Chapter 6

The Coins
Gabriela Bijovsky

One hundred and thirty-six coins were discovered clearly shows the stylos (writing tool) with which the
during excavations at Nahal Haggit. Nine were personification is writing. The motif resembles the
unidentifiable.1 The numismatic data correspond to well-known “Victory writing on shield” of the Judaea
the stratigraphic division of the site by the excavators Capta series, struck in Caesarea after the First Jewish
into three main periods of settlement: Stratum I (Early Revolt. However, a possible connection between the
Roman period, first century BCE–c. 135 CE); Stratum two issues has not yet been determined (Barag 1978).
II (Middle Roman period, late second–late third or early A coin of the Nabatean king Aretas IV (No. 5) was
fourth centuries CE); and Stratum III (Mamluk period, found in Room 154 clearly built around Miqveh 161.
thirteenth–fourteenth centuries CE). No coins can be Its presence in this region is unusual. Nevertheless, a
attributed with certainty to Stratum I. All other coins number of Nabatean coins have been found in northern
dated before the second century CE were discovered Israel, quite far from their usual area of circulation
in later contexts. Nevertheless, their presence at the (i.e., southern Judea, the Negev and Jordan). Nabatean
site can best be explained as related to the settlement coins from excavations at Caesarea, Horbat ‘Eleq,
activities of Stratum I. Sepphoris, Mt. Berenice in Tiberias and even Gamla
The earliest coins found at the site belong to Ptolemaic have been registered in the National Collections.2
rulers of the first half of the third century BCE (Nos. 1, According to the numismatic evidence, there was
2). Two Seleucid coins of Antiochus III and Antiochus apparently no settlement interruption related to the
IV were also found (Nos. 3, 4). This early material does First Jewish Revolt. This period is well attested by
not necessarily mean that the site was occupied during three Dora coins dated to the years 66/67, 68/69 and
the Hellenistic period. Rather, the worn condition of 75/76 CE (Nos. 14, 15 and 17).
the coins indicates that they remained in circulation Most of the coins found in the excavation are
for quite a long time, possibly until the first century related to Stratum II (the Middle Roman period).
BCE. Number 4 is attributed here to the mint of ‘Akko- During the second and third centuries CE, the site was
Ptolemais (instead of Antioch), based on similarities in reoccupied, possibly by Roman veterans of the Second
style and geographical distribution to the most popular Jewish Revolt (see Chapter 10). The prosperity that
serrated type of Antiochus IV, minted in ‘Akko- characterized the Pax Romana is confirmed at Nahal
Ptolemais (Bijovsky 1994–1999:41). This attribution Haggit by the numismatic data. Situated in a strategic
is accepted by Houghton and Spaer (1998:156). location, the site was close to main routes (Wadi el-
Among the early material are four Jewish coins Milh, Daliyat el-Karmil through Ramot Menashe; see
(Nos. 6–9). Three circulated primarily in Judea (Nos. Chapter 1) and the city mints of Caesarea and Dora.
6–8), reinforcing the assumption of the excavators There is a very strong presence of Caesarean coins at
regarding the Jewish character of the settlement during Nahal Haggit. Of a total of 60 Roman Provincial coins,
Stratum I (in which four miqva’ot were discovered; 35 (or more than half) were struck in Caesarea, as
see Chapter 2). The coin of Agrippa II, which shows shown in Table 6.1.
“Victory writing on a shield” (No. 9), is remarkable This picture is not surprising. Not only was Caesarea
in its preservation. It was minted in 84/85 CE (Year close by, but it was also the capital of the province and
24 according to the 61 CE era), the first year of his had a prolific mint, which supplied currency for the
issues to include the title Germanicus for Emperor entire region. Nevertheless, these results are interesting
Domitian, which appears on the obverse. This exemplar when compared to the total of Caesarea mint coins
170 Gabriela Bijovsky

found at the IAA excavations in Caesarea itself. (‘Herod’s Circus’) at Caesarea (Bijovsky, in prep.).
Presented in Table 6.2 are the Caesarea types retrieved The Nahal Haggit corpus of Caesarean coins presents
from Nahal Haggit and those from the amphitheater a larger number of coins and a wider range of types
and dates.
A similar picture emerges from the excavations at
Table 6.1. Distribution of Mints
Tel Hefer, where 18 out of 22 Roman Provincial coins
of the Roman Provincial Coins were minted at Caesarea (including two deposits of 13
Mint No. of Coins coins of Severus Alexander; Bijovsky, forthcoming).
Aelia Capitolina 1 Another example is the excavation at Ramat Ha-
‘Akko-Ptolemais 1 Nadiv. Few Roman provincial coins were discovered
Antipatris 2
in excavations there. Still, Caesarea is the predominant
Caesarea 35
mint (Horbat ‘Eleq—12 coins, 4 of Caesarea; ‘En Zur
tunnel—4 coins, 2 of Caesarea; Horbat ‘Aqqav—2
Dora 3
coins of Caesarea; Barkay 2000). Coins from Dora
Neapolis 1
and Caesarea are the most representative issues among
Petra 1
the Roman coins published from Areas A and C in the
Nysa-Scythopolis 1
excavations at Tel Dor (Meshorer 1995: Nos. 95–99).
Thessalonica 2
Most of the mints represented at Nahal Haggit are
Tiberias 1
coastal cities, constituting the common currency in
Tyre 9
circulation in the area. Aside from Caesarea, these
Uncertain 3 include Tyre (Nos. 10–13, 29–33), Dora (Nos. 14–17)

