PIVOT

Volume 7, Issue 1 | April 2025 Special Edition

Quarterly Magazine of Institute of Strategic Studies Islamabad

75 Years of People’s
Republic of China
A Journey of Peace, ModerniSation
and Development

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 ‘Pakistan is the PIVOT of the world, placed
on the frontier on which the future position
of the world revolves.’ Quaid-i-Azam
Mohammad Ali Jinnah, January 1948
Editorial Team
Chief Editor’s Note Patron in Chief
Ambassador Sohail Mahmood
As we celebrate the 75th anniversary
of the People’s Republic of China, Chief Editor
this special edition of PIVOT pays Dr. Talat Shabbir
tribute to a journey defined by
resilience, modernisation, and shared
development. Over the past seven Editor
and a half decades, China has Asad Ullah Khan
transformed into a global economic
hub, pioneering advancements in
infrastructure, technology, and
Contributing Editors
quality development—principles Haris Bilal Malik
that have also shaped the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor Saeeda Usmani
(CPEC).
Managing Editor
CPEC stands as a beacon of regional connectivity and economic
transformation. What began as a vision of trade and Moin Zakir Abbasi
infrastructure development has evolved into a multidimensional
partnership, driving industrialisation, energy security, and socio- Graphics & Layout Design
economic progress in Pakistan. As we make transition into the Bushra Mushtaq Khan
second phase of CPEC, the focus extends beyond physical
connectivity to knowledge-sharing, green development, and
fostering a high-tech industrial base. This is a moment to reflect Network Administrator
on the milestones achieved and the opportunities ahead in Syed Mohammad Farhan
creating a modern, prosperous, and interconnected region.

This issue brings together insightful perspectives from

policymakers, diplomats, and experts on the impact of China’s Contact Us
development model, the evolving regional order, and the future Email: pivot@issi.org.pk
of CPEC. We explore how strategic cooperation between China Website: www.issi.org.pk
and Pakistan continues to redefine economic integration, cultural Address: Institute of Strategic Studies
exchanges, and innovation-driven progress. F-5/2, Islamabad
Phone: +92-51-9204423-24
As Pakistan and China move forward in this shared journey, it is
imperative to embrace modernisation with sustainability,
inclusivity, and vision. With careful planning, strong governance,
Printer
New United Printers
and continued collaboration, the promise of CPEC and our
35 - Chughtai Plaza, Fazal-e-Haq Road,
broader bilateral relationship will continue to flourish, shaping
Blue Area, Islamabad
the future of both nations for generations to come.

Disclaimer
​ he views and opinions expressed herein
T
and references if any, are those of the
writers and contributors, and do not
necessarily reflect the outlook of Institute
Dr. Talat Shabbir of Strategic Studies Islamabad or the
Editorial Board of PIVOT.

Price: Rs. 400

 CONTENTS
20 From Friendship to
Strategic Partners: A
Special Message Historical Perspective of
China-Pakistan Relations
Syed Muhammad Saad Zaidi
6 Ambassador of China to
Pakistan Jiang Zaidong

Interview
22
Analysis Ms. Xing Yang, Director
China Study Centre,
National University of
8 Pragmatic Evolution in Sciences & Technology
(NUST)
a Civilisational State:
Learning from the PRC’s PIVOT Team
Political Tradition
Dr. Afsah Qazi

10 China-Pakistan
Relations: From
Statements to Vision
Viewpoint
Ambassador Masood Khalid
26 China‘s Evolution in
the Middle East: From
Energy to Economics
& Security
Prof. Dr. Ishrat Abbasi
14 Pakistan-China
Innovation Corridor:
Forging a High-Tech
Future under CPEC 2.0 28 Beyond Borders: Triumphs and Trials
Shah Muhammad in the SCO’s Quest for Regional
Connectivity & Integration
Dr. Uzma Siraj

16 China’s Strategy for the Shared Future of

Mankind
Muhammad Arslan and Mahnoor Babar 32 Celebrating 75 Years of
Pakistan-China
Partnership: Amid
Shifting Geopolitical
18 China-Pakistan Economic Tides
Corridor (CPEC) 2.0 Durdana Najam
Laiba Farooq
34 Enabling Business-to- This Issue
Business (B2B) Prospects
in CPEC
Moaaz Manzoor

44 Paksitan-China
Unparalleled Relations
Ayesha Alam

36 China’s Technological 48 Cybersecurity Challenges

Triumph: A Deep and Collaboration:
Dive into Emerging Strengthening China-
Innovations Pakistan Cyber Defense
Misbah Zainab Capabilities
Tayyaba Khan

Book Review

52 Strengthening
Educational Ties
Between China and
Pakistan: A Win-Win
Opportunity Through
38 China-Pakistan Economic
Corridor Beyond 2030: CPEC
A Green Alliance for Nawal Fatima & Jawaria Afzaal
Sustainable Development
Haris Bilal Malik

Insight
54 75-Years of China-
Pakistan Educational
Diplomacy
Sidra Fatima Ali

40 Pakistan‘s Academic
Exchanges with China:
A Personal Journey and
Reflection
Dr. Gulshan Rafiq
 Special Message

Message From Ambassador

of China to Pakistan
Jiang Zaidong
O
n the occasion of the 75th National have caught up with the times in great strides, and
Day of the People’s Republic of China, hit a miracle in the history of world development.
on behalf of the Chinese Embassy, I Especially since the 18th National Congress of
would like to extend my best wishes the CPC in 2012, Chinese people have written a
to our great motherland, and may the great new chapter of the two miracles of rapid economic
country enjoy prosperity forever! And I would development and long-term social stability, lifted
also like to express my heartfelt thanks to friends nearly 100 million rural people out of poverty,
from all walks of life in Pakistan who care about solved the absolute poverty problem historically,
and support China’s development and actively built a moderately prosperous society in an all-
promote China-Pakistan friendship! round way, and contributed more than 70% to the
world’s poverty elimination and more than 30% to
Since the founding of the People’s Republic of the world’s economic growth for many consecutive
China 75 years ago, China has embarked on the years. This is fundamentally due to the fact that
great journey of modernisation independently, General Secretary Xi Jinping, as the core leader
turning from an impoverished and backward of the CPC Central Committee and the Party, is
land into the world’s second largest economy, at the helm, providing scientific guidance through
top trader in goods, biggest holder of foreign Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese
exchange reserves, and biggest manufacturer. Characteristics for a New Era. In particular,
We have put in place the world’s largest President Xi Jinping, with extraordinary political
compulsory education system, social security courage and strong historical responsibility,
system, and medical and health system. China personally planned and guided the overall design
has completed industrialisation, that Western of reform, coordinated and promoted the overall
developed countries took hundreds of years. We progress, and provided strong and powerful

6
 Special Message

guidance and guarantee for us to make such can be called an exemplar of state-to-state
historic achievements and realise historic changes, relations”. The iron-clad friendship between the
and led the Chinese people to embark on a new two countries is deeply rooted in hearts of the
journey of comprehensively promoting the great two peoples. In April 2015, President Xi Jinping
rejuvenation of the Chinese nation with Chinese paid a historic state visit to Pakistan, during which
modernisation. the two sides elevated China-Pakistan bilateral
relations to all-weather strategic cooperative
In July 2024, the Third Plenary Session of the partnership, opening up a new chapter in the
20th CPC Central Committee was successfully development of bilateral ties. In June this year,
held. The most important achievement of this H.E. Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif successfully
plenary session was the review and approval of visited China, which was the first highest-level
the “Resolution of the Central Committee of the meeting after the establishment of Pakistan’s new
Communist Party of China on Further Deepening government. It is of great significance for planning
Reform Comprehensively to Advance Chinese and promoting major strategic cooperation
Modernisation”, which proposed more than 300 between China and Pakistan in the new era.
important reform measures and made systematic
arrangements for further comprehensively This year marks the beginning of the second
deepening reform and promoting Chinese golden decade of jointly building the Belt and
modernisation. President Xi Jinping has played Road Initiative and the start of the second
a decisive role in the drafting of the decision by decade of the CPEC. Currently, under the
planning, organising research, providing guidance, strategic guidance of leaders of both countries,
and setting the tone. At present, more than 1.4 the CPEC is entering a new stage of high-quality
billion Chinese people are deeply implementing development. So far, it has brought 25.4 billion
the spirit of the plenary session and the resolution, US dollars of direct investment to Pakistan,
implementing the new development concept, generated 236,000 local jobs in total, added 510
building a new development pattern, promoting kilometers of new highways, 8,000 megawatts
high-quality development, and marching towards of electricity and 886 kilometers of national
modernisation. core transmission grid, which has laid a solid
foundation for Pakistan’s economic and social
Especially since the 18th development and has become a vivid example
National Congress of the CPC of the all-weather friendship between our two
in 2012, Chinese people have countries.
written a new chapter of the
two miracles of rapid economic Looking ahead, we are ready to work with
development and long-term Pakistani side, by implementing the important
social stability, lifted nearly consensus reached by President Xi Jinping
100 million rural people out of and Pakistani leaders as the guiding principle,
poverty, solved the absolute building an even closer China-Pakistan
poverty problem historically, community with a shared future in the new era
built a moderately prosperous as the main line, and promoting high quality
society in an all-round way, development of the CPEC as the major platform,
and contributed more than to continuously consolidate, deepen and expand
70% to the world‘s poverty China-Pakistan all-weather strategic cooperation,
elimination and more than 30% and better benefit the two countries and the two
to the world‘s economic growth peoples. I, together with all my colleagues at the
for many consecutive years Chinese Embassy, will exert our best efforts to
work closely with Pakistani friends, and make
China and Pakistan are linked by mountains and new contributions to the development of China-
rivers, and have enjoyed ever-lasting friendship. Pakistan relations!
Since China and Pakistan established diplomatic
ties in 1951, no matter how the international and Long Live The People’s Republic of China!
regional situations change, our two countries
China-Pak Dosti Zindabad!
always understand, trust, respect and support
each other. “China-Pakistan bilateral relations

7
 Analysis

Pragmatic Evolution
in a Civilizational
State: Learning from
the PRC’s Political
Tradition
By Dr. Afsah Qazi

C
hina’s rapid economic self-contained yet substantially democracy’ that thrives without
rise is an extraordinary metamorphosed version of what following the conventional Western
achievement, unmatched the Chinese Empire passed on model.
in modern history. While to it. Far from facing instability or
stagnation, China’s political system Second, while critics predicted a
its political tradition often remains
has demonstrated resilience, Soviet-style collapse for China,
unappreciated or misunderstood,
flexibility, and strength—offering the PRC has only grown stronger.
it is just as significant as its
valuable lessons for other nations One key reason for this success
economic success. Many Western
navigating their own development has been the CCP’s model of
critiques, filtered through liberal
paths. To start with, China decentralised governance combined
frameworks, mis-characterised
exemplifies that what is often with centralised political control.
China as an authoritarian regime
described as ‘authoritarianism’ This unique approach allows
where political liberalisation
is, in fact, a deeply ingrained for economic diversification and
is essential to avoid a Soviet-
sociopolitical structure rooted innovation across various sectors
style collapse. Another common
in Confucian ideals, Imperial while maintaining firm political
perspective sees China struggling
China’s hierarchical systems, and authority at the national level. Under
to balance its Confucian heritage
the Marxist-Leninist principles this model, China has achieved
with modern liberal values.
that formed the foundation of the an unprecedented economic
However, these narratives miss
Chinese Communist Party (CCP). transformation, which defies the
the reality of China’s unique and
This continuity allows for long-term expectations of those who insisted
evolving governance system, which
political stability, which counters that political liberalisation was
blends traditional civilisational
the liberal argument that economic essential for development.
elements with modern pragmatism.
modernisation automatically
Deng Xiaoping’s famous cat theory—
A nuanced understanding would leads to political liberalisation. In
“It doesn’t matter if the cat is black
tell that 75 years of the People’s China’s case, stability has been
or white, as long as it catches
Republic of China (PRC) embody a necessary condition for its
mice”— aptly symbolises China’s
in between decades of pragmatic economic rise. The respect for
pragmatic approach to governance.
evolution in a civilisational authority and hierarchy, culturally
Deng let the capitalist cat loose to
state, which offers a lot to the embedded in Chinese society, has
pursue ‘Socialism with Chinese
world it inhabits. The political helped China achieve a unique
characteristics while not dislocating
tradition of PRC, therefore, is a form of governance, ‘a functional

8
 Analysis
CCP’s status as the central the sovereign equality among Era. This ideological continuity
political force’. This approach has nations in pursuit of shared is the bedrock of China’s political
enabled China to retain its unique development goals. This respect tradition and the foundation of its
governance structure, integrating for local political systems is what current success.
external economic influences makes China’s BRI distinct and
without yielding to external political appealing to many nations across The CCP’s ability to
pressures. the world. China has demonstrated balance respect for its
that cooperation based on political ancestry with
In China’s case, complementarity of interests rather the need to adapt to
stability has been a than imposition of political ideals
changing circumstances
necessary condition is a better recipe for sustainable
has been key to China’s
for its economic international relations.
resilience. While
rise. The respect Another important lesson from distancing itself from
for authority and China’s political evolution is
certain mistakes of
hierarchy, culturally the significance of continuity
past leadership, such
embedded in Chinese and learning from the past. The
as the excesses of the
society, has helped PRC’s development story is one
Mao era, the CCP has
of gradual progress, where each
China achieve a unique phase builds on the successes and always maintained its
form of governance, ‘a lessons of the previous one. This ideological continuity,
functional democracy’ emphasis on continuity ensures incorporating elements
that thrives without that China’s political and social
from each leadership
following the fabric remains cohesive, even in
era into its current
conventional Western the face of external challenges.
governance model
model The CCP’s ability to balance
respect for its political ancestry
At 75, PRC stands as a testament
Moreover, China’s approach to with the need to adapt to changing
to the benefits of pragmatic
international relations reflects the circumstances has been key to
evolution in governance. The
same pragmatism. The PRC has China’s resilience. While distancing
Chinese political system, far
prioritised shared interests and itself from certain mistakes of past
from being a rigid authoritarian
mutually beneficial cooperation leadership, such as the excesses
model, showcases dynamism and
over ideological conformity. The of the Mao era, the CCP has
adaptability that blends tradition
Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is always maintained its ideological
with modernity. For nations seeking
a prime example of how China continuity, incorporating elements
development short of conforming
fosters global partnerships based from each leadership era into its
to the Western liberal model, China
on equality, non-interference, and current governance model. Deng
offers valuable lessons. The PRC
respect for sovereignty. Unlike Xiaoping’s strategic re-evaluation
has shown that political stability,
some other global powers, China of the past, particularly through
economic innovation, and respect
has worked with developing the CCP’s 1981 Resolution on
for history can coexist to create
nations across Africa, Asia, and historical questions, allowed
a thriving, resilient state. China’s
Europe to build infrastructure and China to move forward without
political tradition is a model of
spur economic growth without discrediting its predecessors. This
civilisational continuity, pragmatic
demanding political reforms. This nuanced approach to political
adaptation, and developmental
approach has allowed China leadership has enabled the CCP
success. As the world becomes
to extend its influence globally, to remain the dominant force in
more unequal, the lessons from
envisioning a community of Chinese politics while adjusting to
China’s political evolution will
shared destiny that prioritises the evolving needs of the state and
only grow in relevance for nations
development, stability, and mutual society. Today, China incorporates
seeking sustainable growth without
respect over the imposition of the governing ideologies of all
sacrificing their sovereignty or
liberal values. China’s rise in its leaders, including Marxism-
cultural heritage.
the global order has not only Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought,
challenged traditional Western Deng Xiaoping Theory, the Theory
dominance but also introduced of Three Represents, and Xi
Dr. Afsah Qazi, Assistant Professor,
a new model of international Jinping Thought on Socialism with Department of Strategic Studies, Air
engagement—one that respects Chinese Characteristics for a New University, Islamabad

9
 Analysis

China-Pakistan Relations:
From Statements to Vision
By Ambassador Masood Khalid

I
n diplomatic practice, joint Also extremely important is the A classic example of such
statements or joint communiques choice of words or the language a divergence was the joint
are adopted after negotiations selected by negotiators to spell out communique issued after President
between states during an their positions, or the differences Nixon’s historical visit to China.
exchange of high-level visits or to safeguard their national “No doubt Shanghai Communique
at multilateral engagements, and interests. of February 27, 1972” was a
contain respective parties positions breakthrough in melting the ice
and perspectives on the issues Joint statements normally between the two ideological foes
under discussion, including on the portray a broad consensus since it heralded a new era not
health of their relationship. While arrived at and intended only in their bilateral relations but
in most situations, the outcome to be conveyed by the also in world politics. However,
documents would be a result of participating states the communique was glaring in
probably intensive and at times or parties. There are highlighting the exceptionally
cumbersome negotiations, yet exceptions where such contentious global environment and
its significance in the context statements also reflect the differences between China and
of historical record remains the United States particularly on
the divergence of views.
sacrosanct. Both in the bilateral and the Vietnam war, Korean peninsula
Also extremely important
multilateral engagements, the joint and the stability of the Asia-Pacific
statements normally portray a broad
is the choice of words or region. Although both sides agreed
consensus arrived at and intended
the language selected by to conduct their relations on the
to be conveyed by the participating negotiators to spell out basis of the principle of peaceful
states or parties. There are their positions, or the coexistence, the communique
exceptions, where such statements, differences to safeguard acknowledged that there were
also reflect the divergence of views. their national interests “essential differences between

