14 ETHNO-LINGUISTIC GROUPS OF BANGSAMORO

1. BADJAO
The Sea Gypsies of the Sulu and Celebes Seas, the Badjao are scattered along the coastal areas of Tawi
-Tawi, Sulu, Basilan, and some coastal municipalities of Zamboanga del sur in the ARMM. Amongst
themselves, they’re known as Sama Laus (Sea Sama) and are found living on houseboats where they make
their livelihood solely on the sea as expert fishermen, deep-sea divers, and navigators.

Wedding Practice
 A Badjao wedding takes place on a “Lepa,” a traditional houseboat, as the sea holds immense
significance in their culture. A Badjao marriage is typically arranged by the parents of the couple.
And like other customs, the bride and groom’s parents discuss and agree on a dowry before the
wedding preparations can start. Once everything is settled, the wedding celebrations begin and can
span up to three days.

Language
 Communication among the Badjao people primarily revolves around the "Sinama" language, which
is unique to their community. While Sinama serves as their primary mode of communication, many
Badjao individuals are multilingual, able to converse in other languages such as Tagalog, Visayan,
and English, to varying degrees.

Instruments
 The Badjao have a vibrant musical tradition, with various instruments used in their performances.
The "Kulintang," a set of small, tuned gongs, is a prominent instrument in Badjao music. Other
instruments include the "Gabbang" (a xylophone), "Kudyapi" (a lute), and "Agong" (a large gong).

Halal and Haram

 The Badjao, being predominantly Muslim, strictly follow Islamic rules about what is permissible
(halal) and forbidden (haram). This applies mostly to food and drink. Halal food includes meat
from animals slaughtered according to Islamic ritual, all seafood, fruits, vegetables, dairy products,
and grains. Haram food includes pork, blood, alcohol, and meat from animals that have not been
slaughtered according to Islamic ritual. These rules also extend to other areas of life, like clothing,
business, and financial practices. For example, gambling, charging interest on loans, and exploiting
others are all considered haram. The Badjao community takes these principles seriously and strives
to live a life that is in accordance with Islamic teachings.

Food
 The staple food of the sama dilaut consists of panggi (cassava) and fish. Rice is served only for
dessert or on special occasions. They have no regular meals: hence, there are no sama dilaut words
for breakfast, lunch and supper they eat whenever they are hungry there is food.

Traditional Attire
 “Pajadtong” -They are made large enough to fit any person and are by both men and women as a
skirt or gown tucked at the chest level. It can serve as head cover, waistband, blanket, hammock,
shoulder bag, cradle, pouch, hood, or pillow.

Traditional Dance
 “Pangalay or Janggay” - “Igal” or pangalay or janggay’ is the dance they adopted from the samal
group of Sulu. This dance was usually and commonly performed by female badjao.

2. BANGUINGUI
The Banguingui people are a 4th class municipality in the province of Sulu, Philippines. From its
original name Tongkil, it was renamed Banguingui on January 29, 1999, by virtue of Muslim Mindanao
Autonomy Act No. 71 of the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao in honor of the dominant
Banguingui tribe of the municipality.
 The Banguingui people primarily live in coastal areas and practice fishing, boat-building, and trade.
Their homes are often built on stilts over the water, known as "houses on stilts" or "bahay kubo sa taas
dagat," to protect against tidal changes and facilitate fishing. Due to their maritime lifestyle, they have a
deep connection to the sea and are skilled navigators. Social hierarchies are prevalent in their communities,
with elders holding significant respect and authority. They have a system of traditional laws and conflict
resolution known as "Adat," which governs their communities.

Marriage
 Traditional Banguingui weddings often involve elaborate ceremonies and feasts.

Language
 The Banguingui people speak the Tausug language.

Instruments
 The Badjao have a rich musical heritage, and they perform with a variety of instruments. A key
component of Badjao music is the "Kulintang," a set of tiny, tuned gongs. Other instruments are the lute
"Kudyapi," the large gong "Agong," and the xylophone "Gabbang."

Halal and Haram

 The Badjao are predominantly Muslim and strictly adhere to Islamic rules regarding what is permissible
(halal) and forbidden (haram). This primarily applies to food and beverages. Halal foods include meat
from animals slaughtered in accordance with Islamic rituals, as well as all seafood, fruits, vegetables,
dairy products, and grains. Haram foods include pork, blood, alcohol, and meat from animals that have
not been slaughtered in accordance with Islamic ritual. These rules apply to other aspects of life, such as
clothing, business, and financial practices. Gambling, loan interest, and exploitation are all considered
haram. The Badjao community takes these principles seriously and strives to live a life consistent with
Islamic teachings.

