MANAGEMENT

Index
Sr. No. Topic Page No.
1. Syllabus + Previous Year Questions 2-4
2. Management 5–7
3. Leadership 8 – 13
4. Group Behaviour 14 – 16
5. Individual Behaviour 17 – 18
6. Attitude 19– 20
7. Value 21 - 22
8. Team Building 23 – 24
9. Motivation 25 – 28
10. Conflict Management 29 - 30
11. Time Management 31– 32
12. Training 33 – 34
13. Employee Development 35 - 36
14. Entrepreneurship 37 – 41
15. Management Of Essential Services 42 - 51
1. Education Management
2. Healthcare and wellness Management
3. Tourism and Hospitality
16. Marketing 52 - 56
17. Product life cycle + Service 57 – 58
18. Supply Chain Management 59 - 60
19. Logistics Mix 61 - 61
20. E-Commerce, E-Marketing 62 - 64
21. Business + Corporate Ethics 65 - 66
22. Capital Structure, Cost of Capital, 67 - 71
Distribution of Profit, Source of Finance,
Wealth Maximization
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 2
Management Notes

Syllabus +PYQ
Syllabus
➢ Modern Concept of Marketing, Marketing Mix- Product, Price, Place and promotion,
Supply Chain Management, Logistics Mix, E-commerce and E-Marketing, Business and
Corporate Ethics.
➢ Wealth Maximization, Sources of Finance-Short and Long Term, Capital Structure, Cost
of Capital, Distribution of Profit, Banking and Non-Banking Financial Institutions
(NBFI), stock market, Multi-national Companies (MNCs), Foreign Direct Investment
(FDI), Foreign Institutional Investment (FII) (This unit is taught along with the course of
Audit and Economics.)
➢ Leadership Theories and Styles, Group, Behaviour, Individual Behaviour, Attitude,
Values, Team Building, Motivation theories, Conflict Management, Time Management,
Stress Management, Training, Development and Appraisal Systems.
➢ Entrepreneurship : Incubation, Startups, Unicorns, Venture Capital, Angel Investors.
➢ Management of Essential Services : Education Management, Healthcare and Wellness
Management, Tourism and Hospitality Management.

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 3
Management Notes

❖ Previous Year Questions

Word limit Year Questions

20 Words 2016 1. What do you mean by Delegation?
2. What constitutes “Marketing Mix” for a service?
3. What is the capital structure of a company?
4. Distinguish between recruitment and selection.
5. What do you understand by ordinary share?
2018 1. What is the principle of unity of direction?
2. What do you mean by informal organization?
3. Explain the sustainable marketing in brief.
4. What is commercial paper as an instrument for short-
term finance?
5. What do you understand by ‘semantic barriers’ to
communication?
2021 1. Define supply chain management.
2. What is the objective of Startup India scheme?
3. Write any four characteristics of a charismatic leader.
4. Highlight any four characteristics of services.
5. Name two prominent stock exchanges of India.
2024 1. What do you mean by ‘depth’ of product portfolios?
2. Who propounded the theory of ‘irrelevance of capital
structure’? Write one key assumption of the theory.
3. List four leadership behaviours under “Path-Goal
Theory of Leadership”.
4. List two criteria (as per SEBI) for qualifying as an ‘Angel
Investor’ in India.
5. Expand ‘MICE’.

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 4
Management Notes

50 Words 2013 1. Compare Theory X theory with Y theory. Which is more

relevant in government organizations?
2. ‘Leadership is a function of a leader, follower and
situation’ comment.
2016 1. Explain wheel, chain and circle communication
network.
2. Explain different stage of product life cycle.
2018 1. Explain two-factor theory of motivation.
2. Explain the concept of wealth maximization.
2021 1. Explain Need-Hierarchy theory as per A.H. Maslow.
2. Explain Product Life Cycle (PLC) with characteristics of
any two stages.
2024 1. What are various types of NBFCs as per Reserve Bank of
India (RBI)
2. Who proposed Three-Need Theory? List and explain in
brief those three needs.

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 5
Management Notes

Management
Meaning :- (Henry Fayol) To manage is a forecast and to plan, to organise to command to coordinate
and to control.

Mary parker follett - "Management is the art of getting work done through other people"

"Management is the process of getting things done for achieving goal with effectively, efficiently."

➢ Characteristics of Management :-
1. It is human activity.
2. Related to human organization
3. It is a creative activity
4. It is a universal activity
5. It based on well established, universal principle.
➢ Scope of Management :-
1. Production Management :- Production should be according to demand of market.
2. Marketing Management :- Find out the needs & wants of the customers/consumers (through
research)
3. Human-Resource Management :-
i. Recruitment
ii. Selection
iii. Training &
iv. Development of Employees.
4. Financial Management :-
i. Determining the sources of finance
ii. Recovery of finance.
iii. Investment decision
5. Purchase Management :-
i. Receiving the raw material
ii. Determining the source of supply
iii. Time bounded delivery (of materials)
6. Office Management :-
i. To collect facts , Datas & Informations
ii. filing (to do filing)
iii. Public relation

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 6
Management Notes

7. Development Management
i. To develop the new techniques of production

Scope of Management according to activity

Management of work Management of people Management of operation

Planning Controlling Staffing Directing Production Purchases

Organising Sales

Importance of Management :-

1. Helps in achieving organisational goal.

2. Improves efficiency
3. Management creates a dynamic organisation that can adjust with changing conditions.
4. Helps in achieving personal objective
5. Helps in development of society
6. It brings harmony in organisation

Level of Management :-

1. Top level management President /GM/MD/CEO/Board of Directors.

2. Middle level Management Managers (Production, marketing, finance)

3. Lower level management

Supervisor, Forman, Clerk

Personnel/Labourer

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 7
Management Notes

Functions of Top level Management

1. Determining objectives
2. Framing of plans & policies.
3. Determining of activities.
4. To collect the resources
5. Welfare survival of organisation
6. Relations with outside world.

Functions of middle level Management.

1. Interpretation of policies.
2. Recruitment of Resources & their selection
3. to Inspire sub ordinates
4. To control & directing of resources (workers/labourers)
5. Providing support to other departments

Functions of lower level management:-

1. Presenting the grievances of the labourer to the middle level management.
2. Provides good working conditions (Inter personal relation)
3. Safety of workers.
4. To assist the middle level in the recruitment and selection of labourer.
5. To maintain quality of (goods product & services)

Role of Management in Development of Society:-

1. Suppling good quality goods & services.
2. Contribution towards civic activity
3. Helps in economical growth
4. To provides employment opportunity.
5. Shows the path of growth & development
6. Proper utilization of resources.
7. Brings changes in lifestyle. /helps to improve living standard.

Functions of Management :-

1. Planning
2. Organising
3. Staffing
4. Directing
5. Controlling

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 8
Management Notes

Leadership
Meaning/Definition :-
• "Leadership is a process of influencing the behaviour of sub ordinate towards the achievement to
specified goal by leaders."
• According to Chester Barnard the leadership depends on three elements.
1. Leader :- Qualities and Behaviour of leader
2. Sub-ordinates/followers :- Ability and Competency of followers.
3. Situation :- Which affects the relationship of leader and follower.

Functions of leader :-
1. Goal settings
2. Planning and policy formation
3. Determining the activities.
4. Collection of resources.
5. To control co-ordination activities
Characteristics of leader :-
1. The person has capacity/ability to influence others.
2. Leadership tries to bring change in behaviour
3. Maintains leader-follower relations
4. Determines the goal.
5. Leadership is a continuous process.

Leader & manager :-

Leader Manager
1. A leader may not be a manager Because the 1. Manager himself is a leader because he
people who are leading the informal groups influences his subordinates
are not manager
2. Leader has informal authority. 2. Manager has formal authority
3. Leaders have personal view about goals. 3. Manager have impersonal view about goals.
4. leader performs 4. Manager performs
• Communication • Planning
• Motivation • Controlling &
• Inducing • directing activities
• Influences
5. A leader may exists in informal & formal 5. Manager exists only in formal organisation
organisation

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 9
Management Notes

Styles of Leadership
• Leadership style refers to the behavioural pattern towards his subordinate (to influence others) and
that is depend upon the leader's ideology, personality and experience and also depend upon the
type of followers and the atmosphere prevailing in the organisation.
There are 3 types of leadership style.
1. Autocratic or authoritative Leadership style :-
Leader keeps power & authority to himself and does not delegate to sub-ordinates & does not do
any kind of consultation with subordinates. (It is boss centred leadership)

Autocratic Leadership Style

L = Leader
F = Followers

F F F F F

Advantages of this leadership Disadvantage of Autocratic

style leadership style-

1. Quick decision making 1. Frustration & low morale in

2. May bring out the quick & subordinates.
positive result. 2. Initiative & creative ability of
subordinates are not utilized.

It will be suitable when:-

• Uneducated and unskilled subordinates
2. Democratic/participative leadership :-
• Two way communication
• Leaders take decision with consultation of sub-ordinates.
• He deligates & decentralized authority & rights to sub-ordinates
F
Democratic Leadership Style

F F
L

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 10
Management Notes

Advantages Disadvantages
1. Job satisfaction & high morale in sub-ordinates 1. Time consuming in decision
2. Improves decision making ability in sub- 2. Leader gets free from responsibility
ordinates
3. Developing positive attitude in followers 3. It may not yield positive result when
subordinates prefer minimum interaction with
leader.

Suitability for -
• Where job satisfaction & Autonomy is main motive of leadership (main objective of organisation.)

3. Free Rein Leadership :- Complete delegation of rights & authority so that subordinates themselves
take decisions. In this style leader avoids power.
Laissez-faire Leadership Style
L

F F

F F

Advantages Disadvantages
1. Positive effect on job satisfaction and morale 1. Ignores the contribution of leaders.
of subordinates
2. Max. scope for development of sub-ordinates 2. Subordinates start/may work in different
direction that’s why result may be not according to
plan.
3. Full utilization of Potential/capabilities of
subordinates.

Suitability for :-
• Where subordinates are well trained & highly knowledgeable.