10
 Analysis
China and the United States in Jammu and Kashmir in their ideological orientations and
their social systems and foreign struggle for the right of self- imperatives of security, yet it
policies.” determination.” succeeded in overcoming the
tumult of the cold war and built
In the context of current tensions The US position states an architecture of a durable
between the United States and “Consistent with the United partnership.
China, it is important to note that Nations Security Council
Taiwan which is a core issue Resolution of December 21. When this journey started, their
for China, the US conceded 1971, the United States favors Joint Statements of 1950s and
in 1972 that “there is but one the continuations of the ceasefire 1960s merely spoke of “friendly
China and Taiwan is part of between India and Pakistan relations.” As the cooperation
China”. However, only a decade and the withdrawal of all military grew in 1990s, such descriptions
after President Nixon’s visit and forces to within their own graduated to “comprehensive
despite US commitment, their territories and to their own sides friendship.” The word “All-weather”
perspective on Taiwan reflected of the ceasefire line in Jammu was introduced in 2003. By
sharp differences. Their joint and Kashmir. The United States 2013 both countries felt that the
communique of August 17, 1982, supports the right of the people of substance of their relationship
negotiated laboriously over South Asia to shape their future in warranted an amendment, so
eight months, mentioned that peace, free of military threat, and it was upgraded to the “China-
the question of “US arms sales without having the area become Pakistan All-weather strategic
to Taiwan was not settled” and the subject of great power rivalry” cooperative partnership.” When
that the “two sides held differing President Xi Jinping paid his
positions.” When this journey historic visit to Pakistan in April
started, their Joint 2015, both countries vowed
Of particular interest is the Statements of 1950s and to “building closer Pakistan-
language on South Asian issues 1960s merely spoke of China community of shared
in the Joint Communique of 1972. “friendly relations.” future in the new era.” Former
The level of trust their bilateral
As the cooperation Chinese Premier Li Keqiang
relations had come to enjoy by
grew in 1990s, such in a congratulatory message
early seventies, could be gauged
by the support China extended to
descriptions graduated to his Pakistani counterpart
described the relationship as
Pakistan for its sovereignty and to “comprehensive
“unparalleled.” A discerning eye
independent and on the Kashmir friendship.” The word
can see the nuanced progression
dispute. The Chinese position was “All-weather” was of the language both sides have
unequivocal in its support and in introduced in 2003. By employed to characterise the
sharp contrast to the US stance. 2013 both countries felt strength of their bilateral ties
The communique attributes the that the substance of their which have retained an upward
following position to China. relationship warranted trajectory.
an amendment, so it
“It (China) firmly maintains that
India and Pakistan should, in
was upgraded to “the The February 2022 Joint
Statement issued after the visit
accordance with the United China-Pakistan-weather
of former Prime Minister to China
Nations resolutions on the India- strategic cooperative
emphasises “closer strategic ties
Pakistan question, immediately partnership” and deep rooted friendship”, which
withdraw all their forces to their is “time tested” and “timeless”
In the last over seventy years,
respective territories and to their marked by “traditional warmth”,
both Pakistan and China have
own sides of the ceasefire line in “strategic mutual trust” and
invested a great deal of energy
Jammu and Kashmir and firmly “Commonality of views.” When it is
and resources in building their
supports the Pakistan government stated that this friendship serves
relationship. Both countries take
and people in their struggle to the “interest of both countries”
pride in this relationship, which
preserve independence and and is the “historic choice of both
made a tentative beginning in
sovereignty and the people of peoples” or is “timeless”, it implies
early fifties due to their divergent

11
 Analysis

that both countries view it as for any offensive purpose but to and CENTO with suspicion, their
“futuristic” and will not allow any ensure that Pakistan is able to maiden meeting in Bandung in
attempt to derail it. meet its legitimate security needs 1955 helped to clear the air.
especially as it faces a virtual
The Joint Communique of arms embargo from the West, After meeting Prime Minister
June 2024, issued after the while its bigger neighbour has full Muhammad Ali Bogra, Premier
visit of Prime Minister Shehbaz access to western arms markets Zhou Enlai stated, “through these
Sharif further reinforced the and technology and continues explanations we achieved a mutual
high premium placed on the to amass itself feverishly. In any understanding.” He was referring to
relationship. The statement case, the defence budgets of India Bogra’s explanation that Pakistan’s
highlighted that “Pakistan- and Pakistan are not comparable, decision to join the Western
China relations have stood the and neither is Pakistan engaged in alliance was not against China but
test of changing international an arms race. But it is imperative as a counter to security threat from
environment and have been as that South Asia maintains a India.
solid as a rock, and as unshakable strategic balance.
as mountain. The Chinese side Muhammad Younus, a former
reiterated that the Pakistan- Pakistan-China defence Pakistan Ambassador to China
China relationship is a priority cooperation, which has a seventy writes in his book, “Reflections
in its foreign relations. The two year long history, its often on China,” that “it is a significant
sides would continue to view the criticised, invoking the myth of a factor in the evolution of what may
relationship between Pakistan and clandestine axis “founded with a he called unwritten SinoPakistan
China form a strategic height and shared enmity with India.” This alliance that, while Pakistan’s
a long-term perspective.” argument is not entirely convincing explanations made little headway
as Pakistan-China relations have in Moscow, these were eventually
A clear message which not only sustained but grown in accepted in Beijing.” While the
emanates from the strength even when India-China former USSR took a hostile position
above wording is that relations were on an even keel. towards us, Pakistan and China
the defence cooperation took several steps even in the
What has brought the two formative years of their relationship
is not for any offensive
countries closer to each other is to ensure that their interests did not
purpose but to ensure that
the trust mutually developed over clash.
Pakistan is able to meet the years, especially when they
its legitimate security refused to succumb to external When Pakistan’s
needs especially as it faces pressures to compromise on their Ambassador Gen.N.A.M.
a virtual arms embargo relations. There were times when Raza, who was on his
from the West, while its Pakistan was asked to distance second appointment in
bigger neighbour has full itself from China, but it stood its 4 Beijing, met Premier Zhou
access to western arms ground. Dr. Maleeha Lodhi wrote Enlai in 1962, he found a
markets and technology in Dawn on May 2, 2022, that change in his assessment
and continues to amass “during the Cold War Pakistan was of India. The very first
itself feverishly a member of western alliance, but
remark the Premier made
none of this prevented Pakistan
On defence cooperation, which
to the Ambassador was
from pursuing an independent
is a key pillar of bilateral ties, the line to forge relations with Beijing.
that he had been mistaken
communique “underscored that After the 1962 Sino-Indian war,
about India. This was
stronger strategic, defence, and Pakistan significantly strengthened quite a shift in the Chinese
security cooperation between its ties with Beijing in the midst perception of India from
Pakistan and China plays an of US efforts to isolate China. US the 1950’s, when India
irreplaceable and critical role in warnings were cast aside that it and China relations were
maintaining peace and stability would review ties with Pakistan if it marked by “Hindi-Cheeni
and ensuring strategic balance of built its relations with China.” Bhai Bhai era.”
the region.”
Earlier when two countries According to former Foreign
A clear message which emanates established their diplomatic Secretary Riaz Muhammad Khan,
from the above wording is that relations in 1951 and China viewed Foreign Minister Agha Shahi, who
the defence cooperation is not Pakistan’s membership of SEATO was the senior official in the Foreign

12
 Analysis
Ministry and, also later served 1950’s, when India and China comparison is out of place and
as Ambassador to China and UN relations were marked by “Hindi- irrelevant. The strength of these
moved a note to the President of Cheeni Bhai Bhai era.” relations has to be judged for the
Pakistan in mid-1963, suggesting quality of the bilateral relations
closer ties with China, which In the course of border maintained by two countries
was endorsed by late Zulfiqar Ali negotiations, Premier Zhou Enlai’s in the new global and regional
Bhutto. He wrote, “in the vastness gesture to give some grazing land, environment as well as where
Of Asia, buffeted by currents of historically inhabited by people and how this interaction and
history”, Pakistan and China were from Hunza, and was aligned to cooperation can be expanded.”
poised to forge a bond like the China, but on Pakistan’s request,
one between India and the Soviet he “generously agreed to the Given the past history, Pakistan
Union. amendment of the boundary and China feel confident in their
so that an area of 750 miles relationship. Imperatives of
China’s progress over remained on the Pakistan side.” regional peace and security and
the past four decades has That was the defining moment convergence of interests drive
been astounding. It has in developing bilateral trust Pakistan-China relations.
lifted almost 800 million and friendship. The conclusion
On its part, Pakistan
of the Border Treaty of 1963
people out of absolute views China to be an
and the 1964 landing of PIA
poverty; constructed anchor for peace and
in Shanghai, effectively lifting
more than 159,000 km of China’s air blockade, signified security in the region.
railways with 45,000 km major steps in fostering goodwill Pakistan shares the
of high-speed rail; 177,000 between Pakistan and China. Chinese perspective
km of highways; 254 The parameters of their future that connectivity and
airports; 34 major ports partnership had thus been development are critical
and more than 200 minor defined.
to regional peace, progress
ports; developed Maglev and prosperity. Pakistan
The upward trend in Sino-
Train with a speed of 450 appreciates China’s
Pakistan relations today is a
km; commercial launch of support for its sovereignty
result of decades-long investment
5G and Beidou Navigation by the leadership in fostering and independence.
Satellite and Moon bilateral cooperation with “mutual Pakistan is of the view
landing of its spaceship trust” as its bedrock. When the that the BRI presents
A major confidence-building
Chinese leaders declare that a win-win scenario for
no matter how the international global prosperity
measure was the commencement
situation changes, Pakistan-
of border talks between Pakistan
China cooperation will continue The level of bilateral cooperation
and China at the initiative of
to prosper, is an affirmation of is deep and substantive. There is
Pakistan. By then, China felt
faith in the durability of ties and never a sense of abandonment
frustrated as its negotiations
its prospects. Both countries find in Pakistan-China mutual ties.
with India on border demarcation
their ties irreplaceable because There is no cause for conflict
had not made any headway.
they have always met each other’s in the relationship, only the
And Pakistan had also become
expectations. potential for growth as manifest
disillusioned with the American
in their mutual support on each
attitude of favoring India, Riaz Muhammad Khan seconds other’s core issues. This mutual
especially on the Kashmir issue. the above view, “China’s new support is not driven only by geo-
When Pakistan’s Ambassador status as an emerging global political considerations but also
Gen.N.A.M. Raza, who was power, its worldwide engagement, by their shared perspectives on
on his second appointment in and even the burgeoning relations upholding the principles of the
Beijing, met Premier Zhou Enlai with India may appear to eclipse UN charter and international law,
in 1962, he found a change in his the erstwhile uniqueness of Sino- multilateralism and fairness and
assessment of India. The very Pakistan relations of the 1960’s justice in international relations.
first remark the Premier made to and early 1970’s, when China was
the Ambassador was that he had isolated, and Pakistan was one
been mistaken about India. This Ambassador Masood Khalid,
of its very few friends on whom Former Ambassador of
was quite a shift in the Chinese it depended for its contacts with Pakistan to China
perception of India from the the outside world. But such a

13
 Analysis

Pakistan-China
Innovation Corridor: Forging a
High-Tech Future under CPEC 2.0
By Shah Muhammad
hubs, shaping the contours of
a vibrant innovation ecosystem
in Pakistan. It would likely be
driven by cutting-edge research
and viable commercialisation
of emerging technologies such
as Artificial Intelligence (AI),
Internet of Things (IoT), Robotics,
Fintech, Biotechnology and Cloud
Computing. China is leading the
world in advanced robotics, holding
a about 27.89% global share, and is
the second most advanced nation
in AI. Hence, the concept papers of

T
the Pak-China Innovation Corridor
he transition of the called the ‘Growth Corridor’,
could lay out a detailed roadmap as
China-Pakistan Economic ‘Economic Development
to how the corridor would enable
Corridor (CPEC) to the Projects Corridor’, ‘Innovation
technology transfer and foreign
next phase - CPEC 2.0 Corridor’, ‘Green Corridor’,
investment from China so as to
- is a testament to the strategic and ‘Regional Connectivity
enhance Pakistan’s footprint in
vision behind the project, steered Corridor’. The Innovation
emerging technologies. Ultimately,
by policy continuity on both sides. Corridor essentially envisages
the corridor could play a pivotal role
Although CPEC continues to face greater bilateral engagement
in addressing Pakistan’s socio-
certain irritants in its envisioned for technological growth and
economic challenges.
implementation, it has successfully imparting IT skills to youth.
in yielded tangible outcomes. Successful conceptualisation and Pakistan has completed
Pakistan has completed 50 CPEC implementation of this Corridor 50 CPEC projects
projects worth USD 25 billion while will be crucial to the success
worth $ 25 billion
of other new corridors and the
securing an additional pledge of
broader CPEC 2.0 initiative. This
while securing an
$65 billion for further development.
is because leveraging advanced
additional pledge of
Along with bridging persistent gaps
in the first phase, CPEC 2.0 aims technology across all sectors has
$65 billion for further
to elevate the Pak-China economic become an essential requirement development. Along
proximity in terms of inclusive in today’s rapidly evolving world. with bridging persistent
growth, agricultural modernisation gaps in the first phase,
and technological cooperation.
The Ministry of Planning CPEC 2.0 aims to
The potential of CPEC 2.0 should
Development & Special Initiatives elevate the Pak-China
be analysed in the context of the
and the National Development
economic proximity
and Reform Commission (NDRC)
Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR)
of China are yet to devise
in terms of inclusive
where high-tech cooperation could
concept papers of these new
growth, agricultural
enable Pakistan to leapfrog into the
corridors which would craft a clear
modernisation
digital era.
roadmap for their implementation. and technological
Under the aegis of CPEC 2.0, five Nevertheless, key features of cooperation
new corridors were announced the Innovation Corridor may
Nonetheless, there is a need to
at the 13th session of the Joint be characterised by (but not
address certain enduring hurdles
Cooperation Committee in limited to) joint research centres,
that might constrain proper
May 2024. These are being technology parks and innovation

14
 Analysis
implementation of CPEC 2.0, tax-to-GDP ratio, incentivising be extended to the technology zones
especially the Innovation Corridor, local industry and shoring up in the Innovation Corridor as well.
in particular. In the fiscal year forex reserves through export- Importantly, China-Pakistan Science
2024, Pakistan’s GDP growth led growth. Economic stability and Technology Cooperation Centre,
rate was 2.4% and fiscal deficit would allow greater fiscal space established in 2022 in Beijing, may
was recorded as 6.8%. Although for funding relevant projects. In be integrated in this corridor. It
Chinese investments would be a the shorter term, however, the should have vibrant linkages with
significant driver of the Innovation government should invite private academic institutions and industries
Corridor, Pakistan’s dire economic venture capital into the Corridor in both countries, enabling scientific
straits might impede local and the stakeholders can then engagement and technology transfer.
investments in high-tech ventures. develop proposals to attract The corridor could benefit immensely
Needless to say, economic foreign funding. from the development of a popular
uncertainty has taken a toll on culture in Pakistan that rewards
investor’s ability to take risks in Enforcement of innovation and entrepreneurship.
high-tech ventures. Moreover, intellectual property
the innovation ecosystem of the rights is crucial for Enforcement of intellectual property
country is not as vibrant as that entrepreneurship and rights is crucial for entrepreneurship
of China and other developed innovation to thrive. and innovation to thrive. Pak-China
joint intellectual property offices can
countries. Failure to bridge this gap Pak-China joint also be established to protect the
is likely to constrain actualisation intellectual property integrity of patents, trademarks and
of the full potential of the corridor. offices can also be trade secrets associated with the
Additionally, high-tech ventures established to protect projects in Innovation Corridor. With
in the Innovation Corridor would the integrity of patents, regard to security threats, a Special
hinge on the legal frameworks trademarks and trade Security Division is already in
and enforcement mechanisms secrets associated place to accord protection to CPEC
of intellectual property rights. with the projects in projects and Chinese nationals.
Although Pakistan has sufficient Innovation Corridor The capacity of this division may
legislative enactments in place be augmented through regular
such as Patents Ordinance 2000; Although Pakistan has struggled to simulations and the employment of
Trademarks Ordinance 2001; adopt cutting-edge technologies, technologies. For instance, drones
and Geographical Indications it is steadily building a strong and surveillance cameras may
(Registration and Protection) Act foundation which is crucial to also be leveraged to enhance the
2020, their weak enforcement is the success of the Pak-China situational awareness of security
a challenge to reckon with. Apart Innovation Corridor. Pakistan personnel.
from that, the Corridor would not has made a significant leap in
be immune from longstanding Global Innovation Index rankings, To conclude, the Pak-China
security threats faced by CPEC at from 117th in 2020 to 88th in Innovation Corridor is a timely
large. The militant onslaught and 2023, demonstrating its growing initiative that aligns CPEC 2.0 with
criminal activity are considerable commitment to innovation. the evolving epoch of the Fourth
causes of concern in this regard. To build on this progress, it is Industrial Revolution. Under the
Recurrence of security threats recommended that the existing ambit of this corridor, joint research
might obstruct the viability of high- sixteen special technology zones centres and high-tech hubs could
tech projects and entrepreneurial in Pakistan be integrated with help boost the technological
spirit that otherwise thrive in the Innovation Corridor, paving credentials of Pakistan and bolster
a peaceful and stable social the way for synergic endeavours its innovation economy. Despite
environment. between Pak-China scientific and the challenges, sustained bilateral
business communities. Moreover, engagement and consistent policies
A series of well-directed and the Planning Ministry has will be crucial in ensuring the
pragmatic measures may be proposed a ‘one plus four’ model success of the Innovation Corridor.
undertaken to address these wherein each Special Economic The dream of a high-tech future for
challenges, enabling Pakistan Zone (SEZ) in Pakistan would Pakistan may indeed be a tangible
to leapfrog in the digital era. In collaborate with four Chinese reality through CPEC 2.0.
order to attain fiscal strength and entities, i.e. province, private
macroeconomic stability, Pakistan industry, SEZ and state-owned Shah Muhammad, Research
ought to focus on enhancing the enterprise. This model can also Assistant, Centre for Aerospace &
Security Studies (CASS), Islamabad

15
 Analysis

China’s
Strategy
for the
Shared
Future of
Mankind
By Muhammad Arslan and Mahnoor Babar

