PAK AFGHAN​ 1

History of Afghanistan​ 1
Key Points​ 1
Why are Pakistan-Afghan relations important?​ 2
FOREIGN POLICY AGENDA 2021-22​ 3
PAK AFGHAN Relation​ 3
SECURITY PROSPECTS FOR PAKISTAN-AFGHANISTAN 2020-22​ 4
HISTORICAL CONTEXT​ 4
Ethnic and linguistic relations​ 5
Demarcation (Pre-Partition)​ 5
Post-Partition​ 5
Afghanistan Two-fold Strategy​ 5
AFGHAN REFUGEES​ 6
MAIN SUPPLY ROUTE FOR NATO​ 6
TORKHAM BORDER ISSUE​ 6
AFGHAN-PAK TRANSIT TRADE AGREEMENT​ 7
PAK-AFGHAN RELATIONS IN 2019-20​ 8
1. Political Relations:​ 8
a. Geopolitical Importance:​ 8
b. Diplomatic Challenges:​ 9
2. Economic relations:​ 9
a. Trade and Economic Cooperation:​ 9
b. Energy and Infrastructure Projects:​ 9
3. Social and Cultural Relations:​ 10
a. Ethnic and Cultural Ties:​ 10
b.Migration and Refugees​ 10
C. Terrorism and Militancy:​ 10
Historical Factors Causing Strained Relations Between​ 11
Afghanistan and Pakistan:​ 11
The Durand Line Dispute:​ 11
The Afghan Soviet War (1979-1989):​ 11
The Rise of the Taliban and the 1990s Civil War:​ 12
4. The Post-9/11 Era:​ 12
Pakistan's Foreign Policy towards Afghanistan After 9/11​ 12
The Rise of Taliban and Its Impact on the TTP and Pakistan:​ 13
1. The Taliban's Role in the TTP's Re-emergence​ 13
2. The Taliban's Influence on TTP's Strategy and Operations​ 13
TTP's Renewed Efforts for a Parallel Governance:​ 14
How Pakistan Can Ensure a Good Relationship with Afghanistan Amidst the TTP Challenge:​
14
1. Diplomatic Solutions​ 14
1.1. Engage in Bilateral Dialogue​ 14
1.2. Leverage Multilateral Diplomacy​ 15
1.3. Use of Soft Power​ 15
2. Military Solutions​ 15
2.1. Enhanced Border Security​ 15
2.2. Military-to-Military Cooperation​ 16
2.3. Strategic Deterrence and Preemptive Strikes​ 16
Pre-Partition (Before 1947)​ 17
•The Durand Line (1893)​ 17
Mortimer Durand, a British diplomat of the Indian Civil Service, and Abdur Rahman
Khan, the Afghan Emir.​ 17
•Afghanistan initially opposed the creation of Pakistan during the partition of British India
in 1947.​ 17
1. Pashtun Nationalism​ 17
2. Concerns over the Durand Line​ 17
•Hijrat Movement of 1920​ 17
Durand Line (2640 km)​ 17
Post-Partition Era of Good Relations (1947-73)​ 17
Current issues between Pakistan and Afghanistan​ 18
Security Concerns:​ 18
Trade Border:​ 18
Diplomatic Ties:​ 18
Trade and border management (100,000$ daily loss according to the diplomat report)​ 18
Political Deadlock​ 19
Afghan Refugee Crisis​ 19
Refugee Crisis​ 19
Transit trade​ 19
•Smuggling of dollars to Afghanistan​ 19
•Smuggling of cars and goods​ 19
•Durand line issue​ 20
Way Forward​ 21
DURAND LINE:​ 22
Contemporary issues between Afghanistan and Pakistan​ 22
PAST PAPER​ 22
PAK AFGHAN

History of Afghanistan
Notes on the History of Afghanistan (Soviet-Afghan War)

