DAILY

CLASS NOTES
NCERT: World History

Lecture - 02
Roman Empire and
Formation of States
 2

Roman Empire and Formation of States

Comparison of World History with Indian History:

 Indian History (Time Period):

Ancient India Medieval India Modern India Contemporary Art and Culture
(Pre + Mains) (Pre) (Pre + Mains) India (Pre + Mains)
2 Lacs - 750 AD 750 AD - 1707 1707 - 1947 (Mains) Ancient + Medieval
1947 - Till Today + Modern

 World History (Time Period):

Ancient World: Medieval World Modern World Contemporary World

Ended 476 AD 500 - 1500 AD 1500 - 1950  The Contemporary
 Fall of Western  This period is also  Modern World World started in the
Roman Empire called the Middle started around middle of the 20th
(476 AD) Age. 1520. Century (1950) and

 Ancient World  1520 - End of  Continued till continues till today.

also called Classic Middle Age 1950.

Period Note: Not included

Note: Not included in syllabus.

in syllabus.

Roman Empire:
 3

 The Roman Empire extended their dominion over Europe and Asia. We can divide it
into the Eastern Roman Empire (Asian region, not important for the purpose of our
study) and Western Roman Empire (European region). As the central power started
weakening, we can see a trend of the emergence of new states in Western Roman
Empire such as England, Spain, France, Russia, Scandinavian Countries, Italy, Portugal
etc.
 We can compare the emergence of the states in India during the Mughal period. With
the downfall of the Mughal Empire, we can observe the tendency of new states
emerging such as Oudh, Karnataka, Bengal etc.

Features of Roman Empire:

Western Roman Empire: Eastern Roman Empire:

 Location: Situated in Europe  Situated in Asia Minor (It is the place
 Capital - Rome where the continents of Asia and

 The society was orthodox so they did Europe meet)

not emphasis the trade. It was  Capital - Constantinople

underdeveloped.  It is called ‘Eastern or Byzantine
 It is called ‘Western Roman Empire’ Empire’
 4

 Gradually this empire was squeeze to  It was a liberal society and gave
Rome emphasis on trades
 Rise of States can be seen  1453 - End of Byzantine Empire
because Mehmed-II (Turk) defeated
John Constantin-II
 Scholars of Constantinople went to
Rome in order to save their lives.

Rise of States: Importance Points To Be Remembered

Italy:
 Columbus discovered America in 1492, he was from Italy
 Renaissance (New Ideas or Thinking) started from Italy
 Scholars of Constantinople went to Rome in order to save their lives.
 John Constantin-II was defeated by Turk king Mehmed-II
 Italy was not a unified country but divided into many states such as Naples,
Sardinia,Tuscany, Sicily, Modena, Papel State (Capital- Rome) means state of the Pope.
Spain:
 In the Middle Age, it was under the control of Arab.
 It was known for its geographical discoveries.
 Spain was having maximum colonies.
Portugal:
 It was also known for its geographical discoveries (Other States: Italy, Spain and
Portugal).
 Became rich after the discovery of gold in Guinea (Africa).
 Vosco- da-Gama who went to Calicut, India in 1498.
 Spain captured Portugal in 1762.
Denmark:
 Situated in the Scandinavian Peninsula (Group of three countries: Denmark, Sweden
and Norway).
 All three countries were unified in 1379.
 5

France:
 France was a powerful state, like Spain and Portugal.
 It became powerful in the 15th century.
 It was mainly an agricultural country.
 France had a powerful monarchical system.
England:
 A powerful country based on trade.
 Magna Carta (1215)
 King John-II was the king of England
 Pressure was put on him by Feudal, Priests and the rich people for the reform
 The King gave reforms in writing; it was called the Magna Carta (Written
Document) of Right.
 Further, it was helpful to develop Parliamentary Democracy
 Wars of Roses (1455-85)
 It was a civil War.
 The Tudor dynasty was set up (Queen Elizabeth was from this dynasty)
 Set up many colony
Poland:
 A powerful country was captured by Austria in 1772.


 DAILY
CLASS NOTES
NCERT: World History

Lecture - 03
Renaissance and Thinker
 2

Renaissance and Thinker

Renaissance: Under this, we will discuss what is Renaissance and the Role of Thinkers.

