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Party System (Lecture 1 & 2)

Dear students,
It is desirable to make notes on your own.
These notes shall be plugged with class video and shall be updated with the same.

Rohit.

Previous Year Questions

Political Parties and Politics

Regional Parties
Q. Account for the emergence of regional political parties in India. Do you think the
existence of regional political parties is good for satisfying regional aspirations and national
unity? Give reasons in support of your answer. [67th BPSC]
Q. What are the implications of growing regional political parties on Indian party politics in
recent times? [2019]
Q. “Too many political parties are the bane of Indian politics.” Explain this fact in the context
of Bihar. [2019]
Q. “The system of Indian Political Parties is not nationalistic but it is individualistic.” Explain
this fact in the context of Bihar State. [65th BPSC-2020]
Factors Affecting Elections
Q. Do you agree that Indian Politics today primarily revolves around development politics
rather than ascriptive politics? Discuss with reference to Bihar. [2019]
Q. By and large, Indian political parties have become more pragmatic than ideological,
which makes party boundaries highly flexible and permeable. Comment. [AAO 2022]
Q. Identify the major pressure groups in Indian politics and examine their role in it. [2018]
Role of Caste
Q. Examine the role of Caste in the electoral politics of India. To what extent did the caste
factor play a role in the 2015 Bihar election? [2016]
Q. Caste politics has acquired a dominating and enduring mode of politics in India. Explain
this phenomenon with special reference to contemporary political developments in Bihar.
[AAO 2022]
Q. Discuss the role of caste in Indian Politics. [1997]
Q. ‘Caste and Class play important role in Indian politics.’ Explain the statement with special
reference to Bihar. [2009]
Q. Write a brief and critical essay on “Caste as a factor in Bihar Politics since 1977” and
highlight the special reasons for the present state of affairs. [1999]
Politics and Criminal
Q. Write an essay on the politician-criminal nexus with special reference to Bihar. [2007]

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Reservation and Politics

Q. Issue of Reservation is nothing but the consolidation of Vote-banks of political parties.
What do you suggest other than the reservation for providing social justice to the depressed
class? [2007]
Role of Language
Q. Discuss the role of language in Indian Politics. Enumerate the provisions for linguistic
minorities in Bihar. [2005]
Coalition Politics
Q. What are the main reasons for the emergence of coalition politics in India? Discuss the
prospects of these coalitions. [2002]
Q. Due to coalition politics and economic liberalization, federalism has become a key
feature of the Indian political system. Comment. [AAO 2022]
Q. “Coalition politics in India has become a remarkable feature, but it is yet to provide a
stable Government”. Comment. [2009]
Comment on ‘Regionalism in Indian Politics’. [2002]
Q. “The coalition experiment at the Centre has neither strengthened democracy nor has it
made conditions conducive for participatory and cooperative federation”. Do you agree?
[1999]

 Quotes on Political parties

 "India's party system is a dynamic tapestry of diverse ideologies and regional interests,
reflecting the complex social fabric of the nation." - Ranabir Samaddar
 "The party system in India is a vibrant ecosystem of political competition, shaping the
contours of governance and policy-making." - Suhas Palshikar
 "India's party system is a reflection of its democratic ethos, providing a platform for
political participation and representation of diverse voices." - Zoya Hasan

 Party System
A party system refers to the structure of political parties within a particular country or
region and how they interact with each other in the political arena. The party system is
influenced by factors such as the number of parties, their ideologies, their relative strengths,
and the nature of competition among them. In India, the party system is typically
characterized by a multi-party system.

 Feature of Party System

Here are some key aspects of party systems:
 Number of Parties: The number of political parties operating within a country is a
fundamental characteristic of its party system. Countries can have a two-party system
(dominated by two major parties), a multi-party system (with several parties competing
for power), or even a one-party system (where one party monopolizes political power).

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 Ideological Spectrum: Parties within a party system may represent a wide range of
ideologies, including liberalism, conservatism, socialism, nationalism, and others. The
ideological diversity of parties shapes political debate, policymaking, and voter choices.

 Strength and Influence: The strength and influence of parties can vary widely within a
party system. Some parties may have a dominant position, consistently winning elections
and forming governments. Others may be smaller, playing a more limited role as
opposition parties or focusing on niche issues.

 Interparty Relations: Party systems involve interactions and relationships between

different political parties. These interactions can include alliances, coalitions, competition,
cooperation, and conflict. The dynamics of interparty relations shape government
formation, policy outcomes, and the overall stability of the political system.

 Election Dynamics: Elections are a crucial mechanism through which party systems
operate. The electoral rules, such as proportional representation or first-past-the-post,
can influence the party system's structure and dynamics. Elections determine the
distribution of seats in legislatures and the allocation of political power among parties.

 Evolution and Change: Party systems are not static; they evolve over time in response to
socio-political changes, electoral outcomes, and shifting public opinion. New parties may
emerge, existing parties may decline or transform, and coalitions may form or dissolve,
leading to changes in the party system's configuration.

