Wireless Networks

https://doi.org/10.1007/s11276-023-03586-0 (0123456789().,-volV)(0123456789().
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ORIGINAL PAPER

A review on bandwidth enhancement techniques and band-notched

characteristics of MIMO-ultra wide band antennas
Lovish Matta1 • Bhanu Sharma1 • Manish Sharma1

Accepted: 6 November 2023

Ó The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2023

Abstract
Ultra-Wide Band (UWB) technology has a bright future because it has unique characteristics, that can deliver efficient
transmission of data across localized distances with less energy lost. In today’s scenario, due to tremendous advancement
in wireless communication systems, UWB technology has shown to be an effective strategy to replace conventional
wireless technologies. Mobile users on the move benefit from high-speed web access and digital assistants made possible
by wireless technologies. Most communication applications are covered by the Ultra-wideband spectrum (3.1–10.6 GHz).
Small and low-cost antennas can deliver high efficiency in both time and frequency domains. In emerging wireless
systems, especially Ultra-Wide Band Multiple Input Multiple Output based terms, the trend has been to design compact
and low-profile integrated circuits that are functional with portable wireless devices. In order to meet mobile network
requirements, UWB-MIMO technology platforms have antenna parts that are simple, small, and have appropriate impe-
dance bandwidth and isolation UWB with MIMO resulted in a high data rate and overcame the multipath propagation
problem. The primary goal of this review is to compare and contrast various UWB-MIMO technologies-based antennas
with enhanced isolation approaches and band rejection techniques on a single platform.

Keywords Diversity gain (DG)  Envelope correlation coefficient (ECC)  Multiple input multiple-output (MIMO) 
Total active reflection coefficient (TARC)  UWB

1 Introduction technology has defendable development potential Different

applications are most commonly used in the UWB spec-
UWB technology gives a wide range of communication in trum for high data rate transmission. As WLAN objective
the field of wireless communication by putting back to is 600 Mb/s by the use of UWB technology [1–4]. A wide
short-wired communication. UWB Technology gained range of UWB antennas has been designed [5]. So high-
more popularity in terms of future trending technology bandwidth wireless solutions are required to facilitate
with high data rate transmission. As per the regulation connections and media exchange. Video streaming differs
given by FCC, frequency ranges from 3.1 to 10.6 GHz for from other web applications in that it relies on streaming
the UWB in Fig. 1. In Wireless areas such as automation rates. Wireless service providers are introducing more
security, imagination communication and sensors, UWB video streaming services for users. However, a significant
issue with video streaming is the occurrence of multipath
fading. To address this problem, UWB-MIMO technology
& Manish Sharma operating in the UWB frequency range offers a solution to
manishengineer1978@gmail.com;
manish.sharma@chitkara.edu.in mitigate multipath fading. Additionally, wireless service
providers face the challenge of ensuring an accept-
Lovish Matta
Lovish.matta@chitkara.edu.in able quality of experience for users. To tackle this chal-
lenge, they are implementing network resource
Bhanu Sharma
Bhanu.sharma@chitkara.edu.in optimization and MIMO technology to deliver uninter-
rupted services and maximize content delivery to wireless
1
Chitkara University Institute of Engineering and Technology, users [6]. To accomplish high data rates, UWB with MIMO
Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India

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Fig. 1 UWB power allocation spectrum [12]

Technology gives the dynamically change in the utilization

of wireless communication. As by using UWB-MIMO
Technology data transmission rate achieved up to 1 Gb/
Fig. 2 A diagrammatic representation of a SISO and b MIMO
sec, but for high-speed communication and high-capacity
data rate researchers focused on MIMO with Ultra-Wide
and travel several paths to reach their destination when the
Band technology.
field comes into contact with barriers such as hills, and
UWB technology enables a wide range of services
buildings. The delayed arrival of disbanded parts of the
including higher data rates and lower power consumption,
signal can create a variety of reception issues, including
but it does not eliminate the fading problem. A combina-
fading. In digital communications systems transmission of
tion of UWB-MIMO technology gives rise to multiple
data can be slowed down as a result, and the number of
transmitters and receivers that function simultaneously and
errors that occur can also rise [13].
helps to overcome the data accuracy [7–9].
UWB-MIMO technology also putting the antenna
1.2 MIMO technology (multiple input multiple
smaller in size. Antenna function on UWB spectrum helps
outputs)
to improve multipath Propagation results more accuracy
[10]. By Increasing the spectrum efficiency MIMO tech-
The use of more than one antenna at either end of a
nology enhanced channel capacity (bits/Hz). Channel
transmission or reception to boost signal strength is known
capacity for the MIMO antenna is given by Eq. (1) [11].
   as Multiple Input MO Technology in Fig. 2(b). Smart
SINR antenna technology comes in a variety of ways. Multiple
C MIMO ¼ Log det I M R þ HH H ð1Þ
MT Input MO technology has gotten a lot of buzz in the
wireless world because it allows for considerable gains
where MT, MR, IMR,and H are no. of Transmitter, Recei-
data throughput and link range without requiring more
vers, Identity Matrix and Channel gain Matrix of
capacity or transmitting power. To accomplish this goal,
dimension.
higher spectral efficiency and connection dependability or
diversity are utilized. Because of these characteristics,
1.1 SISO (Single input single output)
multiple-input, and multiple-output, is a key component of
advanced wireless technologies. Multiple Input MO can be
A single transmitter and single receiver communication
broken down into its three fundamental subtypes: precod-
system refer to SISO as depicted in Fig. 2(a). SISO is the
ing, spatial multiplexing (also known as SM), and diversity
most straightforward form of Antenna technology. Certain
coding. When taken to its most literal definition, precoding
circumstances, SISO systems are unfortified to the chal-
is identical to multi-stream beamforming [9]. Beamform-
lenges that are being caused by multipath propagation. The
ing’s benefits include a reduction in multipath fading and
wavefronts of an Electromagnetic field (EM field) disperse

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an increase in received signal strength, both of which are techniques for improving isolation, including parasitic
achieved by the constructive combination of signals from elements, Decoupling structures, Defected Ground Struc-
several antennas. [13, 14]. tures (DGS), Neutralization lines (NL), Electromagnetic
Bandgap Structures, Complementary Split Ring Resonators
1.3 MIMO communication and lastly Metamaterials and it compares and contrasts the
effectiveness of each technique [15].
In MIMO, there is the potential for multiple transmitting
antennas, which means that the signal can be sent by an 2.1 Decoupling structures
antenna and, as a result, can travel back to the receiving
end as shown in Fig. 2(b). Because the route that the signal Decoupling structure in MIMO antenna systems is used to
takes is reliant on where the antenna is located, the route achieve sufficient separation. They are developing a
will shift in response to even a slight modification to the mechanism for converting the cross-admittance term to a
antenna’s position. Multipath fading refers to the fading wholly fictitious quantity using step-up transmission lines
that occurs in a signal as a result of numerous pathways or discrete elements. To address the extended length of a
[14]. transmission line in a decoupling network, hybrid couplers
are used to implement lumped components, effectively
solving the space problem. Decoupling networks con-
2 Isolation techniques structed with lumped elements are not suitable for fre-
quencies below 700 MHz The frequent use of Decoupling
The coupling between the antenna elements is increased Networks (DN) is due to their spatial efficiency advantage.
when they are placed in such proximity to one another. To While conventional DNs have the drawback of limited
ease the amount of coupling that occurs between the bandwidth, a broader bandwidth is achieved in a DN by
antenna parts and to improve the isolation, several different utilizing parallel resonant circuits, making it well-suited for
isolation strategies need to be implemented. In this paper, confined spaces like mobile devices [16]. Certain decou-
an analysis of the many different strategies for isolating pling approaches can significantly cut down on mutual
was carried out as shown in Fig. 3. It examines a variety of losses, however, they do so at the risk of increasing ohmic
losses. By cancelling the initial interference and con-
structing an extra coupling pathway, the isolating approach
minimizes reciprocal coupling and enhances far-field
characteristics. This is accomplished by creating additional
coupling pathways [17]. Multiple-Input Multiple-Output
(MIMO) technology can benefit from the adoption of a
decoupling structure to increase isolation in a number of
ways, but the co depends on various factors. Cost can vary
depending on the precise MIMO antenna arrangement and
the quantity of antennas used. There may be a need for
larger or more complicated decoupling structures in larger
MIMO systems with more antennas.