Table 6.2. Caesarean Coins at Caesarea’s Amphitheater and Nahal Haggit

Ruler and Type Caesarea’s Amphitheater Nahal Haggit
Nero(?)—Tyche standing 1
Titus—Judaea Capta 1
Hadrian—Bust of Serapis 1 1
Antoninus Pius—Founder plowing 1
Lucius Verus—Bust of Serapis 1 1
Septimius Severus—Bust of Serapis 1
Caracalla—Eagle supporting wreath with SPQR 1
Caracalla—Bust of Serapis 1
Diadumenian—Bust of Serapis 3
Elagabalus—Bust of Serapis 1 7
Elagabalus—Eagle supporting wreath with SPQR 1
Severus Alexander—Eagle supporting wreath with SPQR 13
Trajan Decius—Head of Tyche 2
Trebonianus Gallus—Dionysos stg.; at his feet, panther 1
Trebonianus Gallus—Eagle supporting wreath with bust of Tyche 1
Trebonianus Gallus—Two heraldic eagles flanking standard 1
Trebonianus Gallus—Zeus seated on throne l. 1
Trebonianus Gallus—Head of Tyche 1
Hostilian—Head of Tyche 1
Roman Provincial (unidentifiable)—Bust of Serapis 4 1
Roman Provincial (unidentifiable)—Head of Tyche 1
Minimi 7
Total 21 35
 Chapter 6: The Coins 171

and ‘Akko-Ptolemais (No. 23). There are also coins of both appointed emperors by their father. Carus’ coin
Neapolis (No. 42) and Aelia Capitolina (No. 65). More is posthumous (DIVO CARO AVG), struck in his
exceptional are a coin of Elagabalus from Petra (No. honor in Antioch after his death during the Persian
45) and two coins of the same emperor and identical campaign. The coins of the two sons were struck in
type from the mint of Antipatris (Nos. 43, 44). This Cyzicus, a mint of considerable output during their
phenomenon of unusual doublets is not coincidental, as reigns. Both coins depict the same reverse type and the
it repeats itself two more times in this excavation. The two variations of the inscription CLEMENTIA TEMP
second and most interesting pair of coins is Nos. 59 and CLEMENTIA • TEMP (RIC 5/2:130–131). The
and 60, minted by Maximinus I at Thessalonica, again coinage of this family is scarcely found in excavations
of identical type. The third doublet consists of identical in Israel.5
sestertii from Rome, struck under Philip I (Nos. 61, Even though Carinus defeated Diocletianus in the
62). The unusual provenance, especially regarding the spring of 285 CE at the battle of Margus at Moesia, he
coins from Thessalonica, likely suggests that the coins was murdered and the empire was left in the hands of his
come from the same ‘pocket’, or at least were gathered opponent. Diocletian’s antoniniani are the latest in the
at the same time, even if they were not discovered in entire series at Nahal Haggit. Two coins are attributed
the same findspot.3 with certainty to the standard before his monetary
According to the excavators, the site was abandoned reform in 294 CE (Nos. 104, 105). A third antoninianus
during the reign of Diocletian, at the end of the third is related either to him or his associated colleague,
century CE. This assumption is supported by the Maximianus Herculius (No. 106). After the reform,
numismatic evidence. With no interruptions, a large antoniniani went out of use and silver denarii were
series of 35 antoniniani covers the whole period re-introduced. These coins date the end of Stratum II
between the end of Roman Provincial issues (about 260 to the end of the third century CE.
CE) until the monetary reform of Diocletian in 294 CE No coins of the fourth–fifth centuries CE were
(Nos. 70, 71, 76–108). The antoniniani were always found at the site. A single follis of Constans II
produced from debased silver, although their silver was discovered (No. 109); however, it is from an
content fell during the third century CE, when the coins unstratified provenance (dumps). Nahal Haggit was
were merely ‘silver-washed’, or given a simple silver resettled as a small village or hamlet with a cemetery
coating that vanished in most cases. All the antoniniani during the Mamluk period (Stratum III). According to
depict, on the obverse, a radiate bust of the emperor (or, the excavators, it is probable that Nahal Haggit was
for empresses, a bust on a crescent) and, on the reverse, part of the principality of ‘Atlit during the Crusader
pagan conventional types and mintmarks, which refer period (see Chapter 1). A Crusader coin of Baldwin
to a limited number of imperial mints. Most of the III (No. 110) and a contemporary Zandjid fals minted
antoniniani found at the excavation were minted in the by al-‘Adil Mahmud b. Zangi (No. 111) are good
eastern mints of the empire, such as Antioch, Tripolis testimony to this period. After the fall of Acre in 1291
and Cyzicus. The earliest antoniniani recovered during CE, the entire territory passed into Muslim hands.
the excavations belong to Trebonianus Gallus (Nos. 70, Indeed, the excavations revealed a series of Mamluk
71), whose Roman Provincial coins struck in Caesarea coins, which covers the entire thirteenth century CE.
were mentioned above. Worth mentioning is a silver dirham overstruck on an
Most interesting is a coin (No. 80) of the usurper Armenian coin, dated to al-Dīn Muhammad’s third
Quietus (260–261 CE). His coinage is quite small reign (No. 114; only half the coin is preserved).
because of his short reign (RIC 5/2:282–283). Finally, a silver grosso of the Venetian doge Giovanni
Nevertheless, a few antoniniani of Quietus have been Gradenigo (No. 120) was found in Area DI. The coin is
found in excavations in Israel. Among them is an pierced, indicating secondary use as jewelry. Venetian
exceptional hoard of six coins of this ruler discovered grossi are denaro multiples struck by successive dogi
at Susita.4 throughout the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries
Three of the antoniniani are related in another CE in order to facilitate the payment of Crusade
way. The first belongs to Emperor Carus (No. 101); expenses (Grierson 1991:106–107). They are part
the second, to his elder son Carinus (No. 102); and of the European currency that flowed eastward and
the third, to his younger son Numerianus (No. 103), circulated widely in the Balkans, Greece and the Asia
172 Gabriela Bijovsky

Minor coast. In Palestine and Syria, however, Venetian 1997:264), as confirmed by the rather small number of
silver circulated in small quantities (Kool and Arav these issues found at excavations in Israel.6

6 8 9 14

18 19 23 27

29 33 42 45

0 1

Fig. 6.1. Coins.

 Chapter 6: The Coins 173

46 59 61 65

66 67 76 79

80 81 85 86

0 1

Fig. 6.2. Coins.

174 Gabriela Bijovsky

90 94 101 102

103 105 109 110

112 114 120 121

0 1

Fig. 6.3. Coins.