Key Points
●​ The "Great Game" refers to the intense geopolitical rivalry between the British and
Russian Empires in Central Asia during the 19th and early 20th centuries. This rivalry
involved both diplomatic competition and military interventions as both powers sought to
expand their influence and control over territories in Afghanistan, Persia (modern-day
Iran), and Tibet.
●​ In 1933, Zahir Shah became the king of Afghanistan (the last king; the monarchy ended,
and he was promoted to modernist). Daud Khan was a cousin of Zahir Shah.
●​ The Communist revolution in Russia influenced Russia as well. After 1 year 3rd
Anglo-Afghan War took place in 1919 (war of independence), against the British
●​ Daud Khan supported the separatist movement
●​ In 1947 Duard Line became a permanent border. 38% of afg ethnicity is Pashtun, and
KPK of PK also has Pashtun.
●​ . In 1973, Daud Khan killed Zahir Khan and became the president of the republic.
●​ Afghanistan supported non non-aligned group. Daud has taken the support of the SU.
After some time, he wanted independence from the SU. Daud Khan made a new policy,
“National Revolutionary Party”
Islamist party civil war → Communist party (PDPA)
●​ 1978 Aassasination of Daud Khan
●​ Muhammad Taraki- Democratic government- against religion
●​ The 2 parties are the Islamic and the communist (PDPA)
●​ In 1979, Taraki was assassinated, and the SU invaded to protect communist ideology
●​ 1979 Iranian revolution- in Afghanistan, Islamists took over the government.
●​ SV killed Hafiz Ullah Amin and installed Babarak Kamal.
●​ America's CIA operation, 5 lakh funding to the mujahideen
●​ 1988 General Accord, Dr Muhammad Najibullah and Pakistan peace agreement
●​ Feb 1989 SU army withdrawal
●​ In 1990, Afghanistan was declared an Islamic Republic
●​ 199,2 Burhanudin became the new leader
●​ 199,6 Mullah Umar implemented Shariah Law and gave space to Osama and Al Qaida
●​ 2001 9-11 America launched “Operation Enduring Freedom”
●​ In 2011, Osama bin Laden was killed by America in Pakistan
●​ Hamid karzai (2004-14) and ashraf ghani (2014- 21)The
●​ The 2018 peace talks started
●​ 5th August 2021, fall of Kabul -taliban Gov after 2 decades
●​ 2023 Doha Agreement
Why are Pakistan-Afghan relations important?
INTRODUCTION

Pakistan's relationship with Afghanistan is one of the most important, yet complex, bilateral
relationships in South Asia. The two countries share a long border, a history of cultural ties, and
significant geopolitical interests. However, this relationship has also been marked by a series of
conflicts, misunderstandings, and challenges. Pakistan's relationship with Afghanistan
encompasses political, economic, social, and military dimensions, all of which play a role in
shaping regional dynamics and their bilateral interactions.

Pak-Afghan relations began in August 1947 after Pakistan became an independent native
Pakistan and Afghanistan have been described by former Afghan president Hamid Karzai as
inseparable brothers", which is due to the historical, religious, and ethno-linguistical connections
between the Pashtun people and other ethnic groups of both countries. Both neighbouring
states are Islamic republics, part of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation
(SAARC) and designated by the United States as major non-NATO allies.

Relations between the two countries have been subject to various complexities over the past
few decades, by issues related to the Durand Line, the 1978-present war, including rives
disputes and the growing relations of India and Afghanistan. However, the two states are
working together to find solutions to these problems. This includes possible defence cooperation
and intelligence sharing as well as further enhancing the two-way trade and abolishment of
visay for diplomats from the two nations.

FOREIGN POLICY AGENDA 2021-22

PAK AFGHAN Relation

The Taliban takeover in Afghanistan has delivered a strategic victory to Pakistan, establishing a
friendly government in Kabul for the first time in nearly 20 years. But Pakistan has maintained
that friendship with the Taliban won't come as easily. Feelings of the Institute of Strategic
Studies Islamabad (ISSI) on the future of Pak-Afghan

The Institute of Strategic Studies Islamabad (1951) held the first Roundtable Conference on

Pakistan-Afghanistan Relations under its Dialogue series on January 29, 2019. The session
aimed to discuss the possible future of Afghanistan and the steps that need to be int by
Pakistan to contribute to bringing peace in Afghanistan and the region. The session was divided
into four components
1. Prospects after US Withdrawal

2. Post-settlement security and political conditions

Challenges to peace settlement

Contingency scenario in case of a civil war.

The main points are as follows:

(a) The situation in Afghanistan is important because of its geographical proximity to Pakistan;
hence, careful and calculated steps need to be taken by the latter.

(b) Though the agreement between the Afghans and Americans is no doubt a big milestone.
The real difficulty is that the Taliban are unable to manage Afghanistan's fragile economy.

(c) Not all parties in Afghanistan are on the same page hence some sort of intra-Afghan
dialogue is deemed necessary for any success to prevail. A kind of dialogue in a certain format
among the Afghans themselves (not imposed on them from outside) should take place.

(d) The effectiveness of the Taliban team which is being led by Mullah Abdul Ghani Baradar is
also questionable. There is the question of whether the negotiating team has influence over the
local commanders fighting within Afghanistan.

(e) In the new context, Iran cannot be seen as a hindrance for the peace process given it has
vested interests for a peaceful Afghanistan. However, competition between Islamabad. Delhi
and Tehran when it comes to Afghanistan cannot be entirely dismissed after US left
Afghanistan. No country will want the others influence to have an over shadowing effect.

(f) Pakistan desires a stable and neutral government in place in Kabul because it has
implications.for.the.region.

