Tikrit Journal of Pure Science Vol.

25 (4) 2020

Tikrit Journal of Pure Science

ISSN: 1813 – 1662 (Print) --- E-ISSN: 2415 – 1726 (Online)

Journal Homepage: http://tjps.tu.edu.iq/index.php/j

Absorption and Desorption Remediation of Environmental Pollution to

Remove Heavy Metal Ions From Waste Water Using Batch
experimental System
Ban Abdulelah Mohammed
Department of Environmental Sciences and Analytical Chemistry, College of Science, Salahuddin University, Erbil, Iraq
https://doi.org/10.25130/tjps.v25i4.267
A r t i c l e i n f o. ABSTRACT
Article history:
-Received: 28 / 10 / 2019 G raphite is the substance of allotropes of carbon forms with diamond,
-Accepted: 22 / 4 / 2020 and amorphous carbon, Graphite considered one of methods that we can
-Available online: / / 2020 use it for adsorption of heavy metals ion from water, by a new sorbent
Keywords: Graphene, Solid phase material having functionalized for solid phase extraction (SPE) metals
Extraction (SPE), Zn(II) And Co(II) (Zinc and Cobalt) from aqueous solutions. Firstly we used Graphite
Metal ions. substance by chemical process to convert it to Graphene and graphene
oxide has been used in oxidation by hummer method process by using
Corresponding Author: H2SO4 and KMnO4 that considered a good oxidizing materials. Graphene
Name: Ban Abdulelah Mohammed oxide is a Composite material fabricated from Graphite. Micrometer thick
E-mail: films of graphene oxide paper are also named as graphite oxide
banoalshahwani@yahoo.com membranes, secondly we silanized it with 3-(trimethoxysilyl) propylamine
to get (GO-Si) product, thirdly react this product with functional gropus
Tel: (Aldehyde) (3,5,Di-tert-butyle-2-hydroxy-benzenaldehyde) to get (Go-Si-
Ald) that form graphene Schiff base material, that we used it to several
process under different laboratories factors such as (pH, different
concentrations of metals / Zinc and Cobalt, different stirring time, with
different temperatures), The adsorption of metals (Zn and Co) were
investigated successfully, this is one of development method for treatment
of waste and drinking water for reuse. This method is benefit to solve
environmental problem which is harmful to health. All these work made
by several instrumental analysis such as ICP, FTIR analysis, EDX, Uv-
visible, TGA, TEM, SEM, XRD Analysis.
1. Introductıon
There are several types of water pollutants include Zinc is a mineral. It is referred to as an "essential trace
pathogenic organisms, oxygen-demanding wastes, element" because it requires only very low levels of zinc
metals (Zn&Co), plant nutrients, synthetic organic for human health. Since the human body does not store
chemicals, inorganic chemicals, microplastics, excess zinc, it must be consumed regularly as part of the
sediments, radioactive substances, oil, and heat, in this diet. Common food sources for zinc are red meat, poultry
work using the Graphite substance that considered one and fish. Zinc deficiency can lead to dwarfism, reduced
types of Carbon element Graphite substance as hybrid taste sensitivity of food and the inability of testes and
material, that considered one of essential or excellent ovaries. It is also used to strengthen the immune system,
absorbance of heavy metal ions aqueous solutions, in improve the growth and health of infants and children
this study I used two metal ions firstly, Zinc is with zinc deficiency and for the treatment of the common
relatively harmless compared to several other metal cold and recurrent ear infections, influenza, upper
ions with similar chemical properties. Only high doses respiratory tract infections, prevention and treatment of
are toxic, so acute zinc poisoning is rare[1]. lower respiratory tract infections, swine flu, bladder