Food
 Lokot-lokot- adelicacycommon in Mindanao and the Sulu Archipelago in thePhilippines. It is also
referred to as “jaa” in Suluand “tinagtag” or “tinadtag” in Maguindanao. Its texture is crunchy,
usually colored golden-brown andis usually produced and served on special occasionsor kanduli.

Culture and traditions

 The Banguingui people have a distinct culture that is influenced by their maritime lifestyle. Boat-
building and fishing are essential parts of their cultural heritage. Traditional music and dance, often
accompanied by gongs and drums, play a significant role in their culture. Banguingui art includes
intricate beadwork and weaving.

3. IRANUN
The Iranun are a small Muslim Filipino seafaring people who share many cultural and linguistic traits with
the Maranao, particularly the Maguindanao. The term "Iranun" is composed of two words: "Nun," which
denotes the inhabitants of that region, who have their own customs, laws, and beliefs, and "Ira," which means
residue, remains, or silt, referring to a place, area, or culture.

Marriage
 Wedding celebrations/ceremonies were time-consuming in ancient Iranun. The parental system was
standard practice. Iranun usually follow the maharlika system. The man from the village's ruling family
marries the daughter of the ruling family of another village (Prince stands for Princess Principle).

The Iranun wedding process has four stages. These stages were: panunuriman (observation),
pangingidong (whispering) from the groom's side, sarangguni (actual negotiation of the two parties
facilitated by another group, usually the bride family's Council of Elders), and gurangna (wedding
ceremony). In some cases, sarangguni and gurangna became one. It all depends on the negotiations.
Language
 The language used by Iranun is Iranon or Illanun, Sabah Malay, Chabacano,Filipino and Maranao.

Instruments
 The kulintang, agong, gandingan, pamindira, and dibakan were usually and commonly used as
musical instrument. It was called in the Iranun as Lima A mamagenesupa (Lima Ka Daragia in
Ranaw).

Halal and Haram

 The Iranun people follow Islamic dietary laws, which prohibit the consumption of pork and alcohol.
They also observe the five pillars of Islam, which include prayer, fasting, charity, pilgrimage, and
the declaration of faith.

Food
 In some Iranun wedding fiest/ceremony, sagayan was being performed in the kakuyog sa damak,
(damak is a cooked sweet food deliver to the house of the bride from groom house).
 Dodol is made from sticky rice flour, coconut milk, and sugar.
 Tinagtag is made of ground rice and sugar, mixed with a little bit of water.
 Putri Mandi means a princess shower cake. This traditional cake is steam glutinous rice balls serve
with santan (coconut milk).
 Kumukumsi is a traditional Filipino deep-fried doughnut originating from the Maguindanao people.
It is made from rice flour, duck eggs, and sugar.

Traditional Attire
 Ancient Iranun man were using samping (vernacular for bahag) and sablay (Tsaliko in moderm
time), and tubaw. However, ancient Iranun were shoes less. For the women, ancient Iranun were
using loose blouses in the primitive style.

Traditional Dance
 Dayang Sulud Sulampid is an Iranun traditional dance that is typically performed at night under a full
moon to celebrate babies and to entertain Iranun men and women who have worked hard during the day.
It is also performed to welcome dignitaries.

4. JAMA MAPUN
The Jama Mapun people are indigenous to the municipality of Mapun. They are closely related to the
Samal or Sama people, and they are often referred to as the Samal Kagayan by the Tausug of Sulu or as the
Sama Dilaut, also called Badjao, or the Orang Cagayan by the coastal Muslims of Borneo.

Marriage
 Among the Bajau Kagayan, marriage is either arranged by the parents or by elopement or abduction.
Divorce often occurs during the first two or three years of marriage and remarriage is relatively easy
for both partners. After that, divorce tends to be infrequent. Following marriage, a couple is expected
to set up a separate household within two or three years. New houses are generally built close to the
family of the bride.

