5.2.4.
Preventive and remedial measures
1. Evaluation and Mitigation techniques 5.3. Landmark judgements of NGT
1.1. Evaluation techniques 5.3.1. Art of Living, Yamuna floodplains case 2017
1.1.1. Baseline Study 5.3.2. Sterlite copper plant closure
1.1.2. Impact identification 5.3.3. Poco project in Odisha
1.1.3. Prediction techniques 5.3.4. Ganga Pollution case 2017
1.1.4. Assessment methods 5.4. Challenges and Criticisms
1.2. Mitigation techniques 5.4.1. Overlapping Jurisdiction
1.2.1. Avoidance 5.4.2. Enforcement issues
1.2.2. Reduction 5.4.3. Resource constraints
1.2.3. Restoration 5.4.4. Political and Industrial Pressure
1.2.4. Compensation 6. Water Impact Assessment
1.2.5. Environment Management Plans 6.1. Components
2. Valuation of Environmental Impacts 6.1.1. Surface Water Assessment
2.1. Methods 6.1.2. Groundwater Assessment
2.1.1. Market based evaluation 6.1.3. Water Quality Assessment
2.1.2. Cost based evaluation 6.1.4. Ecosystem Health Assessment
2.1.3. Revealed Preference methods 6.2. Techniques
2.1.4. Stated preference methods 6.2.1. Hydrological Modelling
2.2. Importance 6.2.2. Water Quality Modelling
2.2.1. Informed decision making 6.2.3. GIS and Remote Sensing
2.2.2. Cost benefit analysis 6.2.4. Field Surveys and Sampling
2.2.3. Policy and legal compliance 6.3. Impacts of Developmental Projects on water resources
2.2.4. Sustainable development 6.3.1. Dams/Reservoirs
2.3. Challenges 6.3.2. Industrial Projects
2.3.1. Intangible and non-market values 6.3.3. Urban Development
2.3.2. Data limitations 6.3.4. Agricultural Activities
2.3.3. Subjectivity in preferences 6.4. Mitigation Measures for WIA
2.3.4. Uncertainty and risk 6.4.1. Sustainable water management
2.4. Applications 6.4.2. Pollution Control techniques
2.4.1. Project Appraisal 6.4.3. Riparian Buffer Zones
2.4.2. Calculating compensation/fines/restoration costs 6.4.4. Ecological Restoration
2.4.3. Policy formulation 7. Hydroelectric Power Impact Assessment
2.4.4. Resource conservation 7.1. Environmental Impacts of HEP
3. Public participation 7.1.1. Aquatic Ecosystem and BD
3.1. Methods 7.1.2. Water Quality degradation
3.1.1. Public hearing 7.1.3. Flooding and Soil Erosion
3.1.2. Community Consultations 7.1.4. Climate Change contribution
3.1.3. Workshops and focus groups 7.2. Socio Economic Impacts of HEP
3.1.4. Surveys and questionnaires 7.2.1. Displacement of Local Comm
3.2. Importance 7.2.2. Impact of Agriculture and livelihoods
3.2.1. Enhanced decision making 7.2.3. Health Risks and water access
3.2.2. Transparency and accountability 7.2.4. Economic Implications
3.2.3. Conflict resolution 7.3. Mitigation measures for Environmental Impacts
3.2.4. Legal and regulatory compliance 7.3.1. Fish ladders and passages
3.3. Challenges 7.3.2. Sediment Management Techniques
3.3.1. Lack of awareness and education 7.3.3. Habitat Restoration
3.3.2. Language and cultural barriers 7.3.4. Flow management
3.3.3. Power Imbalances 7.4. Mitigation measures for socio economic impacts
3.3.4. Manipulation and tokenism 7.4.1. Resettlement and rehabilitation plans
3.4. Strategies to improve 7.4.2. Community engagement and participation
3.4.1. Capacity building 7.4.3. Health and safety programs
3.4.2. Use of local languages 7.4.4. Alternative livelihood program
3.4.3. Early engagement 8. Ecological Impact Assessment
3.4.4. Inclusivity and representation 8.1. Components
4. Presentation and Review in EIA 8.1.1. Baseline Ecological Study
4.1. Environment Impact Statement 8.1.2. Impact Prediction and assessment