 Coin Catalog
All the coins are bronze, except otherwise indicated. The coins are arranged chronologically, according to coin-types. Coins bearing an asterisk are illustrated.
Cat. Locus Basket Weight Diam. Axis Obverse Reverse Date Mint Reference; Notes IAA No.
No. (g) (mm) (CE)
PTOLEMIES
Ptolemy II Philadelphus (285–246 BCE)
1 840 3744 4.46 16 ↑ Head of Zeus-Ammon, r. Eagle stg. l. on thunderbolt Alexandria Cf. SNG Ptol.: Pl. 47110
VI:166

Uncertain Ruler
2 2042 20227 3.50 14 ↑ Head r. Same 62494

SELEUCIDS
Antiochus III (223–187 BCE)
3 2002 20045 2.06 10 ↑ Head of Apollo r. [- - -] Antioch Houghton and Spaer 62482
Apollo stg. l., holding bow 1998:86, Nos. 573–590
and arrow

Antiochus IV (175–164 BCE)

4 941 9101 1.45 12 Laureate head r. [- - -] ‘Akko- Houghton and Spaer 47107
Apollo seated on omphalos, Ptolemais 1998:156, Nos. 1108–
facing l. 1129; serrated
Chapter 6: The Coins

NABATEANS
Aretas IV (9 BCE–40 CE)
5 154 1122 1.83 15 ↑ Jugate heads of Aretas and [- - -] Cf. Meshorer 1975:105, 47048
Shuqilat, facing r. Two parallel cornucopiae No. 114

HASMONEANS
Alexander Jannaeus (106–73 BCE)
6* 4080 40155/1 0.80 13 Anchor within circle Star 80/79–76 Jerusalem AJC 1:122, No. Ce4 62512
BCE

HERODIAN
Herod Archelaus (4 BCE–6 CE)
7 521 5151 1.44 16 [ΗΡWΔΟΥ] Bunch of grapes [ΕΘΝΑΡΧΟΥ] Crested Jerusalem AJC 2:241, No. 6 47093
helmet; in l. lower corner, a
175

caduceus
Cat. Locus Basket Weight Diam. Axis Obverse Reverse Date Mint Reference; Notes IAA No.
No. (g) (mm) (CE)
176

ROMAN PROCURATORS
Under Nero
8* 162 1131 2.41 15 ↓ NEP / WNO / C [L]E KAICAPOC Year 5 = Jerusalem AJC 2:285, No. 35 47046
Inscription within wreath Palm branch 58/59

HERODIAN
Agrippa II (56–96 CE)
9* 601 5365 5.48 16 ↑ ΓΕΡΜΑ ΔΟΜΙΤΙΑΝΟC ΕΤΟ ΚΔ ΒΑ ΑΓΡΙΠΠΑ Year 24 = AJC 2:253, No. 24 47102
[ΚΑΙCΑΡ] Victory stg. r., l. foot on 84/85
Laureate head r. helmet, writing on shield with
stylos; on l. field, crescent
ROMAN PROVINCIAL
Autonomous
10 4082 40156 1.90 15 ↑ Turreted and veiled head of [- - - ] 1st c. Tyre Cf. BMC Phoen.:254, 62513
Tyche r. War-galley No. 248
11 2015 20110 9.54 23 4 [ΤΥΡΟΥ ΜΗΤΡΟΠΟΛΕWC] [ΚΟΙΝΟΥ ΦΟΙΝΙΚΗC …] 2nd c. Same Cf. BMC Phoen.:268, 62484
Laureate head of Melqart r., Hexastyle temple of Koinon, No. 361
with lion-skin around neck on podium
12 409 3264 4.38 17 ↑ Turreted and veiled head of AKT/ ΙΕΡΑC / ΜΗΤΡΟΠΟ / 195/196 Same Cf. BMC Phoen.:264, 47071
Tyche r., palm branch on ΛΕWC Nos. 328–330
shoulder War-galley
Below: (‫)לצר‬
Gabriela Bijovsky

13 435 3435 6.55 20 ↑ Same [- - - ] ΙΕΡΑΣ [- - -] 1st c. Same Cf. BMC Phoen.:255, 47080
Same BCE–1st No. 252
c. CE
14* 900 9076 5.36 18 . Turreted head of Tyche r. [Δ]WΡΙ[ΤWΝ] Year 130 = Dora Meshorer 1986–1987:68, 47105
Tyche stg. l. holding standard 66/67 No. 21
and cornucopiae; in l. field: ΡΛ
15 409 3419 9.42 20 × 22 ↑ Laureate head of Doros, r. [Δ]WΡ[ΙΤWΝ] Year 139 = Same Meshorer 1986–1987:69, 47078
Round illegible countermark Same, in l. field: Θ[ΛΡ] 75/76 No. 28
16 366 3224 4.27 16 × 18 Turreted head of Tyche r. Obliterated Same? 47066

Vespasian (69–79 CE)

17 Surface 40088 10.09 23 ↑ ΚΑΙCΑΡΟC [- - -] 68/69 Dora Cf. Rosenberger 62508
VΕCΠΑCΙΑΝΟC Tyche stg. l. holding standard 1975:34, No. 23;
Laureate head r. and cornucopiae Howgego 1985:113–114,
Rectangular countermark: Nos. 47–48; 130, No.
male head r. 133
Round countermark: male
head r.
Cat. Locus Basket Weight Diam. Axis Obverse Reverse Date Mint Reference; Notes IAA No.
No. (g) (mm) (CE)
Hadrian (117–138 CE)
18* 938 9161 10.92 22 × 25 ↑ ΑΥΤ ΤΡΑ ΑΔΡΙΑΝW ΚΑΙC ΤΙΒΕΡ [Κ]ΛΑΥΔ Year 101 = Tiberias Kindler 1961:57, No. 7 47106
CΕΒ Tetrastyle temple, within Zeus 120
Laureate bust r., draped and seated l., holding scepter.
cuirassed In ex.: ETAP
19* 4048 40282 11.51 23 ↑ IMP TRA HADRIANO COL I FL AV[G CAES] Caesarea Kadman 1957:102, 62514
CAES AVG ARENS No. 28
Laureate head r. Bust of Serapis r.