20
Tikrit Journal of Pure Science Vol. 25 (4) 2020
infections, Tinnitus and severe head injuries. It is also used of hybrid materials, Preparing final product 3, 5-Di-
for malaria and other parasitic diseases [2]. tert-butyl-2-hydroxy-benzenaldehyde on GO, For
Zinc is an essential element whose importance for protection of environmental pollution such as water
health is increasingly recognized and whose lack of pollution by Removal of heavy metal ions, For making
disease can play an important role. Zinc is one of the comparative between Graphene oxide with aldehydes
organism's most important trace elements, with three under different concentrations of metals that when react
important biological functions such as catalyst, with Zinc and Cobalt metal ions, Know how much
structure and regulatory ion. Zinc binding motifs are Graphene oxide can absorb heavy metal ions, The
found in many proteins that are physiologically adsorption of metals (Zn and Co) were investigated
encoded by the human genome, and free zinc is successfully this is one of development method for
regulated primarily at the level of individual cells. Zinc treatment of waste and drinking water for reuse, In
has a crucial influence on homeostasis, immune other hand this method is leading to significant
function, oxidative stress, apoptosis and aging. With environmental problem which is harmful to health by a
zinc deficiency, significant disturbances are of great new sorbent material having functionalized for solid
interest to public health [3][4][5]. phase extraction (SPE) and discovered its compliance
Secondly, cobalt is widely distributed in low based on the removal of some heavy metal ions. .
concentrations in the environment. People are exposed 3. MATERIALS AND METHOD
to low levels of cobalt by inhaling polluted air, drinking 3.1. Oxidation of Graphite (Synthesis of Graphene
contaminated drinking water or eating food. The cobalt Oxide from Graphite)
concentrations in the soil range from about (1 to 40) 3.1.1 . Steps of Cold bath (ICE Bath):-
ppm and the amount of cobalt in the air is less than (2 Starting with (5) gm of Graphite, then Adding (250)
ng / m 3). Mineral cobalt ions are widely used trace ml of H2SO4 in a beaker, ICE Bath + Magnetic stirrer.
minerals in nature. Trace elements are essential in The rotating field may be created either by a rotating
certain quantities for normal physiological function; magnet or a set of stationary electromagnetic , placed
They play a role in the prevention of malnutrition, the beneath the vessel with the liquid) . because of its small
function of the immune system, the regulation of gene size , a stirring bar is more easily cleaned and sterilized
expression, the antioxidant defense and the prevention than other stirring devices, Addition of Graphite on
of chronic diseases. The only biological function H2SO4 in ICE Bath, for (30) minutes , addidng (8gm)
known to cobalt is its role as a mineral component of of KMNO4 as a Strong oxidizing Agent Adding on
vitamin B12, also known as cyanocobalamin, while solution Mix on ICE Bath (1 hour) addition slowly then
other cobalt compounds have been classified as waiting for (2hr.) 10:35 to 12:35, all these steps shows
environmentally and antibody toxic after overexposure in figure (1) below.
[6][7][8].
Widely used in nature and part of many human
activities. Although cobalt plays a necessary biological
role as a mineral in vitamin B12, overexposure has been
proven to have many adverse health effects. detection
and measurement methods for assimilation and
interpretation, reported health effects, and common
concentrations. Less than (300) micrograms / liter (100
micrograms / liter have a safety factor of 3), blood and
endocrine disruption are the primary health endpoints
in healthy people, and chronic exposure at acceptable
doses is not expected to be a risk to the patient Patient
Fig. 1: Cold steps oxidation of Graphite to Graphene and
represents health. Cobalt in less than 1 mg, of which Graphene Oxide
(0.36 mg) in lipids, (0.3 mg) in hair, (0.28 mg) in bone,
(0.2 mg) in muscle and (0.11 mg) in the liver [9]. 3.1.2. Steps of Warm Bath:
Getting Graphite solution out of ICE Bath and put in
2. The aıms of thıs study
warm bath at 35C for (1) hour 12:50 to 1:50 pm,
This study Investigate the effects of pH and ionic
NOTES:-We have to check the temp. Of sample it
strength on Zn (II) and Co (II) sorption, This thesis
shouldn’t decrease less than 25°C, then Adding
demonstrated the broad applicability of this fascinating
(100ml) of D.W at (40-60)°C for (50) minutes,
material in environmental pollution cleanup by aqueous
Addition of D.W in (50) minutes, After addition the
samples under the various laboratory conditions such as
temperature of mix must be (50°C) (green –brown)
pH, concentration, temperature, and time effect on their
shows in figures below (2) (3).
adsorption capacity and reusability, For improvement