What is Renaissance:
 Renaissance was a mindset, having scientific thinking. It has two aspects:
1. Discovery of the World
2. The Discovery of the Human
 Renaissance was not an event, it was a process. Because it was not a sudden start after
the influx of scholars from the Eastern Roman Empire when Mehmed-II attacked John
Constantine-II.
 Background of Renaissance:
 The seed of the Renaissance in the Western Roman Empire was planted during the
Carolingian Movement in the 8th - 9th century.
 It further gained momentum in the 12th century’s Humanistic Movement.
 It was at its peak in the 14th to 16th century of the Renaissance.
 Role of Thinkers:
1. Rousseau
2. Adam Smith
3. Kant
4. Voltaire
5. James Mill
6. Jeremy Benthem
7. Montesquieu

Process of Renaissance (From 8th century’s Caroligion Movement to Renaissance):

Caroligion Movement Humanistic Movement Renaissance

Key Factors: Key Factors: Key Factors:

 It was started in Europe  It was started in the  Between 1350 to 1550, it
in the 8th - 9th centuries. 12th century. was prominently apparent.
 3

 Reaction was seen in two  In this movement Causes of Renaissance:

ways due to the attack of humans became more  Role of crusade (religious
the Germanic Tribes. important. war):
 Protection of territory.  At this time, society  The Crusades, a series of
 Protection of culture. was divided into three religious and military
Under this: groups. campaigns undertaken
 The people of (Europe)  At the top, there by European Christians
Western Roman was the King and between the 11th and
Empire started to Church; 13th centuries.
protect their language  After that, the  They came into direct
by emphasizing the Nobles; and contact with the cultures
study of language.  At the lower level, of the Middle East, and
 Protection of artwork, the farmers. Byzantium, and other
architectural works  The study of Humans, Eastern civilizations. This
and Holy Books. their problems, and contact led to the
their needs became transferred of
more important than knowledge, technology,
God. and goods between East

 The role of Universities and West.

has increased. New  The increased trade and

Universities such as commerce contributed to
Bologna (Italy), Paris the economic prosperity of
and Oxford (UK). certain European regions,

 Scientific studies were such as Italy, which became

emphasized by centers of wealth and

Universities. patronage during the

 At this time kings such Renaissance.

as Rozar Bacon from  End of Byzantine Empire

England, Dante from (John Constantine-II was

Italy and Peter from defeated by Mehmed-II). As

France supported the a result of this scholars

Humanistic Movement. moved to Rome.

 4

 People started various

discoveries such as
Columbus and Vasco-da
Gama.
 Thinkers started writing
about liberties and rights.

Role of Thinkers:

1. Rousseau:
 He was a great philosopher of France, born in Geneva in 1712. He wrote lots of
books such as essays, novels, and autobiographies to express his views.
 Rousseau’s Concepts of Inequality: There are two types of inequality,
 Natural and
 Manmade Inequality.
 Natural inequality can not be removed such as physically handicapped people,
whereas Manmade inequality can be removed, such as rich, poor, and privileged.
 Concept of Progress: There are two types of progress;
 Material Progress and
 Moral Progress.
 Rousseau emphasized that Moral Progress is real progress because of Material
Progress, which is not real, will be snatched away someday. So, he invoked
privileged people to forego their privileges.
 Social Contract Theory: He said that the State is the result of contract. Rousseau
believed that the social contract was an agreement between people voluntarily
giving up their freedom in return for the community's collective desire.


 DAILY
CLASS NOTES
NCERT: World History

Lecture - 04
Thinkers and French Revolution
 2

Thinkers and French Revolution

The French Revolution: It can be understood under the following heads

1. Basic Structure of France’s Society.
2. Causes of the French Revolution.
3. Program of French Revolution.
4. Nature of the French Revolution.
5. Role of the Women in the French Revolution.

1. Basic Structure of France's Society: The French Revolution began in 1789 and lasted
until the late 1790s. Before the revolution, France was ruled by an absolute monarchy,
where the king held supreme authority. The king had the power to make laws, levy
taxes and control the military. Before the revolution, French society was divided into
three estates and the king held central position.
Pre-Revolutionary Social Structure of France:
First Estate (Clergy):
 It was comprised of the Pope, the Church, and the Bishop.
 They enjoyed significant privileges and exemptions from taxes.
 Their population was almost 10 percent but they owned vast amounts of land and
wealth.
 They also played a key role in education and moral guidance.
Second Estate (Nobility):
 It consisted of aristocracy, including nobles, landowners, and members of the royal
court.
 Similar to the first estate, they also enjoyed feudal privileges, such as exemption
from taxes.
 They controlled large estates (land) and wealth and played key roles in government
and military.
Third Estate (Commoners):
 Their population comprised almost 90 percent.
 3

 It includes urban workers, peasants, teachers, servants, craftsmen, businessmen,

lawyers, etc.
 They controlled almost 30 percent of land.
 They faced heavy taxation and had no political rights.
 Many of them faced economic hardships and were dissatisfied with existing social
inequalities.

