URINE EXAMINATION
IN PARASITOLOGY
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AGENDA
➢General safety precautions during the process of laboratory urine
examination.
➢List of essential equipment for laboratory urine examination.
➢Collection of urine samples for laboratory examination.
➢Preparation of direct urine wet mount.
➢Demonstration of general idea about significant findings in urine
samples especially different parasitic stages.
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GENERAL SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
1. Wear protective gloves and laboratory coat
when processing specimens.
2. Do not eat, drink or manipulate contact
lenses in work area.
3. Decontaminate work surface at least once a
day and after any spill of potentially
infectious material.
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GENERAL SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
4. If you have any cuts or abrasions on the skin of your hands,
cover them with adhesive dressing.
5. If you use any sharp instruments, dispose of them in a “sharps”
container.
6. Remove gloves and wash your hands after completing any task
involving the handling of fecal material.
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URINE SAMPLES
EXAMINATION
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URINE ANALYSIS
➢FIRST MORNING, MID-STREAM, FRESHLY VOIDED
CONCENTRATED URINE SAMPLE IS PREFERRED.
➢URINE SAMPLE SHOULD BE EXAMINED WITHIN 1-2
HOURS OF VOIDING.
➢IF DELAY IS SUSPECTED: FORMALIN (40%) CAN BE
USED AS PRESERVATIVE; OR URINE CAN BE
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REFRIGERATED.
Significance of Urine Color Urine
Severe
dehydration Haematuria
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SIGNIFICANCE OF URINE COLOR URINE
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Urine Examination in Parasitology
•Simple Sedimentation
•Simple Centrifugation
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A. Simple sedimentation
1. Urine sample is collected into a conical sedimentation glass and is
left for 1 hour to sediment.
2. Decant supernatant.
3. With the aid of a glass pipette, few drops of the bottom sediment are
pipetted onto a clean slide.
4. Spread the urine, apply a cover slip and examine microscopically.
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Simple sedimentation
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B. SIMPLE CENTRIFUGATION
➢Sample of urine (about 10 ml) is poured to a centrifuge tube.
➢The tube is centrifuged at 500 x g (2000 rpm) for 5 min.
➢Supernatant is separated and used for chemical analysis.
➢The tube is tapped at the bottom to re-suspend the sediment in 1 ml of
urine.
➢A drop of it placed over slide, covered with cover-slip and examined as
early as possible.
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B. Simple centrifugation method
Centrifuge Decant the Examine under
(2000 g/ 2 min.) supernatant the microscope
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CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF URINE
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OVERVIEW OF THE FINDINGS IN
URINE SEDIMENT
ORGANISMS IN THE URINE
E.G.:
• - PARASITES
• - BACTERIAL BACILLI OR COCCI.
• - FUNGI.
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PARASITIC STAGES DETECTED
IN URINE
• SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM EGGS,
• ENTEROBIUS EGGS,
• WUCHERERIA BANCROFTI MICROFILARIA,
• TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS TROPHOZOITES,
• HYDATID SAND,
• PHTHIRUS PUBIS (ADULT AND NYMPH),
• SARCOPTES SCABIEI (ADULT),
• LARVAE OF FANNIA, MUSCA, CALLIPHORA AND SARCOPHAGA
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(UROGENITAL MYIASIS).
Parasitic stages found in urine
Egg of
Schistosoma
haematobium
With terminal
spine
• HAEMATURIA OF SCHISTOSOMA
HAEMATOBIUM 21
Echinococcus granulosus (Hydatid sand)
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Parasitic stages found in urine
Trichomonas vaginalis trophozoites
Trichomonas vaginalis trophozoites
The specimen examined immediately,
or stained smears (Giemsa).
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WUCHERERIA BANCROFTI MICROFILARIA
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ENTEROBIUS VERMICULARIS EGG
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Parasitic stages found in urine
PHTHIRUS PUBIS SARCOPTES SCABIEI
• LARVA OF URINARY MYIASIS
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Bacterial Bacelli
Fungi (Yeast)
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Overview of the findings in urine Sediment:
CASTS IN THE URINE
➢HYALINE AND GRANULAR CAST MAY APPEAR IN NORMAL AS WELL AS DISEASED
STATES WHILE ALL OTHER CASTS ARE FOUND IN KIDNEY DISEASE.
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Granular cast
Hyaline cast
Overview of the findings in urine Sediment:
CRYSTALS IN THE URINE
CRYSTALS ARE REFRACTILE STRUCTURES WITH A DEFINITE GEOMETRIC SHAPE.
EXAMPLES OF CRYSTALURIA:
➢URIC ACID CRYSTALS: NORMAL FINDINGS. INCREASE IN GOUT AND ACUTE LEUKEMIA.
➢CALCIUM OXALATE CRYSTALS: AFTER INGESTION OF VARIOUS OXALATE RICH-FOODS.
INCREASED NUMBER SUGGESTS OXALATE STONE.
➢TRIPLE PHOSPHATE CRYSTALS: FREQUENTLY FOUND IN NORMAL URINE. INCREASED IN
KIDNEY STONES.
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Calcium Oxalate Crystals in
Triple Phosphate Crystals in
Urine Sediment
Urine Sediment
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Uric Acid Crystals in Urine Sediment
REFERENCES
• GARCIA, L. S. 2016. DIAGNOSTIC MEDICAL PARASITOLOGY, 6TH
ED., ASM PRESS, WASHINGTON, DC.
• JOHN, D. T. AND PETRI, W. A. 2006. MARKELL AND VOGE’S
MEDICAL PARASITOLOGY, 9TH ED., SAUNDERS ELSEVIER, USA.
• HTTPS://WWW.CDC.GOV/DPDX/DIAGNOSTICPROCEDURES.HTML
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