2.2 Parasitic structures

Parasitic components are not directly connected to the

antennas. Instead, they are employed between the antennas
to produce a counteracting coupling field. This helps in
terminating some of the coupled fields, ultimately reducing
the overall interference on the target antenna. Additionally,
parasitic components are designed with the purpose of
controlling coupling, establishing isolation, and managing
the bandwidth [18]. The isolation between parts is
improved in this manner by creating an additional coupling
channel. Isolation is enhanced because a signal that enters
via one of the two coupling channels is countered by a
Fig. 3 Techniques to improve isolation signal that enters via the other coupling route. A

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decoupling component that is indirectly connected is interferences by offering a second route with the same
known as a parasitic element. Some examples of parasitic phase and amplitude as the first. As a result, narrowband
elements include a curved edging strip, a meandering neutralization lines are the most common in the literature.
groove, and a lateral parasite strip. The installation of The neutralization line is preferable for MIMO systems
parasitic elements must be done with great care [19]. Based with few antenna arrays. A neutralization line is a thin-
on the individual application, design complexity, materials walled metallic structure that removes the matching
utilized, and other considerations, the cost of implementing impedance and prevents antenna coupling [23].
parasitic structures to increase isolation in MIMO tech-
nology might vary significantly. 2.5 Metamaterials

2.3 DGS (Defected ground structures) Metamaterials (MTM) are employed for enhancing the
isolation between adjacent components due to their fre-
By positioning a Defected Ground Structure (DGS) below quency response featuring a band gap. These band gaps can
a transmission line, the electromagnetic fields (EMF) sur- effectively act as notch filters, preventing mutual interfer-
rounding the defect are nullified. The inductance effect ence among nearby antenna elements [22]. These materials
arises from the surface currents encircling the defect, while are characterized by their special electromagnetic property
the capacitance effect is induced by the electric fields in which is not found in natural materials and is designed with
proximity to the DGS [20]. On the antenna ground plane, two or more natural materials. Among the fundamental
Slots are introduced by DGS that is an innovative method Metamaterial structures, the most commonly utilized for
that is currently being investigated as a potential way to improving isolation between neighboring elements are
improve several MIMO and antenna system parameters. In Split-Ring Resonators (SRR) and Complementary Split
addition to this, it plays a significant part in the rise of Ring Resonators (CSRR). Moreover, Various types of
isolation. The slit, on the other hand, can increase back metamaterials are single negative, double negative, elec-
radiation while also promoting isolation. Both the ground tromagnetic, isotropic, anisotropic, chiral, photonic fre-
(GND) and the patch can have different kinds of slits quency-selective surface-based, terahertz, tunable, non-
carved into them to increase decoupling, shift frequencies, linear and tunable metamaterials. These provide enhance-
reduce footprint area, and enable multi-band operation. By ment in diversity gain, Envelope Correlation (ECC) and
preventing interference between neighboring components bandwidth [24].
and regulating the flow of current along the ground plane,
the printed slit performs the function of a band-stop filter 2.6 Electromagnetic bandgap structures (EBG)
[21]. There are multiple advantages to using a Defected
Ground Structure (DGS) to improve isolation in MIMO Through the regular positioning of individual units, an
(Multiple-Input Multiple-Output) technology, however the electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) configuration is created on
cost of installation might vary based on a number of the ground plane. Strong signal suppression is the outcome
parameters. The cost of implementation may be impacted of this configuration acting as a filter by blocking the
by the DGS design’s complexity, including its size, shape, passage of particular frequency bands. This suppression
and number of components. The design and composition of has a positive effect on reducing antenna interference
DGS may be influenced by the frequency range at which [25, 26]. Each unit in this EBG structure is positioned
the MIMO system works. Costs may vary depending on the between two antenna components like a mushroom. It
materials and designs needed for various frequency bands. functions as a band stop filter by successfully blocking
different frequencies by altering the size and arrangement
2.4 Neutralization lines of these unit cells.

To enhance isolation, a Neutralization Line (NL) can be 2.7 Complementary split ring resonators (CSRR)
employed. The current of the input element is evaluated at
a specific location where the impedance is at its lowest and With combined magnetic and electric interactions ema-
the current is at its highest. Subsequently, the phase of this nating from an LC resonator, this method offers an efficient
current is inverted by selecting an appropriate length for way of reducing mutual coupling. It provides a useful tool
the NL [22]. Waves of electromagnetic energy can be for improving isolation and filtration [27]. By strategically
transmitted from an antenna to another utilizing a neu- placing CSRRs (Complementary Split Ring Resonators) on
tralization line. By counter-coupling the elements, they the patch and aligning them symmetrically with the MIMO
attenuate interference on certain frequencies. Isolation antenna arrangement, which consists of two printed dipole
method such as ‘‘neutralization lines’’ cancels out antennas aligned perpendicular to one another, the

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impedance bandwidth is greatly increased. By successfully 3 Wideband multi-input multi-output

suppressing higher-order modes, these CSRRs serve as antenna with increased bandwidth
band-stop filters with negative permittivity features [28].
An improved level of isolation was achieved between the In this section, Different UWB MIMO antennas designed
antennas in a similar work using a slotted CSRR etched by researchers are discussed for bandwidth enhancement in
onto the ground plane. An approach known as space Table 2.
diversity use is used in this arrangement to modify the Different methods to improve parameters, like enhanc-
length of the slotted CSRR on the ground plane in order to ing bandwidth and isolation, have been classified. Addi-
maximize isolation [29]. tionally, Fig. 4 depicts the characteristics of UWB notch
Comparison of different methods for achieving better bands, both for a single band notch and for multiple-input
isolation by employing different isolation techniques by multiple-output (MIMO) configurations. As a result of the
researchers as shown in Table 1. need for various antenna designs to meet UWB criteria, the
FCC set aside a specific band of ultra-wideband (UWB)

Table 1 Comparison of different techniques for achieving better isolation

References Technique used Dimensions Isolation Advantages Disadvantages Antenna efficiency
(mm2) (dB)

[31] Parasitic 65 9 65 B 20 Better Isolation Different structures used A minimal reduction in

Structure Achieved like monopoles antenna, antenna efficiency, with only
quad-circular structures a 2% decrease in radiation
efficiency observed
[32] SRR/CSRR 13.5 9 34 [ 19 Compactness after Modification on Ground [ 82%
using SRR/CSRR Plane
[33] AMC-EBG 58 9 45 [ 15 EBG with spiral Radiation Efficiency 1–10% effected in
slots make effected due to EBG 3.8–5.1 GHz, 78.2% in
Structure Compact Structure another operating band
[34] AMC, UC-EBG 12 9 20 [ 15 Better Isolation, With addition of EBG, Almost equal to 80%
Band notch little distortions in
Characteristics radiation
[35] Neutralization 21 9 34 B 22 Good Impedance The lower frequency range More than 62% throughout
Lines matching, offers a broader operating band
Correlation below bandwidth than the
0.1 higher frequency range
[36] Neutralization 50 9 25 B 40 ECC less than 0.02 Requires minimal board 98% in operating band
Lines space for the
neutralization line
[37] SRR/ 60 9 48 [ 20 Wider bandwidth, Dual Techniques used to A moderate decline in antenna
Neutralization better isolation, improve isolation efficiency, resulting in a 7%
Lines triple notch band reduction in radiation
characteristics efficiency
[38] SRR 15 9 30 [ 20 Wider bandwidth SRR with T-shaped used to –
achieved improve Isolation
[39] CSRR 25 9 38 [ 15 Less mutual Metamaterial Structure, –
coupling, Arrayed design
Channel capacity
improved
[40] FSS Decoupling 38.2 9 26.6 [ 16 Better Isolation Metamaterial pattern –
Structure/DGS imposed on 400-m
silicon substrate
[41] Metamaterial 42 9 26 29 High Performance, No standard design 70% efficiency in the operating
High Isolation procedure established band
[42] SRR/DGS 40.5 9 40.5 [ 15 Better isolation, SRR/DGS used to improve [ 85%
Band notch, isolation
compact design

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 Table 2 UWB MIMO antenna with bandwidth enhancement
References Structures of Bandwidth enhanced UWB MIMO antenna Prototype of Bandwidth enhanced UWB MIMO antenna Frequency band

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[43] 2.9–12 GHz

[44] 3.1–11 GHz

[45] 2.95–12 GHz

References Structures of Bandwidth enhanced UWB MIMO antenna Prototype of Bandwidth enhanced UWB MIMO antenna Frequency band
[46] 3.04–10.87 GHz
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 Table 2 (continued)
References Structures of Bandwidth enhanced UWB MIMO antenna Prototype of Bandwidth enhanced UWB MIMO antenna Frequency band

[47] 3–11 GHz

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[48] 2.5–12 GHz

References Structures of Bandwidth enhanced UWB MIMO antenna Prototype of Bandwidth enhanced UWB MIMO antenna Frequency band
[49] 2.94–14 GHz

[50] 3.13–3.20 GHz

7.87–12.08 GHz

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 Table 2 (continued)
References Structures of Bandwidth enhanced UWB MIMO antenna Prototype of Bandwidth enhanced UWB MIMO antenna Frequency band

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[51] 3–12 GHz

References Structures of Bandwidth enhanced UWB MIMO antenna Prototype of Bandwidth enhanced UWB MIMO antenna Frequency band
[52] 2.68–12.50 GHz

[53] 3.0–12.4 GHz

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 Table 2 (continued)
References Structures of Bandwidth enhanced UWB MIMO antenna Prototype of Bandwidth enhanced UWB MIMO antenna Frequency band

[54] 3.1–20 GHz

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References Structures of Bandwidth enhanced UWB MIMO antenna Prototype of Bandwidth enhanced UWB MIMO antenna Frequency band
[55] 3.1–11 GHz