Lucius Verus (161–169 CE)

20 154 1120 6.66 23 ↑ Laureate bust r., draped, seen [COL PR FL AVG CAESA] Caesarea Kadman 1957:108, 47047
from back REA No. 53
Same

Lucilla (c. 175 CE)

21 Dump 20342 8.11 22 ↑ [ΛΟΥΚΙΛΛΑ ΑΥΓΟΥCΤΑ] [- - -] Nysa- Spijkerman 1978:192, 62503
Bust r. Tyche stg. r., l. foot on figure Scythopolis No. 15
of river-god, holding scepter
and cornucopiae

ROMAN IMPERIAL
Commodus (177–192 CE)—Sestertius
Chapter 6: The Coins

22 2032 20228 13.21 25 × 30 ↑ [- - -] [SAEC FEL P M TR P XI 186 Rome Cf. CRE 4:806, No. 584; 62495
Laureate and bearded head r. IMP VII COS V PP] poor condition
Victory stg. r., writing on
shield set on palm tree: VODE
In fields: [S – C]

ROMAN PROVINCIAL
Geta (209–212 CE)
23* 512 5205 5.44 18 ↑ ] GETA CAES [ COL PTOL 211–212 ‘Akko- Kadman 1961:122, No. 47091
Bareheaded bust, draped and Founder plowing to r., with Ptolemais 152
cuirassed r. ox and cow; behind four
standards

Caracalla(?) (198–217 CE)

24 2015 20120 7.75 21  [- - -] [- - -] Caesarea Kadman 1957:112, 62489
Laureate bust r., draped Eagle stg. facing, spread No. 72
177

wings, head l., holding wreath:

SPQR
Cat. Locus Basket Weight Diam. Axis Obverse Reverse Date Mint Reference; Notes IAA No.
178

No. (g) (mm) (CE)

25 Dump 40304 7.37 17 × 20 ↓ [IMP C M AVR ANTONIN COLI F[L AVG FC Same Kadman 1957:110, 62518
[- - -] CAESAREA] No. 70
Radiate head r. Bust of Serapis r.

Diadumenian (217–218 CE)

26 524 5058 8.75 20 × 22 ↑ MOP D[IADVMENIANVS COL Ι F[L AV F C CAESAR] 218 Caesarea Kadman 1957:112, 47098
CAE] Bust of Serapis r. No. 78
Bareheaded bust r.
27* 2023 20119 7.74 22 × 25 ↑ Same Same Same Same Same 62488
28 Dump 40306 6.19 21 × 23 ↑ Same Same Same Same Same 62520

Elagabalus (218–222 CE)

29* 170 1193 12.47 29 ↑ [IMP CAES MAV [T]VRIO[RVM] Tyre BMC Phoen.:275, No. 47050
ANTONINVS AVG] Astarte stg. facing, placing l. 396; after suppression of
Laureate bust r., draped and hand on trophy, crowned by colony
cuirassed Victory stg. on column; at her
Oval countermark: male feet, on l. field, palm tree; on r.
head r. field, murex shell
30 500 5240 11.98 27 ↑ Same, but no countermark Same Same Same 47086
31 Dump 20328 10.59 25 × 27 ↑ Same, with countermark Same Same Same 62498
32 673 5885 11.90 25 × 27 ↑ Same [TVRIORVM] Hexastyle Same BMC Phoen.:276, No. 47104
Gabriela Bijovsky

temple, with Syrian pediment; 404 (no countermark);

within Astarte stg. facing, after suppression of
placing hand on trophy, colony
crowned by Victory stg. on
column; below, altar between
palm tree and murex shell
33* 2015 20121 11.62 27 ↑ Same, but no countermark [TVRIORVM] Same BMC Phoen.:278, No. 62490
Quadriga advancing l., within 412; after suppression of
the car, emperor stg. holding colony
scepter and hand raised. In ex.:
murex shell
34 350 3124 10.80 18 × 20 ↑ ] C [- - -] NTON [ CIF AVG CAESAREA Caesarea Cf. Kadman 1957:114, 47054
Laureate bust r., draped and Bust of Serapis r. No. 82
cuirassed, seen from back
35 512 5053 6.85 18 × 20 ↑ Same Same Same Same 47090
36 2015 20109 6.62 16 × 18 ↑ Same Same Same Same 62483
37 252 1388 5.50 15 ↑ Same Same Same Same 47053
Cat. Locus Basket Weight Diam. Axis Obverse Reverse Date Mint Reference; Notes IAA No.
No. (g) (mm) (CE)
38 Dump 40297 4.92 15 7 Same Same Same Same 62516
39 521 5091 4.03 16 ↓ Same Same Same Same 47092
40 232 1327 3.87 17 ↑ Same Same Same Same 47052
41 Dump 40305 4.18 18 ↑ Same [- - -] Same Cf. Kadman 1957:114, 62519
Eagle stg. facing, spread No. 86
wings, head l., holding wreath:
SPQR
42* 359 3157 8.57 20 ↓ AVT KMAV[R ΦΛΝΕ[ΑC]Π[ΛΕWC CΥΡ] Neapolis Cf. Rosenberger 47059
ANTWNINOC] Tyche stg. holding scepter, 1977:12, No. 44
Laureate bust r., draped and within tetrastyle temple with
cuirassed, seen from back Syrian gable
43 435 3436 5.13 15 ↓ [AVT K MAVP ANTWN] Tyche stg. within tetrastyle Antipatris Cf. Rosenberger 47081
Laureate head r. temple with Syrian gable. In 1972:34, No. 1; flan
ex.: [AN ANTI] smaller than die
44 512 5202 4.60 15 ↑ Same Same Same Same 47116
45* 350 3126 6.72 19 ↓ [IMP C MAVR ANTWNEI] PETΛA / COLON Petra Spijkerman 1978:236, 47055
Laureate head r. Founder plowing to r. with a No. 56
pair of oxen

Severus Alexander (222–235 CE)

46* Surface 40118 10.32 21 ↑ [IMP CAE SEV CI[F] A FC CAES Caesarea Kadman 1957:116, 62511
Chapter 6: The Coins