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 11
Management Notes

According to George R. Terry

Qualities of Good leader Qualities of leaders
1. Physical Qualities
2. Knowledge & Intelligence 1. Power
3. Honesty & Integrity. 2. Emotional Stability
4. Self confidence & sense of responsibility 3. Knowledge about Human
5. Imititate Skill relationship
6. Communicative Skill 4. Personal motivation
7. Motivating 5. Communication skills
8. Decision making 6. Teaching ability
9. Social Skill 7. Social ability
8. Technical ability

Theories of Leadership

Traditional Theories Modern Theories

The greatman Traits theory

Behavioural Situational/Contingency
theory
Theory
A. Traditional Theory :-
i. The great man theory :- Assumptions of this theory (Thomas Carlyle) -
a. Leaders are born not made.
b. Leader is a great man
c. Leaders have potential about every aspects.
d. Followers are interested only in leader's selection not interested in his performance or
calibre.
ii. Trait Theory :- Supporter – Bernard, Teed, Millet, Terry
Assumption of this theory is a person becomes a leader because of the traits possessed by
him it is concerned with identifying the personality traits of leaders.

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 12
Management Notes

B. Behavioural theory
In this, more emphasis is laid on the behaviour of the leader rather than on his personal qualities and
his characteristics. It tries to find out. What do leaders how they lead, how they behave, how they
motivate subordinates, how they establish communication with subordinates etc.

Two important studies were done under this ideology, which are as follows-
Behavioural theory

Ohio state university Studies Michigon University studies

(By flashman and harish) (By Rensis Lakart)
Result Result

Initiative structure Consideration Employee Productions

oriented Oriented
In this theory leader is In this theory
interested to make leader emphasis on In this theory In this theory a
structure for achieving consideration to A leader consider leader considers
goal through Work sub-ordinates the sub ordinates the sub-ordinates
Division as a human being as machine tool of
He exchanges not as machine production & uses
Leader expects to information to tools hard supervision
achieve goal according subordinate He takes care their policy & focuses on
to the standards He takes care of joy & sorrow maintaining level
subordinate like He motivates them of production this
status, well being to achieve the goal style demoralises
satisfaction & their & emphasis on the personal.
comforts and he inter-personal
helps in personal relationship
problem of
subordinate.

1. Situational/(Contigency) Theory :- By Fiddelor

• This theory believes that the leadership influenced by situational variables and thus differs from
situation to situation. Leadership effectiveness depends on three elements –
1. Leader followers relationship
2. The task structure
3. The leader's position
• When these elements are faviourable’s leadership will be effective and when these are adverse
then leadership ineffective.

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 13
Management Notes

Charismatic leadership
Charismatic leadership means a leader who use his communication skill, motivational power &
attractive personality to influence subordinate.
There are 3 elements in charismatic Leadership
1. Heroism 2. Divine Origin 3. Extreme Characteristics-

Features –
1. Visionary
2. Masterful communication skill
3. Imphethatic & relateable
4. Confident
5. Optismistic

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 14
Management Notes

Group Behaviour
• When two or more people are collected at a place to achieve common purpose is called a group
There are four types of people according to there behaviour.
1. Competitors:- This person always has a competitive behaviour.
2. Individualist :- Such persons put forward their individualistic outlook in the organization or work
place.
3. Cooperators :- He is such a person who has a cooperative approach in the organization.
4. Equalizers :- Treat everyone equally in the organization.
Characteristics of a group :-
1. Collection of two or more individuals
2. Frequently interaction with members of group.
3. They have their own norms which determines their behaviour.
4. Group cohesiveness.
5. Common purpose.
6. Collective identity
7. Inter dependency.
Group Development Process : by 'Tuckman's and Stephen P Robins.
There are five stages-
1. Forming :- The first stage in group development characterized by much uncertainty about purpose,
structure and Leader of group.
2. Storming :- The second stage in group development, characterized by intergroup conflict because of
need to clarity roles and behaviour expectations.
3. Norming :- The third stage in group development characterized by close relationships and
cohesiveness between group members.
4. Performing :- Marked by team work and task accomplishment, productivity is at its peak
5. Adjourning :- Feedback & dispersion.
• The group dispersion after the task has been accomplished the members have happiness for
achieving the goal and sadness for dispersion. The member will go there Own department.

“Types of group”

Formal Informal

It is created deliberately for the It is created automatically for

specific task. satisfying social and psychological
(Constituted intentionally & needs.
deliberately)

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 15
Management Notes

1. Formal group :-
Types of formal group :-
i. Command Group
• It is a permanent group
• Comprised of manager, supervisor and sub ordinates in this group.
• They meet regularly for the general and special issue discussion about organisation.
ii.Task group :-
• It is a temporary group
• It is constituted by organisation.
• It is constituted/determined for particular task.
• There is no boundary in hierarchy system.
• There is no boundary in department or outside of dept.
• It can be inter departmental group.
iii. Committee group :-
• It sets up for some specific functions/projects.
• It can be temporary or permanent both.
• Members are either from inside or outside can be included in this group.
E.g. :- Budget Committee, planning committee.

2. Informal group :- Types

i. Friendship Group :-
• They have common view
• They have similar thought process.
• They have same age group
• They can be from same birth place.
ii. Interest Group :- Similarity in interests. like - Music, sports etc.
iii. Reference Group :- Group of similar Characteristics, business qualifications.
iv. Membership Group :-
• This group consists of the members who subscribe to the group so whoever is a member of the
group is entitled to the benefits of the group.
v. Cliques : A small group of people with the same interest, it is small group not exceeds 5 to 6
members.
• Limited no. of members
• They can make member outside of company
• The group have there social norms

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 16
Management Notes

Differences between formal & Informal groups

Basis Formal Informal

Origin Consciously formed Automatically formed
Objective Accomplishment of task Fulfilment of social &
psychological need.
Size Larger/expanded Small
Nature Stable/permanent unstable /temporary
Communication Horizontal & vertical direction No sequence/grapewine Pattern
any direction
Leadership Formal leadership Informal leadership
Authority Authority comes with post Personal authority

Definition of Group Behaviour :-

"When two or more people who have similar goals come together in a group and behave in the same
manner." It is call group behaviour.
Key factors in group behaviour :-
1. Group leadership :- The performance of those acts which help the group achieve its objectives.
2. Cohesiveness :- The members of group interact & cooperate they are united and work together.
3. Members – motivation :- Proper motivation can ensure that groups will work together and every
one will do their part.
4. Group norms :- Codes and practices developed by a group.
5. Individual Role :- A specific role of self and supporting role to achieve the goal of an organisation.
6. Environmental factor :- The context may determine aspects of group behaviour.
7. Task :- There are different types of task given to a group.
• Additive task :- Performance depends on the sum of every one's effort
• Conjunctive task :- Depends on less talented member.
• Disconjunctive task :- Most talented member.

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 17
Management Notes

Individual Behaviour
A person behaves, reacts and responses in a given environment it is called individual behaviour.
Individual behaviour is determined and influenced by the personality, experience and ideology of the
individual, so two persons never behaves in the same manner in the same situation.

Factors affecting individual behaviour

1. Personal factor 2. Environmental Factor 3. Organizational

Economic: - Poverty, Leadership:
demand and supply, Autocratic,
Biographical Learned inflation, democratic and free
Characteristics characteristics unemployment

(Psychological factors)
Social:- Caste, Organizational
Physical religion, class Structure:- Rigid
Qualities :- Personality: Introvert, discrimination, Hierarchy System
Strong, Weak, Extrovert, Humble, rituals Unity of command
Specially abled and Direction
mature Cultural:- Lifestyle,
Food and drink
Age:- childhood, Incentive system:-
Perception: negative Monetary and non-
adolescence, youth, adult,
and positive Political: Rights monetary, fear and
old
and Duties liberty punishment

Attitude:- Favorable
Gender:- Male and Female and unfavorable Work Related
evaluation Behavior:-
Ability: - Mental ability, Simple tasks,
Values:- Standards of
Work of choice,
ability related to work, ie Conduct Changing work nature
ability affects the efficiency
of the person.

Marital Level:- There is a

difference in the behavior of
married and unmarried persons.

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 18
Management Notes

Models of Individual Behaviour

(Models of individual behaviour, is determined by his behaviour and his behaviour is affected by
different needs of him.)

Rational Economic Social man Organizational man Self actualization Complex man
man   man 
 Affected and Fullfilment of his  Unstable
Motivated/affected guided by social needs through behavior of man Behavior &
by monatory needs or norms organization and Self directed & man can be
insentive he thinks his belongingness self controlled have differently
rationaly about – and Recognisations and he moves in similar
monatory elements from immaturity situation
because he wants to maturity
maximum
satisfaction

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 19
Management Notes

Attitude
Attitude:- In the general sense, attitudes are positive or negative evaluative statements or descriptions
about objects, people or events. What we feel about a person, thing, event, etc. is a sign of our attitude.
For example, when I say, "I like my job" it means that I am expressing my attitude towards the job.
"Attitude is evaluating statement either favourable or unfavourable about object/person /event"

Characteristics /Nature of Attitude

1. Attitude is learnt
2. Attitude has an objective/aim (about person /thing /event)
3. Attitude influences behaviour.
4. Attitude is relatively stable phenomena.

Types/Components/Elements of Attitude

Cognitive Attitude Effective Attitude Behavioural Attitude

1. Congitive Attitude :- The aspect of attitude that involves belief or knowledge.

2. Effective Attitude :- Involves emotions and feelings towards people, object.
3. Behavioural Attitude :- Involves actions towards people object etc.

Components of Attitude Formation:-

1. Through social learning:- In this, the child forms attitude on the basis of what he learns from the
behaviour of his parents and other family members.
2. Through educational institutions - Where a person is influenced by the personality of various
teachers and classmates during the course of teaching and he forms an attitude.
3. Personal Experience:- Individuals form attitudes from different types of experiences they get from
their daily routine, workplace, co-workers and managers etc.
4. Organisational Components:- Various components of the organization in which a person works
like objectives, policies, internal environment of the organization, formal and informal groups etc.
influence on the attitude formation of the person.
5. Personality related components: - By coming in contact with people of different personalities in the
organization, the person creates the same attitude within himself.