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dimensions (12 mm 9 19 mm). The antenna features a

printed elliptical radiator with two inverted L-shaped stubs
to introduce two notch bands with improved lower oper-
ating frequency. Elliptical radiating structures were favored
over circular or rectangular ones because of their ability to
support a large bandwidth in a compact size.
Two almost self-complementary monopole antennas
(QSCA) were designed for bandwidth enhancement [46].
Two radiating patches semi-circle shaped adorn on the top
of the substrate. The top surface of a QSCA is a semicir-
cular patch with a radius of 6 mm, while the bottom sur-
face is a cut ground plane with a radii of 9 mm (semi-circle
cut ground plane). A semicircular radiating patch with an
E-shaped slot is used for excellent isolation. To increase
isolation and bandwidth in the presence of high impedance,
the ground plane is slotted with a thin ground. An E-shaped
antennas used to enhance impedance matching by inserting
the antenna’s stub in the ground.
The working bandwidth is 3.4–11 GHz when a fence-
Fig. 4 Arrowhead chart detailing improvements in UWB antenna
type decoupling structure is used, which is incompatible
technology with UWB (3.1–10.6 GHz) systems. Impedance matching
and isolation improved by using L-shape parasitic branches
radio waves. In Table 2, the researchers presented a UWB- operating between 3.0 and 3.4 GHz [47]. The suggested
MIMO antenna that was developed using a range of tech- antenna’s resonance frequency (3.4–3.1 GHz) can be
niques aimed at expanding its bandwidth. The ground plane changed by employing parasitic branches in the shape of L.
of the monopole slot UWB antenna has been updated with parasitic branches are effective at reducing mutual cou-
two additional slots in [30] the manufacturer’s specifica- pling. Electromagnetic coupling allows the parasitic bran-
tions frequently use this term. In other words, the band- ches to create a resonant loop.
width can be raised from 9.27 to 9.33 GHz. Furthermore, To create a small, wideband MIMO antenna, two
the original monopole slot UWB antenna, which is used by modified P-shape with a lateral orientation of MIMO array
the vast majority of wireless communication services, can at 180 degrees to one another separated by 0.075° [48]. For
have its bandwidth increased from 9.27 to 9.47 GHz by more bandwidth, a P-shaped monopole is added to a rect-
Including a common electromagnetic band-gap structure angular strip that has been corrugated on both sides. For
(of the ‘‘mushroom’’) (CMT-EBG). increasing the impedance bandwidth of the antenna without
An antenna was designed on Kapton substrate having expanding its overall size, a semicircular monopole is
dimensions 22 9 31 9 0.125 mm3 in overall size. The outfitted with two semicircular slots to lengthen the
antenna’s size is shortened by half using a T-shaped ground effective surface current path.
stub that’s been tweaked to boost impedance performance The AFS-MIMO antenna is very compact, measuring
and boost isolation. Even further, a slot has been notch only 40 mm 9 40 mm in size, and is printed directly onto
across the middle of the T-shape stub to reduce coupling the same dielectric material as the unit element it employs
[43]. [49]. The antenna consisted of a 50 microstrip feedline on
A rectangular monopole antenna was introduced with one side and a spherical patch placed quasi inside a ground
dimensions are 25 9 35 9 0.8 mm3 having an FR4 sub- plane aperture. For higher-frequency impedance BW
strate plus a slot fed by two microstrip lines make up a expansion, the antenna feeding system incorporates a series
MIMO antenna [44]. Feeding the tapered slot antenna with of ten metal-filled holes.
a cyclic coupling structure is created to enhance impedance The feed ports of two antenna elements having dimen-
matching. sions 39 9 17.5 9 1 mm3 were designed in port 1 and port
For this antenna, CSRR and two L-shaped stubs were 2 shown in [50]. At the substrate’s uppermost layer, each
the key factor in the design process which is fed by a 50-X antenna element has a monopole and a parasitic resonant
impedance microstrip wire [45]. An FR4 substrate 1.6 mm element, and on the bottom layer, a ground plane with three
in thickness supports the antenna’s overall structure. This curved branches. The suggested deformed monopole is
antenna’s constructed prototype is created with small made up of a mushroom-shaped mixture of rectangular
(L1 9 W1) and circular (R1) stubs, and the distance

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between two MIMO antenna monopoles is L2. The excited entire module has a volume of 0.299 0.413 0.005 mm3
monopole couples the three branches on the ground when discussed in [55]. A single-element antenna is made out of
the simply deformed monopole is aroused. Branch 1 and a cup-shaped radiator that driven through a 50 X feed line.
branch 2 are loaded on the ground to boost bandwidth. The radiator is shortened along its perimeter so that the
Branch 1 and branch 2 expand the bandwidth of antenna current path can be improved, and as a result, a higher
elements by introducing resonance frequency in the lowest impedance bandwidth can be achieved.
band. The bandwidth of Antenna II is 3.26 to 3.32 GHz and A rectangular slot is integrated into the ground plane to
6.15 to 11.38 GHz, according to simulation results. enhance both bandwidth and impedance matching. The
A compact decoupling structure for the fence, in the introduction of this slot has substantially increased the
form of an 18 mm 9 28 mm hexagonal ring is shown in bandwidth by mitigating the impact of capacitance between
[51]. MIMO antenna employs a restricted ground surface the ground plane and the radiator.
which reduce the surface current to isolate the components. In the case of the monopole ultra-wideband Multiple-In
Ground 1’s is restricted ground plane and slot offer Multiple-Out antenna, there was a problem with interfer-
impedance matching and isolation. The scattered sections ence caused by the radiation of one antenna affecting the
aren’t well-separated. MIMO applications need more sep- others. However, through the implementation of redesigned
aration and bandwidth. Improve bandwidth and radiation ground structures, mutual coupling has been reduced, and
isolation. Two square projections have been made verti- identical antennas are now positioned orthogonally. This
cally from the Ground 2 ground plane. Surface wave cur- adjustment has resulted in a reduction in mutual coupling
rent is prevented by the vertical stub, which reduces mutual to below - 35 dB.
coupling.
The antenna was forged on an FR4 substrate with a
depth of 0.8 mm which is relatively inexpensive. (r = 4.3, 4 UWB MIMO antenna exhibiting features
tan = 0.025) discussed in [52]. On the front of the FR4 of band notches
substrate are two pieces made up of contour patches and
graded feeding lines. To increase the route length of the Band stop filters for use in (UWB) (MIMO) antennas are
current, a curved and E-shaped meandering pattern is introduced here, with examples for single, dual, triple, and
etched into the typical defective ground plane., allowing quad notches shown in Table 3.
the antenna to be smaller and have wider bandwidth. The Methods employed to attain band-notch features through
antenna’s bandwidth is increased even more by addition of the utilization of diverse geometries are illustrated in
two vertical branches to the shared enhanced ground plane. Fig. 5.
The antenna’s bandwidth is further broadened at lower There are numerous communication systems currently
frequencies by the addition of two U-shaped branches. It in use that use a UWB frequency spectrum lower than
has a frequency range of 2.75–11.50 GHz, that spans the 10.6 GHz. Such systems are IEEE 802.11 a WLAN system
FCC-designated band. or HIPERLAN operating at 5.15 to 5.825 within the UWB
The planned antenna is 1.6 mm thick and comprises of a frequency spectrum, which could lead to interference
rectangular metal patch and a rogers 3003 substrate r = 3.0, (Table 4).
tan h = 0.001 shown in [53]. To inspire CMs and increase To avoid such interferences, a filter with band stop
the bandwidth, a modified dual L-shaped structure loading characteristics may be united with an existing wireless
and feeding arrangement has been developed. system (UWB system) to attain a notch at a particular
Two distinct monopole elements share the same interfering frequency band. Few designs are represented by
decoupling structure and ground plane in the planned researchers here as review work consisting of single band
antenna [54]. The planned antenna measures and multiband notch.
18 9 26 9 1.6 mm3 in size. Based on a review of the above-said works, it is clear
The substrate material is Rogers R4350B, which has a that alphabetical slots tend to replace notch features. In
3.50 (r) dielectric constant and 0.004 loss tangent. A Table 5, we see a brief explanation of the various alpha-
1.6 mm substrate is used. First, a Koch fractal structure betical geometries employed for notch operation. Triple
was added to the monopole to increase the bandwidth. The band-notch features can also be generated by employing
central section is then rebuilt by two more portions of slotted geometries. We employ U type, and L-type slots.
comparable length, dividing it evenly into three halves. The whereas C-type and U-type slots are used to filter out the
Koch fractal’s initial iteration is also known as the Koch unwanted frequencies. After implementing a U-type feed
fractal’s generator. The proposed antenna module operates line slot and a set of concentric G-shaped slots, a triple
at 3.1 GHz and features two identical shapes of cup band-rejection function can be attained.
monopole radiator installed on a GML1000 substrate. The

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 Table 3 UWB MIMO antenna featuring both single-band and multiband notch characteristics
References Fabricated prototype Simulated and measured result Summary

123
[51] The notch in the X-band, which ranges from 7.70 to 8.43 GHz, was
manufactured by positioning the hexagonal-type ring parasitic slot stub in
the center of the backside of the radiator-III. An upper semi-hexagonal
parasitic slot resonator is built on the back of the radiator-IV at the top to
notch 10.5 GHz (10.3–10.98 GHz). This is done to prevent interference
from this frequency range

[56] Planar monopoles antenna 2 9 2 composed of two elements were proposed

and investigated. To strengthen the monopole element’s isolation in the
WiMAX frequency band, parasitic elements were inserted between it and
the other elements