ALEXANDER] METROPOLIS No. 97

Laureate head r. Eagle stg. facing, spread
wings, head l., holding wreath:
SPQR
47 405 3350 10.09 18 × 20 ↓ Same Same Same Kadman 1957:118, No. 47077
104
48 422 3600 9.69 22 ↓ Same Same Same Kadman 1957:116, Nos. 47079
96, 97
49 366 3273 9.21 23 ↑ Same Same Same Same 47068
50 362 3182 7.43 20 ↑ Same Same Same Same 47065
51 Surface 3015 7.21 20 ↑ Same Same Same Same 47045
52 Dump 20326 6.79 17 ↓ Same Same Same Kadman 1957:118, No. 62497
104
53 170 1184 6.32 21 ↑ Same Same Same Kadman 1957:116, Nos. 47049
96, 97
54 409 3268 6.19 18 . Same Same Same Same 47073
179
Cat. Locus Basket Weight Diam. Axis Obverse Reverse Date Mint Reference; Notes IAA No.
180

No. (g) (mm) (CE)

55 303 3010 4.95 16 → Same Same Same Kadman 1957:116, 47044
No. 98
56 Dump 20337 3.58 20 ↓ Same Same Same Kadman 1957:116, Nos. 62501
98, 99
57 Dump 20347 2.53 16 ↑ Same Same Same Kadman 1957:116, Nos. 62505
96, 97
58 546 5218 2.42 15 ↑ Same Same Same Same 47101

Maximinus I (235–238 CE)

59* Dump 9.69 24 ↑ ΑΥΚΓΙΟΥ ΟΥΝΡ ΘΕCCΑ ΛΟΝΙΚΕΩΝ Thessalonica SNG Copen. 2: Pl. 47112
ΜΑΞΙ[ΜΕΙΝΟC] Victory advancing l., holding 10:424
Laureate bust r., draped and palm branch and kabeiros
cuirassed, seen from back
60 518 5089 7.73 25 ↑ Same Same Same Same 47088

ROMAN IMPERIAL
Philip I (244–249 CE)—Sestertius
61* Dump 40307 17.58 28 ↑ IMP M[IVL PHI]LIPPVS ANNONA AVG Rome RIC 4/3:90, No. 168 62521
AVG Annona stg. l., holding
Laureate bust r., draped and cornucopiae and ears of corn
cuirassed, seen from back over modius; in fields: S – C
Gabriela Bijovsky

62 2015 20176 17.09 28 ↑ Same Same Same Same 62492

ROMAN PROVINCIAL
Trajan Decius (249–251 CE)
63 522 5092 7.54 17 × 19 ↑ [IMP CC MES Q [COL PF AV FC CAES Caesarea Kadman 1957:122, No. 47094
TRAIANVS DECIVS AVG] MET] 126
Radiate bust r., draped and Turreted head of Tyche facing
cuirassed r.
64 Surface 40086 7.37 16 ← Same, but laureate Same Same Kadman 1957:122, No. 62507
125

Herennia Etruschilla (249–251 CE)

65* 3001 30002 14.74 26 × 28 ↑ HERENNIA ETRVSCILLA COL · A EL KAP COM PF Aelia Meshorer 1989:112, 62525
AVG Tyche stg. l., placing hand Capitolina Nos. 159, 160
Bust r. over standard, holding scepter;
crowned by Victory stg. on
column
Cat. Locus Basket Weight Diam. Axis Obverse Reverse Date Mint Reference; Notes IAA No.
No. (g) (mm) (CE)
Trebonianus Gallus (251–253 CE)
66* 2015 20112 14.26 26 × 28 ↑ IMP CC VIB GALLVS PF COL PF P AVG [FC CAES Caesarea Kadman 1957:138, No. 62486
AVG METR…] 201
Radiate bust r., draped and Eagle stg. l., head turning r.,
cuirassed spread wings holding wreath
with bust of Tyche facing r.
67* Dump 12.98 21 ↓ Same, but laureate COL PF AVG FC CAES Same Kadman 1957:140, No. 47111
[MET P R S PALL III GAL] 213
Two heraldic eagles stg. back
to back, with wreaths in their
beaks; between them standard
68 841 30169 10.43 24 ↓ [IMP CC VIB] GALLVS PF C FL AVG CAES METR SP Same Kadman 1957:138, No.
AVG Zeus seated on throne to l., 206
Same holding scepter and Victory
69 666 40309 5.17 17 ↑ Same, but radiate [COL PF AVG FC CAES Same Kadman 1957:136, No. 62523
METR P]S PAL 200
Turreted head of Tyche facing
l.

ROMAN IMPERIAL
Trebonianus Gallus (251–253 CE)—Antoninianus
Chapter 6: The Coins

70 Dump 20346 2.72 22 × 25 ↓ [IMP CC VIB] TREB [ADVENT]VS AVG Antioch RIC 4/3:167, No. 79 62504
GALLVS P[F AVG] Emperor riding on horse to l.,
Same raising hand
71 Dump 40296 2.61 23 ↑ Same [ROMAE] AETERNAE AVG Same RIC 4/3:169, No. 89 62515
Rome seated facing l., holding
spear and Victory; at her feet,
shield. In ex.: IV

ROMAN PROVINCIAL
Uncertain Ruler
72 2015 20111 8.68 20 ↑ ] AVK MA [ Figure advancing r., holding 2nd–3rd 62485
Laureate bust r. fallen captive from his hair(?) c.?
73 545 5159 5.98 20 × 22 ↓ Bust r. Bust of Serapis r. 2nd–3rd c. Caesarea 47099
74 546 5208 8.50 21 Head r. Obliterated Same 47100
75 523 5060 8.08 20 × 22 ↓ Same Figure stg., holding scepter Same 47096
181
Cat. Locus Basket Weight Diam. Axis Obverse Reverse Date Mint Reference; Notes IAA No.
182

No. (g) (mm) (CE)