Language
 The Mapun language, spoken by the Jama Mapun , belongs to the Sama-Bajaw group of languages
of the Austronesian language family. Sama. Their dialect is Pullun Mapun, which means "Mapun
language"

Instrument
 Kulintang- is a set of eight knobbed gongs in graduated sizes from largest to smallest mounted in a
wooden frame, about a meter long.
Halal and Haram
 The Jama Mapun tribe adheres to Islamic rules regarding what foods are permissible (halal) and which
are prohibited (haram). They can eat meat prepared in a specific way, but they cannot consume pork or
alcohol. This is an important aspect of their religion and culture, influencing their diet and lifestyle.

Food

 Tribes Kagayan famous for its food tubers, such as cassava, or bestilak woodto or 'putu' and 'kinuha',
while seafood, such as agar agar, in another word, 'aga aga' ,even latok, sendulai, hanga hanga, sikad
sikad, tayum, tehek tehek , and so on.

Traditional Attire
 Traditional attires: Finest handwoven "pis yabit" and "sablay" ornamented "biyatawi" and “sawwal
kuput".

Traditional Dance
 Kagayan tribal culture has a unique dance like dance berunsai, in another word, ' lunsai', Tagungguk,
or ritual beating of gong music, 'kulintangan' and 'titik' where eit performed during weddings and
henna night, in another word, 'sangom macca’. Pangalay, which means "temple of dance" in
Sanskrit, is a pre-Islamic dance tradition among the Samal, Badjao, Jama Mapun, and Tausug groups
of Sulu and Tawi-Tawi.

5. KALIBUGAN
The Kalibugan/Kolibugan people are originally part of the Subanun ethnic group, an indigenous people
inhabiting the interior of the Zamboanga peninsula. They are called "Kolibugan" in the western area and
"Kalibugan" in the central area. Today, the term "Kolibugan/Kalibugan" is applied to all Subanun who
moved to coastal areas and intermarried with the Muslims, and finally embraced Islam.

Marriage
 Kalibugan marriages are typically arranged by parents, with a dowry paid to the bride's family. The
wedding is a feast with unique rice rituals. They frequently marry people from different tribes, which
has influenced their wedding traditions. These traditions demonstrate how important family and
community are to the Kalibugan people.

Language
 Subanon (similar to Western Subanen, with some grammatical differences)

Instruments
 Agong – a single brass gong
 Durugan – a hollowed log which is beaten like a drum
 Kolintang – a set of eight small brass gongs of graduated size

Halal and Haram

 The Kalibugan/Kolibugan people adhere to Islamic dietary laws, which prohibit the consumption of
pork and alcohol. They also follow Islam's five pillars: prayer, fasting, charity, pilgrimage, and
declaration of faith.

Traditional Attire
 Ranges from loin clothes depending upon the degree of influence by the outside culture.

Traditional Dance
 Soten – is an all-male dance dramatizing the strength and stoic character of their male.
 Diwatahan – is a dance performed by women before they set out to work in the swidden. In this
dance, they supplicate the diwata for a bountiful harvest.
 Lapal – it is a dance as a form of communication with the Diwata.
  Balae – dance performed by young women looking for husbands.
 Pangelitawo – it is a courtship dance usually performed during harvest time.
 Sinalimba – is an extraordinary dance which makes use of a swing that can accommodate 3 to 4
persons at a time. The term is also used to mean the swing itself, a representation of a mythic vessel
used for journeying.

6. MAGUINDANAON
The Maguindanao people are an ethnolinguistic group that is part of the wider political identity of
Muslims known as "Moro." Their name means "people of the flood plains." They speak an Austronesian
language written in Latin script, that is related to the languages of the Central Philippines. In the second
decade of the 21st Century, the Maguindanao numbered nearly 1.4 million, making them the largest of the
Philippine Muslim groups collectively identified as Moro.

Marriage
 Dowry – is a given gift of a groom to be to her bride to be.
 Nikah – it is a wedding ceremony in Maguindanaon that is islamically held in Mosque, stage or
sometimes in a restaurant or in a hotel for a big celebration.
 Qabul – Recitation of Qutbatul Nikah, announcement to the public.

Language
 They speak an Austronesian language written in Latin script, that is related to the languages of the
Central Philippines.

Instruments
 The Maguindanao people are famous for their kulintang ensemble, which consists of eight graduated
gongs placed horizontally on a stand known as langkongan. Other instruments include the dabakan (a
single-headed drum), kudyapi (a two-stringed, fretted boat-lute), and kubing (a type of jaw harp).