[57] At 5.7 and 8.2 GHz, to produce dual notches, it was suggested to use a strip
in the shape of a trident that also contained a microstrip line. To improve
isolation and decrease mutual coupling, a rectangular slit is etched into the
ground. This creates the shape of a rectangle

[58] An efficient compact quad-notched band UWB-MIMO antenna was proposed

by the authors. L-shaped slots that are symmetrical, with a CSRR structure
and C-shaped stubs were used to create quad notches. Two perpendicular
elements were used to achieve great isolation
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 Table 3 (continued)
References Fabricated prototype Simulated and measured result Summary

[59] The author proposed a UWB-Multiple Input MO antenna with a notched

frequency of 4.98–5.96 GHz. To achieve good isolation, a stepped stub was
Wireless Networks

used. The notch band was accomplished using an open-circuit stub

[60] A notch in the form of a CSRR is cut and the radiating element used to
provide dual-band notch characteristics at Wi-MAX and W-LAN bands. By
using a unique Sierpinski Knopp fractal geometry antenna radiator is
miniaturized

[61] To help achieve WiMAX and WLAN band notches, the authors suggest using
antennas with Mushroom Electromagnetic Band Gap (EBG) architecture.
Uniplanar (?) shaped EBG structures are used for the band reject filter in
the X-band downlink satellite communication. Two closely spaced UWB
monopoles may be isolated from one another with the use of decoupled
strips and a slotted ground plane

[62] The X-band notch was intended to have an EBG structure in the form of a
uniplanar plus. For greater isolation between two separated UWB
monopoles, a slot on the ground plane and decoupling strips are used

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 Table 3 (continued)
References Fabricated prototype Simulated and measured result Summary

123
[63] A WLAN band-notch UWB–MIMO antenna, operating between 5.1 and
5.85 GHz, was suggested. This antenna is made up of two radiating patch
antennas connected by a gradual tapering-off line and manufactured on a
readily accessible FR-4 substrate. an open-ended stub is used to generate a
notched band on the ground plane

[64] The antenna has a frequency range of 1.2–19.4 GHz, employing a

‘‘Rectangular Complementary Split Ring Resonator (RCSRR)’’
construction and etched twin slits of L shape in the ground plane for band
rejection at 3.5 GHz and 5.5 GHz, respectively

[65] The projected antenna will have an extraordinarily broad frequency range of
8.6 GHz in the range of 2.0–10.6 GHz. After carefully carving a slit in the
form of ‘‘U-shape’’ onto the surface of the fractal radiators, a frequency
band-rejection centered at 3.5 GHz was achieved (Wi-MAX). A second
band-notch, centered at 5.2 GHz (W-LAN), has been achieved by including
horizontal stubs

[66] The patch width is lowered, while the ground’s length is adjusted to improve
density. As a result, it resonates at 6 GHz. Because of the incomplete
ground plane. The further step involves cutting away another patch in the
form of a right-angle triangle from the base of the patch antenna on the
right side. In the next stage, an oval-type curve is subtracted from the partial
grounded plane’s center to increase bandwidth
Wireless Networks
 Table 3 (continued)
References Fabricated prototype Simulated and measured result Summary

[67] The slot in the grounded structure results in a defected ground structure. The
plane having a rhombic DGS fault. The DGS is 26.6 9 26.6 mm2 in size,
Wireless Networks

and 47.72% of the plane is defective. The DGS performs the function of a
band rejection filtration by introducing extra capacitance and inductance,
for suppressing surface currents and improving antenna element isolation

[68] The two self-similar fractal planar monopole components are kept apart by a
ground stub in the form of a T. A T-type stub is used to modify the lower
frequency cut-off for the S11 from 4.37 to 3.23 GHz (for S11 10 dB). The
T-shaped ground stub acts as a reflector

[69] The first stage of the Antenna I design consists of placing two similar
components on a compact grounded plane in a parallel orientation. It is
possible to produce the frequency band of 7.8 GHz by integrating a certain
shape into the radiation patch

[70] By loading the CSRR structure on the radiation patch, the notch of the 3.22
3.97 GHz band is achieved. An asymmetric slot in the form of a J is slotted
in the grounded structured to create the WLAN band notch. A spiral gap is
embedded in the microstrip feeder to create the X-band notch

123
 Table 3 (continued)
References Fabricated prototype Simulated and measured result Summary

123
[71] Each antenna element’s ground plane is carved with a rectangular type
stepped slot and a z-type slot. The major radiator is the rectangular slot,
which is powered by a 50 micro-strip transmission line. The z-shaped slot,
on the other hand, functions as a filter that rejects the whole W-LAN
spectrum (5.15–5.85 GHz)

[72] A pair of L-type slots in the modified ground surface can be loaded to create a
single notch band antenna. To create a second UWB band notch, a small
rectangular stub is extended from the feeding line, and a T-type stub is
extended from the substrate’s underside

[73] The antenna is constructed from a pair of radiating components that are
connected to a pair of tapered microstrip feedlines. Notches are introduced
using two inverted L-typed slots for the (5.15–5.85) and (6.7–7.1 GHz)
frequency ranges

[74] To accomplish the band rejection capabilities of all parts, to create an LC, a
basic stub is created on the ground. The band rejection findings of the
suggested design are achieved in the 4.91 to 6.41 GHz frequency range
Wireless Networks
 Table 3 (continued)
References Fabricated prototype Simulated and measured result Summary

[75] To achieve the rejected WLAN band in each antenna element, an LC notch
filter is constituted by a short piece of wire grounded to the ground plane
Wireless Networks

[76] The notched band in the WLAN frequency range (4.6–5.9 GHz) is made
using a tapered rectangular-shaped slot

[77] The radiation patches having a etched split ring resonator creates dual band
rejection at the 3.5 GHz and 5.5 GHz bands, respectively

[78] The antenna designed by authors with a U-type slot on the patch and at the
feed line, in addition to a line slot on the ground plane of length L1, we may
generate notch band characteristics. With bands rejection of 3.51–4.3 GHz,
5.5–5.6 GHz, and 8.4–8.88 GHz

123
 Table 3 (continued)
References Fabricated prototype Simulated and measured result Summary

123
[79] Two notched bands, known as wireless interoperability for microwave access
(Wi-MAX)/C-band and wireless local area network, may be produced from
a radiating patch by carving two elliptical holes onto the surface of the
patch

[80] All monopoles are band-rejected by using a current trapping method that
involves an L-C stub that is joined to the ground plane. With the proposed
band-rejection stub, the rejected frequency may be moved to the higher
frequency band by minimizing the stub, or to the lower band by
maximizing it, and the bandwidth of the rejected band can be regulated by
alteration the distance between the stub and the ground plane

[81] To eliminate frequency bands that are incompatible with one another at
3.95 GHz, 4.8 GHz, 5.35 GHz, 6.19 GHz and 8.4 GHz, a fork-type
radiator with two U type slots, an inverted u-shaped slot, complementary
SRR, and a pair of Z-shaped slots were designed

[82] The MIMO design process begins with an I-shaped stub attached to the back
of the substantially etched ground plane, resulting in frequency bands
operating between 2.3 and 7.69 GHz and 8.81 and 15 GHz, but the design
is unable to span the entire UWB band. The stub in the I shape changed into
a stub in the shape of a T in the next generation to cover the missing
frequency bands of the UWB spectrum while also ensuring port isolation
Wireless Networks
 Table 3 (continued)
References Fabricated prototype Simulated and measured result Summary

[83] To achieve a notched band with a frequency range of 4.37–5.95 GHz, the
antenna element has a stub of T shape and sickle-shaped open-ended half-
Wireless Networks

guided resonator slots inserted into it. To get the 6.52–7.42 GHz notch
band, a slot is added to the radiating patch’s bottom edge

[84] The antenna has a dual-band notched feature in the 5.45–5.85 GHz frequency
and the 7.15–7.95 GHz downlink channel for satellite communication. A
single Elliptical type Split Ring Resonator (ESSR) was employed next to
the feeding structure of the radiated element, & a couple of ‘‘Y’’-type strip
was deployed inside the rounded ring of each radiating element

[85] Two orthogonal circle patches make up the antenna. The patches have both a
ringed slot and a rectangle slot added to them, which results in the creation
of two notched bands

[86] The C-slot on the inside can filter WiMAX signals, the C-slot on the outside
can filter WLAN signals, and the T-slot provides a notched band for X-band
systems that ranges from 7.9 to 9.6 GHz