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 20
Management Notes

Human attitudes can be changed by the following means.

1. By providing new information.
2. Through fear and punishment.
3. By removing differences/conflict.
4. By providing participation in problem solving.

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 21
Management Notes

Values
Values are generally, tinged with moral flavour and they contain a judgmental element, involving an
individual's idea as to what is right, good, desirable.

Definition
"Values define the purpose of life and means of achieving them."
These are judgemental elements
Characteristics of values :-
1. Values are most central to the core of person.
2. These are relatively permanent and resistant to change.
3. They provide standards of Competance and morality.
4. Values exceed specific person/place.
5. Values are part of culture, each society has its own culture and individual models himself according
to the cultural needs.
6. Values are such ideals putting in the mind which are transferred from generation to generation
through specific groups and institutions.

Importance of values :-
1. If helps to understand the attitude and motivation of workers.
2. It affects the perception of an individual. For example, the employee takes charge in the company
with the assumption that the salary will not be determined on the basis of seniority but on the basis
of performance, but if it does not happen, then his reaction can be easily estimated, he will look
unhappy.
3. It influences the manager's and worker's capacity
4. Values affect the performance and job satisfaction of the employees, if the values of the employees
match with the organization, then the work performance and job satisfaction will be better.

Types of values are described by Milton Rokeach.

Terminal /Final values :- Final values include those objectives which a person wants to achieve in his
life time.

Instrumental/ Means Values :- These values are those which show the means or manner of behaviour to
achieve the ultimate objectives.

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 22
Management Notes

Types of Values (Milton Rokeach)

Terminal values (Objects of persons) Instrumental value (Tools)

Ex. Ex.
1. Comfortable 1. Helpful
lifestyle 2. Polite
2. Freedom 3. Loving
3. Equality 4. Obedient
4. Mature love 5. Responsible
5. Self Respect 6. Broadminded.
6. Wisdom 7. Honest
7. Family Security

Factors influencing Values :-

1. Family:- The process of education and values formation continues through the family, they are
taught what is right and what is wrong.
2. Social: - The structure and social values of society, (love, peace, truth, non-violence) affect the
values of the individual.
3. Cultural:- Culture affects values, just as culture is transmitted from generation to generation, in the
same way values are transferred by educational, religious, human institutions.
4. Life Experience:- A person's behaviour reflects his reactions to the events learned or experienced by
him.
5. Personal factors:- A person acquires competence through experience, teaching and training, which
influences the values of himself and the society.

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 23
Management Notes

Team Building
Teams are a group of limited number of individuals with complementary skills and who are mutually
accountable for common purpose and define goals.
"Team building is the process of turning individual efforts towards the collective efforts to achieve
specific goal."

Difference between Team and Group

Team Group
1. Team has few number of members. 1. Groups can be made of any size.
2. Performance is both individual and 2. The performance in this is only personal.
group in the team.
3. Teams are independent in their goal 3. Group goal setting is done by the
setting. managers.
4. Team members have individual and 4. Group members have individual
collective accountability. accountability, not collective.
5. Synergy is Positive. 5. Synergy is Negative.
6. Team members have complementary 6. Group members have random and different
skills. skills.

Characteristics of Team :
1. It's goal is to perform collectively
2. The number of members in the team is less, i.e. smaller.
3. Synergy is positive.
4. Mutual Responsibility/Accountability
5. Skills are Complementary to each other.
6. There is mutual trust and interdependence among the members.
7. Participation and contribution to the success of the organization.

Team Building Process

The following are the steps in the team building process-
1. Defined Objectives: - The general and specific objectives of team formation should be clearly
defined, so that the members remain aware of their responsibility.
2. Selecting qualified and efficient members for the team
3. Design Activities:-Determining the role of team members to achieve the goal.
4. Identifying the individual strengths of the members: - To find out the individual strengths of the
team members and assign them the tasks according to their capabilities.
5. Training the members:- If the team members lack of skill and competency, then train them.

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 24
Management Notes

6. Monitor Team effort: - To supervise the efforts of the team members, remove the obstacles in the
way.
7. Evaluating team output: - Matching the results of the work done by the team with the objectives, so
that it can be known how well the objectives were achieved
Essential conditions for effective team building:
1. The managers of the organization should develop an environment that supports the work of the
team.
2. The team members must have the necessary skills or abilities to complete the tasks assigned to them.
3. Team members should have their own role, that is, what they have to do, it should be very clear.
4. Each member of the team should give more importance to the objective of the team than his
personal interests.
5. There should be a suitable reward system to motivate the team members.

Types of Team
1. Problem Solving Team:- There are 5-12 personnel in this team, they are the personnel working in
the same department in which the problem is there. Team members meet for some time to discuss
various problems like product quality, working efficiency of personnel and improving working
conditions. and make suggestions available to the managers.
2. Self-managed team:- This team is such a group of personnel that is formed to manage and perform
technical tasks. This team consists of personnel having specific skills and abilities.
Features of this team:-
1- These teams cooperate in management and leadership functions.
2- They set their own goals and observe their own actions.
3- They themselves plan, control and improve their work method.
3. Functional Team:- Presently there are many departments in an organization on functional basis like
production, finance, human resources, marketing, research, advertising and sales promotion etc.
They are run by different managers, the teams formed by the personnel serving in these
departments in their respective functional areas are called functional teams.

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 25
Management Notes

Motivation
• "Motivation means inducing people to perform to their best ability to achieve the organisational
goal. It is a driving force that push people to action and continues them in action."
Importance of Motivation :-
1. Motivation changes (helps in changing) Negative attitude to positive attitude
2. It improves performance level
3. Helps in achieving organisational goal.
4. Creates co-operative atmosphere/ environment and participating
5. Helps the workers to induce for change.
6. Increases job satisfaction.
7. Develops group spirit. as well as boosting morale

Types of motivation : on the basis of motive factors

Positive Motivation Negative Motivation Monetary Motivation Non-monetary Motivation

To motivate To motivate through To motivate through To motivate through

through reward Fear and Punishment 1. Salary 1. Job-security
and Compliment 2. Allowances 2. Status
3. Provident fund 3. Career development
4. Retirement benefits
5. Profit sharing

Difference between Monetary & Non-Monetary incentives

Basis of difference Monetary Non-Monetary
Measurement It can be measures in currency Not measureable
Suitablity Labours/subordinates Superior-manager
Level of Satisfication For the Basic Needs For high needs
Visibility In currency form We cant's see but feel it

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 26
Management Notes

Theories of motivation

(A) Traditional Theory (B) Morden Theory

1. Fear & Punishment Theory 1. X-Y theory

2. Reward Theory 2. Needs Hierarchy Theory
3. Carrot and Stick Theory 3. Two factor Theory

(A) Traditional Theories :-

1. Fear & Punishment: - This theory says that employees work only because of fear of
punishment.
2. Reward Theory: - Proposed by F.W.Taylor, based on the belief that the worker will continue to
work as long as he gets an equal amount of benefits in return for his work.
3. Carrot & stick Theory: - This theory based on that reward and punishment are given
according to workers productivity/output of work.

(B) Modern Theory :-

1. X-Y Theory : by Douglas Macgreger

X –Theory Y -Theory
• It is related to classical theory of • It is related to behavioural and
management Participative management theory
• It is related to instructional management
• It is work/product oriented theory Worker
Worker

1. Not interested in work 1. Interested in work

2. Avoids work. 2. likes to take work naturally

3. Behavior of indifference 3. Initiative efficiency to work

4. lack of ambition 4. Self centered/directed

5. Change resistant & self centric 5. Committed towards work. (work centric)

6. liked to be directed 6. Likes to take responsibility

Note:- Their motive factors of worker fear and Note:- This person is positive who is self
punishment controlled and self directed. They do not
work for the fulfillment of basic needs, but
work for self-respect and self-esteem.

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 27
Management Notes

Needs Hierarchy Theory of Motivation

Propounded by Maslow

This ideology is based on the belief that the needs of man are infinite and he is ready to make
efforts to satisfy those needs. The unfulfilled need of the personnel can be ascertained and
motivated.

According to Maslow humans have 5 basic needs.

Individual needs Organizational needs

Self aspiration, achievement Achievement of ultimate goal.

Self actualization

Maintaining status in Self esteem/Ego/esteem Promotion & Special Status

society/Respect need

Social need/belonging
Love, affection, friendship
Cordial Relations

Savings/stability of income Safety/Security need

Pension, Provident fund, Job
Configuration

Food, Shelter, Clothing Physiological need

Basic salary

Assumptions of Maslow's Ideology:-

1. Behaviour of people is influenced by their needs.

2. The order of needs can be determined.
3. Motivation stops with satisfied need. It then serves as the next higher level of motivation.
4. People move on to the next higher level need only when the lower level need is satisfied.

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 28
Management Notes

Two factor theory: - by Herzberg

Propounded by Herzberg – Herzberg gave two factor which affects person’s ability to do work
on the conclusion of his research.

Hygine factor Motive factor

1. It is related to external environment of 1. It is related to content of work

work 2. Their presence provides satisfaction
2. Their presence reduces dis-satisfaction and motivation
(i) Policy & management (i) advancement
(ii) Supervision (ii) Responsibility
(iii) Working conditions (iii) growth & development
(iv) Inter personal Relationship (iv) Recognition
(v) salary (v) Achievement
(vi) Condition (vi) Work responsibility
(vii) Security (vii) Challenging task

Z Theory of Motivation

• It was propounded by William Ouchi's

• There are mainly three motive factors.
1. Trust
2. Subtlety
3. Intimacy

Assumptions
1. Providing life time employment which keeps the personnel loyal towards the organisation.
2. Slow evaluation and promotion.
(i) Productivity is the result of collective efforts.
(ii) Promotion should be parallel in place of vertical.
(iii) Performance appraisal should be long term.
3. Managers must be generalised in place of specialization.
4. Workers should always be treated with humanity.
5. Collective decision making.

