St.

Paul University Iloilo

COLLEGE OF ARTS, SCIENCES AND EDUCATION
General Luna Street, Iloilo City
GEC 7
THE PAULINIAN GLEANERS’ PRAYER
God, our loving Father, through Your Holy Spirit, enable us
to participate in Jesus’ saving mission to make You known
and loved throughout the world. May we joyfully live out
our Paulinian identity as GLEANERS who are:

PRAYERFUL, mindful of who we truly are and why we are

here – Your children called to follow Your Holy Will;

SELF-EFFACING, quick to transcend when we are not

recognized for the good we have done or when we are
taken for granted;
THE PAULINIAN GLEANERS’ PRAYER
With TRANQUIL – DARING to proceed when we feel that
the work and responsibilities given us are back – breaking
and beyond our capacity; &

ALL TO ALL, willing to faithfully serve everyone especially

the least, the last, & the lost.

Our Lady of Chartres, pray for us.

St. Paul the Apostle, our Patron, pray for us.
Fr. Louis Chauvet and our First Sisters, intercede for us.
Caritas Christi urget nos, now and for ever.
Amen.
ATTENDANCE CHECK
St. Paul University Iloilo
COLLEGE OF ARTS, SCIENCES AND EDUCATION
General Luna Street, Iloilo City
CHAP TER I
CHAP TER 1:
General Concepts and Historical Developments
1. Introduction to Science, Technology, and Society
2. Historical Antecedents of Science and Technology
3. Intellectual Revolutions and Society
4. Science and Technology and Nation Building
C h a p t e r 1 : G e n e r a l C o n c e p t s a n d H i s t o r i c a l D eve l o p m e n t s
Introduction to Science, Technology, and Society
OBJECT I V ES:
At the end of this section, the students should be able to:
1. discuss the general concepts related to science and
technology;
2. explain the scope of the study of STS; and
3. demonstrate preparedness and readiness in the study of STS.
QUESTIONS TO PONDER
1. What is Science?

??? 2. What is Technology?

3. What is Society?
DEFINITION OF TERMS
SCIENCE
• came from the Latin word
“scientia” which means
‘knowledge’
• It refers to a systematic and
methodical activity of building
and organizing knowledge
about how the universe
behaves through observation,
experimentation or both.
“Modern science
is a discovery as
well as an
invention.”
JOHN HEILBRON
American Science Historian
DEFINITION OF TERMS
TECHNOLOGY
• came from the Greek root word
“techne” meaning ‘art, skill, or
cunning of hand’
• It is the application of
scientific knowledge, laws, and
principles to produce services,
materials, tools and machines
aimed at solving real-world
problems.
What is your definition of technological tool?

“What defines a technological tool –

one historical definition – is something
that takes a human’s sense or ability
and augments it and makes it more
powerful. So, for example, I wear
contact lenses or glasses; that is a
technology that enhances my human
ability of vision and makes it better.”
MARK ZUCKERBERG
CEO of Facebook/Meta
The Medawar Lecture 1998: Is Science Dangerous?

Wolpert (2005) explained

that reliable scientific
knowledge has no moral or
ethical value.
The Medawar Lecture 1998:
Is Science Dangerous?
It is simply meant to explain
how nature and the universe
work and that the obligation of
scientists, besides studying the
nature of the universe, is to
explain the possible uses and
applications of such scientific
knowledge.
The Medawar Lecture 1998:
Is Science Dangerous?

Wolpert made it clear

that science is not the
same as technology.
The Medawar Lecture 1998:
Is Science Dangerous?
While scientists are responsible
for the reliable conduct of
scientific inquiry and its honest
interpretation and
dissemination, technological
applications of science are
influenced by other sectors such
as politics and governance,
religion and business.
Humans today live more productive and more exciting lives
than their predecessors.
Humans today live more productive and more exciting lives
than their predecessors.
The introduction of machines tremendously cut the need for human workforce and gave
rise to questions about whether machines will eventually replace humans.
The invention of drugs that cured previously incurable diseases introduced new strains of
bacteria and viruses that are resistant to the very same drugs that once fought them –
take an antibiotic-resistant strain of gonorrhea as example.
The invention of drugs that cured previously incurable diseases introduced new strains of
bacteria and viruses that are resistant to the very same drugs that once fought them –
take an antibiotic-resistant strain of gonorrhea as example.
The rise of social media drastically changed the way humans communicate, interact and
share information; however, this tends to put people’s privacy at risk.
As problems in science and technology continue to rise
and become more observable, the need to pay attention
to their interactions with various aspects of human life,
e.g., social, political, and economic, becomes ever more
necessary.
DEFINITION OF TERMS

SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY

In general, STS applies methods drawn from history, philosophy, and sociology to
study the nature of science and technology and ultimately judge their value and
place in the society.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY,
AND SOCIETY
• As an interdisciplinary field,
the emergence of STS was a
result of questions about
science and technology’s
dynamic interaction with
various aspects of society and
was thus viewed as a socially
embedded enterprise.
Science, Technology, and Society

Humanities Natural Science

(interpretive) (rational)

Kennedy School effectively encapsulates, STS seeks to bridge the gap between two
traditionally exclusive cultures – humanities (interpretive) and natural sciences (rational)
– so that humans will be able to better confront the moral, ethical, and existential
dilemmas brought by the continued developments in science and technology.
 10 Emerging Ethical Dilemmas and Policy Issues in
Science and Technology for 2018
1. Helix
2. Bless U-2 and Pepper
3. Emotion-Sensing Facial Recognition
4. Ransomware
5. Textalyzer
6. Social Credit System
7. Google Clips
8. Sentencing Software
9. Friendbot
10. Citizen App
10 Emerging Ethical Dilemmas and Policy Issues in
Science and Technology for 2018

HELIX
a digital app store designed to read genomes
 10 Emerging Ethical Dilemmas and Policy Issues in
Science and Technology for 2018

BLESS U-2 and PEPPER

first robot and priest monk

Robotic priest called “BlessU-2” in Germany

 10 Emerging Ethical Dilemmas and Policy Issues in
Science and Technology for 2018

EMOTION-SENSING
FACIAL RECOGNITION
a software being developed to
assess your reactions to
anything such as shopping and
playing games
 10 Emerging Ethical Dilemmas and Policy Issues in
Science and Technology for 2018

RANSOMWARE
a way of holding data
hostage through hacking
and requiring a ransom to
be paid
 10 Emerging Ethical Dilemmas and Policy Issues in
Science and Technology for 2018

TEXTALYZER
a device that analyzes
whether a driver was using
his or her phone during an
accident
 10 Emerging Ethical Dilemmas and Policy Issues in
Science and Technology for 2018

SOCIAL CREDIT
SYSTEM
a system of scoring citizens
through their actions by
placing them under constant
surveillance (which China
plays to adopt)
 10 Emerging Ethical Dilemmas and Policy Issues in
Science and Technology for 2018

GOOGLE CLIPS
a hands-free camera that lets the user capture every moment effortlessly
 10 Emerging Ethical Dilemmas and Policy Issues in
Science and Technology for 2018

SENTENCING
SOFTWARE
a mysterious algorithm
designed to aid courts in
sentencing decisions
 10 Emerging Ethical Dilemmas and Policy Issues in
Science and Technology for 2018

FRIENDBOT
an app that stores the
deceased’s digital footprint so
one can still ‘chat’ with them
 10 Emerging Ethical Dilemmas and Policy Issues in
Science and Technology for 2018

CITIZEN APP
an app that notifies users of
ongoing crimes or major events
in a specific area
RECAP!
RECAP
SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION TO SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY
• Definition of Terms
• Science
• Technology
• Science, Technology, and Society
C h a p t e r 1 : G e n e r a l C o n c e p t s a n d H i s t o r i c a l D eve l o p m e n t s
Historical Antecedents of Science and Technology
OBJECT I V ES:
At the end of this section, the students should be able to:
1. discuss the historical antecedents of science and technology
across time; and
2. explain how Philippine scientific and technological inventions
shaped and were shaped by various social contexts.
 ANTECEDENT
An antecedent is defined as a precursor to the unfolding
or existence of something.
HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Ancient Period

Middle Ages

Modern Ages
ANCIENT PERIOD
ANCIEN T PERIOD

The rise of ancient civilizations paved the way for advances in

science and technology.
ANCIEN T PERIOD
ANCIEN T WHEEL
A general agreement that the ancient
wheel grew out of a mechanical device
called the “potter’s wheel” – a heavy flat
disk made of hardened clay which was spun
horizontally on an axis.