Halal and Haram

 The Maguindanao people follow Islamic dietary laws, which prohibit the consumption of pork and
alcohol. They also observe the five pillars of Islam, which include prayer, fasting, charity,
pilgrimage, and the declaration of faith.

Food
 Pastil is a popular Maguindanaon food, found in the street of Maguindanao.
 Linigil - A Maguindanaon delicacies of chicken pinalapaan cooked in “palapa na niyog”, a savory
mix of sun-dried coconut meat, coconut milk, ginger, onion bulb, onion leaves and other spices with
spicy kick to any meal

Traditional Attire
 Malong with an abirta, a blouse of velvet cloth made with a V-Neck and three quarter length sleeves.

Other culture and traditions

 The Maguindanao people are known for their weaving, basket making, and producing certain
ornaments. They are also known for their distinctive and colorful personal adornment. They
celebrate the Inaul Festival, which is held every February 14. The festival comes from the word
"inaul," which translates to woven in the English language.

7. MARANAO

The Maranao people are one of the Islamic groups that have lived in the southern Philippine island of
Mindanao since at least the 13th century. The term "Maranao" derives from the word "ranao," which means
"lake," hence, "Maranao" means "people of the lake."

Marriage
  Maranao marriages are typically arranged by the parents. The groom's family contacts the bride's
family to discuss the possibility of marriage. The groom's family will then present a dowry to the
bride's family. Polygamy is allowed in Maranao society, and a man can have more than one wife.

Language
 Danao - is part of a subgroup of languages that has spoken in the Lanao provinces. The other
languages include Ilanun, also Ilanum or Iranun, spoken by a group of sea-based people between
Lanao and Maguindanao.

Instruments
 Maranaos only use four instruments namely: the kulintang, the agong, the babandir and the dabakan.

Halal and Haram

 They also observed the five pillars of islam

Food
 Maranao cuisine is a delightful blend of flavors, showcasing the use of coconut in many dishes. A
popular appetizer is Sakurab, a savory snack made with dried coconut shavings, chili, scallions, and
local spices. For main courses, you'll find Pyaparana manok (chicken with coconut meat), beef
randeng (beef with coconut), and bakas (tuna fish). The sweet side features kakanin, traditional rice
cakes like Dudol, Tamokansi, Tiyatag, and Pabrot, often made with coconut milk and spices like
turmeric.

Other culture and traditions

 The Maranao people are known for their rich culture and traditions, which include their distinctive
architecture, their elaborate weaving, their music, and their dances. Their most famous dance is the
"Singkil," which is a royal bamboo dance. The Maranao people also have a strong belief in the
supernatural, and they believe in the power of anting-anting (amulets).

8. MALBUG/MOLBUG
Marriage
 Intermarriage between Tausug and Molbog people is permitted, and the offspring of such marriages are
known as "Kolibugan" or half-breed. This process also allows the Molbog to quickly become Islamized.

Language
 The Molbug language, classified as an Austronesian language, is spoken by the Molbug people

Instruments
 The Molbog tribe primarily uses two traditional instruments: the kulintang and the agong. Kulintang
is a type of metallophone, a musical instrument that produces sound through the vibration of metal
bars. While agong is similar to the kulintang, but larger and played solo. These instruments are often
played during weddings and other celebrations, contributing to the rich cultural heritage of the
Molbog tribe.

Halal and Haram

 The Molbog tribe, predominantly followers of Islam, adhere to the concepts of halal and haram in
their dietary practices.

Food
  The Molbog tribe's food delicacies are likely similar to those enjoyed by their neighboring Tausug
community. Tausug cuisine includes dishes such as satti, a spiced rice and meat mixture, and sinuglaw,
raw fish marinated in vinegar and spices. This suggests that Molbog cuisine may consist of flavorful
dishes made with local ingredients and regional cultural influences.

Traditional Attire
 Their traditional attire is probably similar to other Muslim groups in the area. They likely wear
loose, comfortable clothes that are modest, like many Muslims do. This reflects their culture and
religion.

9. PALAWANI
Marriage
 Marriage among the Tagbanua and Pala'wan is a multi-step process that is intrinsically linked to tribal
tradition. Prior to the actual exchange of vows, the families involved, the nobles (usba), and bagerals
convene to discuss the terms of marriage. There is a form of inquiry into both parties' civil status to
ensure that there are no binding legal responsibilities. The bride's family may request a dowry, which
can include money or livestock for farm use. The requests are not excessive or restrictive. There is
usually a compromise that is acceptable to all involved families. Once an agreement is reached, the
wedding ceremony begins with a "lambay," or ritual offered to the gods to bless the union.