I
n contemporary times, the learning, equality, inclusiveness, peace, justice, development,
world is confronted with multiple and dialogue among civilisations. freedom, and democracy are
challenges and dilemmas. It promotes shared solutions common aspirations of people
Chinese foreign policy, rooted to common problems and from all backgrounds and
in the principles of peace and underscores the need for nationalities. With its 5,000-
multipolarity, is driven by the desire collaborative efforts between year history, China understands
to maintain territorial integrity and civilisations to address evolving the significance of historical
national sovereignty. Moreover, geopolitical complexities. heritage and how it can amplify
it aims to create an international a state’s credentials on the
environment conducive to its The Global global stage. This understanding
reform agendas. Against this Civilization Initiative of civilisational politics is
backdrop, Chinese policymakers (GCI) advocates demonstrated in China’s vision
have introduced interlinked global
for the diversity and global initiatives.
initiatives to address common
global challenges and contribute
of civilisations, Closely linked to the GCI is the
to the betterment of a shared upholding common Global Security Initiative (GSI),
future for humanity. These three values, and proposed by President Xi Jinping
initiatives are: emphasises their in April 2020. This initiative adapts

Global Civilisations Initiative (GCI)

importance. It to the changing international
calls for enhanced landscape, addresses both
traditional and non-traditional
Global Security Initiative (GSI) people-to-people security challenges, and
Global Development Initiative (GDI)
cooperation and provides a new pathway to
exchanges security that favors partnerships
The Global Civilisation Initiative over confrontations, and win-
(GCI) advocates for the diversity The GCI reflects the Chinese
win scenarios over zero-sum
of civilisations, upholding common perspective that appreciates and
games. The GSI embodies
values, and emphasises their cherishes the unique traits and
Beijing’s approach to managing
importance. It calls for enhanced concepts of each civilisation.
competition and rivalries through
people-to-people cooperation China believes that the world can
peaceful means. Over the past
and exchanges. This initiative, enrich itself by learning from the
two years, China has collaborated
proposed by President Xi Jinping, historical experiences of various
with multiple states worldwide to
has been warmly received by civilisations that have existed
build on its vision of creating a
the international community as it for millennia. Furthermore, this
better future for humanity.
incorporates principles of mutual initiative reiterates that equity,

16
 Analysis

Closely linked to the China is investing more than partnerships in the domains of
GCI is the Global $10 billion as a special fund counter-terrorism, cyber warfare,
for the implementation of and conventional security.
Security Initiative these initiatives, which helps Through this platform, Pakistan
(GSI), proposed by Beijing amplify its soft power can help maintain strategic
President Xi Jinping capabilities. Pakistan, as an equilibrium in the region while
in April 2020. This all-weather friend of China, can also gaining regional support
initiative adapts capitalise on this opportunity by on major issues such as the
to the changing aligning its own strategic aims Kashmir dispute and the situation
with these initiatives. in Afghanistan. Furthermore, the
international GSI allows Pakistan to portray
landscape, Pakistan, with its rich itself as a responsible member of
addresses both cultural heritage, can foster the global community and counter
traditional and civilisational cooperation by malicious propaganda spread by
non-traditional sharing its cultural experiences, adversaries.
strengthening people-to-people
security challenges, collaboration, and bridging Cooperation under
and provides a social, ethnic, and linguistic the GDI Centres
new pathway to differences. Through the Global
around eight key
security that favors Civilisation Initiative, Pakistan
areas: food security,
partnerships over can leverage its shared heritage,
pandemic response
confrontations, and including connections through
the Silk Road and Buddhist and vaccination,
win-win scenarios influences, to cultivate deeper poverty reduction,
over zero-sum ties with the Far East. Pakistan climate change,
games can also act as a bridge between
development
China and the wider Muslim
Another core element of
world, helping to combat harmful
financing, digital
Chinese foreign policy is the
constructs like violent extremism, economy,
Global Development Initiative
Islamophobia, and the “Clash of industrialisation, and
(GDI), proposed in 2022. This
initiative has garnered positive
Civilizations” narrative promoted digital connectivity
by certain groups.
international responses, with It is in China’s interest that
over 100 states and international In the context of the Global Pakistan remains stable and
organisations, including the Development Initiative, China prosperous. By working together
United States, expressing and Pakistan can collaborate on these initiatives, both countries
support. The GDI emphasises in various sectors, such as can move beyond merely aligning
linking global development poverty reduction, climate policy interests and establish
efforts with the United Nations’ change mitigation, improving comprehensive, full-spectrum
Sustainable Development Goals local livelihoods, and enhancing relations. Through the GCI,
(SDGs) for 2030. Its alignment the education system. This GDI, and GSI, China aims to
with national and regional cooperation can help Pakistan achieve national rejuvenation
development goals has led address its challenges of chronic while also seeking to reshape
various states to express their underdevelopment, economic the international economic and
support for the GDI’s bilateral instability, and brain drain. political landscape.
and multilateral mechanisms. Additionally, the GDI may enable
Cooperation under the GDI Pakistan to become an important
Centres around eight key component of the global supply Muhammad Arsalan,
areas: food security, pandemic chain, ensuring economic Independent Researcher
response and vaccination, prosperity.
poverty reduction, climate
change, development financing, Regarding the Global Security
digital economy, industrialisation, Initiative, China and Pakistan Mahnoor Babar,
can further strengthen defense Independent Researcher
and digital connectivity.

17
 Analysis

China-Pakistan
Economic Corridor (CPEC) 2.0
By Laiba Farooq

I
mproving physical access Andrew Small, in his book The are pivotal for aligning Pakistan’s
and communication between China-Pakistan Axis: Asia’s New development agenda with its Vision
different parts of the world Geopolitics, noted that China 2025 and Five Es framework.
has become crucial for global has committed to investing $62 The Growth Corridor focuses on
economic growth in recent years. billion in Pakistan through CPEC. enhancing economic growth through
However, the foundations for Essentially, CPEC is structured key infrastructure investments, while
this were laid centuries ago by into three phases: Short Term the Economic Development Projects
Adam Smith in 1776, when he (Phase I), Middle Term (Phase Corridor aims to bolster socio-
said, “Good roads, canals, and II), and Long Term (Phase III). economic development through
navigable waters, by diminishing Phase I (2015-2020) focused targeted projects. The Innovation
the expense of carriage, put on essential infrastructure and Corridor emphasises fostering
remote parts of the country on electricity generation plants. technological advancements
level with towns. They are the Phase II (2021-2025) emphasises and innovation-led growth. The
greatest of all improvements.” on Special Economic Zones Green Corridor underscores
China’s Belt and Road Initiative (SEZs) and cooperation in sustainable development by
(BRI) is a significant step in agriculture, IT, and science and promoting environmentally friendly
this direction, with the China- technology. Phase III (2026- initiatives, such as renewable
Pakistan Economic Corridor 2030) aims to develop a robust energy and green practices. The
(CPEC) being its crown jewel. economic system and complete Regional Connectivity Corridor
This article explores CPEC as a the CPEC framework. aims to strengthen Pakistan’s
game-changing project for both integration with regional markets,
Pakistan and China. CPEC 2.0 promises enhancing trade and cooperation
mutual gains for with neighboring countries.
The BRI aims to enhance regional both Pakistan and Together, these corridors represent
connectivity and integration by China by deepening a holistic approach to sustainable
reviving the old Silk Road trade economic cooperation development and regional
routes. It comprises a land belt and strategic ties. For connectivity under CPEC 2.0.
with six corridors and a maritime
Pakistan, the five new Focus on Special Economic
Silk Road connecting trade
ports in Asia to those in Africa
corridors will drive Zones (SEZs)
and Europe. CPEC, the largest
economic growth, CPEC Phase II also focuses on
of these corridors, is estimated innovation, and Special Economic Zones. An SEZ is
to involve an investment of $65 regional connectivity, a designated area within a country
billion, according to the Council directly supporting its where economic regulations differ
on Foreign Relations, USA. Vision 2025 goals from the rest of the country to
Phase I focused on road and promote trade balance, employment,
The five new corridors under investment, job creation, and
energy infrastructure, while
CPEC Phase 2.0—Growth effective administration. Nine SEZs
Phase II focuses on cooperation
Corridor, Economic Development are included in this phase:
and exchange in agriculture,
Projects Corridor, Innovation
industry, and technology between
Corridor, Green Corridor, and 1. Rashakai Economic Zone,
China and Pakistan.
Regional Connectivity Corridor— Nowshera, KPK

18
 Analysis

2. China Special Economic Zone, and potential political tensions. for China to export expertise and
Dhabeji, Sindh Besides these national challenges, strengthen bilateral cooperation.
CPEC also faces international Overall, CPEC 2.0 serves as a
3. Bostan Industrial Zone, challenges, including opposition cornerstone for deepening China-
Balochistan from India, the United States, and Pakistan friendship, fostering
propaganda against the Belt and stability, and promoting shared
4. Allama Iqbal Industrial City (M-
Road Initiative. economic prosperity.
3), Faisalabad, Punjab

5. ICT Model Industrial Zone,

Mutual Gains for Pakistan Collaboration in new
Islamabad, Punjab
and China areas like water resources
CPEC 2.0 promises mutual gains and climate change
6. Industrial Park, Port Qasim, for both Pakistan and China by presents opportunities
Sindh deepening economic cooperation for China to export
7. Special Economic Zone,
and strategic ties. For Pakistan, expertise and strengthen
Mirpurkhas, AJK
the five new corridors will drive
bilateral cooperation.
economic growth, innovation,
and regional connectivity, directly
Overall, CPEC 2.0 serves
8. Mohmand Marble City, FATA,
supporting its Vision 2025 goals.
as a cornerstone for
KPK
The initiative will help revive key
deepening China-Pakistan
9. Moqpondass Special projects like those in Gwadar, friendship, fostering
Economic Zone, Gilgit- strengthen infrastructure, and stability, and promoting
Baltistan enhance energy security by shared economic
focusing on hydropower and the prosperity
Challenges in CPEC Phase II shift towards a green economy.
To ensure the success of CPEC To conclude, CPEC 2.0 marks a
It also offers a pathway to
Phase II, several challenges must significant evolution in the China-
stabilise Pakistan’s economy by
be addressed. First, there must Pakistan partnership, offering a
boosting exports, tapping into the
be an uninterrupted energy supply comprehensive framework for
agricultural and industrial sectors,
in all Special Economic Zones economic growth, innovation,
and unlocking the potential of its
(SEZs) to ensure they function sustainability, and regional
vast mineral resources, especially
effectively. The availability of raw connectivity. The five new corridors
in Balochistan.
materials near the SEZs is also align with Pakistan’s development
crucial; for example, raw materials For China, CPEC 2.0 reinforces its goals and provide a foundation
are not readily available in the strategic Belt and Road Initiative for addressing key challenges
vicinity of the Rashakai Economic by ensuring a reliable trade and such as energy security, climate
Zone in Nowshera, KPK. Security energy route through Pakistan, change, and infrastructure gaps.
concerns are another significant enhancing China’s access to For both countries, CPEC 2.0
challenge, particularly in SEZs regional markets and resources. enhances mutual economic gains,
located in KPK and Balochistan. The renewed focus on green strengthens strategic ties, and
Ensuring security in these areas is and sustainable projects aligns contributes to regional stability.
a critical responsibility of the state. with China’s global leadership in This renewed phase is not just a
Furthermore, social infrastructure climate action, while investments continuation of bilateral cooperation
near the SEZs must be in infrastructure, energy, and but a commitment to a shared
maintained. For instance, the SEZ technology sectors foster vision of prosperity and sustainable
in KPK faces issues such as water stronger economic and political development.
management, drainage systems, ties with Pakistan. Additionally,
and labor shortages, leading to the collaboration in new areas like
import of labor from China, which water resources and climate Laiba Farooq,
change presents opportunities Advocate at the Balochistan
creates demographic imbalances Bar Council

19
 to Pakistan on both occasions.
Shortly after the war, in 1966, $250
million military assistance, which
included F-6 fighter aircrafts and
T-9 tanks, was given to Pakistan by
China. More importantly, the then
Chinese Premier, Zhou Enlai, issued
a statement declaring China’s
complete support to Pakistan
to maintain its independence,
sovereignty and integrity. After the
1971 war, China gave Pakistan
economic aid worth $300 million as
well as military assistance of $600
million, which included 25 naval
vessels.

Diplomatic relations
between the two states
were established on
May 21, 1951. Pakistan
From Friendship to Strategic was the first Muslim and
third non-communist
Partners: A Historical Perspective of country to recognise

China-Pakistan Relations
China. Ever since, with
each passing day,
the relations between
By Syed Muhammad Saad Zaidi the two states have

I
strengthened
n the realm of international anti-communist/socialist military
relations, Pakistan and China alliances: the Southeast Asia In the 1970’s, by facilitating the
relations are commonly cited Treaty Organisation (SEATO) US-China rapprochement, which
as an example of enduring (1954) and with The Central led to China’s induction into the
friendship. Leaders from both Treaty Organisation (CENTO) United Nations (UN) and becoming
states are often seen using phrases (1955). However, Pakistan assured a permanent member of the United
such as “iron brother”, “all-weather China that in no way will these Nations Security Council (UNSC),
strategic partner” and “higher military pacts compromise China’s Pakistan proved that it was looking
than the Himalayas, deeper than interests, and that Pakistan joined after Chinese interests. The 1980’s
the deepest sea in the world, and these alliances due to security proved to be the decade which
sweeter than honey” to highlight imperatives. In March 1963, a elevated the bilateral relations to
and emphasise the cordial nature border agreement was signed the next level, as a civil nuclear
of the bilateral ties. Diplomatic between the two states, in which agreement was concluded between
relations between the two states Pakistan ceded 5180 sq km to the two states in 1986 as well as
were established on May 21, 1951. China whereas China ceded two military agreements were inked
Pakistan was the first Muslim and 1942 sq km to Pakistan, and this in 1988 which not only included
third non-communist country to became the foundation for future purchase of military equipment but
recognise China. Ever since, with amicable ties. also transfer of technology and
each passing day, the relations joint research. Pakistan-China
between the two states have Soon after, Pakistan and India relations in the proceeding decade,
strengthened. fought two full-scale wars: 1965 the 1990’s, were dormant given
and 1971. Surprisingly, Pakistan Pakistan’s nuclear tests and the
In the initial years, China had despite being a member of two Kargil war.
some concerns vis-à-vis Pakistan, United States (US) led military
given the fact that soon after pacts did not receive military Nevertheless, with the dawn of the
establishing bilateral relations support from the US. On the other new millennium, Pakistan-China
with China, Pakistan joined two hand, China extended its support relations were back to normal. In

20
 Analysis

2001, which marked the 50th handed over to a Chinese between the two countries were
anniversary of Pakistan-China state-run company, “China established in 1965, by 1972, in
relations, the bilateral relations Overseas Ports Holding terms of cumulative value, China
witnessed new heights. During Company Limited”, after PSA became Pakistan’s leading arms
the Chinese Prime Minister Zhu International of Singapore was supplier. Most importantly, since
Rongji’s visit to Pakistan, $1 forced to forfeit its 40-year long the Indo-US strategic partnership,
billion were pledged by China for contract of Gwadar’s operation China has significantly increased
the development of the Pakistan. and development. Soon after, its arms sales to Pakistan. In
The very next year, the Chinese in April 2015, China and recent years, China has sold
Vice Premier Wu Bangguo Pakistan concluded a strategic Pakistan military equipment
visited Pakistan. An agreement partnership, the CPEC. Under worth $8.4 billion. This amount
was concluded to construct CPEC, China initially agreed to is nearly equal to the total arms
the Gwadar port, where China invest $46.5 billion in Pakistan; sales China made to Pakistan in
would invest $198 million while however, according to the latest the previous 50 years, which was
$50 million would be invested by statistics, China will be investing $8.7 billion. Moreover, since 2015,
Pakistan. Also, China agreed to $62 billion in Pakistan. The most China accounted for 75% of all
invest $200 million to increase the important aspect of the CPEC arms imports of Pakistan. Thus,
connectivity between Gwadar and is that it was carefully designed painting a clear picture of the
Karachi port. by China keeping in mind the nature of China-Pakistan military
needs of Pakistan; thus, a lions ties.
In 2004, a Preferential Trade share of the CPEC is designated
Agreement (PTA) was signed to overcome Pakistan’s energy Moreover, since bilateral
between Pakistan and China, and infrastructural needs. In diplomatic ties were finalised
in which China agreed to give 2020, CPEC’s Early Harvest between the two states, China
concessional tariffs on 893 Program was completed which has supported Pakistan;
items whereas Pakistan gave resulted in $25.4 billion being facilitating the ceasefire
concessional tariffs on 200 invested in Pakistan and more agreement between India and
items. The very next year, the importantly creating 200,000 jobs Pakistan after the 1956 war,
Early Harvest Program (EHP) for Pakistanis. helping Pakistan to negotiate
was concluded, which further release of its Prisoners of War
facilitated bilateral trade as it Since bilateral after the 1971 India and Pakistan
guaranteed no new tariffs be diplomatic ties were war by vetoing Bangladesh’s entry
levied by either side. Building finalised between the in the UN utilising its veto power,
upon these initiatives, in 2006, two states, China has and consistently highlighting
Pakistan and China signed the supported Pakistan; Pakistan’s role in the war on
Free Trade Agreement (FTA) facilitating the terrorism. Likewise, Pakistan
and in 2009 the FTA in services ceasefire agreement has backed China diplomatically;
was also concluded. As a result, between India and facilitating the US-China
the $2.6 billion bilateral trade Pakistan after the 1956 rapprochement in the 1970s and
recorded in 2004 prior the PTA, war, helping Pakistan unconditionally supporting issues
EHP and FTAs, in 2014 – before to negotiate release critical to its national interest:
the Chine-Pakistan Economic of its Prisoners of War Taiwan, Tibet and Hongkong.
Corridor (CPEC) – reached $ after the 1971 India
17.08 billion. and Pakistan war by To sum it up, over the decades,
vetoing Bangladesh’s undoubtedly, the Pakistan-
From this point onwards, the entry in the UN China bilateral relations have
Pakistan and China relations utilising its veto power, developed into a robust strategic
grew at a brisk pace, especially and consistently partnership, underpinned by
as a paradigm shift was highlighting Pakistan’s shared geoeconomic, geopolitical
witnessed in the region’s role in the war on and geostrategic interests.
geopolitics, the US and India terrorism
becoming strategic partners
that too at the expense of the In addition, with each passing
Syed Muhammad Saad Zaidi,
US relations with Pakistan. year, Pakistan and China defense Former Research Associate,
Consequently, in 2013, the ties rapidly strengthened. Despite China Pakistan Study Centre, ISSI
Gwadar port’s operations were the fact that the military ties