It is believed that the Sumerians invented

the potter’s wheel shortly after 3500 BC.
 ANCIEN T PERIOD

PAPER
Roughly around 300 BC, the
ancient Egyptians began writing
on papyrus, a material similar to
thick paper. Papyrus is made from
the pith of the papyrus plant
cyperus papyrus.
ANCIEN T PERIOD

SHADOOF
The shadoof was an early tool invented and
used by ancient Egyptians to irrigate the
land. Also, shadoof (or shaduf), is a hand-
operated device used for lifting water,
ANCIEN T PERIOD

SHADOOF
The shadoof was an early tool invented and
used by ancient Egyptians to irrigate the
land. Also, shadoof (or shaduf), is a hand-
operated device used for lifting water.
ANCIEN T PERIOD

AN T IK Y T HERA
MECHANISM
It is widely believed that the Antikythera
mechanism was used to predict
astronomical positions and eclipses for
calendar and astrological purposes.
ANCIEN T PERIOD

AN T IK Y T HERA
MECHANISM
It is also believed that the Antikythera
mechanism, which is one of the oldest
known antecedents of modern clockwork,
was invented by Greek scientists between
150-100 BC.
ANCIEN T PERIOD

AEOLIPILE
Also known as the Hero’s engine, the aeolipile
is widely believed to be the ancient precursor
of the steam engine.

Hero of Alexandria is credited for the

demonstration of the use of the aeolipile
during the 1st century AD.
ANCIEN T PERIOD

AEOLIPILE
The aeolipile is a steam-powered turbine
which spun when the water container at its
center was heated, thus making it practically
the first rudimentary steam engine.
MIDDLE AGES
MIDDLE AGES

Between the collapse of the Roman Empire in the 5th century AD and the
colonial expansion of Western Europe in late 15th century AD, major
advances in scientific and technological development took place.
MIDDLE AGES

HEAV Y PLOUGH
Most important technological innovations during the middle ages.
 MIDDLE AGES

“The heavy plough turned

European agriculture and economy
on its lead. Suddenly the fields
with the heavy, fatty, and moist
clay soils became those that gave
the greatest yields.”

THOMAS BERNEBECK ANDERSEN

Professor, University of Denmark
MIDDLE AGES

GUN POWDER
Around 850 AD, Chinese alchemists
accidentally invented the black powder or
gun powder.
MIDDLE AGES

PAPER MONEY
Although it was until the 17th century
that bank notes began to be used in
Europe, the first known versions of paper
money could be traced back to the
Chinese in 17th century AD as an offshoot
of the invention of block printing, which
is similar to stamping.
MIDDLE AGES

MECHANICAL CLOCK
The development of mechanical clocks paved
the way for accurately keeping track of time.

The sophistication of clockwork technology of

the mechanical clock drastically changed the
way days were spent and work patterns were
established, particularly in the more
advanced Middle Age cities.
MIDDLE AGES
SPINNING WHEEL
A machine used for transforming fiber into
thread or yarn and eventually woven into
cloth on a loom.

It was theorized that the Indians invented the

spinning wheel between 6th and 11th century
AD.

White (1974) argued that this ushered the

breakthrough in linen production when it was
introduced in Europe in 13th century.
MODERN AGES
MODERN AGES

As the world population steadily increased, people of the Modern Ages

realized the utmost importance of increasing the efficiency of
transportation, communication and production.
MODERN AGES

Industrialization took place with greater risks in human health, food

safety, and environment which had to be addressed as scientific and
technological progress unfolded at an unimaginable speed.
MODERN AGES

COMPOUND MICROSCOPE
A Dutch spectacle maker named Zacharias
Janssen is credited for the invention of the
first compound microscope in 1590.
MODERN AGES

COMPOUND MICROSCOPE
Today, the compound microscope is an
important instrument in many scientific
studies, such as in the areas of medicine,
forensic studies, tissue analysis, atomic
studies and genetics.
MODERN AGES

T ELESCOPE
Most important technological invention in
the study of astronomy during the Modern
Ages and this was invented by Galileo
Galilei.
MODERN AGES

JACQUARD LOOM
Built by French weaver Joseph Marie
Jacquard, the Jacquard loom simplifies
textile manufacturing.
MODERN AGES