21
Tikrit Journal of Pure Science Vol. 25 (4) 2020

Fig. 2 and 3: Warm steps of oxidation of Graphite

For (1) hour the sample will be left on stirrer (35°C) 3.1.3. Steps of Filtration
water bath warm (chocolate color). Strring for 1 hour I decantate the sample solution. addition of HCL (5%)
Temperature (40°C above 50°C), Increasing the (800ml) on the ppt then make stirring it with magnetic
temperature to (95°C-93°C) with bubbles waiting for stirrer for couple minutes. then leaving the sample
15 minutes, Addition of (30) ml D.W (600ml) little solution till all ppt (Digest) on the bottom of beaker .
yellow, Addition of (20ml) H2O2 Dark brown - After that decantate it again, then Waiting for 25 days
yellowish brown, Wait for (15) hours over night, to drying grapheme we will get figure (5) below :-
Preparation of 5% (1000 ml) HCL for washing ,
Filtrations of sample by Buchner funnel, Washing
sample by HCL 5%, The washing with pure water D.W
shows in figure (4) below.

Fig. 5: Filteration steps to find the powder of Graphene

Oxide
Oxidizing of Graphite by hummer method, by using
H2SO4, KMNO4 , H2O2 in 65°C for 15 hr to get
Graphene oxide (GO) shows in Reaction (A) below
Fig. 4: Continously of warm steps and additional of D.W
to solution

Fig. A: The reaction of formation of Graphene Oxide

3.2. Steps of Silanization (Salts) to Get Graphene Addition of (50) ml (3-triethoxsilyl–propylrimine)
Oxide - Silan Substance:- (Silanization) by injection closing the ballon from top
Taking (6) gm of Graphene Oxide (GO) that i get it of condenser then opening one arms of flask and inject
from first step and added it to (500) ml Dry Ethanol (3-triethoxsilyl –propylrimine) into it , Leaving sample
96%, Under the flut then stirr for (2) days, With ballon stirring for 2 days at (60°C-65°C), that shows in figure
for inertness (N2) inert gas , I used N2 gas because of I (6) below
don’t want the air follow through the instrument,

22
Tikrit Journal of Pure Science Vol. 25 (4) 2020

Fig. 7: Filtration of Silanization step of Graphene oxide

Fig. 6: Instrumental of Silanization steps of Graphene

Oxide
3.2.1. Steps of Filtration:-
Filtration of sample that appear in figure (8) below,
Addition (100 ml) of methanol (to dilute the unreacted Fig. 8: Solution of Graphene Oxide Silanization after
Silanization molecules), Then washing by D.W, Drying drying
at (35°C - 40 °C) in oven, Grinding that shows in Then i silylated the Graphene oxide (GO) with 3
figures (7) & (8) below (trimethoxysilyl) propylamine for salinization
Graphene oxide under flux for 2 days to get product
shows Reaction (B) below

Fig. B: Shows the Graphene Oxide Reactions with Silanization

3.3.1. Steps of Filtration:-
3.3. Steps of Additional of functional Groups After 30 hours then Filtration shows in figure (10)
(Aldehydes) to Graphene Oxide:- below
Taking (1) gm of Aldehyde (3,5,Di-tert-butyle-2-
hydroxy-benzenaldehyde) (that form legend with
sample) and added to 30 ml absolute ethanol in round
flask, Stir until the sample dissolve, Weigh (1) gm of
Graphene oxide-Silanization (GO-SI) and added to the
flask containing ( legend + ethanol), Set up the flask
with condenser, Raise temp. Of the sample between Fig. 10: Filteration process of sample of aldehyde
(60°C -65°C) for (30) min. and leave the sample for
(30) hours under reflux that appear in figure (9) below. Leaving the filtration sample to drying for 2 days to
get it as powder, the product that produced Graphene
oxide-silanization from second step will react with
aldehydes (3,5-Di-tert-butyl-2-hydroxy-
benzenaldehyde) to get the GO-schiff base material
final product of this work that shows as reaction (C)
Fig. 9: instrumental of additional aldehyde (functional below :-
group)