Valerian I (253–260 CE)—Antoninianus
76* Surface 40080 3.76 21 ↓ IMP[CPLIC] VALERIANVS [VICT] ORIA AVGG 254 Rome Cf. RIC 5/1:48, No. 125 62506
AVG Victory stg. l., holding wreath
Radiate bust r., draped and and palm branch
cuirassed
77 506 5063 2.95 19 × 23 ↓ Same Same Rome Same 47087
78 409 3265 3.41 20 ­ IMP CP LIC VALERIANVS PIETAS AVGG 253–256 Eastern mint Cf. RIC 5/1:60, No. 285 47072
PF AVG Valerianus and Gallienus stg.
Same vis-à-vis, holding paterae over
altar

Valerian II (joint reign 253–255 CE)—Antoninianus

79* Dump 20331 2.84 20 ↓ VALERIANVS NOBIL PRINC IVVENTVTIS 254–255 Eastern mint Cf. RIC 5/1:122, No. 49 62500
CAES Valerian II stg. holding shield
Radiate bust of Valerian II, and spear and placing wreath
draped and cuirassed over trophy

Quietus (260–261 CE)—Antoninianus

80* 830 3661 3.73 22 ↓ IMP C FVL QVIETVS PF IOVI CONSERVATORI Antioch RIC 5/2:583, No. 6 47109
AVG Zeus seated facing l., holding
Radiate bust r., draped and scepter and patera; at his feet,
cuirassed eagle
Gabriela Bijovsky

Gallienus (253–268 CE)—Antoninianus

81* Dump 20329 4.22 20 × 23 ↑ IMP C PLIC GALLIENVS VIRTVS AV GG 253–256 Eastern mint Cf. RIC 5/1:104, No. 62499
PF AVG Valerian and Gallienus stg. 456
Radiate bust r., draped and vis-à-vis. Valerian holds a
cuirassed globe and a scepter. Gallienus
holds a Victory and a spear
82 397 3274 3.69 18 ↓ GALLIENV[S AVG] VIRTV[S AVG] Antioch? Cf. RIC 5/1:189, No. 47074
Same Virtus stg. l., holding shield 669
and spear; in l. field, star
83 718 5853 3.52 20 ↓ IMP GALLIENVS AVG VICTORIA GERMAN 256–257 Antioch Cf. RIC 5/1:104, No. 47103
Same Emperor holding spear and 451
globe, stg. in front of Victory
holding wreath and palm
branch
84 362 3181 – – ↓ IMP G[ALLIENVS AVG] [V]ICTORI[A GERMAN] Same Same Same; broken 47064
Same Same
Cat. Locus Basket Weight Diam. Axis Obverse Reverse Date Mint Reference; Notes IAA No.
No. (g) (mm) (CE)
85* 818 3611 3.19 21 × 23 ↓ GALLIENVS AVG A[E]TERNITAS AVG 257–268 Rome RIC 5/1:161, No. 349 47108
Same She-wolf nursing twins
86* 210 1287 3.06 20 ↓ Same P M TR P XV PP 267 Eastern mint Cf. RIC Hunter 4:58, 47051
Neptune stg. l., placing foot No. 198
on prow of galley, and holding
trident. In ex.: VIIC·
87 366 3272 4.27 20 × 22 ↓ GALLIENVS AVG LVNA LVCIF 267 Antioch? Cf. RIC 5/1:185, No. 47067
Same Diana advancing r., crescent 609
on her head, blowing cloak,
holding torch with both hands.
In ex.: PXF

Salonina (d. 268 CE)—Antoninianus

88 Surface 40308 3.39 20 ↓ SALONINA AVG ROMAE AETER–NAE 255–256 Antioch Cf. RIC 5/1:115, No. 67 62522
Bust r. on crescent Rome seated on shield,
presenting Victory to the
Emperor stg. in front of her
89 2023 20117 3.00 23 ↓ Same IVNO REGINA Cf. RIC 5/1:193, No. 12 62487
Juno stg. l., holding patera and
scepter; at her feet, cock
90* 409 3223 2.62 22 ↓ Same VENVS AVG 267 Antioch? RIC Hunter 4:200, No. 47069
Chapter 6: The Coins

Venus stg. l., holding helmet, 86

spear and shield; in ex.: PXV

Claudius Gothicus (268–270 CE)—Antoninianus

91 Surface 40089 3.46 20 ↓ IMP CCLAVDIVS A[VG] AE[QVITA]S AVG Rome Cf. RIC 5/1:212, No. 14 62509
Radiate bust r., draped and Aequitas stg. holding scales
cuirassed and cornucopiae

Aurelianus (270–275 CE)—Antoninianus

92 512 5147 3.65 21 × 23 ↓ I[M]P AVRELIANVS [AVG] VIRT MILITVM Rome Cf. RIC 5/1:311, No. 407 47089
Radiate bust r., draped and Emperor stg. in front of soldier
cuirassed (Virtus?) holding Victory and
spear. In ex.: P
93 444 3446 2.87 23 ↓ Same CONCORDIA MILITVM Rome Cf. RIC Hunter 4:121, 47082
Concordia and Emperor No. 15 (but T*)
shaking hands. In ex.: *T
183
Cat. Locus Basket Weight Diam. Axis Obverse Reverse Date Mint Reference; Notes IAA No.
No. (g) (mm) (CE)
184

Probus (276–282 CE)—Antoninianus

94* 499 3577 4.74 20 × 22 ↑ IMP C MAVR PROBVS PF CLEMENTIA TEMP Antioch Cf. RIC 5/2:120, No. 47085
AVG Emperor receiving Victory on 922; plated
Radiate bust r., draped and globe from Jupiter; below: S
cuirassed In ex.: XXI
95 2044 20244 3.94 22 ↓ Same Same, but globe without Tripolis Cf. RIC 5/2:121, No. 62496
Victory; below: È In ex.: KA 927
96 471 3488 3.90 22 ↓ Same Same, but illegible symbol Antioch Cf. RIC 5/2:120, No. 47084
below 921
97 2011 20042 3.76 21 ↓ Same Same, but Victory on globe Same Same 62481
and below: A
98 362 3180 2.81 22 ↓ Same Same, but below: E• Same Same 47063

99 Surface 40299 4.50 21 ↓ Same RESTITVT–OR–BIS Same Cf. RIC Hunter 4:120, 62517
Female figure crowning No. 925
Emperor with wreath; below:
S
In ex.: XXI
100 523 5059 3.87 21 ↑ Same RESTITVT–OR–BIS Same Same 47095
Emperor stg. l. holding globe;
on l. female figure holding
wreath; below: Γ
Ιn ex.: XXI
Gabriela Bijovsky

