REVIEWER: SOCIOLOGY OF TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY
SOCIAL NATURE OF TRAVEL
● Travel is influenced by human social nature.
● People feel more comfortable and less anxious in group tours.
● Tourism fosters trust, respect, and friendships.
● Encourages cultural understanding and breaks prejudices.
SOCIAL EFFECTS OF TOURISM
● Encourages social interactions between diverse cultures.
● Leads to cultural exchange but may also cause conflicts.
● The level of conflict depends on economic differences and adaptation to local norms.
SOCIOECONOMIC VARIABLES AFFECTING TRAVEL
1. Age:
● Young people prefer active recreation.
● Older people (60+) prefer relaxed activities (sightseeing, fishing, visiting family).
2. Income & Social Status:
● Wealthier individuals travel more and spend more.
3. Education:
● Higher education leads to a greater interest in travel and more sophisticated tastes.
4. Life Stages of Family:
● Families with young kids travel less.
● Empty nesters (kids grown up) have more time and money for travel.
NEW TRAVEL PATTERNS
● Travel Clubs: Discounts on trips for members.
● Airline Group Arrangements:
○ Discounts for groups of 15+ travelers.
○ Charter flights for private tours or corporate incentives.
● Special Interest Tours: Travel based on hobbies (e.g., bird watching, skiing,
photography).
PREFERENCES OF INTERNATIONAL TOURISTS
● Relaxation vs. Activity: More people seek adventure (e.g., sports, sailing, climbing).
● Familiarity vs. Novelty:
○ First-time travelers seek familiar settings.
○ Experienced travelers enjoy exploring new cultures and environments.
● Dependence vs. Autonomy:
○ Past: Fixed package tours.
○ Present: More independent travel.
● Order vs. Disorder:
○ Past: Structured travel (fixed meals, guided tours).
○ Present: Casual, flexible travel experiences.
TYPES OF TOURISTS
Institutionalized Tourists:
1. Organized Mass Tourist: Prefers package tours, little adventure.
2. Individual Mass Tourist: More flexible, but still enjoys comfort and familiar settings.
Non-Institutionalized Tourists:
3. Explorer: Plans own trip, seeks adventure but prefers comfort.
4. Drifter: Fully immerses in local culture, no fixed plans.
SOCIAL TOURISM
● Government or employers subsidize travel for social benefits.
● Aims to make travel accessible to all economic classes.
REVIEWER: TOURISM AND CULTURE
TOURISM AND CULTURE
● Tourism and culture are deeply connected.
● Travel allows people to learn about different ways of life.
● It promotes international understanding and appreciation of cultural diversity.
EFFECTS OF CULTURE ON TRAVEL
1. Cultural Understanding
○ Knowing a country's culture helps travelers adapt and avoid misunderstandings.
2. Culture Shock
○ Travelers may feel overwhelmed by unfamiliar customs if they lack cultural
awareness.
IMPORTANCE OF CULTURAL TOURISM
1. Cultural Exchange
○ Encourages appreciation and respect for different cultures.
2. International Cooperation
○ Strengthens relationships between nations through shared experiences.
CULTURAL FACTORS THAT ATTRACT TOURISTS
1. Art
○ Includes performing arts (theater, music, dance) and fine arts (painting, sculpture,
architecture).
2. Music and Dance
○ Local music and dance performances entertain and educate tourists.
3. Handicrafts
○ Locally made crafts serve as souvenirs and reflect a region's artistic traditions.
INDUSTRY AND BUSINESS TOURISM
1. Industrial Tours
○ Visits to factories and production plants provide insights into local industries.
2. Retail Tourism
○ Tourists enjoy shopping centers and retail stores for unique products.
AGRICULTURAL TOURISM
1. Farm Tours
○ Tourists visit agricultural areas to learn about farming practices and products.
2. Farmers' Markets
○ Offers fresh local products and direct interaction with farmers.
EDUCATIONAL TOURISM
1. University Campuses
○ Tourists visit universities for their historical and academic significance.
2. Adult Education
○ International programs attract students from different cultures.
LITERATURE AND LANGUAGE TOURISM
1. Literary Works – Tourists explore famous books and authors.
2. Libraries – Visits to historic and national libraries.
3. Language Learning – Many travelers take language courses abroad.
SCIENCE TOURISM
1. Science Museums – Interactive exhibits on scientific discoveries.
2. Planetariums – Attractions focused on space and astronomy.
3. Scientific Installations – Tours of research centers and laboratories.
RELIGIOUS, FOOD, AND HISTORICAL TOURISM
1. Religious Sites – Visits to temples, churches, mosques, and sacred places.
2. Food and Drink Tourism – Exploring local cuisine and traditional dishes.
3. Historical Sites – Learning about the past through landmarks and museums.
