested - come back tomorrowfora short 40.READING PASSAGE I ‘You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage | on pages 2 and 3 A Brief History of Humans and Food During the journey from our hunter-gatherer ancestors to the present day there have been three seismic changes that have had an impact on the food we eat: the discovery of cooking, the emergence of agriculture and the invention of methods of preserving food. The 19th-century scientist Charles Darwin thought that cooking, after language. was the greatest discovery made by man, All of us eat some raw food, for instance fruit and vegetables, but the great majority of food we eat is cooked. Cooking can tum plants that are inedible into edible food by destroying toxic chemicals that plants often manufacture to protect themselves against attack by insects or other herbivorous animals. These toxic chemicals are referred to as “plant secondary compounds’, because they are not directly involved in the plant’s normal growth, development and reproduction, and are produced purely as chemical defences ‘They give many of the plans, ‘we consume, such as coffee or brussels sprouts. their bitter taste. Cooked food is often more digestible, because heat breaks down tough cellulose cell walls in plants or tough connective tissue in animals. Chewing raw tumip, a plate of uncooked rice, or a raw leg of lamb is much harder work than eating the cooked equivalent, The energy expended in chewing to break down the tough material is replaced by energy from the fuel that is used in cooking the food, so the ratio of energy gained to energy expended by the body is greater when food is cooked. ‘Until the development of agriculture. humter-gatherers spent up wo seven hours a day gathering food. This all began to change around 10,500 years ago with the advent of farming, which led to some dramatic changes in fiuman societies. People began to create a variety of new tools to help ‘with survival, and in turn popufations increased in size. These changes led to the possibility of specialisation of different tasks within society. It was around this time that writing became more sophisticated and allowed people to maintain records ofthe harvest and taxes. Eventually. formalised structures of government were established as people settled in one area ‘The arrival of agriculture meant that, for the first time, our ancestors had more food than they could eat immediately. This, combined with the seasonality of production, led them to discover methods of preserving food: smoking, drying, adding acid by fermentation or adding salt. These four methods all share one feature in common: they make the food a more hostile environment for bacteria that can cause it to spoil. They also tend to slow down any natural chemical reactions in the food that would cause decay. Although foods today are still preserved in the ancient ways. two more recent methods of preserving food have become more common: canning and freezing, Canning was invented by a Frenchman, Nicholas Apert, in the early-19th century, He sealed food in bottles fabricated from slass and then heated them in boiling water to cook the contents. Appert’s method had great advantages over older methods of food preservation: it could be applied to a wide range of foods,and the flavour of the food as well as the texture were similar to the freshly cooked product. His idea was soon copied be Englishman, Peter Durand. Until this point containers had weighed too much to be widely used, but he produced the first ones which were light and resistant 1o damage. Two years later, in 1812, two Englishmen, Bryan Donkin and John Hall, started the commercial ‘canning of food, although the real take-off in popularity of canning had to wait until the can ‘opener was invented in 1855. Up to this time, cans were opened with a chisel which was used to break open the top when hit with a hammer. Canning is an extremely effective way of preserving food: one can which contained meat dating from |824 was opened in 1939 and the contents were still in good condition In the 21st century, the dominance of canning as a method of food preservation hasbeen overtaken by another technology: freezing. Chilling food to keep it fresh isan old idea. The earliest mentions of icehouses, thick-walled buildings, half underground, date back to 1,700BC in northwest Iran. In early L6th-century Italy, water was mixed with chemicals te lower its freezing point to -18 degrees Celsius, and several centuries later frozen fish and other goods were ‘transported by ship from Australia to England. But the modem frezen food industry was started inthe 1920s by an American, Clarence Birdseye. While Birdseye was on a fishing trip with the Inuit in the Canadian Arctic, he observed that very rapid frec7ing ereates smaller ice crystals and therefore causes less damage to food. This was something he had not expected. Nevertheless. the big growth in demand for frozen food came about with the arrival of freezers in the homes of ordinary people. The advantages of frozen over canned food include the fact that the flavour and consistency are often identical to the equivalent fiesh product, and that freezing can be used to preserve a huge variety of foods. Questions 1 - 5 Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1? Inboxes 1-5 on your answer sheet, write TRUE ifthe statement agrees with the information FALSE i the statement contradicts the information NOT GIVEN i there is no information on this According to Darwin, cooking was the most significant development in human history, The process of cooking gets rid of some plant poisons. Eating cooked food is more energy efficient than eating raw food. Clarence Birdseye had previously worked in the Australian food industry Birdseye’s trip with the not confirmed what he already believed about rapid freezing, newQuestions 6— 13 Complete the notes below. Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 6-13 on your answer sheet. ‘The development of agriculture and food preservation ‘The changes agriculture brought about were: + the development of equipment and larger 6 + the ability to keep 7 .. .- as writing developed + the setting up of organised goverment Food preservation *+ early methods of food preservation included: smoking, drying and combining food with acid or : + canning ~ Nicholas Appert put food into containers made of 9 Cc - _Appert’s method resulted in preserved food that had the same taste and 10 soeosevenseeu fiesh food = Peter Durand introduced cans whieh had the advantage of being 11 ... and hard to break ~ in 1855, the metal can opener replaced the 12... with a hammer to open cans ~ some food was still found to be edible after more than a hundred years, e.g an old can of 13 .. + freezing ... which had been usedREADING PASSAGE 2 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reacting Passage 2 on pages 6 and 7. Why do we need the arts? Sometimes people question why we need ‘the arts’; what functions do art, music, dance and literature serve? ‘A. Imagine a world in which people spend hours working in offices or factories, and then xo home in the evening to sit down to dinner, after which they sleep until its time to get up and work again, In this world, people do not read or watch TV, listen to music, play computer games or have pictures to decorate their homes. In fact. there are no pictures in this world — not even advertisements are illustrated, but all are words, and very plain ones at that, with no playfulness left in them. The buildings are completely functional without a single decorative feature anywhere, and there is no music to dance to and enjoy. Such a world is a world without the arts in any form. B. To ask what the arts are good for is not exactly the same as asking what their purpose is. The arts do not have to have a purpose — they do not exist in orcer to teach, to make a moral point. (entertain, to distract, to amwuse, to support a revolution, 0 disgust, 10 challenge, to stimulate or to cheer; they exist chiefly for their own sake. Itis artists, not the arts as such, that may have an aim in mind, and their aim may be todo any of the things just listed, But equally.artists may just make a work of art because they feel compelled to, Because the work is its own justification, no aim or goal is necessarily required to explain or, sill less, to justify its existence. C. But to say that the arts de not have to serve an aim beyond themselves, even though they may sometimes do $0, is not to say that they are good for nothing. On the contrary, as such an important part of human experience, they ate good for many things. The distinction here lies between things that are instrumental and things that are ends in themselves. An instrument exists for something beyond itself ~ namely, for what it can be used to do. We know that pictures are used as instruments in advertising, and the objective is always to persuade us to buy something, Similarly, music can be written chiefly to accompany dancing, or as a soundtrack to a movie. A play can be writen to point out to the theatre audience a social injustice or other problems that should be dealt ‘sith. But even though the arts can sometimes be instrumental, that fact is not essential to their nature. What the arts are “good for" arises from their being an endl in themselves, or more accurately, representing many different things that are valuable for their own sakes —such as, for instance, the creation of beauty D. The phrase “the aris’ includes painting, sculpture, music, literature, dance and theatre performance, and whatever else (to quote the famous US artist Andy Warhol) anyone can get away with in calling their creation a contribution to “the arts’. But the generalisation that the arts, whatever else they are, are always an end in themselves, applies to them all The arts are one major form of response to the world. They are often an attempt to capture an aspect of the world, to draw attention to something about ito comment on it, topresenta surprising or fresh angle on it, to represent it for the sake of exploring something about it, or enjoying or celebrating it. They can help people io focus on, for example, the colour or shape of an object, its eccentricity or typicality, and the interest or perhaps disgust it provokes in them, E. Fora loose comparison, think of laughing at a joke. We do not laugh so that we can achieve a further goal — in order to be healthy or relaxed, say, even if we thereby succeed in being healthier or more relaxed — but simply because the joke has elicited that reaction. But although it is merely a reaction, laughing is, in faci, good for something nevertheless; it does make people feel better. The arts are a reaction in the same way. French artist Cézanne painted Mont Sainte-Victoire repeatedly because he was fascinated by it, not because he thought that painting it would say something about polities or society oF hhuman hopes. Being fascinated by something, attracted to it, repelled'by it, keen to reveal an unusual aspect of it, are all responses to that thing; the making of the arts is one ‘outstanding way of expressing such responses. F, But the arts are a response not