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Tikrit Journal of Pure Science Vol. 25 (4) 2020

Fig. C: shows the Reactions of the Graphene oxide with Silanization and Aldehyde
3.4. Preparations: A) Taking CoCl2.6H2O to preparation Cobalt metal
3.4.1.Preparation (Acid & Base) Mwt.= 237.93 g/mole , A.wt (Co)+2= 58.93 , 𝑝𝑝𝑚 =
A)Preparation of HcL (I Used this law below for mg solute
Preparation Acids):- , ppm=1000 ,V=500 ml
liquid solute
32
D∗1000 1.14∗
100
∗1000 X=2.01 gm of Co , appear in figure (14) below:-
𝑁= , 𝑁= , N=10.005,
Eq.wt 36.46
N1*v1=N2*V2, 10.005 *V1=0.1 *100 , V1=1 ml.
shows in figure (11) below.

Fig. 14: Preparation of Co Metal

4. Results and Discussion
Fig. 11: Preparation of Acid HCL
4.1.Instrumental & Device Analysis Fourier
B)Preparation of NaOH I Used this law below for Transforms Infrared spectroscopy GO+ SILAN+
preparation basics):- ALDEHYDE Images
WT∗1000 WT∗1000
𝑁= , 0.1 = , WT = 0.4 gm of NaoH, 75.98
75.5

Eq.wt∗v 40∗100 ml 75.0

74.5

shows in figure (15) .. 74.0

73.5

73.0
1414.48
72.5 1729.03
1221.21
2853.88
72.0 1052.56

71.5 2925.99
1629.76
71.0

70.5

70.0

69.5

%T 69.0
68.5

68.0

67.5

67.0

66.5
3431.50
66.0

65.5

65.0

64.5

Fig. 12: Preparation of NaOH 64.0

63.5

63.0

+2 +2 62.45

3.4.2.Preparation of metals (Zn & Co ):- 4000.0

75.04
3600 3200 2800 2400 2000 1800
cm-1
1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 450.0

Taking (CH3COOH)2 Zn*2H2O to preparation Zinc 74.5

metal 74.0

622.43
556.11 468.94

Mwt.=219.49 g/mole , A.wt (Zn)+2=65.41 , 𝑝𝑝𝑚 =

73.5

73.0 2853.88

mg solute
, ppm=1000 ,V=500 ml
72.5
1431.54
2922.20

liquid solute 72.0

1634.29
1116.99

X=1.67 gm of Zn , appear in figure (13) below:- %T

71.5

71.0
1054.46

70.5

70.0

69.5

69.0

68.5 3434.85

68.0
67.79
4000.0 3600 3200 2800 2400 2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 450.0
cm-1

Fig. 13: Preparation of Zn metal

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Tikrit Journal of Pure Science Vol. 25 (4) 2020
68.48

68.0

67.5
2375.71
UV-VIS Analysis for Graphene Oxide
67.0

66.5
C=O 878.23
618.64

66.0

65.5

65.0
2925.99
64.5

64.0
1632.39 1434.26

63.5

63.0

%T 62.5 1115.091048.13

62.0

61.5

61.0

60.5 3433.26

60.0

59.5

59.0

58.5

58.0

57.5

57.00
4000.0 3600 3200 2800 2400 2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 450.0
cm-1

Energy-Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analysis EDX Analysis For Graphene oxide

EDX Analysis For Graphene oxide with Silanization

25
Tikrit Journal of Pure Science Vol. 25 (4) 2020
EDX Analysis For Graphene oxide with Silanization and Aldehyde

Transmission electron icroscopy (TEM) Analysis TEM for Graphene Oxide And Silanization With
for Graphene Oxide Aldehydes