2. Causes of the French Revolution:

Political Causes:
 The absolute power of the king and hereditary monarch.
 The monarch’s rule was believed to be divinely ordained, and there were almost
no checks and balances of power.
 There was no political party. Lack of political representation of large segments of
the population.
 Kings such as Louis XIV, XV, and XVI were not able to perform their administrative
skills. Although Louis XVI tried to take some measures to reform, but failed.
 Attempts to reform the administrative and financial systems by finance ministers
such as Turgot and Necker faced resistance from the nobility, which ultimately
failed.

Social Causes:
 Society was divided into many classes.
 The basis of the division of the society was ‘Privileges’
 There were mainly three classes(Estate):
 First Estate: Includes Churches, High-level Bishops.
 Second Estate: Nobles
 Third Estate: Includes Peasants and labourers
 The majority of the population that is the Third Estate, faced inequalities. They paid
heavy taxes, leading to widespread poverty and discontent.

Role of the Church in the French Revolution:

 Roman Catholics were in great numbers.
 The Church had a stronger influence on people's social lives.
 4

 The Church in France enjoyed significant privileges and held vast amounts of land.
 They had the power to impose taxes.
 They controlled more income and wealth, more than the state.
 The Church was performing judicial work, such as criminal court.
 Power to regulate laws.
 The church maintained the records of marriage, birth, and death.
 People felt frustrated by the churches. And wanted to end this (above) system.

Role of the Second Estate in the French Revolution:

 Before the revolution, the nobility enjoyed numerous privileges, including exemption
from many taxes, and control over local governments.
 They were divided into different categories, but there was no unity amongst them.
 Their work was to perform military and administrative work
 Some of them supported the Third Estate.

Role of the Third Estate in the French Revolution:

 90 percent of the population belonged to this estate, but they owned only 30 to 35
percent of the land.
 They were forced to pay taxes.
 The Third Estate had no political rights.
 They wanted to change political and social life.

Economic Causes of French Revolution:

 The economic situation of France was not good because of financial mismanagement,
fiscal inequality and economic difficulties faced by common people.
 The Second Estate was exempt from many taxes, while the common people were being
taxed more heavily during wars such as the Seven Years War (1756-1763) and the
Austrian War of Succession (1740-48).
 The tax system burdened the commoners (Third Estate) disproportionately.
 80 percent of produce was taken away in the form of tax, and 15 percent of revenue
was used to collect tax.
 The first estate and Second Estate were tax-free.
 5

Role of Philosophers: They did not contribute to start the French Revolution, but they
spread it through their writing and ideas. They influenced the revolutionary spirit by
promoting notions of individual rights, reason, equality, and the rejection of absolute
authority.


 DAILY
CLASS NOTES
NCERT: World History

Lecture - 05
The French Revolution
 2

The French Revolution

Phases of the French Revolution:

Aspects - Discuss the various phases of the French Revolution.

Introduction:
 The French Revolution started in 1789. And it ended in 1799.

 It was not an event but a process.

 The French Revolution was divided into four phases.

Phases of French Revolution-

First Phase:

 It was started in 1789-1792.

 Revolution started by Nobles/Aristocrats

 There was an Estate General Meeting on 5th May

1789.

 The Estate General Meeting was a political

organization. All three Estates were its
members. Only the king had the right to call
its meeting. And the last meeting was held in
1614 in the Palace of Versailles.

 All three Estates had one vote each. Estates one

and two had three hundred members, but Estate
three had six hundred members. The two hundred
members of Estate Two were clergy, aristocrats
and nobles. And these nobles and aristocrats sided
with Estate Three and came to be in the majority.

 The Estate Three now declared itself the National

Assembly.
 3

 However, when the National Assembly arrived at its usual meeting place ( Palace of
Versailles), they found it locked and guarded by the king's soldiers. As a result of this
meeting was held in the nearby Tennis Court. And they started drafting the
Constitution.

 After that, France was declared a Constitutional Monarch.

Second Phase:

 This phase started in 1792.

 Background:

 The National Assembly failed to solve the problems of French people.

 Condition of the French Economy was still pitiable.

 Louis-XVI wanted to get his power back, so he tried to get help from Prussia.

 The National Assembly got angry (due getting help from Prussia) and declared war
against Prussia.

 Two groups were developed in the National Assembly : Jacobins and Girondins.

 Jacobins (violent group) attacked the Palace and arrested Louis-XVI.