(g) Pakistan has gotten involved way too much. As a result, the world views Pakistan and the
Taliban as one entity. Islamabad needs to dispel this notion. Efforts to dismantle this impression
have so far failed, hence, any failure on the Taliban's part will automatically be deemed as
Pakistan's failure. Pakistan should not become so active to the extent that it should be seen as
taking responsibility.

(h) There should be a one-window operation/ clearance related to Afghanistan-related issues.

Sideways, people within the Government of Pakistan need to change their attitude and become
more sensitized to the plight of the. Afghans
(i) One step that should be taken is by learning and understanding the Alge
psychology-something which has been ignored, resulting in the perceptions M have towards
Pakistan being solidified into anger and distrust

SECURITY PROSPECTS FOR PAKISTAN-AFGHANISTAN

2020-22

Pakistan, in recent years, has been largely successful in curtailing terrorism on its soil. This
means that Islamabad now has the military know-how to disrupt and contain terrorist groups. By
lending these insights and knowledge to the Afghan security institutions, Islamabad can play an
instrumental role in facilitating a peaceful resolution to ong confusion in Afghanistan. Moreover,
Afghanistan, for its part, should listen to Pakistan's legitimate concerns and play its needed role
towards contributing to regional peace and stability. However, Islamabad also needs to shed its
notorious "pro-Taliban regime" perception that it has gained among wider sections of the Afghan
population. Afghans argue that if Pakistan is to establish peace in the region, it should also
support the cause of a stable, free, and democratic Afghanistan. The people of Afghanistan
have suffered violence for far longer than the Pakistanis living next door. It is for both
neighbours to jointly work towards breaking the siege of terror that has inflicted suffering on
innocent people and continues to claim precious lives.

HISTORICAL CONTEXT

Ethnic and linguistic relations

This entire area is inhabited by the indigenous Pashtuns who belong to different Pashtun tribes.
The Pashtuns were known historically as ethnic Afghans (and as Pathans in southern Asia)
have lived in this region for thousands of years, since at least the 1st millennium BC.

Durand Line

The Durand Line border was established after the 1893 Durand Line Agreement between British
Mortimer Durand of colonial British India and Amir Abdur Rahman Khan of Afghanistan, fixing
the limit of their respective spheres of influence. The single-page agreement, which contained
seven short articles, was signed by Durand and Khan, agreeing not to exercise political
interference beyond the frontier line between Afghanistan and what was then colonial British
India.
Demarcation (Pre-Partition)

Shortly after the demarcation of the Durand Line, the British began connecting the region on the
side of the Durand Line to the vast and expansive Indian railway network. Concurrently, the Aina
tribesmen began rising in arms against the British, creating a zone of instability between
Peshawar and the Durand Line. As a result, travel across the boundary was almost entirely
halted, and the Pashtun tribes living under British rule began to orient themselves westward in
the direction of the Indian railways.

Post-Partition

Pakistan inherited the Durand Line agreement in 1947, but there has never been a formal
agreement or ratification between Islamabad and Kabul. The agreement did not put a restriction
a the free movement of the native Pashtun people who are used to travelling freely between
different places since ancient times, especially during season changes

Afghanistan Two-fold Strategy

Shortly after Pakistan was formed in 1947, Afghanistan crafted a two-fold strategy to destabilise
the frontier regions of Pakistan, in an attempt to take advantage of Pakistan's
post-independence instability. Firstly, it strongly aligned itself with Pakistan's rival, India, and
also the USSR, which later invaded Afghanistan in 1979. Secondly) It politically and financially
backed secessionist politicians in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in the 1960s. Afghanistan's policies
placed a severe strain upon Pakistan-Afghan relations in the 1960s, up until the 1970s, when
the movement largely subsided as the population came to thoroughly identify with Pakistan,
although resentment against the Punjabi elite continued to develop

AFGHAN REFUGEES

During the 1980s, the Durand Line border was heavily used by Afghan refugees fleeing the
Soviet occupation in Afghanistan, including a large number of mujahideen insurgent groups who
crossed back and forth. The mujahideen included not only locals but also Arabs and others from
different Islamic countries. Many of these foreign fighters married and stayed in Pakistan.

local women and decided to With funds from the international community through the United
Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), Pakistan hosted over three million Afghans
at various refugee camps, mainly around Peshawar in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.
MAIN SUPPLY ROUTE FOR NATO

The Durand Line border has been used in the last decade as the main supply route for
NATO-led forces in Afghanistan as well as by Taliban insurgents and other militant attacks
inside Afghanistan.

Groups that stage Relations have become more strained after the Afghan government began
openly accusing Pakistan of using its ISI spy network in aiding the Taliban and other militants.