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 29
Management Notes

Conflict Management
“When two or more persons or groups disagree or have opposing views with each other, it is called a
conflict.”
When a person perceives that another person has negatively affected who he care.
"Conflict is the difference between two or more ideas."

Cause/Reasons of conflict :-

1. Incompatibility among the people about the goal.

2. Difference in opinion & wrong interpretation of facts.
3. Over expectations from each other by the members in the organization.
4. Availability of limited resources in the organization.
5. Dependency on other for the task.
6. Unclear jurisdiction of employee.
7. Inadequate and faulty communication.
8. Variety of personal qualities.

Views about conflict :

Traditional View Human Relation view Modern view/Interactionist

Conflict is harmful & Believes that, conflict Conflict is a positive

must be avoided is natural & force in a group and
unavoidable it is important for
group to perform
effectively

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 30
Management Notes

Conclusion

Functional Conflict (Positive) Dysfunctional Conflict (Negative)

Conflict that support to achieve goals of Conflict that hinders group performance .
the group and improves performance.
1. Seperation of workers
1. increases group performance 2. reduces group effectiveness
2. improve decision quality 3. Restarted communication
3. motivates creativity & innovation 4. Reduces group unity
4. encourages interest and curiosity 5. Sometimes conflict goes above the
5. Creates environment for self organisational goal.
evaluation and change

Types of Conflict:-

1. Constructive Conflict:- When conflict creates such an environment in the organization where
there is open debate on important topics. As a result of which there is desired improvement in
plans, policies and procedures, then this type of conflict is called constructive conflict.
2. Destructive Conflict:- It is the conflict where the members of the organization involved in
activities against each other. And these activities are going on continuously. In the presence of
such activities, it becomes difficult for the members of the organization to work together in a
cohesive manner. This type of conflict is harmful to the organisation.
3. Organizational conflict:- The structure of large organizations is such that due to which the
development like autonomy, initiative ability, creative tendency and self-expression of the people
working in the organization is inhibited. It is called organization conflict.

Conflict Resolution Techniques :-

1. To establish proper communication among the struggling personnel.

2. To take the cooperation of an outsider to end the conflict.
3. To change the structure of the organization, i. e. - that is, to change the workplace of the personnel.
4. To increase or expand the resources i.e. to make equitable distribution of resources in the
organization.
5. The manager should try as much as possible to avoid conflict in the organization.
6. A proper settlement should be made between the members.
7. Points of common interest should be raised and points of differences should be suppressed.

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 31
Management Notes

Time Management
Time management is an art through which a person moves towards making good use of his available
time. It is a lifestyle that motivates a person to work continuously for achieving his goals. It is a major
resource to maximize the available time.
Definition of Time Management
"Time Management is the process of planning and exercising conscious control of time spent on specific
activities, Specially to increase effectiveness, efficiency and productivity."
Time management: - To make effective and productive use of time is called time management.
Time management process
1. Set the goal
2. Priorities of work.
3. Define time limits
4. Organise resources
5. Delegate work.
6. Reduce surplus task
7. Avoid stress.
Importance of Time Management :-
1. Time can be saved with proper time management. Creative work can be done in the remaining
time.
2. Due to proper time management, unnecessary work load does not increase. Which reduce the
stress.
3. Execution of work at proper time gives effective work result.
4. Helps to determine priorities
5. Gets more work done in less time.
6. Proper time management gives an opportunity to do qualitative work.

Obstacles of Time Management

1. Unclear objectives
2. Unorganised work.
3. Lack of planning
4. Trying to do everything by yourself or no use of delegation
5. Interruptions (personal social economical)

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 32
Management Notes

On the basis of the utility of time, there are two forms of persons-
Busy Person Productive Person
1. Have multiple priorities 1. Have couple of priorities
2. Keeps the door open 2. Keeps the door close
3. Multitaskers 3. Concested towards important-goal
4. Ask for advise 4. Take real action get the job objective

Time Matrix Cycle : Eisenhower

Imp. & Urgent work Imp. But not urgent
1. Crisis 1. Meeting with Friends
2. Project meeting 2. Bike repairing
3. Money transfer 3. Hiar cutting
4. Preparation for examination ❖ Plan it & should be schedule.
❖ Do first and do it now
Urgent but not important Not important & not urgent
1. Groceries 1. Social media
2. Few phone call 2. Movie
3. Some meeting 3. Gossip with friends
❖ Those work can be delegated : can be done by 4. Some messages
others ❖ Drop it

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 33
Management Notes

Training
The process of developing skills, knowledge, habits & attitudes in employees for the purpose of
increasing effectiveness and efficiency of employees.

Characteristics of training :-
1. Process of getting knowledge
2. It develops special qualities
3. It develops attitude for doing particular task.
4. It develops the working ability & skills.
Types of Training -
1. Formal training:- The training which is imparted through duly prescribed curriculum and through
trained instructors in a timely manner.
2. Informal Training:- "Informal training means learning by doing actually under the guidance of
senior executives".
- Learning from the surrounding environment
- There is no syllabus or fixed time in this.
Methods of training

On the job training Off the job training

• This methods of training refers to train the
• Under this methods employees are trained
employees by taking them away from their
while they are performing the job.
work place.
▪ Employees learn by doing. Types.
Types 1. Conference :- It is highly structured way to
1. Apprentice ship :- A trainee is appointed,
convesy message and techniques.
who guides the worker, regarding the skill
2. Vestibule :- Employee are trained in
of job
dummy & artificial environment.
2. Job rotation :- The employee is shifted from
3. Case Study :- It helps trainess to take
one job position to another position for a
decisions under real work conditions
short period of time.
Put the problem in front of you and to find
3. Internship :- The employee gets chance to
the solution
practise under the real work condition.
4. Orientation :- When a new employee first
joins the company, basic information is
given to him for settle down and
socialization.

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 34
Management Notes

Other types of training:-

Pre Entry training Post Entry Training

After the selection training is given
Training which is necessary before
to candidates according to his
any job or service
post/job
ex.
Ex. IAS, RAS, IPS, RPSC
B. ed – teacher
MBBS – doctor

Importance/needs/Utility of Training

1. Modifying attitudes of employees.

2. Introduce problems.
3. Provide information about the organisation
4. To increase the morale and productivity of the employees
5. adaptability for change

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 35
Management Notes

Employee Development
Employee Development:- Employee development means to improve the present positions of the
managers to improve their overall effectiveness and prepare them to take on more responsibilities in
future.

Need for employee development

1. To enable the personal to bear more responsibilities.

2. To prepare the way for the promotion of employee.
3. To create effective decision making power in the managers.
4. To increase the efficiency of the organization.
Difference between training and development
Training Development
1. It is concerned with technical skill 1. It is concerned with concept of human
development and skill
2. It is short term process 2. It is long term process
3. Its Scope is narrow 3. Its scope is wider.
4. It is concerned with skill and competency 4. It is concerned with personality
development
5. Training focuses on Present requirement 5. Development focuses on present as well as
of the organisation. future requirement.

Performance Appraisal System

The performance appraisal system, comparative analysis of the performance goals expected by the
organization, the performance capabilities of the employee and the actual performance of the employee.

Based on the performance appraisal system, important decisions are taken like increase in salary,
Promotion, change in service conditions, training and other policy changes.
➢ Training will be given if employee do not perform according to their capabilities.
➢ The main objective of review to checks potential of employee.
Challenge of performance:-
1. Judgment errors : Mistake in appraised by higher authority.
2. Leniency effect :- There can be situation where some managers are too lenient and will end up
apprasing all employees above average.
3. Halo effect :- Do not judge some one based on first impression

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 36
Management Notes

4. Rater effect :- This includes biasness and favouritism

5. Stereotyping :- In this error, a manager tends to make judgment by their own pre determind
mindset towards a particular employee's race, gender etc.

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 37
Management Notes

Entrepreneurship
• Entrepreneurship is the investing & risking of time, money & effort to start a business & make it
successful.
Entrepreneurship of Features/Nature:-
1. Innovation: - This is an innovative activity, that is, activities are performed on the basis of new
techniques rather than traditional activities.
2. Creativity: - The creativity to convert useless things into useful things is in entrepreneurship only.
So creativity is main tool of entrepreneurship.
3. Provides leadership rather than ownership:- In this, any person from non-business family can
provide leadership to the business.
4. Risk Bearing: Entrepreneurship is synonymous with the ability to take risks. An entrepreneur sets
up a new venture and business. For him, the product's presentation, market uncertainty and price
determination are the risk factors.
5. Process of finding opportunities: - In this, new opportunities are explored keeping in mind the
problems and needs of the society and customers.
6. Based on principles and not on intuition: - Entrepreneurship is an action based on principles. It is
not based on the intuition of any person.

Importance of Entrepreneurship:-
1. Basis of Economic Development of the Nation- Entrepreneurship is not only the basis of business
activities, but it also creates employment opportunities in the country, increases the national income
by utilizing the resources.
2. Helps in Establishing new enterprises:- Entrepreneurs establish new industrial units even in risky
areas by arranging necessary resources.
3. Helps in developing new products & technique- Due to entrepreneurship, development of new
products and new technology is possible.
4. Opportunity to extract full human potential: - In entrepreneurship, the entrepreneur himself
establishes the enterprise and he makes full use of his potential to make it successful.
5. Creation of Employment opportunity - New jobs are generated in the country due to
entrepreneurship.
6. Balanced Economic Development:- Entrepreneur paves the way for balanced economic
development.
7. Helps in Social change:- Entrepreneurship increases the income of individuals by providing
employment. As a result, their standard of living increases by which positive changes are brought in
the society.

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 38
Management Notes

Process of entrepreneurship

Self discovery


Identifying opportunities


Generating/evaluating ideas.


Planning


Raising Start up Capital

Start-up


Growth


Harvest

Process of entrepreneurship –
1. Self discovery – in this step entrepreneur assess what are his strength & weakness.
2. Identifying the opportunities – Tries to find out the needs, wants and problems of society .
3. Generating/evaluating ideas – Through discussion, experience, brain storming.
4. Planning – With the thinking & research make the plan for the business.
5. Raising Startup Capital – By using business plan to attract capitals.
Ex. – Angel investor, Venture Capitalist, Bank, Govt. Crowd funding.
6. Establish start up – Launches his enterprise & attract more consumer
7. Growth (Expand & grow enterprises)
8. Haryesting – to get profit from company.