123
 Wireless Networks

isolation are achieved. The first resonance is at 3.5 GHz

C- [58],[86]
and another is at 5.5 GHz. In [35] proposed antenna con-
Shaped sists of trident shape strips on a top layer and a ground
plane with stepped slots is the bottom layer. A T-shaped
slot and trident-shaped strips result from dual band rejec-
U- [65],[78] tion at 5.7 GHz and 8.2 GHz. The authors proposed an
Shaped [81] antenna on FR4 substrate are fabricated in [36]. Two
similar antennas are used in the system and each antenna
comprises a patch that is half a circle, half an ellipse, with a
L- [58],[64],
semicircular ground plane and a tapered microstrip feed
Shaped [72],[73] line for increased impedance bandwidth. With L-shaped
slots, A notch at 3.5 GHz (WiMAX) is achieved. CSRR is
Z/T- [68],[72], employed to achieve a notch at 5.8 GHz for upper WLAN
and 5.2 GHz for lower WLAN. Pair of C-shaped stub to
Shaped [83],[86] filter X band. An FR4 substrate is used in the design of the
UWB MIMO antenna proposed in [37]. In this design, a
J/I- [70],[81] stepped type stub is extended symmetrical from the
Shaped [82] grounded plane at an angle of 45° results wideband char-
acteristics. By inserting the step stub, isolation becomes
SRR [60],[77], better than 20 dB throughout the whole UWB. An antenna
Slot/Ellipti is formed by a metallic disc which is suitable for mobile
cal [81],[84] printed circuit board (PCB) discussed in [38]. Two small
rectangular slots are being employed for better impedance
matching. A UWB MIMO system comprises of two 90°
EBG [61],[62] angularly separation of semicircular stepped monopole
decouples networks. Stepped monopoles result from
impedance matching by increasing the length. Mushroom
Rectangu [51],[63] EBG structure is employed here to obtain triple notches in
lar Slot [69][74] the satellite communication band [40]. A UWB MIMO
quintuple band-notched antenna is presented in [41]. Four
notch bands were generated by applying four up-side down
Ringed [76],[85] L slots to the radiator. For miniaturization, half cutting
Slot method is used. A WLAN notch filter antenna is designed
on an FR4 substrate proposed in [42]. For isolation
Fig. 5 Techniques used for obtaining band notch characteristics enhancement antenna is circular with triangular notched
patches. To obtain orthogonal radiation patterns and
5 UWB-MIMO antennas based wideband characteristics, two staircase-shaped radiating
on the isolation method element UWB MIMO antennae have been proposed [43].
Each antenna element incorporates RCSRR to achieve a
This section describes various UWB-MIMO antennae and band notch frequency centered at 3.5 GHz. To improve
comparative analyses of notch frequency, Diversity Gain, isolation, T shaped parasitic element has been adding in the
Isolation technique, size, TARC, and ECC in Table 3. An middle of the structures. The ground plane has been
analysis of the many different strategies for isolating was modified to include two L-shaped slots to obtain a second
carried out as shown in Fig. 3. Table 4 provides a detailed notched band with 5.5 GHz. In [45] two hexagon-shaped
examination of various enhancement parameters aimed at patch antennas with partial ground plane and DGS make up
achieving improved isolation. the suggested structure, which is separated from one
An [56] antenna having dimensions another by 8 mm. In between a parasitic element and
25 9 38 9 1.6 mm3 comprises of microstrip feedline two E-shaped tree structure which boosts isolation to 17.5 dB
planar monopole antennas, two L-shaped, one U-shaped from 12 dB in the lowest band and 20 dB from 14 dB in
slot on the radiating patch and two parasitic elements the left band. In [46] study presents a small ultra-wideband
positioned on the converse side of the substrate. Due to MIMO antenna with band notch characteristics in the LTE-
parasitic elements, wide impedance band-width and high A-43, C-band and IEEE 802.11 ac spectrum. To take
advantage of orthogonal polarization, antenna elements are

123
 Table 4 Comparison of enhancement parameters of different UWB MIMO antennas
References Technique used Dimensions Band-width Isolation Notch TARC DG ECC Design
(dB) Frequency

[56] Slots 25 9 38 9 1.6 mm3 2.2–10.8 GHz - 30 dB 3.3–3.8 GHz 0.003

Wireless Networks

[57] T-shaped and Narrow slot 22 9 26 9 0.8 mm3 3.1–11.8 [ 20 5.4–5.86 GHz \ 0.03
7.6–8.4 GHz

[58] L-slots, C-stub 30 9 60 9 0.8 mm3 2.6–13 -25 3.5 GHz, \ 0.002
5.25 GHz,
5.8 and
7.5 GHz

[59] Stepped Stub 30 9 30 9 0.8 mm3 3.08–10.98 \ 20 4.98–5.96 GHz 9.51 dB \ 0.013

[91] UC-EBG (Uni-planar Electromagnetic 27.2 9 46 9 1.6 mm3 3.6–17.6 [ -18 2.5–3.57 GHz Lower than 10 0.018
Band Gap) 4.52–5.27 GHz 26 dB

6.91–8.91 GHz
8.57–17.59 GHz

123
 Table 4 (continued)
References Technique used Dimensions Band-width Isolation (dB) Notch Frequency TARC DG ECC Design

123
[92] Neutralization Line 23 9 31 9 1.6 mm3 2.4–17.9 [ -18 3.1–7.0 GHz Lower than \ 0.1 Lower than
26 dB 0.018

[60] Planar Decoupling Structure 93 9 47 9 1.6 mm3 3.1–10.6 - 31 dB

[93] CSRR Slot 40 9 40 mm2 2.6–10.6 20 dB 3.5 GHz 9.9 \ 0.07

(WiMAX)
5.4 GHz (WLAN)

[61] Mushroom EBG and One uni-planar 64 9 45 9 1.6 mm3 2.0–11.0 GHz More than 5-6 GHz (WLAN) \ 0.02
structure 15 dB 7.1–7.9 GHz (X-
Band)

[94] L-like meandered slot, C-shaped stub 22 9 28mm2 3.1–10.6 GHz - 20 dB 3.25–3.6 GHz \ 0.03
5.05–5.48 GHz
5.6–6 GHz
7.8–8.4 GHz
Wireless Networks
 Table 4 (continued)
References Technique used Dimensions Band-width Isolation (dB) Notch Frequency TARC DG ECC Design

[95] Half slot structure 31 9 31 9 1.6 mm3 2–10.6 GHz 15 dB WLAN \ 9.97 \ 0.005
LTE
Wireless Networks

[96] Grounded stub with a circular ring 20 9 34mm2 3.1–11 GHz 20 dB \ 0.2
resonator

[97] CSRR Elliptical Koch Fractal 58 9 58 9 0.8 mm3 3–13.5 GHz 22 dB 3.5–5.5 GHz \ 0.008

[98] Orthogonal quasi-circular slot 140 9 140mm2 2-10 GHz - 25 dB 0.003

[99] Defected Ground structure & U-shaped 40 9 40 9 1.52 mm3 3.18–11.5 GHz [ 15 dB \ 0.015
stub

123
 Table 4 (continued)
References Technique used Dimensions Band-width Isolation (dB) Notch Frequency TARC DG ECC Design

123
[100] Fractal antenna 36 9 63mm2 3–11 GHz B 22 3.3–3.7 GHz \ 0.01

[62] L-slots & T stepped stub 36 9 63 9 0.08 mm3 3 -11 GHz - 15 3.5,5.2,5.8,7.4,8.4 3 dB (DG) 0.03

[63] The open-end stub on a ground plane 36 9 22 9 1.6 mm3 3.1–11.2 GHz - 30 dB 5.1–5.85 GHz B 25 C 9.95 B 0.008

[101] Inverted U-shaped open loop 44 9 50 9 1.6 mm3 3–20 GHz - 20 dB 5.4 GHz B 10 9.98–10 B 0.1

[64] T shaped parasitic structure DGS 20 9 20mm2 1.2–19.4 GHz B 20 3.3–3.7, 5.15–5.85 \ 0.25
structure
Wireless Networks
 Table 4 (continued)
References Technique used Dimensions Band-width Isolation (dB) Notch Frequency TARC DG ECC Design

[102] L shaped Slots 21 9 27 9 0.8 mm3 3.1–10.6 GHz - 18 5.3 (WLAN) \ 0.03
3.15 (WiMAX)
Wireless Networks

5.8 (WiFi)
8.1 (X band)

[66] Hexagonal shaped 28 9 56mm2 2–13.3 GHz [ 20 WLAN, X-BAND B 10 0.04

[103] Dielectric Resonator, hemispherical 140 9 60mm2 WLAN 25 WLAN [ 9.99 0.002
shaped dielectric R

[67] Inverted-A Monopole, DGS 38.5 9 38.5 9 1.6 3.1–10.6 GHz - 37 LTE-A (3.8 GHz), 0.035
mm3 (9–4.2 GHz)

[68] Iterated function system 24 9 32mm2 3.1–12.5 GHz 16 9.4 GHz 9.9 \ 0.05

123
 Table 4 (continued)
References Technique used Dimensions Band-width Isolation (dB) Notch Frequency TARC DG ECC Design

123
[104] Two modified triangular-shaped printed 120 9 60 9 1.5 mm3 1–5 GHz 12.5
monopoles

[105] Rectangular stub 66 9 36mm2 2.6–12.5 GHZ B 20 5–6 GHz \ 0.002

[106] Bending Technique of feedline 30.1 9 20.5mm2 3–10.6 GHz - 25 dB

[107] Narrow slits on the Ground 38.3 9 38.3 9 0.8 3–13.2 GHz [ 17 0.02
mm3

[108] Hexagon molecule-shaped fractal 40 9 40 9 1.6 mm3 2.4–10.6 GHz [ 20 \ 0.02

structure

[69] S-CSRR 24 9 20 9 1.6 mm3 6–16 GHz 22 7–6-8.16 GHz [ 9.8 \ 0.07
13.8–14.4 GHz
Wireless Networks
 Table 4 (continued)
References Technique used Dimensions Band-width Isolation (dB) Notch Frequency TARC DG ECC Design