only to things in the world but also 10 experience of the world, which lies inside the artist himself: And they are also often an expression of what presses from within the artist without being elicited by extemals. Music isa prime ‘example. A symphony. unless it is devised to represent bird song. rain, the sea and the like, is an abstract expression ofa composers conception. We may be able to describe what the Russian composer Tchaikovsky is doing in his ballet music, but how can we describe what he is expressing in his,piano concertos? Composers may experiment with ‘melody and :hythm in very abstiact, sometimes mathematical, ways. G. When artists get to work responding to and expressing ideas, whether or not they also ‘want to make a point, entertain. distract, support a revolution and the rest, they are producing something that someone else will react to in some way. They seek to connect with their audience and express an idea or emotion which has the capacity to enrich our experience of life itself. Questions 14 — 18 Reading Passage 2 has seven paragraphs, A-G. Which paragraph contains the following information? Write the comect letter, A-G, in boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet. 14 aclaim that artists may have no clear objective when creating a piece of art 15 a description of how artists hope to benefit other people 16 a comparison benween the arts and things made to perform a particular function 17 claim that it’s possible to convince the world that anything you have made is a work ofart 18 anexample of something that has an unintentional benefit for usQuestions 19-22 ‘Complete the summary below. Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage foreach answer Write your answers in boxes 19-22 on your answer sheet ‘The arts and human experience Some people may claim that the arts serve no useful purpose. that they achieve nothing measurable and help nobody. But there are many clear examples of their usefulness. such as the inter-dependent relationship between music and 19 .........-.... , or between the visual arts and the 20 --- business. A dramatist may use a 24 to daw ounatiention to various issues in society, for example some kind of injustice which needs correcting. Apart from these obvious practical benefits, there are other benefits that we gain fgom things, such as the 22 eesnsessesnses We find in an artist's work ‘Questions 23 and 24 Choose TWO letters, ACE. Write the correct letters in boxes 23 and 24 on your answer sheet. In paragraph D, which TWO of the following effects does the writer say the arts can have? They can interest people fromall over the world ‘They can make us see things from a different perspective, ‘They can inspire us to take up an artistic activity ourselves. ‘They can encouraze us to think about our reactions to things around us. ‘They can draw our attention to serious global issues. mone> ‘Questions 25 and 26 Choose TWO letters, A-E. Write the comect letters in boxes 2 and 26 on your answer sheet, Which TWO of the following statements about composers and music does the writer make? ‘Music tends to spring from the composer's individual experiences. ‘Composers need to structure music very carefully. Music can be quite unrelated to the natural world, ‘Music finds its best expression in a symphony. ‘Composers are good at depicting the world around us. moneREADING PASSAGE 3 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 on pages (0 and 11 The significant role of mother tongue language in education One consequence of population mobility is an increasing diversity within schools. To illustrate, in the city of Toronto in Canada, $8% of kindergarten pupils come from homes where English is not the language of communication. Schools in Europe and North America have experienced this. diversity for years, but educational policies and practices vary widely berween countries and even within countries, Some political parties and groups search for ways to *solve the problem" of diverse communities and their integration in schools and society. They sce few positive consequences for the host society and worry that diversity threatens the identity of the host society. Consequently, they promote unfortunate educational policies that will make the ‘problem’ disappear. Ifstudents retain their culture and language, they are viewed as less capable of identifying with the mainstream culture and leaming’the mainstream language of the society. ‘The challenge for educators and policy-makers is to shape the evolution of national identity in such a way that the rights of all citizens (includingschool children) are respected, and the cultural, linguistic and economic resources of the nation are maximized, To waste the resources, of the nation by discouraging children fromideveloping their mother tongues is quite simply unintelligent from the point of view of national self-interest, A first step in providing an appropriate education for culturally afd linguistically diverse children is to examine what the existing research says about the role of children's mother tongues in their edueational development. In fact, the research is very clear. When children continue to develop their abilities in two or more languages throughout primary school, they gain a deeper understanding of language and how to use iteffectively. They have more practice in processing language, especially when they develop literacy in both. More than 150 research studics conducted during the past 35 years strongly support what Goethe, the famous eighteenth-century German philosopher, once said- that che person who