4.1.1. Components 8.1.3. Impact significant evaluation
4.1.2. Purpose of EIS 8.1.4. Ecological risk assessment
4.2. Presentation techniques- give benefits of each 8.2. Techniques
4.2.1. Written report 8.2.1. Habitat mapping and zoning
4.2.2. Public meetings and hearings 8.2.2. Biodiversity surveys and monitoring
4.2.3. Visual Presentation 8.2.3. Ecological Modelling
4.2.4. Virtual presentations 8.2.4. Remote Sensing and aerial surveys
4.3. Review process 8.3. Ecological Impacts of development projects
4.3.1. Objective of review 8.3.1. Infrastructure development
4.3.2. Types of Review 8.3.2. Dams and reservoirs
4.3.3. Review criteria 8.3.3. Mining and Quarrying
4.4. Decision making and follow up 8.3.4. Agricultural Expansion
4.4.1. Approval or rejection 8.4. Mitigation Measures
4.4.2. Monitoring and Compliance 8.4.1. Habitat Restoration and conservation
4.4.3. Community follow up 8.4.2. Buffer Zones and protected areas
4.4.4. Adaptive management 8.4.3. Biodiversity Offsetting
5. National Green Tribunal 8.4.4. Green Infrastructure
5.1. Structure and composition 9. Social Impact Assessment
5.1.1. Judicial members 9.1. Components
5.1.2. Expert Members 9.1.1. Baseline Study
5.1.3. Regional Benches 9.1.2. Identification of social impacts
5.1.4. Jurisdiction 9.1.3. Public Consultation and participation
5.2. Powers and Functions 9.1.4. Vulnerability Assessment
5.2.1. Adjudication of Disputes 9.2. Techniques for social impact assessment
5.2.2. Issuance of orders and penalties 9.2.1. Household Surveys and questionnaires
5.2.3. Restitution and compensation 9.2.2. PRA
9.2.3. Focused Group Discussions Parameter Developed Countries Developing Countries
9.2.4. Cultural Mapping
9.3. Social impacts of developmental projects Comprehensive
Scoping Poorly defined, rarely done
9.3.1. Displacement and migration consultations
9.3.2. Livelihood disruption Alternatives Thoroughly considered Often ignored
9.3.3. Health and safety concerns
Language of Mostly in English
9.3.4. Cultural and social cohesion impacts Local languages used
Report
9.4. Mitigation measures for social impacts
9.4.1. Resettlement and rehabilitation plans
9.4.2. Community engagement and participation 12.4. Recommendations for improvement in developing countries
9.4.3. Cultural preservation and initiatives 12.4.1. Capacity Building
9.4.4. Alternative livelihood programs 12.4.2. Technological Integration
10. Mining Impact Assessment 12.4.3. Legal and Institutional Strengthening
10.1. Environmental Impacts of Mining 12.4.4. International Collaboration
10.1.1. Lang degradation and soil erosion 13. CBA of DMRC
10.1.2. Water Pollution and depletion 13.1. Costs
10.1.3. Air pollution 13.1.1. Capital Costs
10.1.4. Biodiversity loss 13.1.2. Operational Costs
10.2. Socio-economic impacts of mining 13.1.3. Environmental Costs
10.2.1. Displacement and resettlement 13.2. Benefits Achieved
10.2.2. Health Hazards 13.2.1. Reduced Traffic Congestion
10.2.3. Economic Opportunities and challenges 13.2.2. Lowered Pollution Levels
10.2.4. Conflict and social tension 13.2.3. Time and cost efficiency
10.3. Techniques for mining impact assessment 13.2.4. Urban Development Catalyst
10.3.1. Baseline environmental study 13.2.5. Employment Generation
10.3.2. Remote sensing and GIS 14. CBA Of golden Quadrilateral Project
10.3.3. Ecological Risk assessment 14.1. Costs
10.3.4. Water and soil quality 14.1.1. Capital
10.4. Mitigation measures for mining impacts 14.1.2. Operational