21
 Interview

Ms. Xing Yang,

Director, Director China
Study Centre, National
University of Sciences &
Technology (NUST)
By PIVOT Team

developing SEZs with Artificial Intelligence (AI)

favorable conditions for is another area where
businesses, potentially China is investing heavily,
boosting FDI inflows.
aiming to become a global
Similarly, China’s
leader by 2030. Through
heavy investment in
infrastructure, including
initiatives like the National
transportation networks
New Generation Artificial
Intelligence Development

P
and energy projects,
IVOT: China’s economic rise facilitated trade and supported Plan, China is poised to
is often cited as a model for industrial growth. Pakistan can make advancements in AI
other developing nations. enhance its infrastructure through applications across sectors
What lessons can Pakistan public-private partnerships to such as healthcare, finance,
and other developing countries improve connectivity and reduce and manufacturing
learn from China’s economic costs.
policies and reforms? China’s focus on rural development
Export-oriented growth also fueled through targeted poverty alleviation
Xing Yang (XY): China’s China’s economic expansion, a programs offers valuable insights
economic rise over the past few strategy Pakistan could emulate for Pakistan. By addressing rural
decades has been nothing short by diversifying its product mix and poverty and improving agriculture,
of remarkable, transforming the improving export competitiveness. Pakistan can reduce inequality and
country into the world’s second- In addition, China’s emphasis create a more balanced economic
largest economy. While each on human capital development, landscape. Finally, China’s focus
country’s context is unique, there particularly in STEM education and on technological innovation and
are several key lessons that vocational training, highlights the regional cooperation through
Pakistan and other developing importance of investing in education initiatives like the Belt and Road
nations can draw from China’s to enhance productivity and Initiative (BRI) presents Pakistan
experience. First, China prioritised innovation in Pakistan. with opportunities to participate
manufacturing and industrialisation, in regional frameworks, opening
leveraging its abundant labor force China’s state-driven development,
new markets and investment
and moving up the value chain, where the government proactively
opportunities.
which could inspire Pakistan to shaped economic policies and
strengthen its manufacturing sector development priorities, serves as PIVOT: China has made
by promoting industrialisation, skill another lesson. A strong, visionary significant strides in technology
development, and infrastructure government with clear goals and and innovation. What role do you
investment. policies can drive sustained growth. see for China as a leader in global
Pakistan could also take a page technology and innovation in the
Special Economic Zones (SEZs) from China’s economic reforms, coming decades?
played a crucial role in attracting which liberalised markets while
foreign direct investment (FDI) in maintaining control over key sectors. XY: China’s role as a leader in
China, offering tax incentives and This balance could encourage global technology and innovation
creating export-oriented industries. competition and innovation while is set to grow significantly in the
Pakistan could benefit by preserving stability. coming decades. The country has

22
 Interview
already taken the lead in 5G Finally, China’s commitment to to greater acceptance of its policies
technology, with companies like green technology and sustainability, and initiatives in Pakistan.
Huawei and ZTE playing key particularly in the development of
roles. Looking ahead, China smart cities, will not only address To further enhance people-to-people
may spearhead the development its environmental challenges but ties, China and Pakistan could
of 6G networks, which could also offer global solutions. By expand educational exchanges,
revolutionise data transfer speeds participating in global forums and facilitate tourism, and promote media
and connectivity. setting international standards, collaboration. Organising cultural
China is poised to shape the future festivals and events, engaging in
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is sports diplomacy, and fostering
of technology and innovation.
another area where China is language learning programs would
investing heavily, aiming to PIVOT: How important is cultural also help. Joint humanitarian
become a global leader by diplomacy in the China-Pakistan efforts, youth exchanges, and
2030. Through initiatives like relationship? What more can be social media engagement can
the National New Generation done to enhance people-to-people strengthen the bond between the
Artificial Intelligence ties? two nations at various levels, making
Development Plan, China is the relationship more resilient and
poised to make advancements XY: Cultural diplomacy plays a dynamic.
in AI applications across crucial role in the China-Pakistan
sectors such as healthcare, relationship, fostering goodwill, PIVOT: How do you evaluate
finance, and manufacturing. strengthening ties, and deepening China’s efforts to address climate
Quantum computing is also mutual understanding. Through change and its commitments to
receiving substantial investment, cultural exchanges, both countries green development? What can
positioning China to lead in highlight shared values and Pakistan learn from these initiatives?
solving complex problems in common historical ties, reinforcing
fields like cryptography and their strategic partnership. These XY: China’s efforts to address
interactions build trust at the climate change and its commitment
pharmaceuticals.
grassroots level, which can translate to green development have been
In renewable energy, China is the into stronger political and economic transformative and far-reaching.
world’s largest producer of solar relationships. The country’s renewable energy
panels and wind turbines, driving expansion is a hallmark of its
the global transition to renewable China is also making green agenda, positioning China
energy. This leadership in green significant strides in as the largest producer of solar
technology will help reduce biotechnology and panels and wind turbines. By
carbon emissions and promote healthcare innovation, reducing reliance on fossil fuels,
China has significantly decreased
global sustainability. In the with a focus on genomics
e-commerce and digital economy its greenhouse gas emissions,
and personalised
space, Chinese giants like Alibaba emerging as a global leader in clean
medicine. Advances in energy technology.
and Tencent continue to set global
these fields could result in
standards for digital payment
systems, further integrating the
breakthrough treatments One of China’s most ambitious
physical and digital economies. that benefit both China and targets is to peak carbon dioxide
the global community emissions by 2030 and achieve
China is also making significant carbon neutrality by 2060. These
strides in biotechnology and Cultural diplomacy promotes mutual commitments reflect China’s
healthcare innovation, with understanding by allowing citizens determination to transition to a low-
a focus on genomics and to learn about each other’s traditions carbon economy and serve as an
personalised medicine. Advances and perspectives, reducing example for other major emitters.
in these fields could result in misconceptions and enhancing Additionally, China has undertaken
breakthrough treatments that appreciation for different ways of large-scale afforestation projects,
benefit both China and the global life. This type of diplomacy can also such as the Great Green Wall,
community. In space exploration, stimulate economic cooperation which aim to combat desertification,
China has achieved milestones by paving the way for increased enhance air quality, and sequester
with its lunar missions and Mars tourism, educational exchanges, carbon.
rover, and it plans to play a major and creative industries. Additionally,
it enhances China’s soft power, China’s green technology
role in future space exploration.
creating a positive image that leads innovation is another key area of

23
 Interview
its climate strategy. Investments system is a hybrid that combines Another misunderstood aspect is
in electric vehicles (EVs), battery significant state involvement with China’s human rights record. While
storage, and smart grids reduce market mechanisms and private there is often criticism of its policies,
environmental impacts and enterprise. This combination has China emphasises the importance
promote sustainable industrial been a key driver of China’s rapid of economic development as a way
practices. Furthermore, China’s economic growth and poverty to improve human rights conditions.
Green Belt and Road Initiative alleviation. Furthermore, while China Significant achievements in poverty
(BRI) incorporates sustainability is renowned for its manufacturing reduction and improved living
principles, encouraging eco- prowess, its recent focus on standards are key components of
friendly infrastructure projects and innovation and technology in areas China’s approach to human rights.
reducing the ecological footprint of such as artificial intelligence,
development ventures. 5G, and green energy is often Environmental policies also merit
overlooked. greater recognition. China is
Pakistan can learn several lessons investing heavily in renewable
from China’s comprehensive green China‘s economic model, energy and aims to achieve
initiatives. Investing in renewable which is frequently seen carbon neutrality by 2060. Finally,
energy sources like solar, wind, as purely state-driven. In China’s cultural diplomacy,
and hydropower can help diversify reality, China‘s system is often misinterpreted as cultural
Pakistan’s energy mix, reducing imperialism, is an effort to foster
a hybrid that combines
dependency on imported fossil mutual understanding and exchange
significant state involvement
fuels. Setting ambitious climate through institutions like the
targets, such as carbon reduction
with market mechanisms Confucius Institutes.
goals, would provide a roadmap
and private enterprise.
for policy-making and attract This combination has been A more nuanced understanding
international funding. Additionally, a key driver of China’s of China’s development model,
promoting afforestation, supporting rapid economic growth and political system, foreign policy,
green technology innovation, and poverty alleviation and environmental strategies can
enforcing environmental legislation contribute to a more balanced
China’s political system, particularly global discourse and foster better
are vital steps toward sustainable
its one-party model, is another international cooperation.
development.
area where misconceptions arise.
China’s public awareness The Communist Party of China PIVOT: The China-Pakistan
campaigns on climate change, (CPC) has overseen significant relationship is often described as an
along with its emphasis on green developmental outcomes and social “all-weather strategic partnership.”
infrastructure, offer another area stability, which many Chinese How do you assess the impact of
where Pakistan could make attribute to its long-term planning this partnership on regional stability
progress. Engaging the public and governance. The emphasis and economic development?
and integrating sustainability into on stability allows for consistent
XY: The China-Pakistan
infrastructure projects will be policy implementation, which has
relationship, often described as an
crucial for Pakistan’s long-term contributed to China’s sustained
“all-weather strategic partnership,”
environmental and economic economic growth and improvement
has significantly impacted
health. in living standards.
regional stability and economic
PIVOT: As you are representing China’s foreign policy, especially development. On the security front,
China in Pakistan, what do you the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), the partnership includes extensive
believe are the most misunderstood is sometimes viewed as a form military cooperation, with China
aspects of China’s development of neo-colonialism. However, providing advanced weapons
and policies that the world should the initiative aims to enhance systems and training to Pakistan.
better understand? global connectivity and economic This strengthens Pakistan’s defense
cooperation through infrastructure capabilities, acting as a deterrent
XY: Several aspects of China’s development, benefiting both China against potential threats from
development and policies are often and participating countries. Similarly, neighboring countries. The two
misunderstood or misrepresented China’s principle of non-interference nations also collaborate closely in
on the global stage. One such in other nations internal affairs aligns counter-terrorism efforts, particularly
area is China’s economic model, with many developing countries in regions like Afghanistan,
which is frequently seen as purely desire for sovereignty and self- contributing to broader regional
state-driven. In reality, China’s determination. security.

24
 Interview
Diplomatically, China supports growth, though careful management assert its influence in regions such
Pakistan on key international of challenges will be key to its as the South China Sea, the East
platforms such as the United continued success. China Sea, and the Indian Ocean.
Nations, enhancing Pakistan’s Strategic partnerships with countries
standing and influence in global PIVOT: Based on current trends, like Russia and Iran, as well as
and regional forums. Moreover, what are the possible future deepening ties with developing
China has played a mediating role trajectories of Chinese foreign nations in Africa and Latin America,
in regional conflicts, leveraging policy, and how might these align will provide China with greater
its strong ties with both India and with China’s ambitions for global diplomatic leverage.
Pakistan to promote peace and leadership in the coming decades?
stability. Soft power will also play a critical
XY: China’s foreign policy in the role in China’s global ambitions.
In terms of economic development, coming decades will be shaped by Through cultural diplomacy, such
China’s financial assistance and its ambitions for global leadership, as promoting Chinese language
investments have been critical with economic growth, technological and culture via Confucius Institutes,
for Pakistan. Major infrastructure advancements, and geopolitical and through its humanitarian aid
projects like the China-Pakistan strategies playing pivotal roles. and development initiatives, China
Economic Corridor (CPEC), part The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) seeks to shape global perceptions
of the broader Belt and Road is expected to continue expanding, and influence public opinion.
Initiative (BRI), have been pivotal in focusing on infrastructure Environmental diplomacy will further
improving Pakistan’s infrastructure development, trade facilitation, and enhance China’s image, particularly
and industrial capacity. These financial integration across Asia, through its commitment to achieving
investments, particularly in Africa, and Europe. By creating carbon neutrality by 2060 and its
energy, transportation, and new markets and enhancing global leadership in green technology.
telecommunications, have created connectivity, China will strengthen
jobs and spurred local economic its economic influence worldwide. China’s foreign policy will balance
growth. multilateralism and bilateralism.
Technological leadership On the one hand, it will support
The partnership has also led to will be another cornerstone reforms in multilateral institutions
a significant increase in bilateral of China’s strategy. like the United Nations and World
trade, with China becoming one The country is making Trade Organisation to reflect its
of Pakistan’s largest trading significant investments interests. On the other hand,
partners. Furthermore, Chinese in artificial intelligence, China will continue to sign bilateral
foreign direct investment (FDI) has
quantum computing, 5G, agreements to deepen economic
boosted key sectors such as energy
and renewable energy. As ties and reduce dependence on
and manufacturing, transferring Western-led institutions.
technology and enhancing
China drives innovation
productivity. in these areas, it aims to Internally, China will prioritise
become a global leader in maintaining domestic stability and
Despite these benefits, there are high-tech industries, which economic growth. Achieving self-
challenges to the partnership. will further bolster its reliance in critical technologies,
Concerns over debt sustainability economic and geopolitical especially in light of rising global
are an ongoing issue, as many clout competition, will be a key focus
of the development projects are to ensure national security and
funded through Chinese loans. Technological leadership will be economic independence.
Managing this debt is crucial to another cornerstone of China’s
Pakistan’s long-term economic strategy. The country is making In conclusion, China’s foreign policy
health. Additionally, large-scale significant investments in artificial is likely to emphasise economic
infrastructure projects have raised intelligence, quantum computing, expansion, technological leadership,
environmental concerns, which 5G, and renewable energy. As geopolitical strategy, and soft power,
need to be addressed to ensure China drives innovation in these all aligning with its global leadership
sustainable development. areas, it aims to become a global ambitions. As China navigates
leader in high-tech industries, which global competition and domestic
Overall, the China-Pakistan will further bolster its economic and challenges, these strategies will
strategic partnership has played geopolitical clout. shape its rise as a dominant global
a vital role in enhancing regional power.
stability and fostering economic Geopolitically, China is likely to

25
 Viewpoint

China‘s Evolution in the

Middle East: From Energy to
Economics & Security By Prof. Dr. Ishrat Abbasi

economic interests in the Middle

East encompass energy, trade,
labor, and investment. The region
has been identified as a vital zone
for China’s Belt and Road Initiative
(BRI), through which China channels
these economic policies in the
Middle East.

Chinese leaders believed

that Middle East would
prove to be an extremely
promising market for
Chinese products and a
central hub for investment.

T
importing more than half of its total
Their assessment proved
he Middle East has long
oil from the Middle East, becoming
accurate. Currently, China‘s
been a strategic zone for
economic interests in the
great powers due to its the primary consumer of oil from
Middle East encompass
rich energy resources, the Middle East and North Africa energy, trade, labor, and
geopolitical importance, strategic (MENA). By the end of the 20th investment. The region
location, and critical international century, China sought to secure has been identified as
sea lanes. Currently, three powers— its energy resources by forming a vital zone for China’s
the United States, China, and a “Comprehensive Strategic Belt and Road Initiative
Russia—are key players in the Partnership” with key Middle (BRI), through which China
region. The US has maintained its Eastern states, including Iran, channels these economic
influence and power for a long time. Saudi Arabia, Algeria, the UAE, policies in the Middle East
However, China’s growing presence and Egypt. This partnership has
Among the significant BRI-related
in the Middle East has altered this been productive for China’s energy
investments China has initiated in
dynamic. Scholars of International interests on both bilateral and
the Middle East, the most critical is
Relations argue that energy needs multilateral levels.
access to the Maritime Silk Road
were initially the primary interest
With its energy needs largely facility through the Suez Canal.
that drew China to the Middle
met, China’s industry developed Additionally, Iran and Israel are
East. However, China’s interest in
rapidly at the beginning of the part of the BRI, with the Tehran
the region is no longer just about
21st century. As China embarked railway route linking China with
energy; it is now focused on three
on a trajectory of economic Pakistan and the Red-Med Railway
core interests: energy, economics,
development and emerged as a Project connecting Israel’s Red
and security, all of which align with
global economic powerhouse, Sea to the Mediterranean Sea.
China’s comprehensive foreign
it began to explore economic The construction industry, which
policy visions.
opportunities in surrounding underpins the BRI, has welcomed
At the start of the 20th century, regions, with the Middle East once China’s investment in the Middle
China’s rapid industrial growth again becoming a focal point. East, as demonstrated by projects
led to a severe demand for oil. Chinese leaders believed the like Kuwait’s Silk City. Due to
China began strengthening ties Middle East would prove to be an economic decline and political
with Middle Eastern countries to extremely promising market for instability, Middle Eastern countries
meet its oil needs, as only this Chinese products and a central hub increasingly seek economic
region could support its burgeoning for investment. Their assessment collaboration with China. Peace
demand. As a result, China started proved accurate. Currently, China’s and stability in the region are