 New elections were held in France after that a new institution was created called the
National Convention.
 4

 National Convention took two important

decisions:

 Killing of Louis XVI.

 France was declared a ‘Republic’

 Now, France became a Republic in 1792 from the

Constitutional Monarch (as France was Absolute
Monarchy in 1789; Constitution monarch between
1789 to 1792).

Third Phase:

 The third phase (1792-95) of the French Revolution

is often referred to as the Radical Phase or the Reign
of Terror. It became violent.

 The leader of the Jacobins named Robespierre started

killing his opponents such as clergies, nobles, etc.

 Putting pressure on peasants to sell food grains at a very lower price.

 Finally, Robespierre was killed.

Fourth Phase:

 In this phase (1795-1799) revolution entered the 4th phase.

 Background:

 Downfall of the Jacobin government.

 The revolution was in the hands of the Middle Class.

 An election was held, the new government of the Middle Class was formed, and the
New Constitution was written.

 The new Constitution formed the Elected Legislative Council, which appointed ‘Rule of
Directors’ (Five members) for executive works.

 Napoleon ended ‘Directory Rule’ in 1799, because it became unpopular.

 5

Phases of the French Revolution, Key Points:

Part One Part Two Part Three Part Four Part Five
(Introduction) (Phase One) (Phase Two) (Phase Three) (Phase Four)

 Revolution  The  The  This phase  Directory Rule

started in National National is also called started.
1789 and Assembly Conventio Reign of  Phase duration-
ended in was n was Terror. 1795-99
1799. formed. formed.  Phase  Napoleon ended
 It was a  1789 to  Phase duration- Directory Rule
process, seen 1792. started 1792 to in 1799.
in four phases. 1792. 1795


 DAILY
CLASS NOTES
NCERT: World History

Lecture - 06
French Revolution Napoleon and
Vienna Congress
 2

French Revolution Napoleon and Vienna Congress

Impact of French Revolution:

Impact on France Impact on England Impact on Europe:

1. End of absolute monarchy. A. Positive Outlook: ❖ The impact of the

2. Neglect of divine rights ➢ Supported the French French Revolution was
of the king. Revolution or had faith seen not only in Europe
3. End of privileged class in revolution. but also on the whole
and equality established. ➢ Supported to establish world.
4. End of feudalism. constitutional ❖ Concept of Freedom:
5. Natural rights of a monarchy or democracy ➢ Economic freedom
person/individual has like Britain. ➢ Political freedom
been B. Changed Outlook: ➢ Freedom of expression
recognised/identified. ➢ Soon the outlook of ➢ Right to vote
6. Economic condition Britain was changed. ❖ Concept of equality:
improved by or ➢ Decided not to support ➢ Social equality
economic reforms taken: the French Revolution
➢ Political equality
a. Confiscation of the due to the regime of
➢ Economic equality
property of the terror.
➢ Equality before law
church ➢ Tried to stop the flow
b. Imposition of tax by of French revolution in
the church was Britain.
ended. ➢ Reform process was
c. Support to trade discontinued for a
d. End of toll tax. while.

e. Introduction of the ➢ But the flame of the

paper currency. French Revolution reached
Britain and its colonies
and Ireland became
independent in 1800.
 3

Napoleon Bonaparte:

Early life of Napoleon:

He was born on 15th August 1769 at Corsica Island. His

father was an advocate and the mother was a homemaker.
He joined the French army as a soldier. On 15th May, 1821
Napoleon died in St. Helena island (South Atlantic Ocean).

Napoleon as a Consulate (1799-1804):

❖ Before Napoleon the economy was not in good shape.

❖ People were not happy with the Directory Rule.

❖ Napoleon proved his ability in Tulos (Ethiopia) against Britain and defeated the

traditional enemy (Britain) of France in 1793.

❖ He ended the Directory Rule in 1799 when he came back from Tulos, he was
considered as a Hero or Son of Revolution.

❖ He started the Consulate System. And appointed three consuls and Napoleon became

chief consul.

➢ He drafted the fourth Constitution. And made three consuls for executive work.

Reforms of Napoleon:

1. Reforms as Consulate (1799-1804/05):

a. Educational reforms:

i. Ended the role of church in education.

ii. Scholarship has been given.

iii. Military education became compulsory.

iv. He started appointing teachers for education by himself.

b. Economic reforms:

i. Open government banks in 1800 and giving loan facilities to the people.

ii. Confiscation of church’s property

iii. Collected military expenditure or war expenditure from the defeated country.
 4

iv. He supported trades

v. Imposes heavy tax on the products of Britain.

c. Reforms in law:

i. End of all traditional laws.

ii. Introduced Napoleon’s Code of Law such as Code of Civil procedure, Code of

Criminal Procedure, Penal Code and Commercial Code.