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 39
Management Notes

Startups
"It is venture which runs on unique idea and solve real life problem"

According to Ministry of Commerce & Industry (GOI) a start up will be :

1. Not older than 5 years.

2. Annual turnover does not exceed 25 Crore.
3. An entity in corporated or registered in India.
4. Working towards innovation, development, commercialisation of products/ service /process
driven by technology.
Challenges:-
1. People have limited area of understanding about startups.
2. Lack of digital access
❖ Startup India Scheme 2015 :-
→ Start :- 16 January, 2016

Objective :-

1. To promote Entrepreneurship.
2. Creating awareness among the youth.
3. To inspire educated youth, Scientists and artisans for business.
4. To give representation to women and backward communities in enterprise.
5. To promote bank financed startup.
6. Abordoning some restritive state polices.

Ex. Licensing process, land permissions, foreign investment proposal etc.

Source of finance for startups :-

1. By oneself.
2. By the people.
3. Angel investor.
4. Venture capital.
5. From government schemes and programs.
Incubation/Incubator
Incubator: - A business incubator is company that helps Startup Company to develop by providing such
as managerial and technical services etc.
Provides assistance in the following areas.
1. Providing workplace or office.
2. To cooperate in technical and managerial field.

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 40
Management Notes

3. Assist in the creation of an effective business plan.

4. Help related to market and finance.
Role of Incubator:-
1. Incubator nurtures the startup like a parent.
2. Provides experienced mentorship to startups.
3. Establishes relationships with investors and new startup partners.

Unicorns
This is a type of tag for a new startup company. The term was coined by Eileen Lee in 2013.

A startup company with a net worth of 1 billion or more. It also includes the future growth
Opportunities and market potential of the company. That startup company is called Unicorn Company.

Indian's Unicorns Companies:- There is 111 Unicorns in India till 3 Jun, 2024.
1- Paytm
2- Oyo
3- BYJU'S
4- Swiggy
5- Zomato

Venture Capital
“Venture capital is the capital invested by firms of professional people with managerial participation in
companies that are rapidly growing and changing and having high potential for growth.”

Venture capital is -
1. It is long term capital.
2. It is provided by the professional capitalist.
3. It is invested in risky sector to earn more profit.
4. In this along with capital, managerial skills are also provided.
5. He constantly analyses the progress of the company.

Differences between traditional capital and venture capital

Traditional capital Venture capital

Its sources are- share capital, Debenture, loans Its sources are - capitalists or venture capital
from financial institutions, banks etc. funds which have been established by many
capitalists together.
This capital is available only to the traditional It is available to new modern innovative
industries. industries.
It is invested where the risk is less. It is invested where the risk is high.

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 41
Management Notes

Angel Investors
" These are people who have extra money and want to invest in upcoming startups. They provide capital
as well as experienced consultancy."

Difference between angel investor and venture capital

Angel investor Venture capital

Angel investors are single individuals. Venture capital is collective capital. Firms or
companies that invest in new startups.
They have less investments capacity. Whereas the investor capacity of venture capital is
high.
It is the main source of finance in the initial stage When the company is expanded, then venture
of startup. capital enters.

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 42
Management Notes

Management of Essential Services

Essential Service :-
Such service which are made available to the public even in adverse circumstance and whose objectives
is to maintain public welfare and social order.

Education Management :
It is the process of utilization of human & material resources so as to effectively & efficiently accomplish
functions task of educational programme.

Father of Education management is Luther GUlick he proposed POSDCoRD theory. s

Objectives of Educational Management:-

1. To provide an education friendly environment for students.
2. To provide opportunity for growth & development of teacher
3. To focus on personality development of students.
4. To prepare student and society oriented educational program.
5. To organise teacher conference & training program.
6. It helps to create suitable environment for the growth and development of children.
7. It helps to increase the quality of education.

Scope of Educational Management:-

1. Personnel Management:- It includes activities related to recruitment, selection and appointment of

various persons involved in education, such as - teachers and other supporting personnel.

2. Material Management:- Providing teaching material to teachers, such as - books, laboratory,

equipment and other supporting materials.

3. Curriculum Management:- Under this, the curriculum is designed keeping in mind the relevance and
need of the present time.

4. Supporting educational activities:- It includes activities to develop mental and physical qualities of
students through sports, games and art activities.

5. Preparation of time table:- Work is divided among teachers and a time table is prepared to
implement it.

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 43
Management Notes

Importance of Educational Management:-

1. Providing stability and certainty in the field of education.

2. Cooperating in the implementation and evaluation of educational policies and plans.

3. Contributing to the creation of a civilized and educated society.

4. To make coordinated use of human and material resources in the field of education.

Functions of E.M. :-
1. Getting maximum results with minimum efforts.
2. Managing school programmes and activities.
3. To coordinate school activities.
4. Maintaining school records and financing
5. To maintain a public image of the institution.
6. Managing conflicts and stress.
7. Motivating.

School management committee –

• Right of children to free & compulsory education act – 2009 – article 21 (A)
• Structure
▪ Chairman of Committee - Among the parents
▪ Members – Guardian/Parents
▪ All school teacher, Elected local bodies (Panchayat & Urban) members
▪ Nominee by MLA

Objective :
i. To monitor the function of school
ii. To make for school development
iii. Maintenance of school – raise fund.
iv. Receiving donation from Bhamashah
v. To make the plan for the teaching proposal planning.
vi. To ensure people implementsative of scheme related to education.
Healthcare and Wellness Management
Meaning of Healthcare:-
Healthcare means improving the health of people by preventing, diagnosing and treating disease, injury
and other physical and mental impairments.
The World Health Organization has defined a health system as "a health system consists of all
organisations, people and functions whose primary objective is the promotion and maintenance of
health".

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 44
Management Notes

Definition:- “Health care management is the process of providing health-related services to society,
communities, families and individuals with efficiency and effectiveness.”
Objective:- “The objective of Healthcare Management is to create a positive work environment where
patients can be treated in the most efficient and cost-effective manner.”

Organizational Structure of Healthcare Management

Here there is a multi-level hierarchical system in the organization.

Organizational Structure

General Management Clinical/Professionals

 Doctor Assistance
Chief Management Clinical Staff
(M.D., CEO Chairman, President etc)
It is responsible for the management and • Physician & Nurse
administration of the entire organization. • Surgeon & Lab Technician
Under the general management of a healthcare • Specialist & Pharma/Chemist
organization, there are different specialist
departments, which are responsible for their ▪ ENT & Assistant
functions. ▪ Heart - Operation theature
1- Policy analyst: - To cooperate for policy
▪ Bone - assistant
analysis.
▪ Other - Sweeper
2- Finance Department :- Responsibility for
financial management
3- Auditing :- Responsible for financial
accounting and auditing
4- Budget: - To cooperate in budget
formulation.
5- Human Resources :- It is related to
recruitment, selection of general and
clinical staff in the organization
6- Marketing: - Overseeing the marketing
related functions of the organization.
7- Repair and Maintenance: - Maintenance
and improvement of building and other
resources and equipment.

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 45
Management Notes

Function of Healthcare Management :-

1. To provide high level medical facilities to the patient.

2. Maintaining patient satisfaction and well being.
3. Assuring quality service.
4. To manage the budget and finances of the overall healthcare establishment.
5. To prepare the action plan of all the personnel.
6. To look after the different departments of the organization.
7. To create a positive environment in Healthcare Unit.
8. To provide quality services to the patient at low cost.
9. To make the patient have a good relationship with the doctor.
10. To conduct health improvement activities according to the determinants of health.
11. To ensure efficient and effective use of resources related to healthcare.

Patient Management :– Health care Management Make sure to promote excellence in Patient – care
1. Patient Satisfaction and relationship with their physician.
2. In order to do this they must make sure that their employees are willing to follow protocols
3. Keep a positive attitude with their patients.
4. Positive environment at hospital.

Health Care and Management in India

Health is a subject of the State List, but health services are provided by the Central and State
Governments and local bodies.
1. The Central Government determines the standards of health and health programmes.
2. Monitors the implementation of health programmes.
3. Provides financial assistance to the State Governments.
4. State Governments are responsible for the implementation of health plans and programmes.
Levels of Medical Care:-
1. Primary Care Level:-
At this level, this service is provided through trained staff and workers of health centres.
2. Care Level:-
Complex health problems are dealt with at this level. This type of care is usually provided by
district hospitals and community health centres.
3. Tertiary Care Level:-
At this level, highly specialised facilities are provided. This requires specialised facilities and
highly specialised health workers. This is provided by regional or central level institutions.

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 46
Management Notes

4. Quarterly Care Level:-Highly specialised and highly unusual health services are provided
here. This includes experimental medicines and procedures.

Components of health management and their functions:-

Government Pharmacy Health service Health insurance

provider provider
1. Determine health 1. Maintain quality of 1. Increase access to 1. Provide cheap
policy, plan, program. medicine. health service to a community health
2. Ensure 2. Provide cheap large section of insurance services.
transparency and medicines. society. 2. To provide health
accountability. coverage to maximum
3. Promote PPP model people.
in health services.

2. Provide health coverage to maximum people.2. Indian System of Medicine :-

i. Ayurveda:- Uses herbs as medicine.
ii. Unani:- Unani medicine is also similar to Ayurveda.
iii. Homeopathy:- It is a system of naturopathy. It believes that the mind, body, soul of a person is
affected when the disease occurs and hence that whole person should be treated.
iv Naturopathy:- Naturopathy is related to the healing power of nature.
v Sidha :- Thousands of raw medicines are used in this method.
Wellness Management
“Meaning of Wellness” :- Wellness is not only the absence of disease or infirmity but it is a state
of positive health. It stimulates the physical, mental, spiritual and social and emotional
dimensions of the individual.

OR

1. It is a state of positive health characterised by a state of complete physical, mental and social
well-being and the absence of disease and infirmity.