[70] CSR 35 9 30 9 1.6 mm3 3–11 GHz 30 3.22–3.97

4.94–5.84
Wireless Networks

7.25–7.86

[109] EBG Structure 30 9 30mm2 3–11 GHz B 20 [ 10 [ 9.9 0.001–0.006

[71] Rectangular stepped slot and Z-shaped 23 9 26 9 0.8 mm3 3.1–10.6 GHz - 24.5 (LB) 5.15–5.85 GHz Below
slot - 20(HB) 0.01

[72] CPW 81 9 87 9 1.6 mm3 3.03–10.74 GHz [ 20 4.8,7.7 \ 0.2

123
 Table 4 (continued)
References Technique used Dimensions Band-width Isolation (dB) Notch Frequency TARC DG ECC Design

123
[73] Two prototype microstrip lines 26 9 28 9 0.8 mm3 2.90–10.80 GHz - 15 5.05–5.86 GHz B 12 dB [ 9.95 \ 0.008
6.68–7.45 GHz

[74] L-C stub 50 9 50mm2 2–12 GHz B 17 4.91–6.41 GHz

[110] DGS 25 9 30 9 1.52 mm3 3.8–10.6 GHz - 25 9.8 \ 0.005

[75] L-C stub 50 9 25mm2 2–12 GHz B 17 4.9–6.4 GHz Less than - 8 \ 0.15

[111] DGS 58 9 58 9 1 mm3 2.9-40 GHz B 17 \ 0.04

Wireless Networks
 Table 4 (continued)
References Technique used Dimensions Band-width Isolation (dB) Notch Frequency TARC DG ECC Design

[112] Stubs and protruded strips 16 9 26mm2 2.82–14.45 GHz [ 22 Below - 10 dB Above 0.08
9.984
Wireless Networks

[113] DRA 48 9 48mm2 1.6–12.2 GHz 25 Approx \ 0.003

10

[114] Microstrip-fed slot antenna 150 9 75 9 1.6 mm3 2.5–10.2 GHz B 10 dB Less than -20 9.95 \ 0.007

[76] Self-Isolated double sided 28 9 28 9 1.6 mm3 3-13 GHz 20 dB 4.6–5.9 GHz &10 dB \ 0.004

[77] Split ring resonator 50 9 50mm2 2.4–11.4 GHz B 14 dB 3.5 GHz \ 0.3
(WiMAX)
5.5 GHz (WLAN)

123
 Table 4 (continued)
References Technique used Dimensions Band-width Isolation (dB) Notch Frequency TARC DG ECC Design

123
[50] Parasitic structure 39 9 17.5mm2 3.13–3.20 GHz [ 20 3.4–3.8 GHz \ 0.001
7.87–12.08 GHz (WiMAX)
4–7.87 GHz(C-
Band)

[115] EBG Cells 50 9 50mm2 2–11 GHz &25 dB Below 10 &10 dB \ 0.5
4.63–6.42 GHz

[116] Orthogonal symmetric tapered 35 9 35 9 0.8 mm3 4.4–7.3 GHz 21 dB 0.32 0.014
microstrip line

[117] Prism-shaped ground stub 31 9 18mm2 3–25 GHz B 27 Near to 10 0.002

[118] Novel circular ripple-shaped decoupling 41 9 41mm2 2.96–11.4 GHz B 20 8.75 \ 0.003
structure
Wireless Networks
 Table 4 (continued)
References Technique used Dimensions Band-width Isolation (dB) Notch Frequency TARC DG ECC Design

[79] T shaped stub 20 9 36 9 0.787 mm3 2.60–20.04 GHz - 25 WLAN/WiMAX/ [ -20 dB [ 9.95 \ 0.02
C
Wireless Networks

BAND

[51] Decoupling structure 54 9 54mm2 3-12 GHz [ 20 5 GHz/8 GHz/ [ 9.9 dB \ 0.015
10.5 GHz

[52] Meandered structure 25 9 39 9 0.8 mm3 2.68–12.50 GHz [ 20 WLAN/X-Band B 25 dB [ 9.6 \ 0.01

[87] T shaped corrugated strip 0.1k 9 0.20k 9 0.06k 1.30–40 GHz B 20 B 10 dB [ 9.99 B 20
mm3

[80] LC Stub 50 9 50mm2 2–12 GHz B 17 4.85–6.35 GHz B 8 dB \ 015

123
 Table 4 (continued)
References Technique used Dimensions Band-width Isolation (dB) Notch Frequency TARC DG ECC Design

123
[119] Slotted stubs 33 9 48mm2 2–13.7 GHz [ 20 9.85dBi \ 0.15

[120] Slot on ground 16 9 71.5 9 0.254 3.2–14 GHz B 22 [ 9.98 \ 0.006

mm3

[81] U-shaped slot, CSRR 21.5 9 57 9 1.64 mm3 3.64–12.2 GHz More than 3.68–4.27 GHZ C 9.864 0.027
16.5 dB 4.71–4.94 GHz
5.11–5.61 GHz
5.935–6.667 GHz
7.57–8.9 GHz
10.01–11.27 GHz

[82] U-shaped formed stub 33 9 48mm2 1.23–13.82 GHz [ 21 dB WLAN/WiMAX/ [ 9.9 \ 0.059
C-band
Wireless Networks
 Table 4 (continued)
References Technique used Dimensions Band-width Isolation (dB) Notch Frequency TARC DG ECC Design

[121] Fractal ? Contorted feed 0.57k 9 0.28k 2.7–10.5 GHz [ 22.5 B 5 dB [ 9.95 0.025
(Neutralization line ? slots)
Wireless Networks

[83] L Shaped slit and T-shaped stub 19 9 30 9 0.8 mm3 3.1–10.6 GHz [ 18 4.37–5.95 GHz 9.7 Less than
6.52–7.45 GHz 0.13

[122] Decoupling stub 18 9 36 9 1.6 mm3 3–40 GHz –55 dB [ 9.98 \ 0.01

[84] Planar suspended line 20 9 36mm2 3.1–11.5 GHz C 21 WLAN/Satellite/ 9.89 \ 0.19
X-band

[123] Double Decoupling branches 40 9 40mm2 3-18 GHz [ 20 [ 8.5dBi \ 0.03

123
 Table 4 (continued)
References Technique used Dimensions Band-width Isolation (dB) Notch Frequency TARC DG ECC Design

123
[53] Fork-shaped & bent slots etched 40 9 40mm2 3–12.4 GHz [ 20 \ 0.01

[124] Fractal structure shorted with ground 0.3k 9 0.4k 3–12 GHz B 20 More than \ 0.01
plane 10 dB

[125] Fractal VPM-based circular aperture 34 9 68.7 9 3.245 4.6–16.8 GHz B 19 B -10 C 9.996 B 0.00009
coupled mm3

[85] CPW/Orthogonal/ 1724 mm2 2.36–12 GHz B 21 dB 3.37–3.98 9.90 \ 0.04

stubs/DGS 4.71–5.51

[86] CPW feed 65 9 65 9 0.8 mm3 2.51–11.07 GHz B 21 dB 3.3–3.7 GHz (Wi Lower than 9.98 \ 0.005
MAX) - 10 dB
5.15–5.825 GHz
(WLAN)
7.9–8.4 GHz (X-
band)
Wireless Networks
 Table 4 (continued)
References Technique used Dimensions Band-width Isolation (dB) Notch Frequency TARC DG ECC Design

[126] Stubs 42 9 42mm2 3.2–12 GHz B 17 &10 dB \ 0.01

Wireless Networks

[127] ACS 48 9 52mm2 2.7–11 GHz [ 20 3-4 GHz 9.97 \ 0.0004

[128] CPW 38 9 38mm2 3–20 GHz [ 17 \ 0.08

123
 Table 4 continued
References Technique used Dimensions Band- Isolation Notch TARC DG ECC Design
width (dB) Frequency

123
[88] 2 ellipses,2 hexagon, 2 rectangles,5 circles with Defective Rectangular 35 9 35 mm2 3.1–11 GHz [ 35 B 10 \ 0.001
Ground