knows only one language does not truly know that language, Research suggests that bilingual children may also develop more flexibility in their thinking as a result of processing information through to different languages. Children who come t school with a solid foundation in their mother tongue develop stronger literacy abilities in the schoo! language, When parents and other caregivers (eg. grandparents) are able to spend time with their children and tell stories or discuss issues with them in a way that develops their mother tongue, children come to school well-prepared 10 learn the school language and succeed educationally. Children’s knowledge and skills transfer across languages from the mother tongue to the school language. Transfer across languages can be two-way: both languages rmurture each other when the educational environment permits children access to both languages‘Some educators and parents are suspicious of mother tongue-based teaching programs because they worry that they take time away from the majority language. For example, in a bilingual program where 50% of the time is spent teaching through children’s home language and 50% through the majority language, surely children won't progress as far in the latter? One of the most strongly established findings of educational research, however, is that well-implemented bilingual programs can promote literacy and subject-matter knowledge in a minority languaze without any negative effeets on children’s development in the majority language. Within Europe, the Foyer program in Belgium, wiiich develops children’s speaking and literacy abilities in three languages (their mother tongue, Dutch and French). most clearly illustrates the benefits of bilingual and trilingual education (see Cummins. 2000) It is easy to understand how this happens. When children are learning through a minority language, they are learning concepts and intellectual skills too. Pupils who know how to tell the time in their mother tongue understand the concept of telling time, In order to tel time in the majonty language they do not need to re-learn the concept, Similarly, at more advanced stages, there is transfer across languages in other skills, such as knowing how to distinguish the main idea from the supporting details of a written passage or story. and distinguishing fact from opinion, Studies of secondary school pupils are providing interesting findings in this area, and it would be worth extending this research, Many people marvel at how quickly bilingual children seem to ‘pick up” conversational skills in the majority language at school (although it takes much longer for them to catch up with native speakers in academic language skills). However. educators are often much less aware of how quickly children can lose their ability 1 use the:r mother tongue, even in the home context. The extent and rapidity of language loss will vary according to the concentration of families froma particular linguistic group in the neiehborhood: Where the mother tongue is used extensively in the community, then language loss among young children will be less. However, where language communities are not concentrated in particular neighborhoods, children can lose their ability to communicate in their mothér tongue within two to three years of starting school. They may retain receptive skills in the language but they will use the majority language in speaking with their peers and siblings afd in responding to their parents. By the time children become adolescents, the linguistic division between parents and children has become an emetional chasm. Pupils frequently become alicnated from the cultures of both home and school, with predictable resultsQuestions 27 - 30 Choose the correct letter, A. B.C or D. Write the correct letter in boxes 27-30 on your answer sheet. 27 What point is the writer making in the second paragraph? A Some present studies on children’s mother tongues are misleading BA culturally rich education programme benefits some children more than others C Bilingual children can make a valuable contribution to the wealth of a country. D The law on mother tongue use at school should be strengthened, 28 Why does the writer refer to something that Goethe said? A to lend weightto his argument Bt contradict some research C to introduce a new concept D to update current thinking 29 The writer believes that when young children have a firm grasp of their mother tongue they can teach older family members: what they learn at school they yo on to do much better throughout their time at school they can read stories about their cultural background, they develop stronger relationships with their family than with their peers. com> 30 Why are some peopte suspicious about mother tongue-based teaching programmes? A. They worry that children will be slow to lear to read in either language B They think that children will confuse words in the two languages. C They believe that the programmes will make children less interested in their lessons, D They fear that the programmes will use up valuable time in the school dayQuestions 31-35 Complete the summary using the list of words, A-J, below Write the correct letter, A-J, in boxes 31-35 on your answer sheet. ingual children It has often been noted that bilingual children acquire the 31 ose t0 converse in the majority language remarkably quickly. The fact that the mother tongue can disappear at a similar Bane is less well understood. This phenomenon depends to a certain extent on the proportion of people with the same linguistic background that have settled ina paricular 33 If this is limited, children are likely to lose the active use of their mother tongue, ané thus no longer employ it even with 34 although they may still understand it. It follows that teenage children in these circumstances experience a sense of 38 in relation to all aspects of their lives. teachers Bschool € dislocation rate E time F family communication He type 1 ability coo Questions 36 - 40 Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage 3? In boxes 36-40 on your answer sheet, write YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer NO ifthe statement contradicts the views of the writer NOT GIVEN if ts impossible 10 say what the writer thinks about this 36 Less than half the children who attend kindergarten in Toronto have English as their mother tongue. 