2. Reforms as an Emperor (1805-1815):

a. He adopted Continental system

b. War with Portugal

c. War with Spain

d. War with Austria and Russia

e. War of Nation in 1815 and sent him to Alba island.

End of Napoleon:

❖ Napoleon was defeated in War of Nation

❖ The Vienna Congress was held in the capital of Austria under the leadership of
Metternich.

 DAILY
CLASS NOTES
NCERT: World History

Lecture - 07
French Revolution Napoleon and
Vienna Congress (Part - 2)
 2

French Revolution Napoleon and Vienna Congress (Part - 2)

Continental System (of Napoleon):

What was Continental System?

❖ Britain and France both were traditional enemies.

❖ England was economically very powerful. Napoleon wanted to make France powerful
and strong.

❖ Napoleon started Continental System. It had two aspects; first to make Britain weak
and second, to make France strong.

❖ With this France wanted to break the monopoly of Britain in Europe.

❖ To close all ports of Europe for Britain.

Implementation of Continental System:

❖ He started it in 1806.

❖ Britain’s ships were not allowed to use ports of Europe, especially between Prussia and
Hanover’s (Germany) ports.

❖ Napoleon provided investment, raw materials and the markets for selling and
purchasing products to the continent.

❖ He forced the continent to buy the French product.

Causes of Failure:

❖ Almost 90 percent of raw materials were coming from colonies of Britain in Africa
and Asia.

❖ Shortage of raw material was faced by the European countries.

❖ Britain had sound control in the deep sea.

❖ France failed to supply raw materials.

❖ French products were not qualitative compared to Britain.

❖ British products were cheap compared to France.

❖ Failed to get support from all European countries such as Sweden, Spain, Portugal.
They did not accept Continental System.
 3

Wars of Napoleon:

The wars of Napoleon to extend its territory

❖ War with Spain, Portugal, Austria, Poland and Russia

❖ All European Nation formed a group and fought against Napoleon in War of Nation

❖ Defeated Napoleon and sent him to Alba island

❖ Vienna Congress was organised to restore the map of Europe

❖ Head of the Congress was Metternich, the chancellor of Austria

❖ Metternich wanted to revive the old Bourbon dynasty so that he could revive the

Absolute Monarch, role of church and privileged society which Napoleon ended and

brought nationalism, liberty and equality not just in France but also in other European

Countries which were called Progressive Rule.

For example when Napoleon attacked Germany, he created 39 countries' unions

in the name of liberty, equality and nationalism and later used these countries as

colonies.

❖ It continued till 1815. But after the War of Nations in 1816 and the defeat of

Napoleon, the Vienna Congress was organised and they restored the Reactionary Rule

in which they revived the absolute monarch, role of the church and privileged society.
 4

Old Bourbon Dynasty of France and Napoleon:

Old Bourbon Dynasty before 1789, a symbol of Reactionary Rule (absolute monarch,
church rule and privilege society)

❖ French Revolution; 1789 to 1799

❖ Rise of Napoleon, Progressive Rule symbol of Nationalism, Liberty and Equality

❖ 1815, end of Napoleon means end of liberty and equality

❖ Rise of Metternich System, follower of value of old Bourbon dynasty, end of liberty and

❖ Equality. Again Reationary Rule established in 1815 by Metternich.

Vienna Congress -

Basic of Vienna Congress:

❖ It was held in 1815 in the capital of Austria; Vienna.

❖ After the defeat of Napoleon all countries held a meeting to restore the map of Europe.

❖ They also wanted to punish countries who supported Napoleon and reward those fought

against Napoleon.

❖ But there was no unity among the participants' countries.

Participant of Vienna Congress:

❖ Metternich from Austria

❖ Alexander from Russia

❖ Talleyrand from France

❖ Castlereagh (Britain)
 5

Problems before Vienna Congress:

❖ To establish peace

❖ To redefine the boundaries of Europe

❖ To reduce military power of France

❖ To punish countries that supported Napoleon and reward those that fought against
Napoleon.

❖ To establish the old Bourbon dynasty

❖ Issues of compensation

❖ Balance of power in Europe

Decision of Vienna Congress:

❖ About France:

➢ Limitation of France’s boundary

➢ France was surrounded by strong states

➢ Louis-18 was made absolute Monarch.

❖ About Italy:

➢ Napoleon unified Italy

➢ But the Vienna congress again divided it into many states such as Naples, Sicily,
Papal State, Sardinia, etc.