Language
 There are three languages known as Palawano; Brooke’s Point Palawano (Pela’wan), Central
Palawano and Southwest Palawano.

Instruments
 The Palawani tribe utilizes a diverse set of musical instruments, each with its own unique character.
The Pagang, a bamboo zither played like a harp, is reserved for adult members of the tribe. The
Suling, a banded flute crafted from tamiang bamboo, features a rattan or rotan band that produces air
vibration. The Basal, a gong ensemble, consists of one or two large gongs, while the Aruding, a type
of Philippine jaw harp, is made from bamboo. These instruments contribute to the rich musical
traditions of the Molbog tribe.

Food
 The Palaw’ans do not use salt, their usual diet is composed of rice, banana, cassava, vegetables,
rimas or breadfruit, wild pigs from hunting, birds such as wild quails, and tikling, wild chicken, and
freshwater fish.
 They also prepare a delicacy called pinyaram similar to bibingka of Tagalogs.

Traditional Attire
 G-strings for men and patadyong for women or the so-called native wraps similar to the more
popular malong.

Traditional Dance
 Kender (pronounced Kandar) is a traditional native dance of the Pala'wan indigenous peoples. The dance
is basically performed by a male member dancing in the middle while being surrounded by female
members clapping to the beat of musical instruments. It is performed with different types of steps
depending on the occasion such as birthday celebrations, wedding ceremonies, healing, and other special
occasions.

Other culture and traditions

 The Palawans tribe are known for their hunting, forest-foraging, and cultivating skills. They also
have a tradition of performing rituals to appease the good and bad spirits to assist the tribe in both
spiritual and material matters.
10. SAMA
The Sama people, also known as Samal, are a group of indigenous people that live in the Sulu
Archipelago and parts of Mindanao. They are closely related to the Jama Mapun and Badjao people.

Marriage
 Sama marriages are typically arranged by the parents. The groom's family will present a dowry to
the bride's family. Polygamy is allowed in Sama society.

Language
 The Sama language is called Siama or Sinama. It is also known as Bahasa Sama, Bisla Sinama, and
Pamong Sinama.

Instruments
 The Sama tribe, renowned for their seafaring skills and rich cultural traditions, utilizes a variety of
instruments in their music and ceremonies. These include the Kog Long flute, the Kubing mouth
harp, the Pat Awali instrument, the Kulintang gongs, the Agong gong used by the balyan (shaman),
and the Gimba instrument. These instruments accompany their traditional songs, which range from
thanksgiving and courtship songs to narratives of historical events.

Halal and Haram

 The Sama people are predominantly Muslim and follow Islamic dietary laws, which prohibit the
consumption of pork and alcohol.

Food
 The Sama Balimbing are known for their dried food products, while the Sama Laminusa are
renowned for their pearl diving, bag making, and production of dried sea products. These are just a
few examples of the many delicious foods enjoyed by the Sama people, showcasing their deep
connection to the sea and their unique cultural heritage.

Traditional Attire
 The traditional attire of the Sama consists of either everyday wear or elaborately embroidered
costumes for special occasions. The patadjung, a ubiquitous tube-shaped cloth found in Mindanao
and the Visayas, is large enough to fit any person, and is worn by both men and women. It has many
uses. It is worn either as a skirt or a gown tucked in place at the chest level. It can serve as putung
(head cover), waistband, sash, blanket, hammock, shoulder bag, cradle, pouch, hood, or pillow.

Traditional Dance
 The Sama dance traditions have much in common with the other ethnic groups of Sulu, especially
the Tausug. The basic traditional dance movement is the igal or pangalay, which is performed by the
female.

11. SANGIL
The Sangil people (also called Sangir, Sangu, Marore, Sangirezen, or Talaoerezen) are originally from
the Sangihe and Talaud Islands (now part of Indonesia) and parts of Davao Occidental (particularly in the
Sarangani Islands), Davao del Norte, Davao del Sur, Sultan Kudarat, South Cotabato, and North Cotabato.

Marriages
 The Sangil people are predominantly Muslim.