UC-EBG Uni-Planar Electromagnetic Band Gap. CSRR Complementary Split Ring Resonator. EBG Electromagnetic Band Gap. DGS Defected Ground Structure. CPW Coplanar Waveguide.
DRA Dielectric Resonator Antenna. VPM Vaastu Purusha Mandala (Fractal Structure). ACS Asymmetric Coplanar Strip. S-CSRR Single complmentary split ring resonantor. GSM Global
system for mobile communication. GPS Global postioning system. UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications System. ISMIndustrial, Safety and Medical. WiMAX Worldwide Interop-
erability for Microwave Access. HiperLAN-High Performance Radio Local Area Network
Wireless Networks
Wireless Networks

positioned orthogonally. By including a DGS Defected double Ultra-Wide Band Multiple Input MO antenna with
Ground Structure in the grounded plane high isolation is four ports, two notch bands can be generated by two SRR
attained. Additionally, it lowers the Coefficient of corre- slots of various sizes into radiation patches. Rogers RT
lation and widens the frequency range of impedance. In Duroid 5880 substrate prints proposed antenna. Two
[47] Authors discovered a self-similar fractal UWB MIMO 0-degree radiating patches are arranged on one side sub-
antenna. To ensure proper matching, a vertical T-shaped strate plane. Further, the revised ground plane isolates
ground stub is positioned between monopole parts. A input ports. Moreover, three ellipses with identical radius
vertical slot is then made in the grounded plane for R1 and equal axial ratio make a radiating patch. T-shaped
improving isolation. In [48], the Authors use the orthogonal stubs have been added to the grounded plane for better
microstrip line, and a small high isolation dual-band isolation [58]. A 2 by 2 fork-type UWB antenna is designed
MIMO antenna is created. By introducing two symmetrical to obtain six band characteristics [60]. As a barrier against
slits into the radiation patch and embedding a specific form downlink EMI, each fork-shaped radiator has consecutive
inside of it, the two frequency bands are generated. Work U-shaped slots installed on its upper surface. Etched
presents UWB antenna with tripled notch band rejection inverted U-typed split and complementary Split RR not-
characteristics in [49]. A basic microstrip-fed small planar ches onto the bottom of the radiator produces notches for
antenna with a bandwidth of 3.0–11.6 GHz is designed. W-LAN and uplink C band satellite-based systems. In [61]
Moreover, Complementary open rings loaded with radia- This study presents a new way of reduction in mutual
tion patches, symmetrical J-shaped slots on floors, and coupling in linked the dual ports of a jean’s cloth MIMO
spiral slots loaded on microstrip lines can all produce antenna. Two inverted U-type stubs are joined to a partially
notches in Wi-MAX Band, W-LAN Band, and X-Band. etched ground plane. A proposed study demonstrated
The author’s primary focus in this study is the improve- 21 dB port isolation and good radiation patterns. Authors
ment of the isolation between the two ports particularly in proposed MIMO antenna has two symmetrical radiators
the lower band. Slot-like structures, such as ground plane combining circular and rectangular discs these radiators are
flaws are included for isolation augmentation [50]. A hybrid in design discussed in [63]. An electromagnetically
stepped Z-shaped slot is etched beneath the primary radi- connected ESSR (Elliptically Split Ring resonator) is used
ating slot in the grounded plane to achieve band notch adjacent to the supply line (feed line) that connects the two
properties. An integrated worldwide system for mobile radiators to the band notch at 5.4–5.9 GHz (WLAN) and
communication band, low profile CPW fed 4 9 4 MIMO two Y-typed strips are used within the circular ring to band
UWB antenna is provided in this study [51]. To obtain notch the 7.15–7.75 GHz. In [67] authors have reported a
UWB width, the circular disc of the antenna design UWB MIMO antenna implemented on FR4 substrate with
structure is slotted with four circles of varying radii. A pair UC-EBG insertion linked the antenna elements which
of L-shaped slots embedded in the ground plane is used to reduces the coupling up to 18 dB. The authors used trian-
eliminate the first band, while a small rectangular protru- gular microstrip monopole elements in the proposed quad
sion in the feed line and a T-shaped protrusion below the port MIMO system [68]. A neutralization line having a
feed line are used to eliminate the second notch band. The rectangular ring and a straight strip that is parasitically
authors present a small UWB MIMO spatial diversity linked with triangular monopoles results from improved
intended to be achieved by the half rectangular radiated isolation. Neutralization lines with rectangular rings and
elements supplied by tapered microstrip feeding lines dis- straight strip lines bring the maximum level of S11 down
cussed in [52]. Notches are introduced at W-LAN and to - 8.5 dB from its previous - 5.5 dB Authors proposed
IEEE INSAT/ Super extended C band using two inverted UWB MIMO antenna having Sierpinski-Knopp fractal
L-shaped slits. This study presents a basic and efficient curve engaged as a radiating element. CSRR-typed slots
design for a four-port Wide Band MIMO antenna on the are employed in radiating elements to create dual notch
ground plane. A standard LC stub is created to achieve the band characteristics [69]. In [70] authors proposed a UWB
band rejection of all elements [53]. Authors suggested an MIMO that is sustained by two-50 X microstrip feeding
antenna can reject bands between 4.9 and 6.4 GHz. This lines. Enhanced isolation was achieved by using a rectan-
paper’s innovation is in the orthogonal positioning of gular radiator with a grooved edge on each radiation ele-
antennas, which mobilizes device area while giving ment. The authors proposed a WB Multiple Input MO
favorable coupling characteristics and impedance matching antenna that is planted on an FR4 substrate consisting of
[54]. For a four-port Multiple Input MO antenna with band four elements. Each element consists of a half-slot struc-
notch characteristics [55], the Authors suggested an ture. The initial four-element MIMO antenna is unable to
antenna using Koch fractals in the ground plane, placing cover the entire UWB band of 3.1–10.6 GHz with S11 B
dual sided radiators, and reducing self-mutual coupling by 10Db [71]. To overcome such a problem half cutting
using a P-shaped radiator. In [56] Authors have proposed a antenna is appropriate for better and wide impedance. In

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[72] A UWB MIMO two-port antenna is discussed. In this broad range from 0.9 to 2.6 GHz. In [82], A novel method
design technique, To strengthen port isolation, and impe- for enhancing isolation between two UWB MIMO antenna
dance matching in the lower band, two grounded stubs are elements with adjacent mutual is presented. The three
used connecting the two antennas. To lead port isolation mutual coupling sources are eliminated, resulting in great
lower than - 15 dB a CRR (Circular Ring Resonator) is isolation at a very small size. If the antenna elements are
used in the ground plane. In [73] Authors have proposed an arranged parallel to one another, polarization makes it
antenna for a portable Multiple Input MO system. To considerably harder to achieve good isolation than if they
overcome the constraints in the overall size of the antenna, were arranged perpendicularly. To improve isolation, the
2nd-order Koch fractal geometry applied its dimensions. ground of the two antennas is detached from one another
For band notch characteristics, the Antenna radiating ele- and a long strip is placed between them. In [83] authors
ment is loaded with an elliptical CSRR slot by closely proposed a MIMO array in which the omnidirectional
placing two centered elliptical slots of different radii and semi-elliptical monopole becomes a directional antenna
the same width. In [74], the Proposed antenna is fabricated element when the ground plane obtains an additional role
on Taconic RF-35substrate with quasi circulars slots of a reflector. Further, narrow slots in the ground plane
behaving as dipole slot radiators. Further slot modification were introduced to catch lower frequencies current results
done by Babinet’s principle and Kraus and Schantz’s improved isolation. The fabricated fractal UWB MIMO
technique results in no change in operational bandwidth antenna is discussed in [84] that is fabricated on a thick RT
even if there are changes in the phase. The Authors pro- Duroid Rogers 5880 substrate. Four monopoles make up
posed MIMO antenna comprises a Defected Ground the MIMO system better. Isolation is achieved by the 90°
Structure (DGS) with two slits [75]. For improving impe- orientation of the antenna elements. Hexagon molecule
dance matching of antenna U shaped stub is loaded with fractal is used in geometry to create the wideband phe-
the radiator which improves impedance bandwidth around nomenon. In [88] authors designed the UWB MIMO
10.5 GHz. In [76], the Authors have proposed two element antenna to be extremely small and closely spaced. An
MIMO structure built on the solid ground plane having a innovative method results in increased isolation to 17.5 dB
substrate of 1.0 mm thick Arlon AR600. Partial etching of for the particular band and 22 dB in (90%) of the band by
the ground plane improves the frequency bandwidth. protruding rectangular-shaped strips to both antenna com-
Fractal geometries on antenna elements help in size ponents. In [90] Authors presented a novel polarization
reduction and multiband resonant frequencies achieved. In diversity and UWB impedance bandwidth broadband
[77], the Authors have proposed four elements MIMO MIMO antenna system. The first MIMO smartphone sys-
antenna in an orthogonal configuration using polystyrene tem to incorporate several UWB antennas with polarization
foam. For isolation enhancement, A simple reflector com- and pattern diversity. In [91] this study suggests an antenna
posed of FR-4 substrate with a double-sided copper coating combines a monopole-feeding circular monopole with a
is placed with the two radiating elements. A UWB-MIMO one-fourth wavelength long monopole with an identical
antenna with four band notches is presented in [78]. Two substrate and ground plane that has a wide and narrow
radiators look alike. To achieve a large impedance band- bandwidth. Multiple Band Gap cells and isolating stub that
width, the edges of each radiator are beveled. For reduction is a radiator is used to provide the isolation between the
in the mutual coupling, A T-type stub is used. Three sets of radiators. In [92] authors have proposed a small and
L slots are curled to individually notch 3.5 GHz, 5.3 GHz straightforward wideband four-element MIMO antenna
and 5.8 GHz. In [79], At 4.9 GHz for WLAN applications, having four rectangular monopole radiators arranged in an
which are primarily intended for public safety agencies. orthogonal symmetric pattern on top of a substrate. In [93]
The authors presented a four-element DRA-based MIMO Authors proposed a small MIMO antenna for UWB
system with good isolation. For better isolation, consecu- applications that has been computationally optimized. Two
tive elements of the MIMO antenna are fed from the microstrip-feeding half circular antenna elements are
opposite side. By being 180° out of phase with one another, positioned in a confronting position. In [94] Quad port
the magnetic field created inside the radiators efficiently MIMO UWB antenna is discussed. The antenna uses cross
reduces magnetic coupling. In [80] Authors present a new and orthogonal polarization to isolate nearby elements.
element antenna featuring frequency configurable MIMO Polarization diversity is used with a ripple-shaped decou-
and UWB spectral monitoring MIMO modes. The modified pling device to decrease the electromagnetic coupling
triangular-shaped printed monopole antenna is used which between orthogonal and cross-polarized radiating parts. In
is combined with varactor and PIN diode. The proposed addition, a DGS is used on the ground plane using a DMS
antenna uses a PIN diode to sense the frequency spectrum (Defected Microstrip Structure) approach to extend the
from 1 to 4.5 GHz in UWB MIMO mode and then varactor operating band. In [96], In this study, A frequency recon-
diode tuning to provide frequency reconfigurability over a figurable UWB MIMO antenna is presented those