JACQUARD LOOM
The Jacquard loom is also an important
antecedent of modern computer technology
as it demonstrated the use of punched cards
to instruct a machine to carry out complex
tasks, i.e., making different textile patterns.
MODERN AGES

ENGINE-POWERED
AIRPL ANE
Orville Wright and Wilbur Wright are
credited for designing and successfully
operating the first engine-powered
aircraft.
 MODERN AGES

T ELEVISION
The Scottish engineer John
Logie Baird is largely
credited for the invention of
modern television.
INVEN TIONS BY FILIPINO SCIEN TISTS

Throughout Philippine history, Filipinos are responsible for developing many

scientific and technological innovations focused on navigation, traditional
shipbuilding, textiles, food processing, indigenous arts and techniques, and
even cultural inventions.
INVEN TIONS BY FILIPINO SCIEN TISTS

ELECT RONIC JEEPNEY

(E-JEEPNEY)
The e-jeepney is the inventive response to
criticisms to the traditional jeepney that
belched smoke, directly causing air pollution
which made it unstainable and
uneconomical.
INVEN TIONS BY FILIPINO SCIEN TISTS

ELECT RONIC JEEPNEY

(E-JEEPNEY)
E-jeepneys are designed to be environment
friendly, eliminating noise and air pollution
as they run on electricity. They are also more
economical for electricity is far cheaper than
ordinary diesel, allowing jeepney drivers to
earn more profit.
INVEN TIONS BY FILIPINO SCIEN TISTS
 INVEN TIONS BY FILIPINO SCIEN TISTS

ERY T HROM YCIN

One of the most important
medical inventions; the Ilonggo
scientist Abelardo Aguilar
invented the antibiotic out of a
strain of bacterium called
Streptomyces erythreus, from
which this drug derived its
name.
INVEN TIONS BY FILIPINO SCIEN TISTS

MEDICAL INCUBATOR
World-renowned Filipino pediatrician and
national scientist, Fe del Mundo, is credited
for the invention of the incubator and
jaundice relieving device.
INVEN TIONS BY FILIPINO SCIEN TISTS
MEDICAL INCUBATOR
Del Mundo’s incubator was particularly
outstanding as it addressed the state of
Philippine rural communities that had no
electricity to aid the regulation of body
temperatures of newborn babies.
 INVEN TIONS BY FILIPINO SCIEN TISTS

MOLE REMOVER
In 2000, a local invention
that had the ability to
easily remove moles and
warts on skin without the
need for any surgical
procedure shot to fame.
INVEN TIONS BY FILIPINO SCIEN TISTS
MOLE
REMOVER
Rolando dela Cruz is
credited for the invention
of a local mole remover
that made use of extracts
of cashew nuts
(Annacardium
occidentale), which are
very common to the
Philippines.
INVEN TIONS BY FILIPINO SCIEN TISTS

MOLE
REMOVER
The indigenous formula
easily caught on for its
accessibility,
affordability, and
painless and scarless
procedure.
INVEN TIONS BY FILIPINO SCIEN TISTS

BANANA KE TCHUP
Filipino food technologist, Maria Orosa, is
credited for the invention of banana ketchup,
a variety of ketchup different from commonly
known tomato ketchup.
RECAP!
RECAP
SECTION 2: HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
• Definition of Term
• Antecedent

• HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (Ancient Period,

Middle Ages, Modern Ages)

• Inventions of Filipino Scientists

REMINDERS
PAULINIAN PRAYER
God, our loving Father,
You called us to participate
in Your saving mission
And to make You known and
loved throughout the world.
We thank You for our Paulinian identity
that inspires us to be like Christ
and to walk in the truth.
PAULINIAN PRAYER

Help us to stand firm in our daily

struggle
to live our Christocentric Paschal
spirituality.
Forgive our failures to witness
to your compassionate love
and to surrender to your holy will.
PAULINIAN PRAYER

Grant us the grace to grow in Your love

for the good of the Church
and the service of neighbor,
and to remain faithful to You
through your Son, Jesus Christ,
In the unity of the Holy Spirit,
one God, forever and ever.
Amen.
PAULINIAN PRAYER

Mary, our Mother and Model, pray for us.

St. Paul, our patron, pray for us.
Our holy founders, intercede for us.
May the love of Christ impel us,
now and forever.
Amen.
PICTURE TAKING