Language
 The Sangil language is similar to the languages of Bahasa and Tausug.
Halal and Haram
  The Sangil people follow Islamic dietary laws, which prohibit the consumption of pork and alcohol.
They also observe the five pillars of Islam, which include prayer, fasting, charity, pilgrimage, and
the declaration of faith.

Traditional Attire
 Women wear a Hijab, a long sleeved top and a floor length skirt, while men wear polos and pants
together with a hat called taqiyah.

Traditional Dance
 Gunde
 Alabadiri
 Masamper
 Ampawayer

12. SUBANUN

Marriage
 The wedding is initiated by a timuay who are liable to conduct a marriage ceremony. In wedding
time couple must wear a traditional subanen costume. The man should wear a bolo on his waste
symbolizes as the one who stand to head family. In a white stainless round table, there should be a
glass of water, pangasi (subanen wine), pulot (malagkit), gumo (egg). It is part of the ceremony to
take the symbols to have a prosperous family. The Subanon practice polygyny. They also practice
levirate and sororate forms of marriage. In levirate marriage, the woman marries the brother of her
dead husband. In sororate marriage, the man marries the sister of his dead wife. These two forms of
marriage seem to reaffirm the view that marriage establishes a more or less permanent tie, a tie that
even outlives the principal of the marriage.

Language
 The Subanen people have their own language, which belongs to the Subanen language family. This
language is spoken by various Subanen groups throughout Mindanao. The Subanen language is
categorized as part of the Manobo-Mamanwa group within the Austronesian language family.

Instruments
 The gagong, a single brass gong; the kolintang, a set of eight small brass gongs of graduated sizes; the
durugan, a hollowed log beaten like a drum; and drums are examples of Subanon musical instruments.

Halal and Haram

 The Subanun have their own traditional beliefs and customs regarding food and other aspects of their
lives. While the Subanun may have their own specific food taboos or restrictions, these are not
directly related to the Islamic concepts of halal and haram.

Food
 Thimo, a suman made with sticky rice, coconut milk, rock salt, and brown sugar, which is wrapped
in a medicinal leaf called dun geyk. The Thimo has a distinct cone shape, which has symbolic
meaning for the Subanen. Its pointed form is said by tribal leaders to bring prosperity, which is why
the rice cake is made in many celebrations such as weddings and festivals.
 Ginataan Miki, the dish is also called Ginagu sera in Subanen, which is the name of the salted fish
used in the recipe. The creamy dish is made with coconut milk and miki noodles. Its creaminess is
cut by chunks of salted fish, balancing each other's flavors. The gata is laced with herby aromatics
such as lemongrass, native onions, and garlic to layer the dish's flavors. The Ginataan Miki also has
meaning when they prepare it. It's usually served right before a harvest to ensure bountiful vield.

Traditional Costumes
  Both men and women may wear beaded accessories, including necklaces, bracelets, and anklets.
Beads are a significant part of Subanen culture and are often used for decorative purposes.

Traditional Dance
 Diwatahan – Is a dance performed by women before they set out to work in the field.
 Lapal – Is the dance of the Balyanas a form of communication with the Diwata
 Sot – Is a dance performed by Subanen men before going off to battle.
 Balae – Is a dance performed by young Subanen women looking for husbands.
 Pangelitawo – Is a Subanen courtship dance, usually performed during harvest time and in other
social occasions.
 Sinalimba – Is an extraordinary dance which makes use of a swing that can accommodate three to
four persons at a time.

13. TAUSUG
The Tausug or JOLOANO, SULU, OR SULUK people, one of the largest Muslim (sometimes called
Moro) ethnic groups. Tausug derives from "tau," meaning man, and "sug," meaning current, and thus
translates into "people of the current."

Marriage
 A Tausug marriage is usually arranged by parents, with the exception of the children of brothers,
first and second cousins are favored spouses. In traditional marriage in Tausug, there is no courtship,
only parental agreement. However, if the man wishes to court a woman, they can only do when
they’re at the woman’s house. While in the modern marriage of Tausug, the courtship is still
prohibited. Instead of native foods, they can buy biscuits and cake. Dowry and planning the wedding
also known as “Pamamanhikan” setting the date of the wedding or engagement of the “Pagturul
Taymah”. Without wali the man cannot marry the woman.

Language
 The Tausug language is similar to the languages of Bahasa and Sangil.