TORKHAM BORDER ISSUE

The border crossing at Torkham was closed again for all types of vehicular and pedestrian traffic
in May 2016 after Afghan border guards objected to the laying of barbed wire near the border by
their Pakistani counterparts.

According to official sources, personnel of the army engineering corps were busy fencing the
bed of a dry stream when Afghan border guards objected the pretext that their government had
not been taken into confidence on such activity near the border crossing

The officials insisted that the Afghan officials concerned were told about the fencing much in
advance, and they (the Afghans) had already erected barbed wire in Bacha Maina and Shaheed
Mortareas.

Pakistan and Afghanistan some time ago agreed to take each other into confidence whenever
they would carry out any construction activity within 30 metres of both sides of the border.

"This time it was more than 30 metres deep into our territory, and even then we had sent a
message to the Afghan authorities in advance to avoid any misunderstanding." An official of the
local political administration said that after the border was closed on orders from the Frontier
Crops headquarters in Peshawar.

The gates at the Torkham Border have already been constructed and the entry into and exit om
Pakistan is regulated.

AFGHAN-PAK TRANSIT TRADE AGREEMENT

In July 2010, a memorandum of understanding (MoU) was reached between Pakistan and
Afghanistan for the Afghan-Pak Transit Trade Agreement (APLTA), which was observed by
Secretary of State Hillary Clinton. The two states also signed an MoU for the construction of a
track in Afghanistan to connect with Pakistan Railways, which has been in the making since at
least 2005. In October 2010, the landmark APITA agreement was signed by Pakistani
Commerce Minister Makhdoom Amin Fahim and Afghan Minister of Commerce Anwar-ul-Haq
Ahady. The ceremony was attended by Richard Holbrooke, US Special Representative for
Afghanistan and Pakistan, and several foreign ambassadors, Afghan parliamentarians, and
senior officials. The APTTA allows Afghan trucks to drive inside Pakistan to the Wagah border
with India, including to the port cities of Karachi and Gwadar.

In November 2010, the two states formed a joint chamber of commerce to expand trade
relations and solve the problems traders face. The APTIA agreement has taken effect after
seven Afghan trucks delivered fruits from Afghanistan to the Wagah border with India in June
2011

In July 2012, Afghanistan and Pakistan agreed to extend APITA to Tajikistan in what wil be the
first step for the establishment of a North-South trade corridor. The proposed agreement will
provide facilities to Tajikistan to use Pakistan's Gwadar and Karachi ports for its imports and
exports, while Pakistan will enjoy trade with Tajikistan under terms similar to the transit
arrangement with Afghanistan. Afghanistan's economy is one of the fastest-growing economies
in the world. A 2012 World Bank report added. "In contrast, Afghanistan's economy grew
robustly by about 11%, mostly due to a good harvest."

In July-December 2017/Pak-Afghan trade values at 1.5 billion dollars. It can reach up to a billion
dollars by the end of 2018. Afghan and Pakistani traders have long urged their respective
governments to delink economics from politics to promote mutual trust

PAK-AFGHAN RELATIONS IN 2019-20

Timeline

The Foreign Minister said that Pakistan desires peace in the region, which is not possible
without dialogue with the neighbours. (27 January)

Afghan Taliban acknowledged that progress had been made in talks held in Qatar but denied
reaching any agreement with their American interlocutors on a ceasefire and talks with the
Afghan government. (28 January)

Pakistan announced the closure of its consulate general in Mazar-i-Sharif following a foiled bid
for a grenade attack. (28 January)

The Pakistan army said that work on a 900-kilometre-long portion of the fence along the
Pakistan-Afghanistan border has been completed. (29 January)

Pakistan and Russia on Tuesday agreed to continue coordinating their positions on efforts for
peace in Afghanistan. (30 January)
United States Director of National Intelligence Daniel Coats expects challenges facing the South
Asian region to grow in 2019 due to elections in Afghanistan and India, large-scale Taliban
attacks, and "Pakistan's recalcitrance in dealing with militant groups". (30 January)

1. Political Relations:

a. Geopolitical Importance:

Afghanistan's geographical location has immense strategic significance for Pakistan. The
landlocked country serves as a gateway to Central Asia for Pakistan, while Afghanistan is also
crucial for Pakistan's stance in the region concerning its rivalry with India

Example: Afghanistan's Neutrality in Indo-Pakistan Rivalry: Pakistan aims to maintain a stable

and friendly relationship with Afghanistan to prevent India from gaining influence in Afghanistan.
Over the years, Afghanistan's alliances, including its ties with India and the West, have been a
concern for Pakistan.

b. Diplomatic Challenges:

While both countries share common interests, especially related to counterterrorism and
regional stability, several diplomatic issues have affected their relationship, such as the Durand
Line dispute, the presence of Afghan refugees in Pakistan, and Pakistan's support for the
Taliban. The issue of Afghanistan's governance and the rise of the Taliban has added more
tension to bilateral relations.