2. Wellness is a holistic integration of physical, mental and spiritual well-being that energises
the body, engages the mind and nourishes the spirit.

Nature of wellness (Key elements of wellness)

1. Wellness is a holistic activity.

2. The nature of wellness is positive and inter relational.

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 47
Management Notes

3. It is related to the wellness of life. It includes the elements of quality of life, well-being,
happiness, and life satisfaction.
4. It is related to clarity of real life purpose.
5. It is related to the unity and totality of life.
6. It emphasizes on making life's efforts constructive.
7. It is related to open relationships and optimistic outlook.

Dimensions of Wellness

1. Physical Wellness:- Good physical health requires:-

1. Exercise

2. Balanced diet

3. Rest

4. Managing stress

5. Taking preventive medicine

2. Social Wellness:- For this, there should be a strong social network, which helps in reducing
your stress, supports you and also guides you.

3. Environmental Wellness:- Keeping the global environment pollution free.

Keeping the environment around you clean.

Emphasis on clean environment which has a positive impact on health.

4. Financial Wellness:- Financial wellness means taking steps to live and stay within your
financial means and plan for future finances. You can do this by planning financially, budgeting
and being a good consumer.

5. Spiritual Wellness:- Spiritual wellness is a process of understanding the beliefs, values and
ethics that help guide your life.

6. Emotional Wellness:- Maintaining a healthy emotional life is important for overall health.
Some of the ways to stay emotionally healthy are managing your stress levels, staying on top of
office work, getting eight hours of sleep. 7. Intellectual Wellness: Intellectual wellness means

1. Staying curious.

2. Learning new things.

3. Staying busy in creative activities.

4. Expressing your opinion on social and political issues.

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,
Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 48
Management Notes

Tourism and Hospitality Management

"The general meaning of tourism is taken for travel from one place to another."
• The act of traveling or going out has been in the cultural heritage of India since time
immemorial/Sanatan Kaal.
Tourists :- Tourist is one who travel and stay temporarily in another place.
Types of tourists:-
1. Local Tourist
2. Domestic Tourist
3. Foreign Tourist
4. Free Traveller
5. Group Tourist
6. Business Tourist
The following terminology is used according to the purpose of the visit.
1. Tourism:- To go out for a walk or travel outside the home to experience something new with
adventure, comfort, fun, joy.
2. Deshatan/Departure:- Going to other country-state for economic activities, business and
employment. In many parts of Rajasthan it is known as 'Deshawar'.
3. Pilgrimage:- Traveling to revered religious places under the Sanatan culture, being filled with
spiritual happiness and devotion, is called pilgrimage.
For example, the journey of chardham Amarnath Yatra.
Tourism Management :- Providing important services for Tourist like transportation, food, hotels,
information about tourist place & other imp. service, with efficiency & effectiveness is called
tourism management.
Objectives of Tourism Management :-
1. To find out beautiful & interesting places.
2. To provide tourist sports and destination information
Components of tourism management:-
1. Transportation:- Providing transportation facilities to make the travel of tourists easy.
2. Providing information about attractive places to tourists.
3. Hotel:- Providing accommodation facilities to tourists as per their needs for rest and
relaxation.
4. Providing facilities for having fun and enjoying various cuisines, such as amusement
parks, clubs, musical shows, restaurants etc.
5. Finance:- Providing finance to tourists on easy monthly installments.
6. Visa rules:- Providing visa easily to international tourists.
7. Travel agencies and tour operators.
8. Security:- Providing security to tourists.

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 49
Management Notes

Purpose of Tourism :-
1. To end the indifference caused by staying in one place for a long time and get excited again.
2. Take an exciting journey to do something special in which to visit forests, mountains and
inaccessible places.
3. To gain knowledge and experience other to travel.
4. Travels for the propagation of ideas and religion, such as Buddhism, Christianity.
5. Travels for business and livelihood, such as participating in business conferences, fairs, exhibitions.
6. Travels for political ideas, struggles and attainment of power. Ex. – Tour of India
7. Going to distant regions for the attainment of education, such as going to distant countries to study
in reputed universities etc.
Types of Tourism :-
1. Recreational Tourism :- Tourist prefers to visit such places where is beautiful environment, peace
and sports and other facilities to amuse the mind, so that mental and physical fatigue can be
removed.
2. Cultural Tourism :- Travels to see and learn new life culture like folk dance, art, painting,
craftsmanship.
3. Heritage Tourism :- Tourists go to see it. Man-made divine and grand buildings, ancient
monuments, historical forts, havelis.
4. Eco Tourism :- In this, tourists travel to see and know the ecology, wildlife and diversity of remote
natural places. For example, the journey of Kashmir-Ladakh and Kerala.
5. Adventurous Tourism :- In this, tourists try adventures such as mountaineering, or world tours on
bicycles or excursions by car rally.
6. Ethnical/Rural Tourism :- It includes a journey to an unknown place to study the human race or to
know and see the ancestral place of one's ancestors.
7. Religious tourism:- Traveling to holy places or places of worship of different sects, creeds and
religions is called religious tourism. Like - Christians going to Vatican City, Muslims traveling to
Mecca-Medina and Hindus traveling to Char-Dham.
8. Wellness Tourism :- The middle and low income group of developed countries and the people of
underdeveloped countries go to developing countries, where comparatively less expenditure is
incurred for their health related treatment and diagnosis so the tourism gets promoted. For example,
there is tourism in India for yoga, meditation, surgery etc.
9. Sports tourism: - Many tourists travel to countries where this type of event is held to participate in
sports competitions or while being present as spectators. Like - kite competition, olympics, world
cup etc.
10. Wedding tourism - Eminent persons or business groups have started organizing important events
of their life in the form of celebrations at popular tourist places.
For example, birthdays, wedding anniversaries etc.
11. Wildlife Tourism - Nature lovers who love the beauty of nature and the animals living in the forest
go to visit protected sanctuaries, parks or safari in different states / countries. Like - Sariska,
Keoladeo or Ranthambore Sanctuary.

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 50
Management Notes

Hospitality Management
Let us start with the term 'Hospitality'. Hospitality is the relationship between the guest and the host. It
is the act/practice of beings hospitable including friendly generous reception/welcoming of guests.
their entertainment and providing services with warming and courteousness. It is basically concerned
with providing a place to stay, food, entertainment and other facilities to make the stay comfortable.
Different types of establishments offer hospitality services.

"Hospitality Management means Providing hospitality services with effectiveness & efficiency"
Like - hotels, motels, lodges, resorts, and furnished apartments.

It is an umbrella type of organisation.

• Hotel : A hotel is a commercial establishment offering lodging, meals and other services to its
guests.
• Motel : A motel provides services like a hotel and provides parking facility near the room or a
room door that opens out onto the parking lot.
• Lodel : A lodge offers rented accommodation especially for sleeping and may not offer food and
other services.
• Resort : A resort is known for its leisure attraction. It offers a broad range of amenities, sports
facilities and leisure activities for ensuring a total vacation experience.
• Furnished apartments provide all essential amenities needed by the guests.
• Furnished camp provide hospitality to people who go hiking.
• Undertake adventure sports etc.

Hospitality Management Function: - In order to have smooth and efficient functioning the tasks are
carried out by different sectors or departments.

Entertainment
Tourism Meetings & events
and recreation

Hospitality Industry
Function

Food and beverage Accommodation or

service Front office

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 51
Management Notes

Guest Cycle :- Guest Cycle starts even before the guests physically steps into a hotel and it consists of
four stages-

1. Pre arrival stage :- The activities done in the pre-arrival stage includes :-
(i) Quoting rates for a guest
(ii) Reserving a room
2. Arrival Stage :- In this stage, as the title suggests, the guest actually arrives and registers or checks-
in .
3. Occupancy :- This stage consists of providing various services as per the guest's requirements.
Ensuring security of the guest and co-ordination of various guest services.
4. Departure :- This is the final stage of the Guest Cycle where the guest is ready to leave/more out
or "Check-out" of the accommodation.

Departments involved in Hospitality Management of an organisation

1. Front Office :-
• It is the focal center point of hotel.
• It is responsible to develop good relationship between the guest and the organisation and also in
building a good image.
2. House keeping department :-
• The Prime function is to maintain cleanliness and space hygiene.
• Internal flower arrangement and maintenance of external landscape or garden.
3. Food and Beverages Department :-
• It is responsible for the sale of food and beverages. The relevant service departments involved are
kitchen, banquets, restaurants., room service bar /coffee shops etc.

4. Support Service Department :-

(i) Finance and Accounts
(ii) Engineering
(iii) Human Resource department
(iv) Sales and marketing departments.

These are called back of office. Which provides assistance.

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 52
Management Notes

Marketing
• Marketing is a social process by which products & services are created to fulfil the needs of
individuals and group.

Marketing Management philosophy/views/ideologies

Production Product Selling Marketing Societal marketing Sustainable

Marketing

1. Production :- This ideology believes that it's easy to sell the product when product is affordable &
easily available.
Profit through large volume of production.
2. Product :- It believes that consumer will buy high quality products.
gets profit through quality of product.
3. Selling :- It believes that a customer will not buy a product unless the company makes a large scale
selling & promotional effort (center point - seller)
4. Marketing :- It believes that product should be designed & produced by keeping in mind the needs
of customers.
Its main motto is consumer satisfaction (Center point consumer)
5. Societal-marketing :- this concept emphasis on the satisfaction of
Customers & fulfilment of the goals of interests & welfare of society as a whole.
6. Sustainable marketing: - Sustainable marketing is the type of marketing that uses products and
services that respect the environment and social aspects around.
It aims to improve life quality by promoting products, services and ideas that don't harm the
environment.

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 53
Management Notes

Difference between marketing & selling

Selling Marketing
1. It's a part of marketing activity (narrow 1. It’s a broad concept
concept)
2. Focuses on Needs of seller 2. Needs of Consumers

3. Main objective is to maximize sells to gain 3. Main objective is satisfaction of consumer

profit
4. Starts after production & ends with sells of 4. Starts much before production & continues
product even after sell

5. Centre of marketing is consumer 5. Centre of Selling is Seller.

Marketing Mix
Marketing mix is the term used to describe the combination of 4 inputs which constitute the core of a
company's marketing system.