26
 Viewpoint
central to China’s Middle East should encourage dialogue through a two-state solution to resolve the
policy to sustain these economic diplomatic and economic channels. Israel-Palestine conflict. While
interdependencies. China’s strategy for maintaining China’s bilateral relations with Israel
harmony and security in the are strong, it does not support Israeli
China has adopted a more region is illustrated by its role in tactics against Palestine. Unlike the
practical approach to the reconciliation between Saudi US, China has never established
peace and security in the
Arabia and Iran. military bases in the region in favor
Middle East, emphasising
comprehensive, standard, of Israel, nor has it boycotted Israel
The relationship between Saudi to support Palestine. However, when
and balanced security. Arabia and Iran has experienced
China avoids involvement it comes to violations of international
significant tension over the years, law or human rights, China strongly
in domestic matters,
believing that regional primarily due to their different condemns such actions, particularly
countries should first geopolitical interests. Both nations Israel’s brutal actions and genocide
attempt to resolve their have sought to play leading against Palestinians in Gaza and
security issues, while roles in the region, which has other Israeli-occupied territories.
external powers should occasionally led to disagreements
encourage dialogue and competition. Also, their alleged China has always supported
through di plomatic and involvement in the affairs of other United Nations resolutions
economic channels regional countries has further advocating a two-state
complicated their relationship. solution to resolve the
To safeguard its economic interests Israel-Palestine conflict.
These dynamics have contributed
and enhance its reputation as a While China’s bilateral
to sometimes challenging
dependable global power, China relations with Israel
diplomatic landscape in the Middle
has also engaged in the political are strong, it does not
East. China has consistently
affairs of the Middle East for support Israeli tactics
advocated for resolving these against Palestine. Unlike
security purposes. However,
issues through negotiation and the US, China has never
China’s political involvement
reconciliation to reduce regional established military bases
differs from that of the United
tensions. in the region in favor of
States, which often seeks to
maintain its hegemony by pitting
Israel, nor has it boycotted
In early 2024, President Xi Israel to support Palestine.
one country against another to Jinping engaged in extensive However, when it comes to
upset the regional balance of communication with the leaders of violations of international
power. The United States has not Iran and Saudi Arabia, urging them law or human rights, China
made significant efforts to ease to resume dialogue and put aside strongly condemns such
tensions between Saudi Arabia past conflicts. China successfully actions, particularly Israel’s
and Iran, instead focusing on mediated détente between brutal actions and genocide
monitoring Iran’s regional and Saudi Arabia and Iran, leading against Palestinians in Gaza
global activities. Likewise, since to a restoration of diplomatic and and other Israeli-occupied
Israel’s establishment, the U.S. economic ties and sparking a wave territories
has consistently supported it—both of reconciliation across the region. China’s approach to the Palestine
through official and unofficial
Another long-standing and issue aligns closely with Russia’s
means—against Palestine and
complex conflict in the Middle East stance. Both countries seek to de-
other Arab nations. This approach
that China could mediate due to escalate the conflict while maintaining
has contributed to the challenges
its neutral stance is the Israel- communication and coordination,
facing the U.S. peace and security
Palestine conflict. Although China aiming to implement the two-state
strategy in the region.
intends to mediate for regional solution for a lasting resolution.
In contrast, China has adopted a security, Israeli intransigence and Overall, China’s foreign policy
more practical approach to peace US support for Israel’s aggressive principles in the Middle East are
and security in the Middle East, policies have thwarted these grounded in respect for states’
emphasising comprehensive, efforts. The Israeli occupation territorial integrity, sovereignty,
standard, and balanced security. of Palestinian territories has not non-interference, non-aggression,
China avoids involvement in only disrupted regional peace but harmonisation, and mutual benefits.
domestic matters, believing that has also caused one of the worst
regional countries should first humanitarian crises in history. Prof. Dr. Ishrat Abbasi,
Chairperson, International
attempt to resolve their security China has always supported United Relations Department,
issues, while external powers Nations resolutions advocating University of Sindh, Jamshoro

27
 Viewpoint

Beyond Borders: Triumphs and Trials in the

SCO’s Quest for Regional
Connectivity & Integration By Dr. Uzma Siraj

I
n an era where regional explore the future prospects of SCO encompasses a diverse
cooperation is more vital than cooperation. group of economies, from
ever, Shanghai Cooperation resource-rich Russia and Central
Organisation (SCO) stands While it has made Asian countries to large consumer
at a crossroad. Despite its strides in security, markets like China and India.
ambitious agenda and diverse with its Regional Anti- With a rich resource endowment,
membership spanning from Terrorist Structure a $23 trillion collective GDP, and
Central Asia to South Asia,
(RATS) supporting around 40% of world’s population,
the potential for increased intra-
China, Russia and beyond, its
progress in regional connectivity
coordinated anti- regional trade is significant, as
and integration has been a mixed terrorism efforts, these countries could mutually
bag- highlighting both potential and has provided an benefit from access to raw
for collaboration and hurdles effective platform for materials, industrial products,
that impede its full realisation. diplomatic dialogue, and consumer goods. However,
Regional connectivity is the its economic and without formal mechanisms like
prerequisite for regional a free trade agreement, trade is
integration. After more than
infrastructural hampered by tariffs, regulatory
two decades of its existence, integration efforts barriers, and a lack of streamlined
it is important to analyse its have been limited customs procedures.
limited success and failures to

28
 Viewpoint

The SCO has traditionally been infrastructural gaps, differing i- Free Trade Agreement
focused on security and political prioritised, and varied
cooperation, as these were political interests among its One of the most crucial yet less
the primary concerns at the member states. Economic discussed area for the SCO in
organisation’s inception. This interdependence is fundamental achieving regional integration is
focus has often overshadowed in any regional integration its limited progress in establishing
economic considerations, leaving process. Yet the absence of a cohesive economic framework
less room for discourse on formalised economic framework and a free trade agreement
trade integration. While it has within SCO, restricts the among its member states. Unlike
made strides in security, with its interdependence, hindering other regional organisation
Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure regional integration and leading such as the European Union or
(RATS) supporting coordinated the member states to bilateral ASEAN, which have significantly
anti-terrorism efforts, and has trade agreements. advanced economic integration
provided an effective platform for through structured trade
diplomatic dialogue, its economic A structured economic agreements and economic zones,
and infrastructural integration framework within SCO could the SCO lacks a formal economic
efforts have been limited. The SCO address economic disparities architecture that encourage and
has facilitated energy projects among member states by facilitate the intra-regional trade
linking Central Asia with South promoting trade and investment and investment on a large scale.
Asia, underscoring economic in less developed regions.
cooperation potential, yet projects Without this framework, SCO encompasses
remain underdeveloped. Yet economic inequalities persist a diverse group of
these differing priorities also and may worsen political economies, from
present complementary factor for divergences. Establishing such a
resource-rich Russia
framework would better balance
connectivity. While the SCO aligns
member interests and create a
and Central Asian
with initiatives like China’s Belt
fairer trading environment. countries to large
and Road, CAREC and Eurasian
Economic Union’s agenda for
consumer markets
connectivity, progress is often
Energy security can be a very like China and India.
hindered by geopolitical tensions
crucial factor in connectivity and
ultimately in regional integration.
With a rich resource
and competing agendas of the
The composition of SCO states
endowment, a $23
member states.
basically complements each trillion collective
Geopolitical other on the issue of energy. GDP, and around
complexities, differing Central Asia and Russia as the 40% of world’s
economic systems and
major energy suppliers and India population, the
level of developments
Pakistan and China as major
potential for increased
consumers can prioritise their
hinder discussions on energy supplies with the orbit of
intra-regional trade
cohesive economic SCO. is significant, as
policy and complicate these countries could
the creation of common Geopolitical complexities, mutually benefit
framework. For
differing economic systems
and levels of development
from access to raw
instance, China and hinder discussions on cohesive
materials, industrial
Russia may prioritise economic policy and complicate products, and
state-led economic the creation of a common consumer good
initiatives, while India framework. For instance, China
ii- Digital Connectivity
and Central Asian and Russia may prioritise state-
While the SCO has discussed
states may prefer led economic initiatives, while
the importance of cybersecurity
more market-oriented India and Central Asian states
and digital cooperation, there
approaches may prefer more market-oriented
approaches. is no formal mechanism for
enhancing digital infrastructure,
SCO faces key challenges such
Potential Areas for Future such as broadband networks,
as trade barriers, significant

29
 Viewpoint

e-commerce, and digital trade the SCO has not sufficiently For SCO states,
facilitation. Establishing a digital prioritised educational
cooperation or cultural
regional connectivity
connectivity framework could help
member states share best practices exchanges among member
is essential for
and collaborate on technology- states. Strengthening ties integration and
driven solutions. through scholarships, joint unlocking the
research initiatives, and socio-economic
iii- Environmental
Sustainability
cultural festivals could foster potential. Improved
Despite the growing impact of
understanding and trust among
transportation,
diverse populations.
climate change and environmental energy, digital and
degradation in the region, the SCO vi- SCO has not developed cultural connections
has not developed mechanisms coordinated tourism initiatives. facilitate trade,
for regional cooperation on Establishing a coordinated reduce barriers,
environmental sustainability, framework for promoting tourism
among member states could
and strengthen ties
resource management, or climate
change. Collaborative efforts in this boost travel, enhance cultural
among member
area could include joint initiatives ties, and contribute to regional countries. Efficient
on water resource management, economic development. transportation and
pollution control, and renewable digital networks
vii- The SCO also lacks a
energy projects.
formal mechanism for regional
not only open new
iv- Health Cooperation cooperation in disaster markets and drive
The COVID-19 pandemic management and humanitarian innovation but also
highlighted the need for assistance. Establishing promote trust through
coordinated health responses protocols for joint responses cultural exchanges
among countries. However, the to natural disasters, such as
SCO lacks a comprehensive health earthquakes or floods, could Efficient transportation and
cooperation mechanism to address enhance regional connectivity digital networks not only
public health emergencies, share and improve coordination among open new markets and drive
information on health crises, and member states during crises. innovation but also promote trust
promote joint research in medical through cultural exchanges.
sciences. Establishing such a viii- Agricultural These connections are vital
framework could enhance regional Cooperation for achieving economic growth
resilience against future health Agriculture is a vital sector for and regional stability, enabling
challenges. many SCO member states, yet collective actions on shared
there is a lack of cooperation challenges. By reducing trade
One of the most crucial mechanisms to address barriers and enhancing market
food security, agricultural
yet less discussed innovation, and sustainable
access, the SCO can stimulate
the economic activity, create
area for the SCO in farming practices. Collaborative jobs and support sustainable
achieving regional efforts in research, technology development. In light of common
integration is its limited sharing, and market access security and economic recovery
could improve food security and
progress in establishing economic stability in the region.
challenges, a coordinated
approach within SCO is crucial
a cohesive economic for fostering regional connectivity
framework and a free For SCO states, regional
connectivity is essential for
and integration, bridging
trade agreement among integration and unlocking the
disparities and building a resilient
interconnected region ready to
its member states socio-economic potential.
thrive in global economy.
Improved transportation, energy,
v- Cultural and Educational digital and cultural connections
Exchanges facilitate trade, reduce barriers, Dr. Uzma Siraj, Assistant
While there have been some and strengthen ties among Professor and Head of the
cultural exchange programs, member countries.
Department of International
Relations, Federal Urdu
University, Islamabad.

30
Infographics

31
 Viewpoint

Celebrating 75 Years of
Pakistan-China Partnership
Amid Shifting Geopolitical Tides
By Durdana Najam
was not just forums, including the United
symbolic; it laid Nations and the Shanghai
the foundation Cooperation Organisation (SCO),
for a partnership they have championed each other’s
built on mutual causes, demonstrating a robust
respect and diplomatic synergy that has only
shared strategic strengthened over time.
interests.
Both nations, Pakistan has adeptly balanced
emerging from its relationships between
colonialism China and the United States,
and conflict, navigating the complexities of
saw in each international diplomacy with a
other a partner focus on its national interests.
that could help While its partnership with China
secure their has deepened through initiatives
respective like CPEC, Pakistan has also
futures in a maintained strategic ties with the
turbulent world. United States, particularly in areas

T
such as security cooperation and
he 75th anniversary
of the Pakistan-China
China, having economic aid. This balancing

partnership marks a
emerged from its act reflects Pakistan’s pragmatic

significant milestone revolution in 1949, approach to foreign policy, where it

seeks to leverage its relationships
in both South Asian and East recognised Pakistan‘s with both major powers to achieve
Asian diplomacy, highlighting a sovereignty, becoming stability and development. At the
relationship that has grown into one of the first same time, India’s growing role in
a strategic alliance with global
countries to do so. regional connectivity, particularly
implications. This bond, forged
in the early days of Pakistan’s
This early diplomatic through initiatives like the

independence, has evolved over recognition was not International North-South Transport
Corridor (INSTC) and its alignment
the decades, rooted in shared just symbolic; it laid with U.S. strategic interests in
historical experiences, economic the foundation for the Indo-Pacific, presents both
cooperation, and a mutual a partnership built challenges and opportunities for
commitment to regional peace and on mutual respect Pakistan. While India’s ambitions
stability.
and shared strategic could lead to competition in
In the immediate aftermath of interests regional influence, Pakistan’s
strategic partnership with China
World War II, the global geopolitical
Over the decades, this partnership offers a counterbalance, ensuring
landscape was shifting rapidly.
has deepened, characterised that its own connectivity projects
Pakistan, newly independent in
by unwavering support on key and regional interests remain
1947, found itself navigating a
international issues. On matters robust. This dynamic interplay
complex international environment.
such as Kashmir, Xinjiang, and of relationships underscores
China, having emerged from its
Taiwan, the two countries have Pakistan’s ability to maintain a
revolution in 1949, recognised
consistently supported each delicate equilibrium in a region
Pakistan’s sovereignty, becoming
other’s positions, reflecting marked by shifting alliances and
one of the first countries to do so.
a profound alignment of their competing interests.
This early diplomatic recognition
strategic priorities. In multilateral

32
 Viewpoint
The relationship has also catalysed its energy and industrial China’s role in
been tested and fortified in sectors, driving economic growth
assisting Pakistan’s
the face of common threats, and job creation across the
particularly terrorism. Both country. The corridor, with its
nuclear program is
nations have confronted the network of highways, railways, a testament to the
scourge of extremism, and their and energy projects, symbolises a strategic depth of their
collaboration in this area has shared vision of development and relationship. Through
been exemplary. Joint military prosperity, linking the two nations technology transfer,
exercises, such as the Warrior VII more closely than ever before. scientific collaboration,
series, have not only enhanced
their tactical capabilities but also Beyond the economic sphere, and support in
underscored their commitment to defence and security cooperation building nuclear
regional security. The seamless have also been pivotal. Joint facilities, China
coordination between their military exercises, such as played a crucial role
intelligence agencies has been a Shaheen and Sea Guardians,
in helping Pakistan
reflect a shared commitment to
critical factor in anticipating and
enhancing regional security. This
develop its nuclear
neutralising threats, proving the
cooperation extends to defense deterrent
effectiveness of their alliance.
China’s diplomatic support has technology and equipment, with
As both nations look towards
further bolstered Pakistan’s both nations collaborating on
the future, there is a shared
efforts on the international stage, projects like the JF-17 Thunder
optimism about the potential for
ensuring that its contributions to fighter jet. Such collaborations
further cooperation. New areas
the global fight against terrorism underscore the depth of their
of collaboration are emerging,
are recognised and valued. strategic alliance, which has been
including technology, climate
crucial in maintaining regional
change, and healthcare, which
Cultural exchange stability.
are expected to redefine the
and people-to-people Cultural exchange and people-to- contours of their relationship.
ties have added people ties have added another The challenges of the 21st
another dimension dimension to this multifaceted century—such as cybersecurity,
to this multifaceted relationship. The increasing environmental sustainability, and
global health—demand innovative
relationship. The interest in Chinese language and
solutions and collaborative
increasing interest culture in Pakistan, facilitated
by institutions like the Confucius efforts. Pakistan and China, with
in Chinese language Institutes, reflects a growing their shared history and strong
and culture in cultural affinity between the two partnership, are well-positioned to
Pakistan, facilitated nations. Conversely, Pakistani address these challenges together.
by institutions like the culture has found a receptive
The vision for the future is clear:
Confucius Institutes, audience in China, with events
to build on the strong foundation
reflects a growing like Pakistan-China cultural weeks
of their partnership, continue
fostering mutual understanding
cultural affinity and respect.
playing a pivotal role in regional
between the two and global affairs, and work
nations China’s role in assisting Pakistan’s towards a more prosperous and
peaceful future together. The 75
nuclear program is a testament
Economic cooperation remains a to the strategic depth of their year tapestry of their relationship
cornerstone of this partnership. relationship. Through technology is not just a testament to the
China’s rise as a global economic transfer, scientific collaboration, power of diplomacy, cooperation,
powerhouse has been paralleled and support in building nuclear and mutual respect but also a
by its increasing economic ties facilities, China played a crucial beacon of hope for the continued
with Pakistan. The China-Pakistan role in helping Pakistan develop strengthening of ties that will shape
Economic Corridor (CPEC), its nuclear deterrent. This the future of both nations in the
a centrepiece of the Belt and collaboration, while aligned with decades to come.
Road Initiative (BRI), exemplifies China’s strategic interests, was
this relationship. CPEC has not a reflection of the deep trust and
Durdana Najam, Columnist
only transformed Pakistan’s shared security concerns that and Communication Expert
infrastructure but has also underpin the partnership.