❖ About Germany:

➢ Napoleon made a federation of 39 states in Germany.

➢ Vienna congress accepted it but put Germany under the capital of Austria

❖ Spain:

➢ Put under the old Bourbon dynasty.


 DAILY
CLASS NOTES
NCERT: World History

Lecture - 08
Unification of Italy and Germany
 2

Unification of Italy and Germany

Unification of Italy:

Aspect No.1: Discuss the geographical situation of Italy before unification

❖ Before the 19th century, Italy was a geographical unit.

❖ On the northern side, Italy was surrounded by Alps Mountain. While from the southern
side, it was surrounded by sea.

❖ In the middle of Italy, there was a state of the Pope called Papal State. The Pope was
against the unification of Italy. It was supported by Austria. Both were followers of
Catholicism.

❖ In the northern side Sarvo, Venecia, Piedmont, and Lombardy were under the influence
of Austria.
 3

❖ Sardinia and Corsica were islands.

❖ Victor II was the king of Sardinia.

Hurdles before Unification:

❖ Internal Hurdles -

➢ Impact of Austria on a few states.

➢ Role of the Pope (wasn’t in favor of unification).

➢ Geographical challenges for unification.

➢ Various views on unification: Mazzini: founded Young Italy, Victor II, Caroar, and
Garibaldi.

➢ Various Cultures.

➢ Problems of feudalism.

❖ External Hurdles:

➢ Interest of Austria

Q: Discuss the hurdles before the unification of Italy.

Introduction: Before the 19th century, Italy was not a country. Italy was divided into
many smaller states. There were internal and external factors that were responsible
for the unification of Italy.

Role of Napoleon in the Unification of Italy:

Q: How was Napoleon responsible for the unification of Italy?

Ans.

❖ After Napoleon's successful military campaigns in Italy, he united Italy’s smaller states
into bigger states by a sense of shared identities called nationalism-1.

❖ Then Napoleon started using the economy of Italy to support the economy of France.
This led to the foundation of Nationalism-2. Italy's people started realizing that France
was not here for our help but to loot.
 4

Various Views on the Unification of Italy:

Mazzini Victor-II Cavour Garibaldi

❖ He was a revolutionary. ❖ He was the king ❖ He was the PM ❖ He was a

of Sardinia. of Victor II banished
soldier.

❖ He founded Corbonary ❖ He wanted to ❖ He wanted to ❖ He was a

(a charcoal maker) get support get support supporter of
and Young Italy. from outside from outside the unification
such as Austria. such as Austria. of Italy.

❖ He wanted to unite ❖ His idea for ❖ His idea for ❖ He also wanted
Italy by getting the unification was unification was support from
support of local people. to conduct a to conduct a outside for
war. war. unification.

Unification of Germany:

Basic of Germany-
❖ Before unification, Germany was divided into 300 states.
❖ The biggest and strongest state was Prussia.
❖ Napoleon made Germany a federation of 39 states.
❖ Prussia became the most important state and unification was completed.
❖ The river Rhein divided Germany, also called Rhein states (at center), into Northern
and Southern parts.
❖ Baden and Bavaria were the main states in the southern part and followers of
Catholicism.
❖ In the northern part of Prussia, FrankFurt, Honour, and Saxony were the main states
and followers of Protestantism.

 DAILY
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NCERT: World History

Lecture - 09
Unification of Germany and World
War 1
 2

Unification of Germany and World War 1

Bismarck:

Basic of Bismarck:

❖ He was from Germany and entered politics

in 1847.

❖ He became a member of

➢ the Joint Prussian Diet (parliament).

➢ Member of National Assembly.

➢ Member of Constituent Assembly.

❖ Bismarck considered France as an enemy.

❖ He became Prime Minister or Chancellor in

1863.

Approaches of Bismarck in Foreign Policy:

1. Reactionary Approach

2. Anti-nationalism Approach

3. Anti-liberalism

4. To make Germany strong through the Blood and Iron Policy.

5. Opportunistic Approach

Objective of Bismarck in Foreign Policy:

❖ To make Germany a united nation.

❖ To prove the military power of Germany

❖ To get colonies.

❖ To isolate France.

Implementation of New System:

❖ To conduct a peaceful treaty.

❖ To make Germany strong.

❖ To isolate France.
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Various War Fought by Bismarck:

a. War with Austria

b. The war with France was also called the War of Sedan (1870-71); Austria and France
were defeated.

Significance of the Rule of Bismarck:

❖ New international relationship started.

❖ Change of balance of power, now Germany and Britain became the axis of power
(before France and Britain).