Instruments
 The Tausug are entertained by a variety of musical instruments, which can be played solo or in groups.
The kulintangan ensemble is most notable, consisting of two gandang (drums), a tungallan (large gong),
a duwahan (set of two-paired gongs), and the kulintangan (a graduated series of 8 to 11 small gongs).

Halal and Haram

 The five pillars are observe, although only the elderly practice daily prayers regularly.

Food
 Most Tausug food is intended for communal feasting and is prepared in accordance with Islamic Halal
dietary laws. Beef kulma, chicken piyanggang, and lokot lokot are traditional dishes served at weddings,
burials, and other special occasions.
Traditional Attire
 The clothing of the Tausug is almost Arabic in design and this is due to the great influence of Islam
in this place. The Tausug men wear tight fitting pants (Kuput) and shirt (Badjuh Lapih) , a sash
around the waist and a matching turban. The tausug girls wear matching sarong. They wear brass
accessories to their blouses or they uses necklace and bracelets.
 BIYATAWI- is a blouse made of plain material like satin and is ornamented with tambuku on the
breast, shoulders, and cuffs.
 PATADJUNG- is an all- purpose skirt worn by both men and women
 PIS SIABIT- this is the head gear worn by Tausug men
 SAWWAL KUPUT- they are tight and loose trousers they wear
 BADJU LAPI- a collarless short-tailored jacket similar to the biyatawi.

Traditional Dance
  Pangalay dance in which female dancers wear artficial elongated fingernails made from brass or
silver known as janggay, and perform motions based on the Vidhyadhari.

14. YAKAN
The Yakan people are the majority Muslim group in Basilan, an island province just south of
Zamboanga peninsula. "Basilan" may mean "the waterway into the sea" or may derive from the Yakan word
for "the way to the iron" because of the presence of minerals in the island. It measures 1,358 square
kilometers, the largest in the Sulu archipelago.

Marriage
 The Yakan people are known for their strong kinship ties. They are also known for their practice of
polygamy, which allows a man to have more than one wife.

Language
 They speak a language known as Bahasa Yakan, which is closely identified with Sama Dilaut and a
variant of the Sama and the Tausug languages. These languages all belong to the Malayo-Polynesian
family of Austronesian languages. Bahasa Yakan is written in the Malayan Arabic script, with
adaptations to sounds not present in Arabic.

Instruments
 The Yakan people are known for their loom weaving skills. They also have a tradition of playing
traditional music and dance, often accompanied by gongs and drums.

Halal and Haram

 The Yakan people adhere to Islamic dietary regulations, which forbid drinking alcohol and consuming
pork. They also follow the five pillars of Islam, which are the profession of faith, fasting, prayer, and
charity.

Food
 Yakan chicken, or kaliya, is one of the dishes that the Yakans of Basilan showcased. Praying over
Yakan chicken is required prior to slaughter. After that, powdered rice, ginger, garlic cloves, onion
leaves, chili, and lemongrass are added to the cooked mixture. Pinalam-pinalam, on the other hand, is
hot native chicken served with dulang.

Traditional Attire
 They traditionally dress in vibrant, handwoven textiles. Both sexes dress in narrow-cut pants that
resemble breeches, and the women wear short blouses that fit them tightly. While the man wraps a sash-
like cloth around his waist, where he places his weapon—typically a long knife—the woman covers it
partially with a wrap-around material.

Traditional Dance
 With the help of a torch, a searcher in the Yakan "bumblebee" mimetic dance—which is typically
performed by a male dancer—finds honey.
 Tumahik is regarded as the authentic Yakan dance. It's customary for the groom to do this before the
wedding to demonstrate his bravery in defending the bride and their family.

My Expectations
 In this subject on peace and development, with emphasis on Mindanao cultures, I am excited to learn
how different cultural practices contribute to peacebuilding and conflict resolution, the challenges and
opportunities for development within Mindanao's diverse cultural landscape, and the importance of cultural
understanding in promoting sustainable development. I expect my teacher to be patient and understanding,
guiding us through the material in a way that's easy to understand. I hope they'll create a safe space for us to
ask questions and share our thoughts without feeling judged. I also hope they'll encourage us to learn from
each other and help us see different perspectives on this important topic. I hope my classmates will be open-
minded and respectful of everyone's opinions, even if they're different from our own. I'm looking forward to
learning from them and sharing my own ideas in a friendly and supportive environment. I hope we can all
work together to make this class a place where we can learn and grow together and build a deeper
understanding of peace and development in Mindanao.