33
 Viewpoint
Analysis

Enabling Business-to-Business
(B2B) Prospects in
CPEC
P
akistan stands on the Overview of Pakistan’s B2B
brink of an economic Environment By Moaaz Manzoor
renaissance with the The deteriorating economic situation
advent of a new era in the in Pakistan presents a bleak
China-Pakistan Economic Corridor an alternative path to economic
picture for the B2B environment.
(CPEC). The first phase of CPEC rejuvenation, centring around
Since 2022, the country has been
transformed a nation facing an SME development, laying the
caught in a cycle of stagflation,
infrastructure and energy deficit foundation for industrialisation, and
characterised by high inflation
into one with an infrastructure and driving significant innovation and
and low growth. According to the
energy surplus. The second phase productivity. This approach can
Economic Survey of 2023-24,
of CPEC envisions a business- attract foreign investors, stabilise
Pakistan’s growth rate was a mere
to-business (B2B) framework the economy, and boost growth.
2.38%. The economy is projected to
in strategic sectors such as China’s opening-up strategy of
slow further, averaging just 2% over
agriculture, green energy, mining, the 1980s, which transformed
the next five years. With a population
and information technology (IT) Shenzhen into a global innovation
of 240 million, Pakistan’s growth
that could boost Pakistan’s exports hub, serves as an inspiration.
rate is unsustainable. To absorb this
and rejuvenate its stagnating Similarly, Pakistan can leverage the
burgeoning population, Pakistan
economy. The key to achieving this potential of its Special Economic
must achieve and sustain a growth
lies in Pakistan’s ability to create an Zones (SEZs) under CPEC 2.0 to
rate of 5-6% for at least a decade.
enabling environment by eliminating attract foreign direct investment and
bureaucratic inefficiencies, reducing
Under CPEC 2.0, Pakistan foster collaboration between SMEs
has the potential to reform and large enterprises. However,
insecurity, and ensuring political strategic sectors such as institutional incapacity, bureaucratic
stability. This will pave the way manufacturing, textiles, small
for economic dynamism in both and medium enterprises inefficiencies, and a lack of cohesive
nations, rooted in innovation and (SMEs), agriculture, and planning have prevented CPEC
sustainable growth. IT, which can help absorb from realising its full transformative
this population. A thriving potential. By addressing these
However, the path ahead is fraught B2B framework will lead bottlenecks, SEZs can play a pivotal
with challenges. A significant
to enhanced economic
role in overcoming current economic
cooperation, technology
over-regulatory footprint by the transfer, and knowledge challenges and paving the way for
government impedes the prospects exchange sustainable growth.
of a robust B2B framework.
Additionally, rising insecurity, Under CPEC 2.0, Pakistan has the Potential Sectors under CPEC
economic stagnation, and potential to reform strategic sectors 2.0 for B2B Growth
institutional inefficiencies pose such as manufacturing, textiles,
B2B Framework in the Agriculture
severe obstacles. The solution lies small and medium enterprises
Sector
in strategic, collaborative planning (SMEs), agriculture, and IT, which
can help absorb this population. A China presents Pakistan with
and the implementation of a home-
thriving B2B framework will lead to a diverse and rapidly growing
grown reform agenda. In essence,
enhanced economic cooperation, agricultural market valued at $1,701
CPEC 2.0 offers an opportunity to
technology transfer, and knowledge billion. As a leader in agricultural
galvanize Pakistan’s modernisation
exchange. innovation through advanced
and industrialisation, steering the
technology,
nation toward a prosperous future.
Furthermore, a B2B approach offers

34
 Viewpoint
The SEZs under CPEC 2.0 vision of upgrading CPEC to the industrial sectors posted growth of
can facilitate the relocation China-Pakistan Digital Corridor only 1.21%, which is low compared
of Chinese service sectors to (CPDC) marks a strategic shift. to their contribution to GDP. The
Pakistan. As China charts
a path toward high-quality By unlocking Pakistan’s booming SEZs under CPEC 2.0 can facilitate
productive growth, incentives IT industry, both nations can the relocation of Chinese service
like tax breaks, sovereign become digital hubs of innovation, sectors to Pakistan. As China
guarantees, and skill entrepreneurship, and connectivity. charts a path toward high-quality
development for Pakistan‘s productive growth, incentives like
youth could unlock mutual B2B Framework in the Mining Sector tax breaks, sovereign guarantees,
benefits and skill development for Pakistan’s
Pakistan is endowed with abundant
China can help revolutionise youth could unlock mutual benefits.
mineral resources, including
Pakistan’s agriculture sector. Moreover, targeted investment
salt, coal, copper, gold, iron, and
Agreements such as the one and access to finance in strategic
gemstones, making it an ideal
between China’s Litong Foods sectors like manufacturing and
destination for mineral exploration.
and Pakistan’s Guard Agricultural textiles, along with reducing
China possesses the expertise and
Research & Services in 2023 delays, could significantly enhance
technology, while Pakistan has vast
offer collaboration and investment productivity and growth for both
mineral reserves. Under the B2B
opportunities in exports like chili. nations.
framework, Chinese companies
China can boost agricultural can accelerate the development of The future of CPEC 2.0
growth by modernising Pakistan’s Pakistan’s mining sector. Potential hinges on Islamabad’s ability
agriculture sector through advanced future zones, such as the Khewra to foster a thriving B2B
technology, capacity building, and salt mines in Punjab and Mineral environment. Enabling a B2B
knowledge transfer. Additionally, Economic Processing Zones in Sindh
environment is not merely an
option but a necessity to lift
using the Yuan for transactions (Thar and Lakra for coal) and Khyber the country from its current
can help bridge the trade deficit. Pakhtunkhwa (Dargai for chromite, economic malaise. Policy
Under CPEC 2.0, the agriculture North Waziristan for chromite, consistency and predictability
sector holds significant potential forKurram for antimony, Waziristan are crucial elements that
expansion and investment, which for copper, Chitral for antimony,
can transform CPEC from
could lead to increased exports and
a bilateral to a multilateral
Besham for iron ore and lead, initiative
improved food security. Nizampur for iron ore, and Mohmand
for marble), along with the Saindak The future of CPEC 2.0 hinges
B2B Framework in the
Copper-Gold Project in Balochistan, on Islamabad’s ability to foster a
Information Technology (IT)
exemplify the sector’s untapped thriving B2B environment. Enabling
Sector
potential. Establishing mineral a B2B environment is not merely
China is advancing to become
industrial parks under the B2B an option but a necessity to lift the
a global leader in artificial
framework will increase investment country from its current economic
intelligence (AI). Chinese tech giant
feasibility in sub-sectors such as malaise. Policy consistency and
Huawei’s interest in establishing
metal refineries and processing predictability are crucial elements
its international service center
plants. The interest of MCC Tongsin that can transform CPEC from a
for the Middle East, Central Asia,
Resources, one of the world’s bilateral to a multilateral initiative.
and Africa in Pakistan signals
largest metallurgical construction At this critical juncture, Pakistan
emerging opportunities. By
companies, in investing in Pakistan’s must take decisive actions to make
streamlining processes under the
mining sector could deepen CPEC 2.0 a success by fostering an
B2B framework, Chinese companies
cooperation and collaboration. By environment conducive to a robust
can invest in and strengthen
creating streamlined operations and B2B framework. Failure to do so
partnerships with Pakistani IT firms.
eliminating bureaucratic bottlenecks, could render CPEC 2.0 redundant,
Pakistan’s IT sector is experiencing
this sector could become a major with low growth and economic
unprecedented growth, with exports
player in Pakistan’s economic stagnation as the inevitable
reaching $310 million in April 2024,
development. consequences.
a 62.3% increase from the previous
year. Consequently, the IT sector B2B Framework in the Industrial
offers substantial dividends for both and Services Sector
sides. Moreover, digital taxation, The B2B framework can be
e-invoicing, and revenue automation transformative for the services Moaaz Manzoor,
Economist, Independent
could transform Pakistan’s digital and industrial sectors. In the fiscal News Pakistan
landscape. President Xi Jinping’s year 2023-24, the services and

35
 Viewpoint

China’s Technological Triumph:

A Deep Dive into Emerging
Innovations
By Misbah Zainab

C
hina’s evolution from a electric batteries, photovoltaics, by the State Council, China’s
global manufacturing renewable energy, and nuclear National Defense in the New Era,
hub to a leader energy. Many of the top ten leading underscored the need to compete
in technological research institutions in these fields in modern strategic technologies
innovation, backed by major are based in China, highlighting to achieve global power status.
high-tech companies and its ability to dominate not only China views technological
research institutions, is both current technologies but also future transformation as integral to
inspiring and commendable. innovations that have yet to emerge. national power, and it has proven
Its significant advancements in this to the world with its consistent,
cyber technologies, outer space China’s leadership, reformative mindset.
exploration, artificial intelligence alongside academicians
(AI), quantum computing, and and researchers, has long At the 2023 annual combined
5G technology have positioned emphasised the importance meeting of the National People’s
Congress (NPC) and the Chinese
China as a key player in emerging of technological innovation
People’s Political Consultative
technologies alongside the United in rising as a great
Conference (CPPCC), President
States. power—a notion rooted in Xi Jinping identified three critical
According to the Australian
Deng Xiaoping’s economic technologies for China’s strategic
Strategic Policy Institute, a leading reforms dominance: artificial intelligence,
think tank, China leads in 37 out of space, and quantum computing
China’s leadership, alongside
44 critical technologies, including and communication. China aims
academicians and researchers, has
defense, space, robotics, energy, to establish global leadership in
long emphasised the importance
environment, biotechnology, these fields by 2049.
of technological innovation in rising
AI, and quantum technology.
as a great power—a notion rooted in China’s space program is
China is at the forefront of drone
Deng Xiaoping’s economic reforms. undeniably impressive. It is the
technology, electric vehicles,
In 2019, a white paper issued

36
 Viewpoint
only nation with an independent China’s ambition to become sources, and advanced
low-Earth orbit space station, the global AI hub is evident domestic industries capable
Tiangong, which has successfully through policies like the “Next of minimising dependency on
regenerated 100% of its oxygen Generation Artificial Intelligence foreign companies. Initiatives
supply and up to 95% of its water Development Plan.” This strategic such as “Made in China 2025”
supply. China’s ambitions include initiative aims to foster significant and “China’s Innovation Strategy”
establishing a permanent lunar breakthroughs in machine learning further underscore China’s drive
base by 2036, completing a and language processing, along toward self-sufficiency and
space-based solar power project with the development of essential reduced reliance on technology
by 2050, exploring asteroids, and hardware and software to support imports.
sending missions to Mars between AI technologies.
2033 and 2049. China’s space China’s commitment
efforts extend to both civilian China leads in quantum computing to technological
and military domains. In addition and communication as well, supremacy is evident
to its 35 navigation satellites, having launched the first quantum in the establishment
communication satellite in 2016.
China has deployed around 250 of the Central Science
Quantum technology is a nascent
military satellites for intelligence, and Technology
field that uses the principles
surveillance, reconnaissance, and
of quantum physics to create
Commission, ensuring
targeting, as well as anti-satellite
impenetrable systems through
the highest levels of
capabilities to maintain deterrence
advanced encryption, making political oversight for
in space.
them immune to hacking. China science and technology
China has also become aims to have fully operational initiatives. This body
a leader in artificial quantum-based systems by 2038. ensures proper planning
intelligence, investing Furthermore, China is a global and implementation of
approximately $14.7 leader in 5G technology, having policies at the highest
billion in generative AI successfully expanded its network levels of the Communist
development, including nationwide. Party of China
recognition systems, self- China’s commitment to China’s relentless pursuit of
driving cars, autonomous technological supremacy is technological innovation has
drones and planes, and evident in the establishment of the transformed the nation into
credit systems. By 2030, Central Science and Technology a global leader in emerging
China plans to lead the Commission, ensuring the highest fields like artificial intelligence,
world in AI levels of political oversight for quantum computing, space
science and technology initiatives. exploration, and 5G technology.
The government’s substantial This body ensures proper planning Its strategic focus on research
investment in AI research and and implementation of policies at and development, combined with
development has resulted in China the highest levels of the Communist strong political will and resource
topping multiple rankings for peer- Party of China. allocation, demonstrates China’s
reviewed papers on AI. commitment to shaping the future
Technology and geopolitics are
of global technologies. As China
AI has seamlessly integrated into inevitably intertwined. The rapid
continues to push the boundaries
daily life in China, with driverless pace of China’s technological
of innovation, it is well on its way
cars, facial and voice recognition innovation has been perceived as
to securing a dominant position
systems for surveillance and a threat to U.S. global dominance,
in the technological landscape
payments, traffic management sparking strategic competition
of the 21st century. The nation’s
systems, and medical diagnostics. between the two nations. The U.S.
achievements in these fields not
Robots serve as assistants and has imposed trade barriers and
only enhance its own economic
servers, making China one of the export bans on critical materials
and strategic capabilities but also
most advanced AI nations. AI is for technological development,
contribute to global technological
also incorporated into educational such as silicon chips, which power
progress.
curricula at all levels, ensuring that AI. Despite these challenges,
the current generation is immersed China’s technological progress
in innovative technologies from remains largely unaffected due to Misbah Zainab,
birth. robust policies, diverse investment Independent Researcher

37
 Book Review

China-Pakistan Economic
Corridor Beyond 2030:
A Green Alliance for
Sustainable Development
By Haris Bilal Malik

E
dited by Dr. Rabia Akhtar, China-
Pakistan Economic Corridor Beyond
2030: A Green Alliance for Sustainable
Author: Rabia Akhtar
Development takes an insightful,
Publisher: Friedrich Ebert Stiftung (FES)
comprehensive look at the environmental
sustainability of the China-Pakistan Economic
Corridor (CPEC) as it moves beyond the current chapter, The China-Pakistan Economic
decade. This volume is not only a technical Corridor: Past, Present and Future, provides
exploration of CPEC’s accomplishments but a historical overview of CPEC’s impact
also a strategic vision for its future as a model on Pakistan’s socio-economic landscape.
of green, sustainable development. The book Ambassador Hashmi makes a strong case
addresses various dimensions of CPEC, for CPEC’s transformative potential, citing its
examining its role in sustainable development, positive effects on infrastructure development,
particularly within the framework of the Belt and job creation, and regional connectivity. The
Road Initiative (BRI). chapter outlines how CPEC has solidified
Pakistan’s economic standing, particularly
A central theme in the book is the ambitious through projects like the Gwadar Port, and
vision of transforming CPEC into a “Green presents a strategic outlook for CPEC’s future
Alliance,” a concept that reflects its goal to development.
integrate sustainable practices within a massive
infrastructure project that spans multiple Ambassador Naghmana A. Hashmi’s
sectors, including energy, transportation, opening chapter, The China-Pakistan
and industry. In her introduction, Dr. Akhtar
Economic Corridor: Past, Present and
Future, provides a historical overview
highlights CPEC’s role as both a catalyst for
of CPEC’s impact on Pakistan’s socio-
economic growth and a vehicle for addressing economic landscape. Ambassador
climate change and resource management Hashmi makes a strong case for CPEC’s
challenges, emphasising that the project’s transformative potential, citing its positive
continued development will require an effects on infrastructure development, job
intentional alignment with the Sustainable creation, and regional connectivity
Development Goals (SDGs).
Several chapters focus on CPEC’s
The book is divided into six well-curated environmental dimensions, offering a critical
chapters, each delving into an essential aspect examination of its ecological impacts and the
of CPEC’s trajectory, with particular emphasis strategic imperatives for mitigating them. Dr.
on economic, environmental, and geopolitical Hassan Daud Butt’s chapter, Policy Lessons
considerations. This structure allows for a for Developing Environmentally Sustainable
progressive exploration of CPEC’s development Special Economic Zones (SEZs), introduces
from multiple perspectives, providing both readers to the challenges and opportunities
depth and breadth in its coverage. of creating green SEZs within the CPEC
framework. By exploring the importance of
Ambassador Naghmana A. Hashmi’s opening

38
 Book Review

strict environmental policies, energy-efficient In the concluding chapter, Dr. Xiaoyu Zhang
transportation, and government-backed presents CPEC as a model for global
incentives for sustainable practices, Butt sustainable development, linking it with
presents SEZs as potential drivers for a green China’s “Green Belt and Road” philosophy.
industrial revolution within Pakistan. Zhang’s discussion on CPEC’s dual role in
economic and environmental sustainability
In The Green Dimension: Environmental effectively contextualises CPEC within the
Considerations of the China-Pakistan wider BRI initiative. This chapter argues that
Economic Corridor, Dr. Asif Amin addresses CPEC’s accomplishments can serve as a
the environmental costs and benefits of template for future projects, positioning it as
CPEC’s energy and infrastructure projects. an exemplar of how large-scale infrastructure
Amin’s analysis is particularly relevant given can contribute positively to global sustainable
Pakistan’s vulnerability to climate change. development.
The chapter’s thorough examination of water
scarcity, pollution, habitat loss, and air quality Several chapters focus on CPEC’s
challenges underlines the importance of green environmental dimensions, offering a
growth strategies. By focusing on policies that critical examination of its ecological
can foster environmental stewardship, such as impacts and the strategic imperatives
renewable energy investments, Amin effectively
for mitigating them. Dr. Hassan Daud
Butt’s chapter, Policy Lessons for
advocates for a CPEC that supports sustainable
Developing Environmentally Sustainable
growth.
Special Economic Zones (SEZs),
Further expanding the book’s thematic scope,
introduces readers to the challenges and
opportunities of creating green SEZs
Dr. Yan Zhen’s chapter The Road to a Green
within the CPEC framework
Alliance: Synergizing CPEC and SDGs
emphasises the alignment of CPEC with the Overall, China-Pakistan Economic Corridor
United Nations’ 2030 Agenda. By exploring Beyond 2030: A Green Alliance for
CPEC’s role in renewable energy, sustainable Sustainable Development is an enlightening
cities, and climate action, Zhen demonstrates volume that captures CPEC’s dual promise as
how CPEC’s integration of SDG principles can a driver of economic growth and a blueprint
enhance regional stability while safeguarding for green development. By combining
environmental health. This chapter’s focus on rigorous analysis with actionable policy
the broader significance of CPEC as a model for recommendations, this book contributes
green infrastructure is invaluable, reinforcing the significantly to the discourse on sustainable
need for strategic partnerships between China, infrastructure development. Each chapter’s
Pakistan, and other nations. focus on actionable recommendations
ensures that the book serves as both an
Dr. Marriyam Siddique’s chapter, Transforming
academic resource and a practical guide for
CPEC into a Green Alliance: Challenges and
policymakers and stakeholders invested in
Opportunities, provides a nuanced discussion
the future of sustainable development.
on the practical hurdles of embedding
sustainability into CPEC, such as the high cost The book’s forward-looking perspective,
of green technologies and limited regulatory comprehensive structure, and strategic
frameworks. Siddique suggests innovative insights make it an invaluable contribution
solutions like green financing, policy alignment, to discussions on sustainable development
and stringent environmental regulations, within Pakistan, China, and beyond.
underscoring the economic potential that
green investments can unleash. These policy
recommendations offer concrete steps for
Haris Bilal Malik,
Pakistan to harness CPEC’s full socio-economic Consultant, China Pakistan Study Centre,
potential without compromising ecological ISSI
integrity.