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Wireless Networks

approaches minimizing antenna size by activating PIN influence of capacitance between the ground plane and the
diodes, four radiators can reject WLAN transmission. In radiator. In the case of the monopole ultra-wideband
[97] Two element UWB MIMO antenna is proposed. Multiple-In Multiple-Out antenna, there was a problem
Slotted stubs reduce antenna mutual coupling. In all with interference caused by the radiation of one antenna
operational ranges, isolation is below 20 dB. In [101], this affecting the others. However, through the implementation
letter proposed a circular monopole antenna multi slots, of redesigned ground structures, mutual coupling has been
Corners that have been truncated, as well as U-shaped areas reduced, and identical antennas are now positioned
that are parasitic are integrated to increase impedance orthogonally. This adjustment has resulted in a reduction in
bandwidth. In [102], using a Koch fractal-shaped boundary mutual coupling to below -35 dB.
in the radiators, this research improves input impedance
matching and hence achieves uniformity. To further
increase the impedance matching of the ground plane an 6 Security aspects of UWB-MIMO
extra inverted L-shaped stub is attached to it. By using a technology
maple leaf fractal, improved port isolation is accomplished.
In [103] Using aperture feeding and DGS, this study pro- Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) technology for
posed a dual port circular MSA fractal array with good ultra-wideband (UWB) has attracted interest in a number of
isolation and UWB properties. To boost impedance band- applications, including positioning systems, radar, and
width performance, slots are modified into tree-shaped wireless communications. It’s essential to address both
DGS. In [104], for wireless applications, this study pro- privacy and integrity problems while analyzing the security
poses a small, simple decoupling framework. This design implications of UWB MIMO technology. Consider the
utilizes polarization diversity to improve isolation. To following security factors:
enhance isolation, stubs are used to decouple MIMO parts. Ensure that only authorized devices may access the
The current distribution is redirected from one port to UWB MIMO network by implementing robust authenti-
another using protruded strips, which also function as cation procedures. Data transmitted over UWB MIMO
storage components and reflectors. Particularly at the feed links should be encrypted to prevent eavesdropping.
and ground positions of another radiator, these protruding Advanced encryption standards, such as AES (Advanced
strips effectively obstruct the current distribution. They Encryption Standard), can be used to secure data. In
serve as reflectors, which increases directivity just slightly. applications where UWB is used for location tracking or
By monitoring the current distribution across radiating positioning, ensure that the location data is protected, and
elements when one of the ports is stimulated with a 50 X unauthorized tracking or spoofing is prevented. Address
strip line feed, it is simple to show how stubs and protruded privacy concerns related to location tracking and data
strips improve isolation. A innovative method is used to collection in UWB-based applications, especially in sce-
improve isolation, and it requires optimizing the sizes and narios involving personal or sensitive data.
placements of rectangular strips sticking out from both As with any wireless technology, the security of UWB
radiators. Isolation is greatly enhanced by protruded strips, MIMO systems should be a continuous process that
providing a stunning 22 dB isolation in the majority of the evolves to address emerging threats and vulnerabilities.
bandwidth (90%), with the remaining band displaying Collaboration with experts in wireless security and staying
isolation values between 17.5 and 22 dB. In [105], a spe- up-to-date with the latest security developments is essential
cially designed stub is used for impedance matching using to maintain a robust security posture [89].
the 3.1–20 GHz spectrum. Moreover, the diversity The security of high frequency networks, especially
parameters ECC has been calculated which satisfies the those using high-frequency mm Wave bands, is particularly
standard requirement of MIMO. vulnerable to signal fading. Even though fading is largely a
A ‘‘contorted feed’’ refers to a feeding system that is propagation problem and not a direct security issue, it can
twisted or altered in its shape and diameter. This type of nonetheless have indirect effects on network security.
feed serves as a transformer for matching impedance and Wireless telecommunication networks, which enable
has inductive elements at the input port. The contorted feed access to various network services through mm Wave
offers favorable directional characteristics in the far-field technology, face a significant challenge compared to lower-
region, and its specific design principles are elaborated in frequency bands: the issue of signal fading. The high-fre-
[87]. quency mm Wave bands offer advantages such as wide
A rectangular slot has been incorporated into the ground bandwidths and high data rates, thus enhancing network
plane with the purpose of improving both bandwidth and capacity.
impedance matching reported in [88]. This addition has Therefore, there’s a need for a system that can transmit
significantly expanded the bandwidth by reducing the data more efficiently and rapidly when faced with fading

123
 Wireless Networks

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126. Aboelleil, H., Ibrahim, A. A., & Khalaf, A. A. (2021). A com- Innovation Network (CURIN), Chitkara University, Punjab, India.
pact multiple-input multiple-output antenna with high isolation She is a Ph.D in Electronics and Communication in the area of
for wireless applications. Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Augmented Reality for k-12 education. Her research interests include
Processing, 108(1), 17–24. Augmented Reality, Virtual Reality, k-12 education, Image Process-
127. Ibrahim, A. A., & Ali, W. A. (2022). High isolation 4-element ing, Curriculum Designing, Collaborative Learning, Internet of
ACS-fed MIMO antenna with band notched feature for UWB Things, Embedded System, Virtual Instrumentation and Artificial
communications. International Journal of Microwave and Intelligence. She has an experience of 25 years serving industry,
Wireless Technologies, 14(1), 54–64. teaching, education and research. She has 25 ? publications in
128. Yin, W., Chen, S., Chang, J., Li, C., & Khamas, S. K. (2021). reputed SCI/SCOPUS indexed International/ National/ Journals /
CPW fed compact UWB 4-element MIMO antenna with high Conferences. She has filed more than 50 patents National and 1
isolation. Sensors, 21(8), 2688. International. She has achieved grants and funding of around 3 Lakhs
from agencies like NewGen. She was awarded ‘Most Committed,
Most Collaborative and Most Entrepreneur’ in the Excellence Awards
Publisher’s Note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to
in Chitkara University. She is an active member of Immersive and
jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Interactive Technologies Lab (IITL), a research lab in Chitkara
University
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds
exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the
author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the Manish Sharma (M’19–SM’23)
accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the received B.E. degree in Elec-
terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law. tronics and Communication
Engineering from Mangalore
University, Karnataka, India in
2000 and M.Tech degree from
Lovish Matta received his Visvesvaraya Technological
B.Tech and M.Tech Degrees in University, Karnataka, India in
Electronics and Communication 2007. He completed his Ph.D
Engineering from Kurukshetra degree from the Department of
University, Kurukshetra, India Electronics Engineering,
in 2011 and 2018respectively. Banasthali University, Rajas-
He pursuing his Ph.D degree in than, India in 2017. He is cur-
Electronics & Communication rently working as Professor-
Engineering from Chitkara Research in Chitkara University
University, Punjab, India He is Research and Innovation Network (CURIN), Chitkara University,
having 5 years of experience in Punjab, India. His research interest includes computational electro-
academics. His research inter- magnetics, reconfigurable antennas, novel electromagnetic materials,
ests include reconfigurable dielectric resonator antennas, wideband/superwideband antennas,
antenna, ultra-wideband wideband/dual band/triple band microstrip antennas for wireless
antenna, dual band/triple band communication, smart and MIMO antennas systems, radio-frequency
MIMO antennas systems identification (RFID) antennas, antennas for healthcare , RF MEMS
planar antenna on Si substrate, wireless networks, body area net-
Bhanu Sharma Assistant Pro- works, meta surface based biosensors, Designing of Microstrip
fessor- Research Expert Areas: antennas using Machine Learning and Artificial network. He has
Augmented Reality, Virtual published more than 100 research papers and granted with 8 patents.
Reality, k-12 Education, Cur- He is currently guiding 8 Ph.D students. He has also published 18
riculum Designing and devel- book chapters. He is also reviewer of IEEE Access, Journal of
opment, Problem Based Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, AEU: International Journal
Learning, Project Based Learn- of Electronics & Communication, International Journal of Commu-
ing, Collaborative Learning, nication Systems, International Journal of Microwave and Wireless
Pedagogical Innovations, Brain Technologies, International Journal of RF & Microwave Computer-
Computer Interface, Human- Aided Engineering. He is also Director of Spectrum Wirelesscomm
Computer Interaction, Com- private Limited which provides solutions in healthcare, agricultural
puter Vision, Internet of Things, problems. He has been listed in top 2% scientists across the world for
Embedded System, Virtual the year 2021, 2022 and 2023 in the prestigious list published by
Instrumentation, and Artificial Stanford University, USA, indexed by Scopus
Intelligence. Dr. Bhanu Sharma
is an Assistant Professor in Chitkara University Research and

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