X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) Analysis For

TEM for Graphene Oxide and Silanization Go+SILAN+ALDEHYDE

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Tikrit Journal of Pure Science Vol. 25 (4) 2020

Thermogravometric TGA Analysis

BATCH EXPERIMENTS (ADSORPTION After preparing Graphene oxide Schiff base material
ISOTHERM) and after characterized it with several instrumental
Adsorption is the adhesion of atoms, ions, or molecules analysis such as FT-IR, EDX, XRD, Uv-visible, TGA,
from a gas, liquid, or dissolved solid to a surface. TEM, SEM, then we will make several reactions to
Adsorption is a surface-based totally method at the investigate the maximum adsorption capacity with
same time as absorption consists of the enter volume of metal (Zn and Cobalt) ions, different pH, different
material, Adsorption is the manner which heavy metals stirring time, different temperature, different
are adsorbed on the Graphene oxide Schiff base concentrations of metals, these four reactions is
surface, and the equilibrium is mounted when the A) First reaction is, additional Graphene oxide Schiff
concentrations of heavy metal adsorbed and in water base material with metals at different pH values, in this
grow to be steady, at equilibrium the relationship step we prepared metals of Zn(II) that prepared from
between amounts of heavy metal ions adsorbed and in (CH3COOH)2Zn.2H2O and Co(II) from CoCl2.6H2O,
water is referred to as an adsorption isotherm, the taking (5) small beakers each one contain (25 mg) of
adsorption of Zn(II) and Co(II) particles on GO-Schiff GO base Schiff with (25mg/l) of both metals, these 5
base material surface from aqueous solution turned into small beakers putting on stirring instrument at different
studied in batch system [10]. pH at (3, 5, 7, 9, 11) in (25Co), then regulate pH with

27
Tikrit Journal of Pure Science Vol. 25 (4) 2020
HCL in acidic medium and NaOH in basic medium of
each beaker at pH instrument, then making filtration of
all beakers, after that the filtered characterized by ICP
analysis instrument this process as shown in figure (15)
Below:-

Fig.17: GO-Schiff base material with metals (Zn &

Co) at different temperature
D) Fourth reaction step is preparing stock solution is
(1000 mg/L) of Zn (II) that prepared from
(CH3COOH)2 Zn.2H2O and Co (II) from CoCl2.6H2O.
The metals Zn (II) and Co (II) in batch system is
Fig.15: GO-Schiff base with metals (Zn & Co) in different
pH values; 25 oC
adsorption studies for adsorptive of metal ions (Zn and
Co) on GO-Schiff base surface, additional of Graphene
B) Second reaction, is GO Schiff base material with oxide Schiff base material with different concentrations
different stirring time, by preparing also (5) small of metals that starting from (25 mg/L to 1000 mg/L),
beakers, each one contain (25 mg) Graphene Schiff preparing (10 small beakers) each one contain (25 mg)
base material react with (25 mg/L) of both (Zn &Co) of Graphene Schiff base material with different
metals, putting it on stirring instrument at different concentrations of metals on stirring instrument and
stirring time (10, 30, 50, 70, 120 min.) respectively, regulating pH (7) for both Zn(II) and Co(II) metals by
with regulating pH (7) for both Zn(II) & Co(II) metals, HCl in acidic medium and NaOH at basic medium, at
then making filtrations for all beakers, the filtered is (60oC) then making filtrations for all beakers, the
characterized by ICP instrumental analysis, this process filtered substance characterized by ICP analysis
as shown in figure (16). Below. instrument, this process as shown in figure (18) Below.