39
 Insight

Pakistan‘s Academic
Exchanges with China:
A Personal Journey
and Reflection By Dr. Gulshan Rafiq

A
cademic exchanges However, despite the immense academic institutions. As a PhD
between Pakistan and potential, certain shortcomings student in International Relations,
China have grown still hinder deeper collaboration in I was immersed in the dynamic
significantly over the social sciences and international intellectual environment at SIRPA,
past few decades, especially as relations between the two which attracted scholars from
both nations seek to deepen their countries. across the globe. The rigorous
bilateral ties beyond traditional curriculum, coupled with the
economic and political spheres. My time in Shanghai opportunity to engage with some of
My personal experience as a PhD allowed me to explore the leading minds in international
student in International Relations the city’s rich history, relations like Dr. Lin Minwang,
(IR) at the School of International its rapidly evolving Professor Shiping Tang, Professor
Relations and Public Affairs Barry Buzan, and Professor Su
modern identity, and
(SIRPA) at Fudan University Changhe provided me with a solid
in Shanghai, coupled with
its role as a financial academic foundation.
various academic and cultural hub of China. This
engagements across China, cultural immersion was I was particularly struck by how
Chinese academic institutions
offers a unique perspective on critical in broadening
approach global governance,
the strengths and challenges of my worldview and geopolitics, and diplomacy from
these exchanges. From a short
understanding the a distinct lens that differs from
fellowship at Peking University to
visits to Tsinghua University and
complex layers that Western narratives. This exposure
travels across various Chinese make up Chinese society reshaped my understanding of the
provinces, I have been fortunate role that China seeks to play on the
My journey began at Fudan global stage and, by extension, its
to witness the evolution of
University in Shanghai, one relationship with Pakistan.
academic exchanges firsthand.
of China’s most prestigious

40
 Insight

Beyond the academic sphere, I Tsinghua is primarily known especially in relation to Pakistan.
was given opportunities to make for its contributions to the hard
significant contributions to the sciences, the interdisciplinary Xinjiang, a region often
university community. I played approach it fosters has in the news for political
an active role in the International significant implications for fields reasons, provided a
Student Office and the Fudan like international relations and firsthand look at the
Pakistani Student Association, political science.
complexities of China’s
fostering a supportive
environment for international Throughout my academic ethnic policies and its
students and promoting cultural journey, I made it a point to integration into the Belt
exchange. travel to various provinces in and Road Initiative (BRI),
China, each offering its own
which has significant
I was particularly unique cultural and historical
implications for Pakistan.
struck by how experiences. My travels
took me to Shanxi, Yunnan, Wenzhou, a coastal
Chinese academic city, highlighted the
Xinjiang, Ghansu, Wenzhou,
institutions approach Zhejiang, and Jiangsu, among entrepreneurial spirit
global governance, others. These journeys were of China, and Jiangsu‘s
geopolitics, and instrumental in providing me blend of traditional and
diplomacy from a with a deeper understanding of
modern development
distinct lens that China’s regional diversity.
captured the rapid
differs from Western For instance, Shanxi, with its urbanisation sweeping
narratives. This ancient temples and traditional across the country
exposure reshaped my architecture, offered a glimpse
understanding of the into China’s historical heritage. As a Pakistani student in China,
In contrast, Yunnan, known for I experienced incredible warmth
role that China seeks
its ethnic diversity and natural from the local people. There is
to play on the global a deeply rooted camaraderie
beauty, showcased the pluralism
stage and, by extension, that exists within Chinese between the two nations,
its relationship with society. Xinjiang, a region often symbolised by the phrase “巴
Pakistan in the news for political reasons, 铁” (“Bā tiě”), which translates to
provided a firsthand look at the “Iron Brother” in English. This term
My time in Shanghai allowed reflects the deep mutual respect
complexities of China’s ethnic
me to explore the city’s rich and affection between the people
policies and its integration into
history, its rapidly evolving of China and Pakistan. Whenever, I
the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI),
modern identity, and its role as introduced myself as a Pakistani, I
which has significant implications
a financial hub of China. This was often greeted with enthusiasm
for Pakistan. Wenzhou, a
cultural immersion was critical and the phrase “Bā tiě!”. This
coastal city, highlighted the
in broadening my worldview cultural bond is something unique
entrepreneurial spirit of China,
and understanding the complex and deeply meaningful, adding a
and Jiangsu’s blend of traditional
layers that make up Chinese layer of personal connection to the
and modern development
society. I also spent two academic exchanges.
captured the rapid urbanisation
weeks as a fellow at Peking
sweeping across the country.
University, another leading While the academic exchanges
Chinese institution, where I These travels enriched my between Pakistan and China have
had the opportunity to engage academic pursuits by enabling been fruitful, there are notable
with scholars specialising in me to contextualise the shortcomings, particularly in the
Chinese foreign policy and theoretical knowledge gained fields of social sciences and IR.
South Asian studies. My visit to in classrooms with real-world One of the most pressing issues
Tsinghua University, renowned experiences across China. is the imbalance in academic
for its focus on engineering and They also strengthened my output and the exchange of ideas.
technology, further expanded understanding of how regional Much of the focus in China-
my appreciation for China’s disparities and cultural diversity Pakistan academic collaboration
academic diversity. Although influence China’s domestic has been on science, technology,
and foreign policy decisions, engineering, and mathematics

41
 Insight
(STEM) fields, driven largely Moreover, the academic focusing on shared issues
by China’s prowess in these exchanges tend to be one- like regional security, global
areas and Pakistan’s need for sided, with Pakistani students governance, and the implications
technological advancement. and researchers frequently of the Belt and Road Initiative,
traveling to China, while there could also foster more balanced
There is a deeply are less structured programmes exchanges.
rooted camaraderie for Chinese scholars to visit
between the two Pakistani institutions. This Increased funding for
nations, symbolised creates a gap in mutual exchange programmes,
by the phrase “巴 understanding and limits specifically targeting
the development of a more social sciences, would
铁“ (“Bā tiě“), which balanced, bilateral academic
translates to “Iron allow more Pakistani
dialogue.
Brother” in English. scholars to engage with
This term reflects the In China, the academic system Chinese academia and
often follows a structured, top- vice versa. Collaborative
deep mutual respect down approach that emphasises
and affection between platforms, such
hierarchy and tradition. While
the people of China and this has led to significant
as workshops and
Pakistan. Whenever, advancements in many areas, conferences, focusing
I introduced myself it can sometimes present on shared issues like
a Pakistani, I was hurdles to fostering greater regional security, global
often greeted with critical thinking and independent governance, and the
scholarship. However, China implications of the Belt
enthusiasm and the is increasingly recognising the
phrase “Bā tiě!“ and Road Initiative,
importance of innovation and
creativity in research, and steps
could also foster more
In contrast, social sciences, balanced exchanges
are being taken to encourage
especially International
a more open and collaborative
Relations, have received In short, my academic journey in
academic environment. These
comparatively less focus. China has been transformative,
efforts are helping to bridge gaps
Pakistani scholars may face offering deep insights into China’s
and enhance China’s global
challenges due to limited access approach to global affairs and
academic influence.
to Chinese-language sources its relationship with Pakistan.
and a shortage of academic work To address these challenges, The warmth I received from the
in English that comprehensively there needs to be a concerted Chinese people, symbolised by
reflects China’s perspectives on effort to enhance collaboration the affectionate term “巴铁” and the
international relations. On the in social sciences and IR. Joint enriching experiences of walking
other hand, Chinese scholars research initiatives, co-authored the Great Wall and attending
studying Pakistan sometimes rely publications, and bilingual the China-Africa Forum further
on older or less comprehensive academic programmes could underscore the special bond
sources, which may not always significantly enhance mutual between our countries. However, to
capture the full depth of the understanding. Furthermore, fully harness the potential of China-
political and social increased funding for exchange Pakistan academic exchanges,
dynamics in the programmes, specifically particularly in the social sciences
country. targeting social and international relations, both
sciences, would nations must address the existing
allow more Pakistani imbalances and work toward
scholars to engage creating a more inclusive and
with Chinese equitable framework for intellectual
academia and vice collaboration.
versa. Collaborative
platforms, such
Dr. Gulshan Rafiq,
as workshops and Assistant Professor, Centre for
conferences, International Peace and Stability
(CIPS), NUST

42
Infographics

43
 Pakistan’s recognition came at
a time when China genuinely
needed it. Diplomatic relations
between Pakistan and China were
established on May 21, 1951.
Despite having little in common —
such as differing histories, social
structures, cultural practices, and
political systems — a friendship
began that has thrived through
every season and festival, built
on love, affection, camaraderie,
and trust. This relationship,
established in 1951, still stands
today as one of the best examples
of friendship, with reliable
partners and wholehearted
collaborators, resembling that of
loving brothers.

Over the 75 years

from 1949 to 2024,
Pakistan and China
have consistently
demonstrated the
strong foundation of
their friendship. The
historic journey of
this friendship also
includes the aviation
agreement of August 29,

P
akistan and China share bond is something everyone 1963, when a Pakistani
a unique relationship in can learn from; in international jet touched down at
today’s modern world. relations, it is known as an “all- Shanghai International
In international politics, weather friendship.” In today’s
Airport. The flight was
fluctuations in relationships rapidly changing political world,
between countries are quite the friendship between these two
warmly welcomed,
common. In fact, it can be countries stands as an exemplary with the airport
said that in the present era, model of enduring and strong adorned with the
relations between nations are partnership. national flags of both
often limited to their respective
The Islamic Republic of Pakistan,
countries, reflecting
interests. Where there is mutual the enthusiasm and
interest, a relationship will be established on August 14, 1947,
established; where there is none, and the People’s Republic of fervor that still resonate
the relationship between two China, which emerged with a between the people of
countries may lack significant distinct international identity both nations today
strength. However, in this changing following the Communist
Revolution on October 1, 1949, The unique relationship known
world of interests, among the
have maintained this bond since worldwide as the Pak-China
206 countries, there are two
January 4, 1950, when Pakistan friendship began in the early
nations that meet every standard
became the first Islamic country years and saw significant
of friendship and stand by each
to officially recognise China. developments in the 1960s.
other in all circumstances. This

44
 Insight

In this changing world of and 1999, China consistently cultural exchanges between the
supported Pakistan, both people of both countries.
interests, among the 206
defensively and diplomatically.
countries, there are two The Pak-China friendship has In Pakistan, Confucius Institutes
nations that meet every always been characterised by have been established in major
standard of friendship mutual trust and agreement on universities to promote the Chinese
and stand by each other regional and international issues, language. Similarly, in 12 Chinese
universities, departments of
in all circumstances. a level of mutual understanding
rarely seen in international Pakistan Studies and Urdu Studies
This bond is something have been set up, demonstrating
relations. On the diplomatic and
everyone can learn how China is strategically working
political fronts, both nations have
from; in international not only respected each other’s to educate its younger generation
relations, it is known decisions but have also supported about Pakistan. These language
as an all-weather one another, never leaving the institutions are helping the people
of both countries better understand
friendship“ other isolated on international
platforms. each other’s culture, civilisation, and
Regional changes during that time history. When it comes to education,
created a favorable environment The friendship between Pakistan exchange of delegations, or people-
for both countries to maintain and China has passed through to-people contact, both nations
harmonious relations. On March various stages in history and has have always stepped forward. Even
26, 1963, the two countries signed set remarkable examples at every on the international stage, when
a historic border agreement, opportunity. One such historic Pakistan faced isolation — especially
marking the beginning of a series day was March 23, 1966, when during the war on terror and
of treaties that continue to this day, China provided significant support extremism led by the United States
exemplified by projects like the to Pakistan in contemporary — China never hesitated to protect
China-Pakistan Economic Corridor cooperation by supplying defence its beloved brother and friend at
(CPEC). Over the 75 years from equipment on Pakistan’s National every opportunity.
1949 to 2024, Pakistan and China Day. This gesture made it clear
have consistently demonstrated to the region and the world that The friendship between
the strong foundation of their China wishes to see Pakistan as Pakistan and China has
friendship. The historic journey a strong and developed nation. passed through various
of this friendship also includes It is an acknowledged fact that stages in history and has
the aviation agreement of August China has stood by Pakistan in
set remarkable examples
29, 1963, when a Pakistani both good and bad times. China
jet touched down at Shanghai has always played a role in at every opportunity.
International Airport. The flight advancing Pakistan’s economic One such historic day
was warmly welcomed, with the independence, even at a time was March 23, 1966,
airport adorned with the national when China itself was striving to when China provided
flags of both countries, reflecting rise above the poverty line. In the significant support to
the enthusiasm and fervor that still 1970s, China laid the foundation
Pakistan in contemporary
resonate between the people of of the Heavy Mechanical
Complex in Taxila, and in 1979,
cooperation by supplying
both nations today.
the Karakoram Highway, which defense equipment on
Over the past 75 years, the connects Pakistan and China, Pakistan‘s National Day.
People’s Republic of China has was completed. The construction This gesture made it
witnessed numerous ups and of the Karakoram Highway, cutting clear to the region and
downs, particularly in international through high mountains and steep
politics. For a long time, China
the world that China
cliffs, stands as a testament to
did not have a seat in the United wishes to see Pakistan as
the determination and courage
Nations (UN), and Pakistan played that underpin the friendship a strong and developed
a remarkable role in ending between Pakistan and China. nation
China’s isolation by representing This road not only facilitates trade
its perspective in the UN. During From 2001 to 2013, foreign direct
but also plays a significant role
the Indo-Pak wars of 1965, 1971, investment in Pakistan nearly
in promoting educational and

45
 Insight
disappeared, and the outside world assistance, such as the recent exchanges, Pakistan and China
abandoned the country due to completion of the Suki Kinari have consistently demonstrated
Western propaganda that painted Hydropower Project. their commitment to each other’s
Pakistan as a victim of terrorism. sovereignty and development.
Despite this, China surprised the Despite many changes and
world by announcing the China- shifting interests in the world Despite many changes
Pakistan Economic Corridor of strategic and cooperative and shifting interests in
relationships, the friendship
(CPEC) project in 2013. the world of strategic
between Pakistan and China
and cooperative
In Pakistan, Confucius remains steadfast and enduring.
This relationship is evident in relationships, the
Institutes have
ongoing projects such as CPEC, friendship between
been established in
which has resulted in a network of Pakistan and China
major universities to modern roads in Pakistan. Other remains steadfast
promote the Chinese countries are showing interest
and enduring. This
language. Similarly, in in Pakistan, and energy projects
relationship is evident in
12 Chinese universities, also serve as a gateway between
ongoing projects such as
departments of Pakistan the two nations. Pakistan is
connecting China’s Xinjiang CPEC, which has resulted
Studies and Urdu
region to the Gwadar deep-sea in a network of modern
Studies have been set port, which is set to become a roads in Pakistan
up, demonstrating how major commercial hub in the
China is strategically future. With ongoing development As both nations continue to face
working to educate its and investment, Pakistan is new challenges and opportunities
younger generation emerging as a more developed on the global stage, their
nation on the global map partnership remains a beacon
about Pakistan
compared to its pre-2013 status. of hope, exemplifying how two
The world was further astonished countries, despite their differences,
when Chinese President Xi Jinping The Pakistan-China relationship can build a bond based on trust,
visited Pakistan in April 2015 and is a remarkable example of an understanding, and mutual benefit.
formally launched this project. enduring and strategic partnership Moving forward, the strength of the
As of last year, 2023, the project in a world where alliances often Pakistan-China relationship will
has completed its first decade, shift with changing geopolitical continue to play a pivotal role in
and a network of roads has been interests. Over the past 75 years, promoting regional peace, stability,
laid across Pakistan. The work this friendship has withstood the and prosperity for generations to
on the infrastructure and energy tests of time, strengthened by come.
corridor projects is ongoing to mutual respect, shared interests,
address the electricity shortage. and unwavering support. From
diplomatic cooperation and Ayesha Alam, Head of the
Several hydropower projects have Department of Pakistan Studies,
been completed with Chinese military assistance to economic Hazara University, Mansehra
collaboration and cultural

46
Infographics

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 Insight

Cybersecurity Challenges and Collaboration:

Strengthening
China-Pakistan
Cyber Defense Capabilities
By Tayyaba Khan

I
n today’s increasingly For China, as one of beyond traditional areas
interconnected world, such as trade, defense, and
the world‘s leading
cybersecurity has emerged construction. As technology
economies and increasingly integrates into all
as a critical component
of national security and
a technological sectors of national development,
economic stability. As people innovator, adopting cybersecurity has become one
and countries become more robust cybersecurity of the most sensitive aspects
dependent on internet facilities measures is crucial that China and Pakistan share.
for communication, economic for protecting The constantly evolving nature
activities, and governance, of cyber threats requires a
intellectual property,
the threats in cyberspace partnership that enables both
are unfolding and becoming
defending its growing nations to protect their critical
more lethal. From data theft digital economy, and infrastructure and information.
and ransomware to cyber safeguarding national Cybersecurity is a vital concern
espionage and attacks on critical security. Pakistan, due for both countries, given their
infrastructure, these threats can to its strategic location positions in the world economy
undermine economies, expose and international politics.
and involvement in
confidential information, and
the China-Pakistan For China, as one of the
threaten security. Consequently,
bolstering cybersecurity defenses
Economic Corridor world’s leading economies
is more crucial than ever. (CPEC), is a key and a technological innovator,
contributor to regional adopting robust cybersecurity
Governments and societies must
measures is crucial for
ensure robust security measures security
protecting intellectual property,
and cooperation in defending
The longstanding and friendly defending its growing digital
their information infrastructures
relationship between China economy, and safeguarding
and personal data against ever
and Pakistan now extends national security. Pakistan,
more complex cyber threats.