Example

Durand Line: The 2,640-kilometer-long border, established in 1893, remains a point of

contention. Afghanistan does not officially recognize the Durand Line as the international
boundary, leading to border clashes and diplomatic disagreements.

Refugee Crisis. Pakistan has hosted millions of Afghan refugees since the 1980s, with varying
degrees of success in their integration. However, the presence of refugees has strained
Pakistan's resources and created social tensions

2. Economic relations:
a. Trade and Economic Cooperation:

Afghanistan is an important economic partner for Pakistan, primarily through cross-border trade.
Pakistan is one of Afghanistan's largest trading partners, and Afghanistan is an important
market for Pakistan's goods. The trade mainly consists of agricultural products. construction
materials, and textiles.

Example. Trade Routes. The Torkham and Chaman border crossings facilitate a significant
portion of trade between the two countries. Pakistan is Afghanistan's main transit route for trade
with Central Asia, and the development of infrastructure such as roads and railways along these
routes has been key for both economies

b. Energy and Infrastructure Projects:

Pakistan has been involved in numerous infrastructure and energy projects in Afghanistan.
These projects are designed to enhance bilateral ties and provide mutual economic benefits.
Projects such as the TAPI pipeline (Turkmenistan, Afghanistan-Pakistan-India) are part of this
broader cooperation.

Example: TAPI Pipeline: This ambitious project aims to bring natural gas from Turkmenistan to
Pakistan through Afghanistan. The pipeline project is expected to significantly reduce energy
shortages in Pakistan while also providing Afghanistan with much-needed revenue

3. Social and Cultural Relations:

a. Ethnic and Cultural Ties:

Pakistan and Afghanistan share cultural and ethnic ties, especially among the Pashtun
population, which spans both countries. These shared cultural elements help foster deeper
people- to - people connections, despite the political and security challenges
Example: Pushtun Belt The Pashtun tribes living along the Durand Line share common
trace(Pashto) and traditions. This shared heritage contributes to the waste beween Pakistan
and Afghanistan, with many individuals and families having relatives on both sides of the border.

b.Migration and Refugees

Pakistan has been home to millions of Afghan refugees over the decades, especially during the
Soviet Afghan War (1979-1989) and the Afghan Civil War (1990s). This large refugee population
has contributed to Pakistan's social and cultural landscape but also placed strain on its
resources.

Example

Afghan Refugees in Pakistan: Pakistan hosts approximately 1.4 million Afghan refugees
(according to UNHCR), which has created challenges in terms of education, healthcare, and
economic integration. Additionally, the Afghan refugee population has played a role in Pakistan's
labor market, especially in industries like construction and agriculture.

C. Terrorism and Militancy:

One of the primary challenges in Pakistan-Afghanistan relations is the issue of terrorism and
militancy. Both countries face threats from extremist groups such as the Tehrik-i Taliban
Pakistan (TTP), which operates from Afghan territory, and other factions with

cross-border support.

Example

Terrorism from Afghan Soil: The TTP, an umbrella organization of militant groups, has been
involved in terrorist activities within Pakistan, often using Afghan soil for safe havens. Pakistan
has repeatedly requested that Afghanistan's Taliban government take action against these
groups, but progress has been

Historical Factors Causing Strained Relations Between

Afghanistan and Pakistan:

The Durand Line Dispute:

One of the most significant and long-standing issues between Afghanistan and Pakistan is the
Durand Line, a border drawn by the British in 1893 to demarcate the territories of
Afghanistan and British India (later Pakistan). The line stretches across the Pashtun tribal areas,
dividing ethnic Pashtuns, who live on both sides of the border.

Afghanistan's Stance: Afghanistan has never formally recognized the Durand Line as the
official border, arguing that the British imposed it without the consent of the Afghan rulers. This
issue remains a major point of contention.
Impact. The dispute has led to border tensions and military confrontations over the years.
Afghanistan's lack of recognition of the Durand Line has also affected Pakistan's security,
particularly due to the Pashtun population's cross-border ties and allegiances.

The Afghan Soviet War (1979-1989):

The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 had a major impact on Pakistan-Afghanistan

relations. Pakistan, with U.S. and Saudi backing, supported the Afghan mujahideen fighters
against the Soviet forces. This intervention created a series of consequences that continue to
affect their relations.

Mujahideen's Support for Pakistan's involvement in supporting the Afghan resistance during the
Soviet-Afghan war contributed to the rise of the Taliban in the 1990s, further complicating
relations.

Refugee Crisis: The Soviet invasion resulted in millions of Afghan refugees fleeing to Pakistan.
The large influx of refugees has strained Pakistan's resources and infrastructure, creating both
social and economic pressures.