37 Research proves that learning the host country language at school can have an adverse effect on a child’s mother tongue. 38 The Foyer programme is to be adopted by the French education system 39 Bilingual children are taught to tell the time earlier than monolingual children, 40 Bilingual children can eventually apply reading comprehension strategies acquired in one language when reading in the otherSection 1 Question 1-10 Complete the notes below. Write ONE WORD AND/ OR ANUMBER for each answer. Second-hand Cars Example Maximum price: _$ 4300 Cars Available Noda ( silver) @ One1.. Comina (white) @ Used to belong to the 2. Telsta (orange) @ Its an 3....... model © Has got new 4.. Abrada (red) © Only 5..........years old Other Information Garage address: 6..........Road, Mitchell DayiTime: on 7. .. at 9: 30am Askfor: — 8......... Smith Parking available: outside the 9. What to bring: 10... (for a test drive)SECTION2 — Questions 11-20 Questions 11-16 Choose the correct letter A, B or C ‘The Middletown Urban Farming Scheme (MUFS) 11 Who founded the Middletown Urban Farming Scheme? A university specialists B business people C town planners 12 What was the original reason for starting the MUFS? A toencourage more efficient land use B _tohelp lessen CO2 emissions C —_toimprove people's eating habits 13 For the coming year, the MUFS will focus on recruiting members from A schools. B companies © community centres 14 What kind of information is available from members of the MUFS committee? A practical gardening tips B plant science C location of local garden sites 15 What are provided by the MUFS for the physically disabled? A soil and compost B containers for plants C gardening tools 16 According to school teachers, what has been an unexpected advantage of the MUFS? A _ its usefulness as an aid for teaching science B _ tts contribution to reducing costs of school meals its help in encouraging community pride among studentsQuestions 17-20 What free goods or services are offered by each of the following providers? Choose FOUR answers from the box and write the correct letter A-F next to questions 17-20. Free goods or services fertilisers cooking lessons advice on soil eat-to-keep-fit course use of a greenhouse market stalls amooa> Providers 17 city hospital 18 local government 49° university 20 supermarketSECTION 3 Questions 21-30 Questions 21-26 Choose the correct letter A,B or C Research on the effect of walking on creativity 21. Daniel mentions the research about walking and creativity to Katie because A she has read it too. B what she says reminds him of it. © he thinks she might like to do similar research. 22 In the experiments, researchers compared participants'creativity when walking and when A sitting. B running. C listening to music. 23. Daniel says that in each experiment, there was a different A type of control group. B _ pattern of activities. C way of selecting participants. 24 Daniel thinks the experiment with words is A biased in favour of certain people B —_a good indicator of creativity. c ‘open to personal interpretation. 25 What is Katie and Daniels attitude to the experiment on focused thinking? A they are doubtful about its aims. B _ they are confused by its methods. they are cautious about its conclusions 26 Katie thinks that the best way forward is to consider ‘A _ whether other types of exercise affect creativity B _ the cause of the improvement in creativity. © how the results can be applied to creativity in real life.Questions 27-30 ‘What is the main physical benefit of each of the following walking situations? Choose FOUR answers from the box and write the correct letter, A-G, next to questions 27-30 Physical benefits improved balance greater stamina better eyesight lower blood pressure regular sleeping pat stronger bones weight red onmoom> Walking situations 27 walking with thin-soled footwear... 28 walking in the mountains 29° walking for the elderly 30 walking long distancesSECTION 4 Questions 31-40 Complete the notes below. Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer. What Uses coe Gamification it? The use of gaming techniques in non-game situations In business, it is frequently used for 31 Uses people's desire to win a reward Not a new idea, e.g. incentive schemes were first used by 32. To get online33 Quickly To persuade people to change their 34 .. For training purposes, 0.9. simulators used by 36.. planners and. town Successful examples © Official campaigns - Australian government: to encourage people to 36 more - overseas local authority: to reward drivers for not speeding @ Health - a staircase at a station that worked like a 37 .. = agame that helps recovery when old people hurt their 38 .... in a fall Things to consider © It's important for gamification to be 39 © Need to think about the laws regarding 40