48
 Insight

due to its strategic location digital infrastructure is crucial both private and public sectors in
and involvement in the China- for initiatives like the Digital 2023. Furthermore, a 2023 Price
Pakistan Economic Corridor Silk Road and the Belt and waterhouse Coopers (PwC) report
(CPEC), is a key contributor to Road Initiative (BRI). However, indicates that Pakistan is becoming
regional security. It must employ China’s heavy reliance on a hotbed for state-sponsored cyber
robust cybersecurity measures technology also makes it highly espionage, targeting the energy,
to prevent cyber incidents that susceptible to cyberattacks. finance, and telecommunication
could hinder economic growth and The rapid digitalisation of sectors.
infrastructure development in the business, government, and
region. Both countries understand critical infrastructure increases A survey by the Polish
that their digital futures are the country’s vulnerability electronic company
intertwined, making strong to cyberattacks that could “Storware“ shows that
cybersecurity measures essential. jeopardise national security, the world faces serious
disrupt economic activities, or
Technology and data privacy issues in
compromise state secrets. China
cyberspace have been faces significant cybersecurity
the 21st century, with
central to China‘s challenges due to geopolitical an average of over 2,200
rapid economic tensions, data breaches, state- cyberattacks per year,
growth and rise to sponsored cyber warfare, and affecting 71.1 million
cyber espionage. To safeguard people. Cybersecurity is,
global prominence. its digital assets and maintain
Leading in areas such therefore, a major issue
its global reputation, China must
as E-commerce, 5G strengthen its cyber defenses.
for Pakistan and many
telecommunications, other nations
A survey by the Polish electronic
and artificial company “Storware” shows Both China and Pakistan
intelligence, China has that the world faces serious face cyber threats, including
leveraged technological data privacy issues in the 21st state-sponsored espionage,
innovation to enhance century, with an average of over hacking, and attacks by
criminal organisations. Foreign
its military capabilities, 2,200 cyberattacks per year,
affecting 71.1 million people. governments, particularly India and
accelerate economic the U.S., use cyber espionage to
Cybersecurity is, therefore, a
growth, and increase its steal military and economic data,
major issue for Pakistan and
international influence. many other nations. Although while criminal organizations disrupt
Secure and efficient information and communication vital infrastructure.
digital infrastructure technology (ICT) use is expanding
To counter these threats,
is crucial for initiatives rapidly across Pakistan’s
China and Pakistan signed
like the Digital Silk Road industries, the country remains
a cybersecurity cooperation
underprepared for cyberattacks.
and the Belt and Road memorandum in 2015, focusing
In response, Pakistan introduced
Initiative (BRI) its first National Cyber Security
on technical support, information
sharing, and capacity building.
Technology and cyberspace Policy in 2021, which takes a
In 2019, they conducted joint
have been central to China’s comprehensive approach to
cybersecurity drills and launched
rapid economic growth and rise safeguarding the nation’s critical
capacity-building projects,
to global prominence. Leading in cyber services. Nonetheless,
including training courses,
areas such as E-commerce, 5G reports indicate increased cyber
technical support, and best
telecommunications, and artificial threats in Pakistan’s IT sector,
practices sharing. Additionally,
intelligence, China has leveraged exposing the country’s weak
both nations have established
technological innovation to digital security infrastructure.
systems for exchanging data
enhance its military capabilities, The Pakistan Telecommunication
regarding cyber threats and
accelerate economic growth, Authority (PTA) reported a rise
vulnerabilities and for coordinating
and increase its international in cybercrime incidents, such as
countermeasures against
influence. Secure and efficient data theft and ransomware, in
cyberattacks. China has also

49
 Insight

provided Pakistan with technical internet usage. The joint and educational events
support in various cybersecurity development of the “Pakistan & could contribute to this effort.
areas, such as developing cyber East Africa Connecting Europe Additionally, establishing a Cyber
incident response teams and (PEACE)” submarine cable Security Cooperation Committee
cybersecurity policies. system will significantly improve to protect specific infrastructures
Pakistan’s internet capacity and and forming a bi-national team to
China and Pakistan cybersecurity. Further initiatives, proactively address cybersecurity
signed a cybersecurity such as the establishment in financial networks, government
cooperation of another submarine cable systems, and the energy sector
memorandum in 2015, at Gwadar, aim to reduce would further enhance their
internet outages and enhance capabilities.
focusing on technical
connectivity. Agreements to set
support, information up a Cybersecurity Research To expand China-
sharing, and capacity Centre and a Data Centre Pakistan cooperation
building. In 2019, underscore the diplomatic in cybersecurity,
they conducted joint significance of cyberspace several strategic
cybersecurity drills cooperation between China and
recommendations
Pakistan, enhancing regional
and launched capacity- are proposed. First, a
security and economic growth.
building projects, This partnership also aligns with bilateral framework for
including training Pakistan’s National Science frequent communication
courses, technical Technology and Innovation and information sharing
support, and best Policy (2012) and Digital on cybersecurity threats
practices sharing Pakistan Policy (2018).
should be developed,
China has established a To expand China- facilitating a joint
comprehensive cyberspace Pakistan cooperation in approach to addressing
regulation framework based cybersecurity, several strategic cyber incidents. This
on the principle of cyber recommendations are proposed. framework would
sovereignty, asserting that First, a bilateral framework
enhance the detection
every country should govern for frequent communication
and information sharing on and prevention of
cyberspace within its own
borders according to its laws cybersecurity threats should potential cyber threats
and policies. Pakistan aligns be developed, facilitating a
Improved cybersecurity
with this perspective, and joint approach to addressing
cooperation between China
both countries advocate for a cyber incidents. This framework
and Pakistan offers potential
stable international cyberspace would enhance the detection
benefits, including enhanced
regime based on cooperation. and prevention of potential
protection against common cyber
They engage in international cyber threats. Second,
threats such as state-sponsored
negotiations on cyberspace cooperation should focus on
hacking, espionage, and attacks
governance through bodies research and development
by criminal groups and non-state
such as the United Nations projects, emphasising advanced
actors. It could also lead to greater
General Assembly (UNGA) and technologies such as artificial
economic and political stability,
the United Nations Security intelligence, blockchain, and
as both countries heavily rely on
Council (UNSC). Bilaterally, quantum computing, which
digital technologies for growth
the Long-Term Plan for CPEC are key to strengthening
and governance. Moreover, this
(2017-2030) emphasises ICT cybersecurity. Third, both
cooperation could serve as a
infrastructure as a key aspect nations should expand civil
model for other countries in the
of cybersecurity cooperation. cybersecurity awareness
region, promoting greater regional
Major projects, such as the programs to develop a world-
stability and security.
cross-border optical fibre links class workforce capable of
from Rawalpindi to Khunjerab handling modern cybercrime.
and the upcoming Sukkur to Exchange programs between
students and experts, joint Tayyaba Khan,
Gwadar link, are designed
Independent Researcher
to enhance connectivity and cybersecurity seminars,

50
Infographics

51
 Insight

Strengthening Educational Ties

Between China and Pakistan:
A Win-Win Opportunity Through CPEC
By Nawal Fatima & Jawaria Afzaal

P
akistan and China have
enjoyed long-standing and
friendly bilateral relations,
encompassing diplomatic,
economic, and cultural domains,
since the 1950s. With the launch
of the China-Pakistan Economic
Corridor (CPEC), part of the Belt
and Road Initiative (BRI), these
ties have been transformed into
a strategic economic partnership
aimed at mutual prosperity.
Education has become a pivotal
component of this cooperation, level of an “all-weather strategic Educational Platforms
serving as a bridge for deepening partnership.” This political move and Alliances for Bilateral
people-to-people ties and ensuring laid the foundation for deepening cooperation
the long-term success of CPEC. educational cooperation.
Both countries are expanding their To enhance international
To enhance international
collaboration in education, ensuring cooperation in higher education,
it aligns with the goals of CPEC and cooperation in higher Chinese universities have developed
national development. education, Chinese partnerships with their Pakistani
universities have counterparts. Several educational
CPEC: Boosting Bilateral developed partnerships platforms have been established to
Relations and Educational with their Pakistani unify resources from top universities
Cooperation
counterparts. Several in both countries. One such initiative

CPEC has significantly boosted educational platforms is the Silk Road University Alliance,
launched in 2015 by Xi’an Jiaotong
Pakistan’s economy by improving have been established University, which includes 21
infrastructure and fostering socio to unify resources Chinese universities and over 100
economic development. This from top universities global institutions. This alliance
partnership aims to economically in both countries. One fosters collaboration in education,
connect Pakistan to China, such initiative is the science, and technology, in line
unlocking new economic
Silk Road University with the goals of the BRI. Pakistan’s
opportunities, improved energy
Alliance, launched in National University of Sciences
resources, and employment
through various infrastructure
2015 by Xi’an Jiaotong and Technology (NUST) became

projects. Beyond trade and

University, which a member of the alliance in 2015,

investment, CPEC has created new includes 21 Chinese marking a new era of academic

avenues for cultural and academic universities and over 100 cooperation between the two

exchanges, with education global institutions nations.

emerging as a vital area of In 2017, the China-Pakistan

Chinese companies involved in
cooperation. As CPEC advances, Economic Corridor University
CPEC projects require personnel
educational collaboration is Alliance was formed, comprising
fluent in local languages, Chinese,
increasingly contributing to the 18 leading universities from both
and English, further underscoring
enhancement of bilateral ties. countries. This platform has become
the need for education and cultural
exchange programs. an essential part of university
In April 2015, China and Pakistan
collaboration, enhancing academic
elevated their relationship to the

52
 Insight
and research capabilities across Confucius Classrooms in Pakistan. to commit to long-term stays in
sectors such as finance, innovation, However, the number of Chinese the country. To overcome these
entrepreneurship, and education. students learning Urdu remains low. challenges, both nations must work
While challenges remain, such By 2019, six Chinese universities together to create an environment
as the unequal distribution of had introduced Urdu as a major, of mutual understanding and
tasks among alliance members, but security concerns in Pakistan cooperation. This will allow them to
the groundwork laid for long-term have limited long-term career fully capitalise on the opportunities
educational cooperation will continue opportunities for Chinese students. for educational and cultural
to strengthen bilateral ties. Nevertheless, efforts to strengthen exchange that CPEC presents.
Urdu learning in China continue, and
Language Programs: overcoming these hurdles will further
Looking Ahead: A Future
A Crucial Tool for improve bilateral relations.
of Shared Growth
Collaboration
The sharing of skills and
Overseas Student
Language plays a critical role knowledge between China and
Programs: Bridging
in fostering closer ties between Pakistan is crucial for the future
Cultures
China and Pakistan. It enhances trajectory of CPEC and the BRI.
interpersonal relationships and Educational exchanges between As both countries strive to improve
promotes a deeper understanding of China and Pakistan have proven their educational systems, the
cultural differences. to be a bridge between students potential for enhancing cultural
from both countries. With China’s relations, economic growth, and
The sharing of skills and reputation for excellence in higher technological advancement is
knowledge between China education, many Pakistani students immense. Educational platforms,
and Pakistan is crucial aspire to pursue their studies in language programs, and student
for the future trajectory China. According to the Ministry exchanges have already laid
of CPEC and the BRI. As of Education in China, the number the foundation for successful
both countries strive to of Pakistani students studying in cooperation. By leveraging support
improve their educational China has been increasing since from governments, universities,
systems, the potential 2014, with Pakistan becoming the and the private sector, China and
for enhancing cultural eighth-largest source of international Pakistan can cultivate the human
capital needed to ensure the
relations, economic students in China.
sustainable development of CPEC.
growth, and technological Many Pakistani students benefit from
advancement is immense. scholarships such as the Chinese As the bonds between the two
Educational platforms, Government Scholarships, the Youth nations strengthen, education
language programs, of Excellence Scheme of China will remain a key pillar of China-
and student exchanges (YES CHINA), and various provincial Pakistan relations, paving the
have already laid the scholarships. These opportunities way for a brighter future. The
foundation for successful reduce the financial burden of educational collaboration under
cooperation language and degree programs in CPEC is not just about exchanging
China and foster educational and programs; it is about nurturing a
Recognising this, both countries cultural exchanges that strengthen generation of leaders committed
have introduced programs to bilateral ties. to the enduring friendship between
popularise Chinese and Urdu. China and Pakistan, united by
Interest in learning Chinese has Addressing Challenges: a shared vision of growth and
grown in Pakistan due to CPEC Security and Socio-Political prosperity.
and China’s rising influence in the Concerns
region. Pakistani students, proficient
Despite the promising outlook,
in Chinese, Urdu, and English, are Nawal Fatima, Lecturer, School of
there are challenges that must
crucial intermediaries, facilitating Social Sciences and Humanities
be addressed to ensure the (S3H), National University of
communication and collaboration. Sciences & Technology (NUST)
sustainability of educational
Confucius Institutes have been cooperation. Socio-political risks,
established in Pakistan to teach including security concerns, political Jawaria Afzaal, Lecturer, School
the Chinese language and promote instability, and social unrest in of Social Sciences and Humanities
Pakistan, have made Chinese (S3H), National University of
cultural exchange. Currently, there Sciences & Technology (NUST)
are five Confucius Institutes and two students and professionals hesitant

53
 Insight

75-Years of
China-Pakistan
Educational Diplomacy
By Sidra Fatima Ali

F
or 75 years, China and explore how educational diplomacy there are currently 28,000 Pakistani
Pakistan have shared has shaped their partnership and students in different Chinese
a unique bond marked its impact on the people of both universities, making Pakistan the
by strong diplomatic nations. third-largest source of international
and cultural ties. While much students in China, trailing behind
attention has been focused on In recent decades, China has South Korea and Thailand.
high politics, such as military and emerged as a popular destination
economic ties, the realm of “low for Pakistani students, offering China and Pakistan effectively
politics,” particularly educational approximately 20,000 scholarships facilitate educational and project
diplomacy, has emerged as a annually—the highest number of based opportunities for each
significant aspect of their bilateral scholarships offered by China to other’s students. Pakistan extends
relations. Educational diplomacy, any single country. Over the past project based opportunities to
involving the exchange of students, decade, the number of Pakistani Chinese students, while China
scholars, and knowledge, stands students studying in China has provides scholarships for Pakistani
as a vital tool of soft power. It risen from 5,000 to 22,000. students to pursue studies in
promotes mutual understanding, Currently, there are approximately Chinese universities and contribute
cultural exchange, and the 6,156 Pakistani students enrolled to various projects in Pakistan.
development of human capital. in PhD programs and 3,600 in These scholarships span across
As we mark 75 years of China- Master’s programs, with around diverse fields and educational
Pakistan relations, it is important to 7,034 students studying on levels, including primary education,
scholarships. It is estimated that post-doctoral studies, social

54
 Insight

sciences, applied sciences, Pakistan has recognised the Additionally, CFPD plans to sponsor
Chinese language, and vocational importance of China studies other educational institutions and
training. Currently, Pakistan hosts and has established multiple arrange cultural and educational
around 1,000 Chinese students in China Study Centres at various tours for local teachers and students
different educational institutions institutions across the country. to visit China.
on different projects, fostering a These centres aim to advance
platform for mutual understanding Chinese language, culture, and Pakistan has recognised
and cooperation. historical studies, as well as serve the importance of
as think tanks for initiatives under China studies and has
China and Pakistan the CPEC. Examples include the established multiple
effectively facilitate Confucius Centre at Karakoram
China Study Centres
educational and project International University, the
at various institutions
based opportunities China Study Centre at Peshawar,
across the country. These
and the Confucius Institute at
for each other’s Punjab University, which also centers aim to advance
students. Pakistan hosts two Centres of Excellence. Chinese language,
extends project based Bahria University has launched culture, and historical
opportunities to Chinese the Pakistan China Study and
studies, as well as serve as
students, while China Research Centre, focusing on
think tanks for initiatives
provides scholarships research, innovation, collaborative
under the CPEC
for Pakistani students facilitation, and cultural cohesion.

to pursue studies in Recognising the importance The educational partnership

Chinese universities and of communication and the between China and Pakistan has
been a cornerstone of their bilateral
contribute to various need to enhance collaboration
relations for the past 73 years,
projects in Pakistan between China and Pakistan,
fostering deeper understanding
numerous Chinese universities
The Higher Education and institutions are establishing and cooperation between the
Commission (HEC) of Pakistan Centres for Pakistan Studies to two countries. The increasing
has implemented an Indigenous better prepare their graduates number of Pakistani students in
Scholarship Program aimed at for opportunities arising from China and the growing interest
students from Gwadar. Under this the CPEC. The inauguration of of Chinese students in Pakistan
program, undergraduate students the Center for Pakistan Studies demonstrate the success of this
from Gwadar are allowed to took place during the opening educational exchange. Through
pursue BS degrees in prestigious ceremony of the 7th China South scholarships, joint research, and
universities in Punjab, while those and Southeast Asia Think-Tank the establishment of study centers,
with bachelor’s degrees can opt Forum in Kunming, marking a both nations have invested in
for Chinese language courses. promising beginning for the future human capital development, cultural
This initiative is significant as it relationship between the two exchange, and mutual respect.
provides the youth of Gwadar countries. Additionally, China This educational partnership not
with opportunities to study in hosts Pakistan Studies and 11 only strengthens diplomatic ties
Pakistan’s leading universities Urdu departments within its but also equips students with the
and enhances their employment universities. skills and knowledge needed to
prospects with the China-Pakistan contribute to projects like the CPEC.
Economic Corridor (CPEC) China is not only supporting As China and Pakistan continue to
project, given the increasing Pakistani students in the field collaborate in education, they are
prevalence of the Chinese of education but is also funding laying a strong foundation for future
language as a primary mode of the construction of various generations to build on this enduring
communication. This development educational institutions in friendship.
signifies that the talent and skills Pakistan. For instance, the
of Balochi and Gwadar students, China Foundation for Peace
previously underrepresented, will and Development (CFPD)
now contribute significantly to the sponsored the expansion project
Sidra Fatima Ali works at China
CPEC project. of Faqeer Middle School in
Pakistan Study Centre, ISSI
Gwadar Development Authority.

55
 Infographics

56