1. Product
2. Price
3. Place
4. Promotional activities
1. Product :- Product what a seller sells & buyer buys
Product Mix :- It refers to important decisions related to product i.e.
• Branding
• Packaging
• Labelling
There are two types of products:-
1. Convenience Product :-
i. These are of decay/destructive nature.
ii. These can be bought over and over again.
Eg: Bread, ice cream, chocolate
2. Shopping Products :-
i. These are of durable nature.
ii. You can't buy them again and again.
Eg:- Car, TV, Washing Machine

• Branding :-
• Brand is the process of identification of a product by name, world, logo or design
(naming of the product)

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 54
Management Notes

Features of good branding

1. Brand name should be short & simple
2. Brand name should be easy to pronounce
3. Brand name should be unique. Ex. – Jio, Tide
4. Brand name should be suggesting Ex. – Ujala
• Packaging :- Packaging is a set of task or activities which are concerned with the designing
production of an appropriate wrappers & container, bag designing to carry.
Importance/Benefit of Packaging :-
For Product
1. Protection
2. Identification
3. Convenient
4. Promotion (Silent salesman)
Labelling :- It means putting identification/identifying mark on the package.
It is the carrier of information
It Provides information like :-
1. Name of product,
2. Name of manufacturer,
3. Contents of products,
4. Expiry,
5. manufacturing date etc.
Product Assortment
Product Width :- The width of mix refers to the number of product line the company has to offer.
eg. :- Hindustan lever 1. Soap 2. Detergents 3. Tea 4. Toothpaste
Depth of Product :- The depth of the product mix refers to the total number of products with in a
product line.
Eg. :- Toothpaste & Shampoo These are available in different size

Price
Price in that value a buyer gives to the seller for a product.
Price :- Price is the value which a buyer passes to the seller in place of good or service.
Price mix :- It refers to important decision related to fixing price of commodity
Elements of price determination :-
1. Objective of price :- The high price for the profit maximisation and low price for the sales
maximisation.
2. Cost of product :-The price of the product must be able to cover the total cost of product.
3. Extent of competition in the market :- When firms have to face high competition then generally
low price is fixed in case of less competition price can be high.
4. Customer Demand :- The products with elastic demand if demand is high than price is high & if
demand is less than price will be low.
5. Government's Policies – Less price for essential commodities.

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 55
Management Notes

Place
The set of decision that need to be taken in order to make the product available to the consumer.
Ex. – To avail the product in right quantity at right place on right time.
Place Mix :- It refers to important decisions related to physical distribution of goods and services.

Place Mix

Channels of distribution Physical movement of goods

Channels of distribution are who help in transferring Physical Distribution:- It means taking
the goods from place of manufacturing to place of decisions regarding transportation of
consumption goods, stock, storage and order process.

i. Direct channel :- From company to consumer There are four major activities involved
(Zero level channel ) in physical distribution
No middle man. Ex. – Bata
Company → Consumer 1. Order processing :- It means the
ii. One level channel → Manufacturer/Company time and steps involved between
 taking order from customer and
Ex. Car, Motorcycle Retailer (1st) delivery of goods as per order.
 2. Transportation :- It means physical
Consumer movement of goods from place of
production to place where they are
iii. Two level channel → Manufacturer required.
 3. Warehousing :- It takes some time
Ex. – Sugar Wholesaler II between the preparation and sale of
 goods, so they have to be stored for
Retailer I some period.

Demand - Yearly
Consumer
iv. 3 Level channel → Manufacturer Ex. Apple
 Production - seasonal
Agent/dealer 4. Inventory (Stock List) :-
 Maintenance of stock of goods.
Wholesaler

Retailer s

Consumer

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 56
Management Notes

Promotion
Promotion is an activity of communicating with customer & distributional channel to increase sales.
(Publicity)
• Promotion mix: - It refers to all decisions, related to promotion of sales of product & services.
1. Advertising
2. Sales promotion
3. Personal selling
4. Public relation

Advertising: - Sales promotion: - Personal selling: - Public Relation :-

Advertising is a means It is short term use This involves face to Public relations
of communication with of incentives that face interaction means maintaining
the users of product or stimulate the between seller and public relations with
service. customer to buy buyer for the purpose public by companies,
Advantages of the product. of sell producer, to create
advertising:- • Rebates • Personal good will.
1. Reach • Discount interaction Methods :-
2. Choice • gifts • Two way • News
3. Legitimacy • Refunds communication • Speeches
4. Economically Viable • Better reponse
• Events
• Activities of
public welfare

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 57
Management Notes

Product Life Cycle (PLC)

The product life cycle is the process a product goes through from when it IS introduced in the market
until it declines or is removed from the market. The life cycle has four stages.

The four stages of the PLC are –

1. Market Introduction stage
• Costs are very high
• Demand has to be created
• Customers have to be prompted to try the product.
• Makes little money at this stage.
2. Growth Stage
• Costs reduced due to economies of scale
• Profitability begins to rise
• Public awareness increases
• Competition begins to increase with a few new players in establishing market
• Increased competition leads to price decreases
3. Maturity
• Maximized market share
• Enhance product features
• Price will be low
• Salles will be maximum.
4. Decline
• salles and profit come down
• Major change in product
• Discounts and other offers will be applied.

Service
Defination – A service is an act of performance offered by one party to another. They are economic
activities that create value and provide benefits to customers.

Characteristics of services –
1. Intangibility – Services cannot be seen, tasted, felt or smelled before purchase.
2. Inseparability – Services cannot be separated from their providers.
3. Variability – Quality of services depends upon who provides them and when, where and how.

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 58
Management Notes

4. Perishability – Services cannot be stored for later sale or use.

Service Marketing Mix :- It consist 7 P's .

1. Product
2. Price
3. Place
4. Promotion
5. People
6. Process
7. Physical Evidence

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 59
Management Notes

Supply Chain Management

Definition of SCM :- "It is the management of flow of goods & services it includes all processes that
transform raw material into final product. "
Components of Supply Chain Management:-
1. Supplier :- To provide raw material to manufacture the product.
2. Manufacturer :- Making new products from raw materials.
3. Wholesalers :- They order more products to the company. The products are obtained from the
company at low prices. They supply to the retailer.
4. Retailer :- Buys the product from the wholesaler. And adding his profit sells the product to the
consumer.
5. Customer :- The customer only needs the product and it buys the product from the retailer.
• Objective of SCM
1. Cost cutting
2. Profit increase
3. Providing the right product at the right time at right place at the cost.
4. To maximize customer's value :
5. Gain a competitive advantage in the market place.

Stages of SCM:- P-D-M-D-R

1. Plan :- Company plans that how goods & services will be given to consumers.
2. Develop :- It involves building a strong relation with source of supply of raw material.
3. Make :- Product is manufactured, tested, packaged & decided for delivery.
4. Deliver :- Customer orders are received & delivery of goods on proper time.
5. Return :- Customers may return defective product & excess product so it is problematic stage due to
refund issues.

Importance/utility of SCM :-
1. Reduces cost
2. Increases profit
3. Increases output
4. Increases efficiency
5. Promotes customer service.
6. Reduces product cost.

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 60
Management Notes

Challenges before SCM :-

1. To provide quality customer services at proper time.
2. Increased cost due to lack of proper management .
3. Risk in the supply chain creates pressure
4. It is challenge to maintain good relationship with supplier
5. It challenges to get of qualified personnels.

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 61
Management Notes

Logistic Mix
• Process of distribution of commodities services & information from manufacturing place to
consuming place in a systemic order is called Logistic Mix.
• Process of getting producing & distributing material & product in proper place & in proper quantity
is called logistic mix.
Elements of Logistic Mix :-
1. Order processing :- It means the time & steps involved between taking order from customer &
delivery of goods as per order.
2. Inventory/stock management :- refers to maintain the stock & product
3. Warehousing :- Whatever if the product is not sold immediately, then it can be stored.
4. Transportation :- It means physical movement of goods from place of production to place where
they are required.
5. Material handling :- packing of product according to nature of product & to keep it safe.
6. Packaging :- It should be protective & convenient.
7. Information management :- gather the info about product to keep the record of its expenses & to
provide into where its demand is.

Factors which help in determining level of inventory:-

1. Firm's policy on customers service : If offering high level customer service, there will be large stock
inventory
2. Degree of accuracy of sales forecast : Inventory is maintained at minimum level.
3. Distribution System : If the producer takes time to produce the goods according to the
demand, there will be high level of inventory maintained and if he takes less time/ there
will be low level of inventory is maintained.
4. Cost : If the cost of inventory is less then the stock has to be kept more and if the cost is
more then the stock has to be kept less.

Types of warehouses:-
1. Private warehouse :- It is operated by a company or businessman for their goods.
2. Bonded warehouse :- It is established by Government. These are situated at the airport and
dockyard. The goods are kept in bonded warehouses by the customs authorities till the customs
duty is paid. These goods are said to be in bond.
3. Government Warehouse: - These are fully owned and managed by the government. The
government manages them through organisation setup in the public sector. like - F.C.I

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 62
Management Notes

E-Commerce, E-Marketing,
E- Commerce
• It is a market process in which purchase and sell of goods & services are carried out quickly &
reliable via. Electronic media by use of internet.
Advantages of e- commerce
1. Mediators are neglected.
2. No time boundation.
3. Supply of goods & services at fair price and within less time
4. free from local charges & commission.
5. New customer can take decision easily on basis of old customer's reviews.
6. It is helpful to protect environment & stop corruption .
Limitations of E- commerce
1. Quality of goods always remains in doubt.
2. Physical observation of goods is not possible.
3. Riks of having privacy breach.
4. Possibility of fraud.
5. Risk of supply of drug/narcotic things prohibited by govt.