The Rise of the Taliban and the 1990s Civil War:

The 1990s were a turbulent period for Afghanistan, with civil war between various Alghan
factions after the Soviet withdrawal. Pakistan played a key role in supporting the Taliban in their
rise to power, hoping to create a sympathetic government in Kabul that would be aligned with
Pakistan's strategic interests.

Pakistan's Support for the Taliban: Pakistan's support for the Taliban was

based on its desire to have a friendly government in Afghanistan that would allow for trade and
energy routes through Afghanistan into Central Asia. The Taliban's victory in 1996 was initially
seen as a victory for Pakistan's influence in Afghanistan Between
Afghan Resistance to Pakistan's Influence:
However, the Taliban's rise also exacerbated existing tensions between Afghanistan and
Pakistan. Afghanistan's Northern Alliance (an anti-Taliban coalition) had more ties with India,
which led to hather antagonism between Pakistan and Afghanina Pated the lost of influence in
Kabut

4. The Post-9/11 Era:

The U.S. invasion of Afghanistan in 2001, following the September 11 attacks another turning
point in the relationship. Pakistan became a crucial ally for the United States in the War on
Terror, which involved the Taliban and other extremist groups operating from Afghanistan.

Pakistan's Role in the War on Terror. Pakistan's involvement in the US-led

The war in Afghanistan put the country in a difficult position, trying to balance relations with the
U.S. and its historical support for the Taliban

Cross-Border Militancy: During the post-9/11 period, many Al-Qaeda Taliban

Fighters and other militants fled to Pakistan's border regions. The presence of militant groups in
Pakistan's tribal areas led to tensions, as Afghanistan accused Pakistan of harboring Taliban
fighters who launched attacks on the Afghan government.

Pakistan's Foreign Policy towards Afghanistan After 9/11

After 9/11, Pakistan aligned itself with the United States in the War on Terror, a move driven by
the desire to avoid global isolation and to gain military and economic aid. Pakistan provided
logistical and intelligence support to U.S. operations in Afghanistan, allowing the use of air
bases and sharing key information. However, this cooperation was clouded by allegations of a
"double game," as Pakistan's intelligence agency, I was accused of maintaining ties with Taliban
factions to preserve its influence in post-war Afghanistan. Pakistan's foreign policy was caught
in a difficult balancing act-supporting U.S. counterterrorism efforts while also backing the Afghan
Taliban as a strategic asset. Additionally, Pakistan had to manage the consequences of regional
instability, including the burden of over 3 million Afghan refugees, which strained domestic
resources and intensified social and security challenges. This dual-track approach not only
complicated Pakistan's relations with the U.S. and Afghanistan but also impacted its regional
and global credibility.

The Rise of Taliban and Its Impact on the TTP and Pakistan:

The rise of the Taliban to power in Afghanistan in 2021 has had significant consequences for
Pakistan and its ongoing struggle with the Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan a Pakistani militant group.
The dynamics of the TTP's activities and Pakistan's security policies have evolved in response
to the Taliban's resurgence, leading to both

Increased threats and opportunities for Pakistan

1. The Taliban's Role in the TTP's Re-emergence

The Taliban's return to power in Afghanistan created a strategic environment that benefited the
TTP, leading to a resurgence of militancy along the Afghanistan-Pakistan border. Safe Haven for
TTP:

The Taliban has historically provided sanctuary to various militant groups, including the TIP. As
the Taliban seized control of Afghanistan, many TTP militants, including their leadership, sought
refuge in Afghan territory.

The TTP's leadership has reportedly been based in Afghanistan under Taliban protection, using
the country as a launchpad for cross-border attacks into Pakistan.

Example: Cross-border Attacks: In the years following the Taliban's takeover, the TTP launched
multiple attacks across the Durand Line (Pakistan-Afghanistan border), destabilizing the region.
Many of these attacks were planned and executed from Afghan soil, with the Taliban either
urable or unwilling to stop them

2. The Taliban's Influence on TTP's Strategy and Operations

The Taliban's success in overthrowing the U.S.-backed Afghan government had a direct impact
on the TTP's tactics, making the group more aggressive and confident.

Increased Militancy:

The TTP, inspired by the Taliban's victory, became more emboldened. The Taliban's rise sent a
signal that it was possible to overthrow foreign-backed governments, and the TTP began to
escalate its own activities in Pakistan, especially in tribal regions and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.
Affairs

The FTP started operating more freely in border areas with Afghanistan, focusing on attacks on
Pakistani military installations, government officials, and infrastructure projects.