Fig.18: GO-Schiff base material with different

concentrations of metals (Zn & Co)
Fig.16: GO-Schiff base material with metals (Zn & Co) in These four reactions steps that carried out to investigate
different stirring time
the effect of different laboratories conditions, such as
C)Third reaction is Graphene oxide Schiff base the effect of pH and the effect of adsorbent dosage of
material react with metals (Zn & Co) at different metals (different concentrations of metals), with
temperature in (25, 30, 40, 50, 60 oC), also we prepared contact time (different stirring time), and temperature
(5) small beakers each one contain (25 mg) of GO (different temperature) of metals (Zn &Co) on GO-
Schiff base material with (25 mg/L) of metals, then Schiff base material.
regulating pH (7) for both Zn(II) and Co(II) metals, That can be measured by ICP analysis s a type of mass
putting each beaker on stirring instrument, with oil bath spectrometry which detecting metals and several non-
for (1 h.) to stabling of temperatures, then making metals at concentrations, that ionizing the sample
filtrations for all beakers, the filtered characterized by with inductively coupled plasma and then using a mass
ICP instrumental analysis, this process as shown in spectrometer to separate and quantify those ions, the
figure (17) Below. Maximum absorption capacity Q (mg/g) were
determined by the following equation (1) below
(Najafi,F., 2015).

28
Tikrit Journal of Pure Science Vol. 25 (4) 2020

Q = [(Co-Ce). V] / m Conclusion
…….Co (2)and Ce (mg/L) are the liquid-phase In this study, Graphene oxide considered one of
Where
methods that we can use it for treatment of waste water
concentrations of metals before and after adsorption
and decrease of pollution of waste water that absorption
respectively. V is the volume of the solution (L)
of heavy metals ion from water by a new sorbent
and m is the mass of GO-Schiff base material used (g),
material (GO) having functionalized for solid phase
this Experimental work occurs, as explained below:-
extraction (SPE) and discovered its compliance based
A) Effect of PH
on the removal of some heavy metal ions. Were
included by aqueous samples under the various
laboratory conditions such as pH, concentration,
temperature, and time effect on their adsorption
capacity and reusability. This method considered one of
newest methods for remediation of pollution in
environment that come from industrial wastes that
cause harm effect on human health and other animals
B) Effect of Contact Time with plants.
Acknowledgment
I would like to thank everyone who has given me
support and encouragement over the year in completing
this dissertation. First of all, thanks to my parent
especially my mother, whose knowledge and technical
expertise has made this study an amazing learning
opportunity, for his guidance and encouragement
through the various stages of the M.Sc.
I am very grateful and thankful to my father and
C) Effect of Temperature
mother, and brother, for their support and impeccable
understanding allowing me to accomplish this thesis
during my study.
I would like to express my deepest appreciation to my
other friends and all those who provided me with
assistance to complete this thesis.
Finally, special thanks to salahaddin university with
lebanese french university for supporting me with this
C) Effect of Different concentration of metals (Zn work thesis.
and Co)

Refrences
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treatment/Sources-of-water-pollution. 1636.
[2] https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono- [5] Chimienti F, Devergnas S, Pattou F, Schuit F,
982/zinc. Garcia-Cuenca R, Vandewalle B et al (2006) In vivo
[3] Adamo AM, Zago MP, Mackenzie GG, Aimo L, expression and functional characterization of the zinc
Keen CL, Keenan A, Oteiza PI (2010) The role of zinc transporter ZnT8 in glucose-induced insulin secretion. J
in the modulation of neuronal proliferation and Cell Sci 119:4199–4206.
apoptosis. Neurotoxic Res 17:1–14 [6] Barceloux DG. Cobalt. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol.
[4] Adlard PA, Parncutt JM, Finkelstein DI, Bush AI 1999;37(2):201-206.
(2010) Cognitive loss in zinc transporter-3 knock-out
mice: a phenocopy for the synaptic and memory