10.4.1. Land reclamation and rehabilitation 14.1.3. Environmental
10.4.2. Water management and pollution control 14.2. Benefits Achieved
10.4.3. Air pollution control techniques 14.2.1. Improved Connectivity
10.4.4. Community based monitoring and compensation plans 14.2.2. Economic Growth
11. EIA Regulations and Policies in India 14.2.3. Reduced Time Travel
11.1. Evolution of EIA Regulations in India 14.2.4. Boost to Industrial Zones
11.1.1. Environment Protect Act, 1986 14.2.5. Safety Enhancements
11.1.2. EIA notification 1994 15. Principles of EIA
11.1.3. EIA Notification 2006 15.1. Prevention and Precautionary Principle
11.2. Key environment policies and regulations 15.2. Polluter Pays Principle
11.2.1. Forest conservation act 1980 15.3. Sustainability Principle
11.2.2. Wildlife Protection Act 1972 15.4. Public Participation Principle
11.2.3. Air Act 1981 15.5. Interdisciplinary Approach Principle
11.2.4. Water Act 1972 16. Concepts and Approaches of EIA
11.3. Institutional Framework for EIA in India 16.1. Baseline Study
11.3.1. MOEFCC 16.2. Screening and Scoping
11.3.2. CPCB 16.3. Mitigation Hierarchy
11.3.3. SPCB 16.4. Lifecycle Assessment
11.3.4. Expert Appraisal Committee 16.5. Cumulative Impact Assessment
11.3.5. State environment Impact Assessment Authority 17. Methods and Procedures of EIA
11.4. Recent Amendments and Key Developments 17.1. Screening
11.4.1. Draft EIA notification 2020 17.2. Scoping
11.4.2. Online Clearance Systems 17.3. Impact Assessment
11.4.3. National Green Tribunal 17.4. Mitigation Measures
11.4.4. Climate Action and International Commitments ‘ 17.5. Mitigation Hierarchy
12. EIA Procedures in Developed and Developing Countries 17.6. Public Consultation
12.1. EIA Procedures in developed Countries 17.7. EIS/EIA Report
12.1.1. Regulatory Frameworks 17.8. Decision making
12.1.2. Key Features 17.9. Post Project Monitoring
12.1.3. Key features 18. Methods of EIA
12.1.4. Technological Integration 18.1. Checklists
12.1.5. Compliance and monitoring 18.2. Matrices
12.2. EIA Procedures in Developing Countries 18.3. Network Analysis
12.2.1. Regulatory Frameworks 18.4. GIS and Remote Sensing
12.2.2. Key Features 19. Current Issues in EIA
12.2.3. Technological Gaps 19.1. Weak Implementation and Poor Enforcement
12.2.4. Compliance and monitoring 19.2. Political and Industrial Influence
12.3. Comparative Analysis 19.3. Lack of public Participation and transparency
12.3.1. Public partnership 19.4. Exemption and Dilution of laws
12.3.2. Legal Framework 19.5. Delay in Approval Process
12.3.3. Technological Adoption 19.6. Climate Change Considerations
12.3.4. Monitoring and Compliance 19.7. Way forward
20. POCSO Imbroglio
Parameter Developed Countries Developing Countries
20.1. Background
Well-defined (e.g., USA, Lacks structure, not always 20.2. Environmental Concerns
Legislation
EU, Canada) mandatory 20.2.1. Deforestation and BD loss
Public Limited, often only at later 20.2.2. Impact on water resources
Active and early-stage 20.2.3. Air and water pollution
Involvement stages
20.3. Social And legal Issues
Integrated (physical, Primarily environmental; 20.3.1. Displacement of Local Communities
Approach
social, health aspects) social/health ignored 20.3.2. Violation of FRA 2006
Expertise Well-established Slowly developing 20.3.3. Police Crackdown and HRV
20.3.4. Legal and bureaucratic delays
Project-based, well- 20.4. Outcome and Final Withdrawal and then lesson
Screening Weak, general activity lists
defined