TTP's Renewed Efforts for a Parallel Governance:

With the Taliban establishing an Islamic Emirate in Afghanistan, the TIP sought implement a
similar model in Pakistan, with the ultimate aim of creating Islamic state

The TTP's objectives have aligned more closely with the Taliban's vision, and the group has
expressed its intent to continue fighting for the imposition of stric Sharia law in Pakistan.
How Pakistan Can Ensure a Good Relationship with Afghanistan
Amidst the TTP Challenge:

Given the rise of the Taliban in Alghanistan and the increased activities of the Tehrik i-Taliban
Pakistan (TTP), Pakistan faces a complex challenge in maintaining a postin relationship with its
neighboring country, Afghanistan. This relationship must balanos diplomatic military, and
economic strategies to ensure peace, stability, and metu cooperation while addressing security
threats posed by cross-border militancy.

1. Diplomatic Solutions

1.1. Engage in Bilateral Dialogue

Open and continuous dialogue between Pakistan and Afghanistan is critical Both nations must
develop trust through regular diplomatic channels to addres concerns related to security and
economic cooperation.

Pakistan can use diplomatic engagement to press the Taliban to take actio against the TTP,
emphasizing that Afghanistan's stability depends on cooperative relations with Pakistan.

1.2. Leverage Multilateral Diplomacy

Pakistan should continue to push for international involvement in resolving the tensions between
the two countries. Utilizing international platforms like the United Nations or the Shanghai
Cooperation Organization (SCO) could he facilitate dialogue and cooperation, bringing support
to the issue of cross border militancy. Involving countries like China, which has good relations
with both Pakistan and Afghanistan, in diplomatic talks could bring additional leverage and
ensure pressure on the Taliban to address the TTP threat.

1.3. Use of Soft Power

Promoting people-to-people contact, cultural exchange programs, and educational cooperation

can help reduce hostilities and build a positive perception between the citizens of both countries
Pakistan can provide humanitarian aid and support in Afghanistan's post-conflict reconstruction,
fostering goodwill and strengthening bilateral ties. Additionally, collaborative projects related to
healthcare, education, and community development could soften tensions.

2. Military Solutions

2.1. Enhanced Border Security

Pakistan must ensure effective control over its border with Afghanistan to prevent the movement
of militants, particularly TTP fighters, across the Durand Line.

Strengthening the Durand Line Fence and installing advanced surveillance systems would be
crucial to monitor cross-border activities. This would prevent militant infiltration into Pakistan and
allow better tracking of insurgents.

2.2. Military-to-Military Cooperation

Pakistan should seek to establish military cooperation agreements with Afghanistan, ensuring
that the Afghan military works with Pakistan to combat cross-border insurgencies. This
cooperation could include intelligence-sharing on militant groups and joint military operations to
neutralize the TTP.

Pakistan can also offer training and equipment to the Afghan military to bolster its capacity to
tackle insurgents on its soil.

Pressure and incentives can be applied through diplomatic and military channels to ensure that
the Taliban regime takes action against TTP camps operating in Afghanistan, as their
cooperation is crucial in eradicating the cross-border threat

2.3. Strategic Deterrence and Preemptive Strikes

Targeted military operations could be conducted if Afghanistan refuses to act on intelligence

about TTP sanctuaries within its borders. Pakistan could resort to precision strikes against
militant hideouts in a limited manner to disrupt TTP's operations, although this would risk
escalating tension.
Pre-Partition (Before 1947)
•The Durand Line (1893)
Mortimer Durand, a British diplomat of the Indian Civil Service, and Abdur Rahman
Khan, the Afghan Emir.
•Afghanistan initially opposed the creation of Pakistan during the partition of British India
in 1947.
1. Pashtun Nationalism
2. Concerns over the Durand Line
•Hijrat Movement of 1920

Durand Line (2640 km)

Post-Partition Era of Good Relations (1947-73)

•Afghanistan was a monarchy (Last King: Zahir Shah, 1933-73)
•Afghans opposed Pakistan’s bid for UN membership.
•1964: Creation of PDPA
•PDPA: Khalq (Nur M Taraki & Hafizullah Amin)
+ Parcham (Babrak Karmal)
Sardar Daoud Khan & PDPA (1973-78)•1973: Sardar Daoud Khan seized power. (Vocal
supporter of Pashtunistan)

•1976-78: Afghanistan-Pakistan Summits

•1978: Saur Revolution (Nur Muhammad Taraki)
•1979: Hafizullah Amin overthrew the Taraki government.
•1979: The Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan and placed Babrak Karmal in charge

Current issues between Pakistan and

Afghanistan
Security Concerns:
Through CPEC, Pakistan is going to connect with many countries, so security is very important

Trade Border:
Torkham, Ghulam, chaman*. Both countries are trade-dependent on each other. Pakistan is the
3rd biggest exporter.