❖ Bismarck showed his military strength so the race of militarisation had started.

❖ Tensions were created due to war in Europe. Other states also started signing treaties
like Bismarck. Countries were divided into two groups Germany and France. It became
the reason for World War I.

The Main Trends between 1870-1914 (general causes of World War I):

a. Violent nationalism.

b. Militarism (Militarisation started)

c. Economic nationalism

d. Imperialism

e. World politics

f. No international Organization

g. Alsace and Lorraine (an area

from France took away by
Germany)

h. Division of the World into two

groups:

i. Allies Power - Britain, France, Russia, and Italy

ii. Central Power - Germany, Hungary, Turkey, Austria, Bulgaria

➢ World War I started between two powers.

➢ After World War I Paris Peace Conference began.

 4

➢ Primary purpose of the Conference was to negotiate peace treaties between

Germany, Italy, Austria, and France.

➢ The treaty imposed very harsh terms on Germany. It became one of the reasons
for the rise of Hitler and World War II.

Immediate Cause of World War I:

❖ Killing of the Prince of Austria

General Causes of World War I:

Militarism:

❖ It was started first in France by Napoleon through compulsory military training.

❖ After that Germany adopted it under Bismarck.

❖ It became violent militarism (nature)

➢ The military became base of the nation for security

➢ Compulsory military training

➢ Compulsory military education

➢ Compulsory military joining

❖ Role of Military -

➢ To keep unification intact

➢ To protect country

➢ To maintain colonies

❖ The race of armament had started.

The rise of Germany became a Problem:

❖ Germany was unified in 1870.

❖ Any country or organization did not recognize its unification.

❖ Showed military strength.

❖ Economic nationalism by Germany.

❖ Violent nationalism by Germany.

❖ Germany tried to snatch colonies of others.

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❖ The peaceful treaties of Bismarck made the countries suspicious and the world started
dividing into two groups.

Nationalism was a Big Problem:

❖ After 1870, nationalism became a big problem.

❖ It became violent.

❖ Germany and Italy were unified but their unification was not recognised.

❖ France snatched Alsace and Lorrain from France and German nationality was imposed.

❖ Bismarck started the New System to protect Alsace and Lorrain and under the New
System treaties were signed.
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 DAILY
CLASS NOTES
NCERT: World History

Lecture - 10
Treaty of Versailles, Hitler
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Treaty of Versailles, Hitler

The Main Trends between 1870-1914 (general causes of World War I):
World Politics -

 This time European politics was influenced by world politics.

 Germany and Italy were unified but did not have colonies in Asia and Africa.

 So Germany needed to defeat Britain and France to have a share in colonies.

Internationalism:
 This time at the international level cooperation and non-cooperation was seen.

 Cooperation:

 Scientific development

 Mode of Transportation and Communication

 People adopted various new thoughts of many thinkers

 Non-cooperation:

 New Imperialism

 Violent nationalism

 Militarism

 Economic nationalism (taxes were being imposed on other country’s products)

New Imperialism:

Imperialism New Imperialism

 European countries in Asia and Africa  European countries in Asia and Africa
started it. started it.

 They used these countries as their  They used these countries as their
colonies. colonies.
 3

 European countries (people) also stay in  European people started less staying in
Asia and Africa. their colonies (Asia and Africa) and they
started more and more exploitation.

Industrialization and Economic Nationalism:

Other Market was This

Imposed
Many countries required to situation
Industrial heavy tax
industries did the sell product called
Revolution on other
were set up same and raw economic
country’s
thing materials nationalism

After the first World War Germany was defeated and a harsh and humiliating treaty was
imposed. And a government was formed by France and Britain.

Weimar Republic:
 Just after World War I (1919) a coalition government was formed. There were
democratic, liberal, catholic and socialist jointly formed the government.

 Coalition government was Reactionary government. It means they were against the
Progressive elements.

 Moreover, the coalition government signed the Treaty of Versailles.

 Germany had no experience of such a type of government. As a result it failed.

 Weimar Republic Failed in:

 Domestic Policy: Failed to solve economic problems.

 Foreign Policy: Failed as the government signed the humiliating Treaty of Versailles.

 Both domestic and foreign policy failures prepared the background of the rise of Nazism
in Germany in 1932. Election was held in 1932 in Germany when Hitler came to
power.
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Causes for the Rise of Fascism in Italy: Causes were more or less the same as it was in
Germany such as:

 Poor economic conditions.

 Took part in war.

 Italy won the war but was not satisfied.

 Treaty has been signed.

 Dissatisfaction due to the demand of Italy was not accepted and did not get what
they thought.