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‫‪Tikrit Journal of Pure Science Vol. 25 (4) 2020‬‬
‫‪[7] Paustenbach DJ, Tvermoes BE, Unice KM, et al. A‬‬ ‫‪[9] Laura Leyssensa Bart Vinck, Catherine Van Der,‬‬
‫‪review of the health hazards posed by cobalt. Crit Rev‬‬ ‫‪Straeten Floris Wuyts, Cobalt toxicity in humans—A‬‬
‫‪Toxicol. 2013;43(4):316-362.‬‬ ‫‪review of the potential sources and systemic health‬‬
‫‪[8] Strachan S. Trace elements. Curr Anaesth Crit Care.‬‬ ‫‪effects, Volume 387, 15 July 2017, Pages 43-56.‬‬
‫‪2010;21(1):44-48.‬‬ ‫‪[10] en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermogravimetric_analysis.‬‬

‫امتصاص وادمصاص معالجة الملوثات البيئية إل زالة أيونات المعادن الثقيلة من مياه الصرف الصحي‬
‫بأستخدام النظام المائي‬
‫بان عبداالله محمد‬
‫قسم علوم البيئة والكيمياء التحليلية ‪ ،‬كلية العلوم ‪ ،‬جامعة صالح الدين ‪ ،‬اربيل ‪ ،‬العراق‬
‫الجامعة اللبنانية الفرنسية ‪ ،‬اربيل ‪ ،‬العراق‬

‫الملخص‬
‫الجرافيت هو مادة متكونة من أشكال الكربون مع الماس‪ ،‬والكربون غير المتبلور ‪ ،‬يعتبر الجرافيت إحدى الطرق التي يمكننا استخدامها المتصاص أيون‬
‫المعادن الثقيلة من الماء‪ ،‬بواسطة مادة ماصة جديدة تعمل على استخراج المعادن الصلبة (‪( )SPE‬الزنك والكوبالت) من المحاليل المائية‪ .‬أوالً‪،‬‬
‫استخدمنا م ادة الجرافيت من خالل عملية كيميائية لتحويلها إلى الجرافين‪ ،‬وقد تم استخدام أكسيد الجرافين في األكسدة عن طريق عملية همر باستخدام‬
‫أيضا تسمية األغشية السميكة‬
‫‪ H2SO4‬و ‪ KMnO4‬التي تعتبر مواد مؤكسدة جيدة‪ .‬أكسيد الجرافين هو مادة مركبة مصنعة من الجرافيت‪ .‬يتم ً‬
‫وثانيا قمنا بتحسينها باستخدام ‪( -3‬تريميثوكسيسيليل) بروبيالمين للحصول على منتج‬
‫ً‬ ‫للميكرومتر من ورق أكسيد الجرافين بأغشية أكسيد الجرافيت‪،‬‬
‫(‪ ، )GO-Si‬ثالثًا ‪ ،‬تفاعل هذا المنتج مع (ألدهيد) (‪ )Di-tert-butyle-2-hydroxy-benzenaldehyde ،3،5‬للحصول على (‪ )Go-Si-Ald‬التي‬
‫تشكل مادة الجرافين ‪ Schiff‬األساسية‪ ،‬التي استخدمناها في العديد من العمليات تحت عوامل مختبرات مختلفة مثل (األس الهيدروجيني‪ ،‬تركيزات‬
‫مختلفة من المعادن ‪ /‬الزنك والكوبالت‪ ،‬اختالف زمن التفاعل‪ ،‬مع درجات ح اررة مختلفة)‪ ،‬ثم بعد ذلك فحص امتزاز المعادن (‪ )Zn and Co‬بنجاح‪،‬‬
‫وهي إحدى طرق التطوير لمعالجة النفايات ومياه الشرب إلعادة استخدامها‪ .‬هذه الطريقة مفيدة لحل المشكلة البيئية الضارة بالصحة‪ .‬كل هذه األعمال‬
‫التي قام بها العديد من التحليالت اآللية مثل طيف االنبعاث الذري و جهاز طيف االشعة تحت الحمراء وجهاز طيف االشعة السينية وطيف االشعة فوق‬
‫البنفسجية و جهاز تحليل الوزن الحراري و جهاز الكتروني نافذ ومجهر الكتروني ماسح و جهاز حيود االشعة السينية ‪.‬‬

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