Diplomatic Ties:
●​ Jan 2023 back door diplomacy
●​ Dec 2023 Dera Ismail Khan attack- Afghan soil used against Pakistan
●​ 2024 Torkham border closed-visa restriction for drivers.
●​ May 2023 Doha talks 1,2,3 in Qatar
●​ Pakistan strike

Trade and border management (100,000$ daily loss according to the

diplomat report)
●​ Afghan-Pak trade agreement 2010 (extension of 1965 trade agreement, duty-free import
from Afghanistan, 10% customs fee, trade disturbance, smuggling infiltration.
 ●​ Security concerns and Attacks: Operation Azm-i-istehkam (counter terrorism campaign),
air trade in Afghanistan by Pakistan, because the TTP network operates in Afghanistan,
TTP is connected to attacks in Pakistan
●​ Bisham attack on the Chinese on 20th March 202

Political Deadlock
Doha Talks 1,2,3

Afghan Refugee Crisis

1.7 million registered refugees, 5 lac went back, international humanitarian org
Common Issues
Polio, trade, insatiable region, central relation connectivity.

Refugee Crisis
3-7 million refugees in Pakistan (UNHCR)
1.3 million are registered
Initially told to leave by 31st Oct 2023
Around 0.6 million left

Transit trade
1965: Afghanistan Transit Trade Agreement
2010: APTTA
-Counter-smuggling initiatives
-Rail, Road, and airports
-One-sided
-APTTCA
-Customs facilities
-Access of Pakistan to CARS
•Smuggling of dollars to Afghanistan

•Smuggling of cars and goods

•Durand line issue
-16 Feb 2024: Afghanistan Will Never Recognize Durand Line as Border:
Stanikzai, Afghan Deputy FM
•Terrorism

-60 pc rise in terror attacks in Pakistan in 2 years (Kakar)

-Terror incidents in Balochistan (Panjgur, Nushki, Sui, Zhob (12 sldrs) Gwadar
(14 sldrs), Pre-Elections), in KPK (DI-Khan, Tirrah valley IBO, South Waziristan,
Recently in Bannu), in Punjab (PAF base MM Alam, Mianwali).
-TTP safe havens in Afghanistan
-Against the Doha Agreement 2020
-Verbal altercations between Pak-Afghan officials
-14 out of 23 suicide attacks in Pakistan during 2023 by Afghan nationals
(Caretaker IM)
-Pakistan launched airstrikes inside Afghanistan on 18 March 2024
Way Forward
•Diplomatic engagement
•Focus on trade APTTA
•Focus on uplifting the general public
•Afghanistan must comply with international obligations
•Afghanistan should not become a sanctuary for terrorists
•Social interaction between people of both countries
•Better border management
•Solving the Durand-line issue
•Regional countries must ensure that Afghanistan complies with the conditions of the
Doha Agreement
•Talks on Water Issue

DURAND LINE:
1893 International border line between Afghanistan and British India. The 1907 agreement
between the British and russian empires and russian recognized that Afghanistan was under
British influence and promised that Russia would stay away. In 1947 Duard Line became a
permanent border. 38% of afg ethnicity is Pashtun, and KPK of Pakistan also has Pashtun

Contemporary issues between Afghanistan and Pakistan

PAST PAPER

🌐 CSS Past Paper Questions (Pakistan-Afghanistan Relations)

1.​ CSS International Relations 2022:​

○​ "Critically examine the role of Afghanistan in the foreign policy of Pakistan.

What are the implications of the Afghan peace process for Pakistan?"​

2.​ CSS Current Affairs 2021:​

 ○​ "Discuss the implications of the US withdrawal from Afghanistan on
Pakistan’s security and foreign policy."​

3.​ CSS Pakistan Affairs 2020:​

○​ "Explain the dynamics of Pakistan-Afghanistan relations in the post-9/11

era."​

4.​ CSS Current Affairs 2019:​

○​ "Analyze the impact of instability in Afghanistan on Pakistan’s internal and

external security policies."​

5.​ CSS International Relations 2018:​

○​ Discuss the role of Pakistan in the Afghan peace process. How far has
Pakistan been successful in achieving regional peace?"​

📘 PMS Past Paper Questions (Pakistan-Afghanistan Relations)

1.​ PMS Current Affairs Punjab 2021:​

○​ "Evaluate Pakistan’s role in the Doha peace talks about its relations with
Afghanistan and the Taliban."​

2.​ PMS General Knowledge 2020 (GK/Current Affairs):​

○​ "What challenges does Pakistan face from the instability in Afghanistan

after the Taliban takeover?"​

3.​ PMS International Relations KP 2019:​

○​ "Critically evaluate the Durand Line issue in the context of

Pakistan-Afghanistan relations."​

4.​ PMS Pakistan Affairs 2018:​

○​ "Discuss Pakistan’s policy and how it has evolved since the Soviet
invasion of 1979."​