Difference between traditional business and e-Commerce

Bases Traditional business e-Commerce
1. Establishment Difficult Easiest
2. Need for establishment Market potential for raw Nothing
material sources.
3. Contact with customer Through intermediate Direct
4. Nature of Communication Long time consume instantly
5. Structure of organisation Vertical Horizontal
6. Interpersonal relation Maximum Minimum
7. Human, Resources Semi skilled/non skilled Technical skilled
8. Transaction Risk Low/minimum risk High risk
9. Globalisation Minimum Maximum because of
cyber have no
boundries

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 63
Management Notes

Benefits of E-Marketing / E-Commerce

Benefits of E-marketing/e-commerce for Businessman, consumers and society.
1. Benefits to businessmen:-
i. They can expand their market at national and international level.
ii. The number of customers can be increased easily.
iii. Many new and competitive suppliers can be identified.
iv. Promotional cost can be reduce.
v. All other information can be gathered quickly at low cost.
2. Benefits to customers:-
i. Information about products and services is easily accessible.
ii. The consumer can buy whenever he wants.
iii. You can do shopping in less time.
iv. Consumers can easily convey their complaints and suggestions to the firm.
3. Benefit to the society:-
i. With this, people of all classes can take advantage of good and cheap product.
ii. Society does not have to face the problems of transportation and pollution.
iii. All the products are easily available in every corner of the country.

E-Commerce scope :- Under this transaction through electronic medium and network expansion are
included.
1. B2B (Business to Business) :- Here, both the parties involved in e-commerce transaction are
business firm. Ex. – Alibaba, India mart
2. B2C (Business to Customers) :- B2C transaction have business firm at one end and its customers on
the other end. Ex. – Myntra, Amazon
3. C2C (Consumer to consumer e-commerce) :- Here, the business originates from the consumer and
the ultimate destination is also consumers. Ex. – OLX, Quicker.
4. Intra B Commerce :- It includes the use of intranet for managing interactions and dealings among
various departments and persons within a firm.

E-Marketing
• It is a process of promoting product or services over the internet.
• It is a latest from of direct marketing
Utility/Benefit e-marketing :-
1. The lower cost of advertising.
2. It has access to maximum number of people.
3. You can make changes in the advertisement whenever you want. (Elexibility)
4. Its services are available 24 hours. (24×7)
5. Through this, campaigns can be done in the market for a long period of time.
6. Fast result of the campaign as it helps to target the right customers.
7. Easy monitoring through the web tracking.

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 64
Management Notes

Barriers of e-marketing:-
1. The internet is not available everywhere.
2. Very few people have access to internet and computer operation.
3. Lack of internet and computer facilities.
4. The possibility of risk remains.
5. Marketing of products without a brand is difficult.

Types of e-marketing
1. marketing by video
2. e-mailing
3. Blogging

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 65
Management Notes

Business Ethics + Corporate Ethics

Business Ethics
• Business ethics refers to the set of moral values or standards which governs the activities of
businessman.
• Business ethics is a method of harmonizing individual interests and social interests.
Objectives of Business

1. Social interest 2. Individual interest

To provide quality goods and services To earn Profit

Coordination

• From a businessman ethical decisions are expected:-

1. To provide the customer with true information regarding product or service.
2. Allowing the customer to make free choice, there should be no pressure on him
3. Providing quality products at reasonable price.

Elements of Business Ethics :-

1. Top Management Commitment: - Top management has a very important role to guide the entire
organisation towards ethical behaviour.
2. Publication of a 'Code':-
3. Establishment of compliance mechanism: - To make sure that actual decisions match with a firm's
ethical standards, suitable mechanism should be established.
4. Involving employees at all levels: - While making ethical programmes and policies employees
must be involved because these have to be practised by them only.
5. Measuring results: - Although it is very difficult to measure the ethical results but it must be
verified and audited that how far work is being carried on according to ethical standards.

Other Elements related to Business Ethics :-

1. Honesty
2. Discipline
3. Helping Attitude
4. Equality
5. Guiding force

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 66
Management Notes

Corporate Ethics
"Corporate ethics refers to the set of moral values & standards which governs the activities of corporate."

Expectation from corporate sector (ethics required from them)


Corporate Responsibility towards Different Interest Groups
1. Responsibilities of Corporate towards Consumers :-
i. Production of safe items by maintaining quality standards.
ii. To ensure regular supply of goods and services.
iii. Being truthful in advertising
iv. To handle consumer complaints and grievance quickly.
2. Responsibilities towards Employees :-
i. Providing appropriate wages, fair compensation and benefits.
ii. Providing good and safe working conditions.
iii. Providing opportunities for personal growth and development.
3. Responsibilities towards the Owners/Shareholders/Investors
i. To ensure safety of investments
ii. To ensure fair and regular return of investment.
iii. To give complete information regarding the financial position of the corporate.
4. Responsibilities towards the Government :-
i. To abide by rules, regulations and laws.
ii. To pay taxes and duties on time.
iii. To help in solving social problems.
5. Responsibilities towards the Community s
i. To protect the environment from all types of pollution.
ii. To provide more employment opportunities.
iii. To promote national Unity.
iv. Providing economic stability.

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 67
Management Notes

Capital Structure, Cost of Capital, Distribution of

Profit, Source of Finance, Wealth Maximization

Capital Structure
➢ Capital structure is the financial plan of a business organisation, under which coordination
is established between various sources of capital.
➢ In capital structure, it is determined that how much of the required capital should be
obtained in the form of loan capital and how much in the form of ownership capital.
➢ A business organisation has to maintain a balance between these two in such a way that
the cost and risk are minimum and the ownership money is maximum.
❖ Factors determining the structure of capital:-

1. Cost of capital.

2. Risk.

3. Objective (Objective of finance).

4. Period of finance.

5. Capital market conditions.

6. Control.

7. Certainty in sales.

➢ Trading on equity:- Including loan capital along with owners capital in the capital
structure of the business is called trading on equity.

Objectives:-

1. Earning more income per share.

2. Centralization of decision making power. (With the owner)

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 68
Management Notes

Cost of capital

➢ The amount paid by a business in exchange for the money received from investors to
achieve its objectives is called cost of capital.
➢ Cost of capital is the minimum rate of return that a firm must earn to meet the
expectations of its investors.
➢ It is the basis for determining capital structure.
𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡
➢ Cost of debt (Kd) = × 100
𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛
𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑑
➢ Cost of equity shares (Ke) = × 100
𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛
𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑑
➢ Cost of preference shares (Kp) = × 100
𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛

Division of profits
1. If the business is a sole proprietorship, then the entire profit is wholly owned by the
owner.

2. If the business is a partnership business, then the profits are divided among all the
partners in written agreements and in proportion to the capital.

3. If the business is run as a company, then the profits are divided according to the
Company Act, 2013.

➢ Its provisions are as follows:-

1. The interest amount on the loan is paid first from the profits of the company. After
deducting the interest amount, the cash profit is used to make tax payments, debt payments
(statutory obligations).

2. After fulfilling the statutory obligations, dividend is paid to the preference shareholders.

3. After this, some amount is kept as fair income and the remaining profit is used for paying
dividend to equity shareholders.

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 69
Management Notes

Source of Finance
➢ Sources of Finance on the Basis of Time:-
❖ Long Term:-

1. Accumulated Income:-

→ The company generally does not distribute its entire income to the shareholders as
dividend.
→ A part of the net income is accumulated for future use in the business.
→ This is called accumulated income or self financing and reinvestment of profit.

➢ Merits :-

1. Accumulated income is a permanent source of capital for any organization.

2. It does not incur any additional expenditure in the form of interest, dividend.

➢ Disadvantage :- Reinvestment of profit beyond limit may cause dissatisfaction among

shareholders
Parit
y
Issue of shares
preference shares

2. Debentures:-

→ Debentures are an important means of raising long term capital.

→ It is an acceptance letter by the company to take a loan, which it promises to pay in
future.
→ A fixed amount of interest is paid to the debenture holders at a fixed interval, such as
six months or one year.

3. Institutional loan

→ Industrial Finance Corporation of India (IFCi) - July, 1948

→ State Finance Corporation, example – RFC, RIICO
→ Indian Industrial Credit and Investment Rules.
→ Industrial Development Bank of India, 1964
→ Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC)

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 70
Management Notes

❖ Short-term:-

1. Bank Credit:-

i. Loans and Advances:-

→ The bank provides a fixed amount of money for a fixed period on the security of the
firm's assets.

ii. Cash Credit:- The maximum amount of loan is determined on the basis of the financial
position of the company at the beginning of the year.

→ Loan up to the prescribed limit can be taken immediately on the basis of need at any
time.
→ Interest is payable only on the amount used.
→ Generally, security is given for production, produce, raw material, stock.

iii. Bank Overdraft:-

→ This facility is given by the bank to its selected customers.

→ Under this, the customer can withdraw more money than the balance available in his
current account.

iv. Discounting of Bills Receivable:

→ The loan given as security against the term bill before its maturity is called discounting
of the said bill.
→ The bank deducts the interest on such bills and deposits the remaining amount in the
customer's account.

2. Trade Credit:- Trade credit is the credit facility given by one trader to another trader for
the purchase of goods and services.

→ Trade credit makes the supply of goods possible without immediate payment.

3. Lease Finance:-

→ Lease is a contract in which one party, i.e. the owner of the property, gives the right to
use the property to the other party in exchange for periodic payment.
→ In other words, it is renting out the property for a fixed period. Due to this, the lessee
gets the property at a low investment.

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492
 SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY 71
Management Notes

The concept of maximization of wealth

❖ Profit maximization:-
→ This is a traditional and narrow approach.
→ Under this concept, emphasis is laid on earning maximum profit in the short term.
→ In this concept, the future value of money is not given importance.
→ Under this, social responsibilities are ignored by the business organization.
→ Under this, other the interests of stakeholders/letter holders are ignored.
➢ Wealth maximisation:-
→ This is a modern and comprehensive approach.
→ In this concept, such policies are adopted for business operations that the market value of
shareholders' shares can be maximised in the long run.
→ Under this, importance is given to the social responsibilities of the business organisation.
→ This also ensures the interests of other stakeholders and letter holders.
→ This concept emphasises on increasing the reputation and credibility of the organisation
in the society.
→ Various risks and uncertainties are also analysed in this concept.

A-1 Keshav Vihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,

Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492