 Huge economic loss and financial crisis.

 Matter of national shame.

 The Government failed to solve the problems.

 Spread and failure of socialism.

 Rise of violent nationalism.

 Rise of Fascism and Mussolini

Similarities between Nazism and Fascism

 Believe in the supreme status of state

 Do not support liberty, equality, and independence

 Anti-internationalism

 Expansionist

 Imperialistic

 Anti-socialism

 Anti-communist

 Believe in violent nationalism

 Belief in wars

 Belief in militarism
 5

 Do not believe in peace

 Believe in criticism of the present government, socialist, communist and Jewish

people.

 They believe in public welfare

 Believe in the rule of the great leader in nation building.

 Nationa’s self-respect and self-esteem

 Role of state in economic affairs

 Against of liberalism in economic matters

 Military elements in foreign policy

 Anti-intellectualism

 Believe in single party system

Elements of dissimilarity between Nazism and Fascism:

 Racial concept prevailed in Germany but not in Italy.

 Role of pleasant, Policy of Blood and Mud (believe true German race are in peasant)
followed in Germany but not in Italy

 Germany was more rigid in their philosophy; Italy was less rigid.

 Different economic policy. Germany believed in the role of the state but Italy believed
in market forces or less the role of the state.

 Strong belief in imperialism by Germany but Italy had comparatively less belief

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 DAILY
CLASS NOTES
World History

Lecture - 11
Hitler and World War - II
 2

Hitler and World War - II

Foreign Policy of Hitler:

Explain the fundamentals of the foreign policy of Hitler.

Fundamentals of foreign policy Hitler believed about:

❖ Supreme Power of the State;

❖ Concept of the power;

❖ Concept of racial purity;

❖ Concept of Lebensraum (it means expansion of territories);

❖ Third Reich empire (to combine smaller territories into one).

The objective of Foreign Policy of Hitler:

❖ To make Germany strong

❖ To wash out national shame (Treaty of Versailles)

❖ Imperialism (expansion of colonies)

❖ To make Germany intact or united

❖ To neglect internationalism

❖ To neglect international organizations like the

League of Nations

Treaties and Agreements: Germany/Hitler signed

several agreements with neighboring countries to
make its position strong.

❖ Agreements with Poland in 1934

❖ Agreements with England in 1935 to respect

border areas

❖ Agreements with Japan in 1936

❖ Agreements with Italy in 1936

❖ Agreements with Austria

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❖ Agreements with France to maintain its border

❖ Agreements with Czechoslovakia

Wars and Expansion:

❖ War with Austria

❖ War with Czechoslovakia

❖ War in the Baltic Area

❖ Attack on Poland

Results and Impact of Wars:

❖ Tension in Europe was increased

❖ End of peace in Europe

❖ Feelings of discontent, dissatisfaction, and insecurity were seen in Europe

❖ Neglect of international values and cooperation

❖ Counties went on the brink of war

❖ In this way, Hitler was responsible for World War II

Causes of World War II:

❖ Responsibility of Hitler (Write down the foreign policy of Hitler).

❖ Humiliating Treaty of Versailles:

➢ The treaty was humiliating for Germany and Italy.

➢ Germany lost due to this treaty:

✓ 70 lakh population

✓ 8% territory

✓ 15% agricultural land

✓ 12% animals

✓ 10% factories

✓ Not allowed to keep air force and submarine

✓ Navy was disbanded

✓ These became a national shame.

 4

❖ Failure of League of Nations:

➢ It was an organization formed after World War I by winning countries.

➢ It was formed to support weaker countries to solve international disputes.

➢ However, the League of Nations failed to maintain law and order.

➢ America played a crucial role in forming the League of Nations but did not become
a member.

➢ There was a condition for the membership that defeated countries would not be
part of the League of Nations.

➢ When Italy attacked and captured Abyssinia, the League could not do anything.

➢ In this way, the League failed to protect weaker countries.

❖ Militarism and Race of Armament:

➢ Hitler supported militarism.

➢ The race of armament was started.

➢ Britain had to increase its military strength due to Germany.

❖ Imperialism and Economic Competition:

➢ In the 19th century, European countries started making colonies to sell their product.

➢ Competition started in Asia, Africa, and Latin America.

➢ Britain and France were already there; now Germany had also entered to form
colonies.

❖ Immediate causes of World War II:

➢ Hitler attacked Poland on 1st September 1939.

➢ 3rd September 1939, England and France entered the war and attacked Germany.

➢ The world was divided into two groups: Germany, Russia, Japan, and Italy, and the
second group: America, England, and France.
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