Carus deified (282–283 CE)—Antoninianus

101* 2042 20226 3.61 19 ↓ DIVO CARO AVG CONSECRATIO Antioch Cf. RIC 5/2:150, No. 62493
Radiate bust r., draped and Flaming altar; on r. field: Δ; in 127
cuirassed ex.: XXI

Carinus (283–285 CE)—Antoninianus

102* 354 3129 3.71 22 ↓ MAVR CARINVS NOB CLEMENTIA TEMP Cyzicus Cf. RIC 5/2:163, No. 47056
CAES Emperor receiving Victory on 202
Radiate bust r., draped and globe from Jupiter; below: Β
cuirassed Ιn ex.: XXI

Numerianus (283–284 CE)—Antoninianus

103* 524 5057 3.98 22 ↓ IMP C NVMERIANVS PF CLEMENTIA • TEMP Cyzicus RIC 5/2:190, No. 2 47097
AVG Emperor receiving Victory on
Radiate bust r., draped and globe from Jupiter; below: E
cuirassed In ex.: XXI
Cat. Locus Basket Weight Diam. Axis Obverse Reverse Date Mint Reference; Notes IAA No.
No. (g) (mm) (CE)
Diocletian (284–305 CE)
(before monetary reform)—Antoninianus
104 Surface 40117 4.00 20 ↑ IMP CC VAL IOVI CONSERVATORI AVG 284 Antioch RIC 5/2:256, No. 324 62510
DIOCLETIANVS [PF] AVG Emperor receiving Victory on
Radiate bust r., draped and globe from Jupiter; below: Γ
cuirassed Ιn ex.: XXI
105* Dump 5.03 21 × 23 ­ Same CONCORDIA MI–LITVM Same Same RIC 5/2:256, No. 322 47113
Same, but below: Δ
In ex.: XXI•

Diocletian or Maximian Herculius

(before monetary reform)—Antoninianus
106 450 3589 2.35 21 ↓ [- - -] HERCVLI CONSERVAT c. 283–295 Ticinum? Cf. RIC 5/2:242, No. 47083
Radiate bust r., draped and Hercules stg. r., holding club 212 (Diocletian); 283,
cuirassed and lion-skin No. 545 (Maximian)

Uncertain Ruler—Antoninianus
107 361 3176 2.76 18 ↑ [- - -] Two stg. figures End 3rd c. 47060
Radiate bust r., draped and
cuirassed
Chapter 6: The Coins

108 357 3160 – – ] PF AVG ] OR BI [ Same Small piece 47058

Obliterated Obliterated

BYZANTINE
Constans II (641–668 CE)—Follis
109* Dump 20338 3.35 17 7 [- - -] c. 645 Constant. Cf. DOC 2:446–447, 62502
Imperial figure stg. facing,
m on l. field: A/N/A Nos. 63–65
Exergue line
holding globe with cross and
scepter

CRUSADERS
Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem
Baldwin III (1143–1163 CE)—Silver Obol
110* 361 3177 0.37 13 REX BALdVINVS DEhIERVSALEM Jerusalem Metcalf 1995: Pl. 47061
Cross pattée Tower of David 10:165–167
185
 186

Cat. Locus Basket Weight Diam. Axis Obverse Reverse Date Mint Reference; Notes IAA No.
No. (g) (mm) (CE)
ZANDJIDS
Atabegs of Halab
Al- ‘Adil Mahmud b. Zangi
(AH 541–569/1146–1174 CE)—Fals
111 Dump 20345 4.92 23 × 26 Above and below, two floral Above and below, two floral Dimashq BMCO III:212, No. 602 62530
scrolls. Central legend: scrolls. Central legend: (var.)
‫العمر ال‬ ‫دمشق‬
112* Dump 20341 5.44 25 Same Same Same Same 62528

MAMLUKS
Al-Ashraf Salāh Al-Dîn Khalîl
(AH 689–693/1290–1293 CE)—Silver Dirham
113 409 3263 1.36 17 ­ Marginal legend out off flan. Marginal legend out off flan. AH 690 = Dimashq Balog 1964:123, No.
Central legend: Central legend: 1291 151; plated
‫ن‬ ‫ال المه االاهلل‬
‫السلطا الملك‬ ‫محمد رسول اهلل‬
‫االش ف صالح الدنيا‬ ‫ارسله بالهدى‬
‫والدين خليل بن‬
Gabriela Bijovsky

Al-Nāsir Nāsir Al-Dīn Muhammad

Third Reign (AH 709–741/1310–1341 CE)—Silver Dirham
114* 379 3366 1.30 12 × 19 ‫اهلل‬ ‫اهلل‬ Balog 1964:146–147, 47075
‫وما النصر االمن عبد‬ ‫وما النصر االمن عبد‬ No. 213 (see also
‫السلطان الملك الناصر‬ ‫الاله االاهلل‬ discussion); half a coin;
‫ياصر الدينا والدين‬ ‫محمد رسول اهلل‬ overstruck on Armenian
‫محمد بن الملك المنصور‬ ‫ارساه بالهدى‬ coin
‫قالون‬
115 362 3178 2.54 20 ‫الملك‬ Above: ‫سنة ثلث‬ AH 733 = Dimashq Balog 1964:158, No. 47062
‫الناصر ضرب‬ Within cartouche:‫محمد‬ 1332 248
‫دمشق‬ Below: ‫وثلثين‬
116 4080 40155/3 1.83 17 ... ‫والدينا والدين محمد بن‬ ‫ال اله اال اهلل محمد‬ Balog 1964:149–150, 62532
‫الملك المنصور‬... ‫وسول اهلل ارسله‬ Nos. 220–225
‫بالهدى ودين‬
Cat. Locus Basket Weight Diam. Axis Obverse Reverse Date Mint Reference; Notes IAA No.
No. (g) (mm) (CE)
Al-Mansūr Sayf Al-Dīn Abū Bakr
(AH 741–742/1341 CE)—Fals
117 Dump 20339 3.35 17 Six-pointed star with pellets in Six-pointed star with pellets in Dimashq Balog 1964:165, No. 62527
external corners. In the center, external corners. In the center, 268
legend: legend:
‫اثنين‬ ‫ب‬
‫سبة‬ ‫بد‬
‫واربعين‬ ‫مشق‬

Al-Sālih ‘Imād Al-Dīn Ismā’īl

(AH 743–746/1342–1345 CE)—Fals
118 2032 20141 3.43 22 Legend in three lines Legend in three lines separated AH 744 = Dimashq Balog 1964:173, No. 62491
separated by two lines of by two lines of pellets: 1343 288
pellets: ‫ضرب بحمشق‬
‫المهيل‬ ‫فى‬
‫لح‬ ‫ثالث سنة واربعين‬
‫الملك الصا‬ ‫وسبعماية‬
‫بن محمد‬

Al-Nāsir Nāsir Al-Dīn Hasan

Second Reign (AH 755–762/1354–1361 CE)—Fals
Chapter 6: The Coins

119 4080 40155/2 2.56 17 Field divided by a triangle Field divided by a triangle AH 762 = Dimashq Balog 1964:200, No. 62531
with interwoven sides. Within with interwoven sides. Within 1361 374
a circle, in the center: a circle, in the center:
‫حسن‬ ‫ضرب‬
Legend in peripheral corners: Legend in peripheral corners:
‫السلطان الملك النصر‬ ‫دمشق سنة اثنين وسبعماية‬

MEDIEVAL
Doge Giovanni Gradenigo
(1355–1356 CE)—Silver Grosso
120* 524 5153 1.91 19 ↓ S·M·VENETI IO·GRA[DO] IC – XC Venice Papadopoli and Kunz 47114
ICO Figure of Christ enthroned, 1893:191, No. 2; pierced
St. Mark and the Doge facing
stg. facing; between them,
standard with inscription:
DVX
187
 188

Cat. Locus Basket Weight Diam. Axis Obverse Reverse Date Mint Reference; Notes IAA No.
No. (g) (mm) (CE)
MAMLUKS
Al-Mansūr Salāh Al-Dīn Muhammad
(AH 762–764/1361–1363 CE)—Fraction of Dirham
121* 354 3130 1.49 12 × 14 Fragmentary legend Fragmentary legend and date Cf. Balog 1964:203, 47057.
No. 382

Uncertain Rulers—Fals
122 Dump 20343 0.50 11 Obliterated Obliterated 13th–14th 62529
c.
123 4080 40155/4 2.74 13 Same Same Same 62533
124 Dump 20327 0.95 16 Same Same Same 62526
125 545 5157 1.17 14 Same Same Same 47115
Gabriela Bijovsky

126 401 3369 – – Same Same Same Broken 47076

OTTOMAN
Selim II
(AH 974–982/1566–1574 CE)—Silver Akçe
127 Dump 40298 0.68 13 × 15 […] ‫]…[ سلم‬ ‫ […] ضرب‬٢٨٩ AH 982 = Khaniyah Cf. Pere 1968:129, No. 62534
1574 (Bosnia) 301; pierced
 Chapter 6: The Coins 189

Notes
1
The coins were cleaned in the IAA laboratories, under Collections: a stray find from Tel Qeshet (IAA 59951).
the direction of Ella Altmark, and photographed by Sandu Coins of Maximinus I from other mints except Rome are
Mandrea and Clara Amit of the IAA. Ariel Berman helped quite rare in Israel; besides the two coins from Thessalonica
with the identification of the Islamic coins. at Nahal Haggit, a coin from Antioch was found at Iqrit
2
Caesarea (identified by the author, noted with the (Bijovsky 2010:105, No. 26) and one from Ashqelon at
permission of Yosef Porath)—Rabbel II (IAA 65349), Migdal Ashqelon (Bijovsky 1999:203, No. 2). Regarding the
Nabatean (IAA 64588); H. ‘Eleq (with the permission of sestertii of Philip I, only one more coin has been recovered,
Rachel Barkay and Yizhar Hirschfeld)—Nabatean (IAA at Sepphoris (IAA 48578).
83610); Sepphoris (identified by Donald T. Ariel, noted 4
My thanks to Donald T. Ariel who drew my attention
with the permission of Eric Meyers)—Aretas IV (still not to this hoard, excavated by Moshe Dothan in 1951 (IAA
registered by the IAA); Mt. Berenice, Tiberias (Bijovsky 2602–2608, 2618). Antoniniani of Quietus were also found
2004:169, No. 2)—Rabbel II (IAA 36059); H. Qastra in excavations at Kefar Bar‘am (Syon 2007:44), Kabri (Syon
(identified by Helena Sokolov, noted with the permission 2006:128, No. 9) and Iqrit (Bijovsky 2010:105, No. 24).
of Ze’ev Yevin and Gerald Finkielsztejn)—Aretas IV (IAA 5
Eleven coins of Carus, 10 of Carinus and 18 of Numerianus
78979); Gamla (identified by Danny Syon)—Aretas IV (IAA are registered in the computerized database of the IAA coin
17897, 17947, 17974, 18376, 19394, 19593, 20231, 21166, department, most from standard excavations.
21632, 33756). 6
Twenty-seven grossi are registered in the computerized
3
Examination of the computerized data of the IAA coin database of the IAA coin department. Most belong to dogi
department shows the rarity of this group of coins. Besides Antonio Venier and Giovanni Sorranzo (1310–1328 CE).
the two coins from Nahal Haggit, only one other provenanced Fourteen are part of a fourteenth-century CE hoard found in
coin of the mint of Antipatris appears in the National Tiberias (Rahmani 1964:47–48).

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RIC 4/3: H. Mattingly, E.A. Sydenham and C.H.V. Sutherland. Copenhagen 1977.
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RIC 5/1: P.H. Webb. The Roman Imperial Coinage V, I. Provincia Arabia. M. Piccirillo ed. Jerusalem.
London 1927. Syon D. 2006. The Coins from El-Kabri. ‘Atiqot 51:125–130.
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London 1933. Michmanim 20:43–44.