 Role of Political Parties in Democracy

Aspect Role of Political Parties in Democracy
Representation of People Political parties provide a platform for different social
groups, ideologies, and interests to be represented in
governance.
Policy Formulation They place objectives and programmes before the voters
through their manifestos and these manifestos are
implemented once their party comes to power.
Recruitment of Leaders Parties identify and groom political leaders for public
office.
Formation of Government Winning parties form governments, ensuring a structured
leadership to implement policies and run the
administration.
Opposition and Accountability Opposition parties scrutinize government actions,
ensuring transparency and preventing authoritarianism.
Public Awareness and Mobilization They educate citizens on political issues, encourage voting,
and engage people in democratic processes.
Strengthens Democracy By organizing political activity within a structured
framework, parties make our democratic setup a
'Participatory Democracy'. They act as messenger and
feedback loop for the Government.

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Type of Party system

Two-Party System
 In a two-party system, two major political parties dominate the political landscape, often
alternating in power.
 India doesn't have a strict two-party system at the national level, but it has seen
instances of regional variations resembling a two-party system in certain states.
 Example: Tamil Nadu has had a two-party system dominated by the Dravida Munnetra
Kazhagam (DMK) and the All-India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK) for
several decades. These parties have taken turns in governing the state, with other parties
having limited influence.

Multi-Party System
 A multi-party system is characterized by the presence of several political parties
competing for power and representation.
 India's party system predominantly falls under this category, with numerous national
and regional parties vying for electoral success.
 Example: The Indian National Congress (INC), Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), All India
Trinamool Congress (AITC), Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP), and several other regional
parties like the Telugu Desam Party (TDP) and the Shiv Sena contribute to India's
multi-party system. These parties have varying degrees of influence and represent
diverse interests across different states.

Dominant-Party System
 In a dominant-party system, one political party holds a significant advantage over
others, often maintaining power for an extended period.
 While India doesn't strictly fit into this category at the national level, it has
experienced dominant-party systems in certain states.
 Example: West Bengal had been under the dominance of the Communist Party of
India (Marxist) (CPI(M)) and its Left Front coalition for several decades until 2011
when the All-India Trinamool Congress (AITC) emerged as the dominant force in the
state's politics, leading to a shift in power dynamics.

 Comparison: Left vs Right Ideology

Aspect Left Ideology Right Ideology
Core Belief Equality, social justice, and Individual liberty, tradition, and economic
collective welfare freedom
Economic Policy Government intervention, Free markets, privatization, lower taxes
welfare policies, higher
taxation on wealthy
Social Policy Progressive values, Conservative values, cultural nationalism
secularism, and inclusivity
Political Orientation Supports labor rights, Supports entrepreneurship, property rights
redistribution of wealth
Foreign Policy Diplomacy, international Nationalism, military strength, self-reliance
cooperation

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 Recognition of National and State Parties

The Election Commission registers political parties for electoral purposes and categorizes
them as national or state parties based on their performance in elections. Parties not
meeting the criteria are classified as registered but unrecognized. Recognition by the
Commission determines entitlements such as allocation of party symbols, broadcast time on
state-owned media, and access to electoral rolls.
Each national party is granted a symbol exclusively for nationwide use, while state parties
receive symbols reserved for use within their recognized states. Registered-unrecognized
parties can choose symbols from a list of free options. Essentially, the Commission
designates some symbols as 'reserved' for candidates of recognized parties and others as
'free' for other candidates.

 Conditions for Recognition as a National Party in India

A political party is recognized as a national party in India by the Election Commission of India
(ECI) based on specific criteria. Below are the three main conditions under which a party can
attain national status:
1. Recognition in States – The party is recognized as a state party in four or more states.
2. Vote Share and Representation – The party's candidates polled at least 6% of total valid
votes in any four or more states in the last Lok Sabha or Assembly elections and has at least
four MPs in the last Lok Sabha polls.
3. Parliamentary Seats – The party has won at least 2% of total seats in the Lok Sabha, from
not less than three states.

 Conditions for Recognition as a State Party

To be recognized as a state party in a particular state in India, a political party must meet
any of the following conditions:

 The party must secure at least six percent of the valid votes polled in the state during a
general election to the Legislative Assembly of that state. Additionally, it must win a
minimum of two seats in that state's Legislative Assembly.
 Alternatively, the party must secure at least six percent of the valid votes polled in the
state during a general election to the Lok Sabha (the lower house of Parliament) from
that state. Additionally, it must win at least one seat in the Lok Sabha from that state.
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 Another condition for recognition is winning three percent of the total seats in the
Legislative Assembly of the concerned state during a general election. Alternatively, the
party must win a minimum of three seats in that assembly, whichever is higher.
 Alternatively, a party can be recognized if it wins one seat in the Lok Sabha for every
twenty-five seats, or any fraction thereof, allotted to the state during a general election
to the Lok Sabha from that state.
 Finally, the party can also be recognized if it secures at least eight percent of the total
valid votes polled in the state during a general election to the Lok Sabha from that state
or to the Legislative Assembly of that state.

 Privileges of National and State Parties

1. National or state Party has the right to certain privileges like allocation of the party
symbols, provision of time for political broadcasts on the state-owned television and
radio stations and access to electoral rolls.
2.These parties are allowed to have 40 “star campaigners” during the time of elections
(the registered-unrecognised parties are allowed to have 20 “star campaigners”).

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3.Every national party is allotted a symbol exclusively reserved for its use throughout the
country. Even in the states where it is not contesting elections.
4.For a state party, the allotted symbol is exclusively reserved for its use in the state/s in
which it is so recognized.

 Emergence of Regional Party

The emergence of regional parties can be attributed to various socio-political, economic,
and cultural factors within a specific region.
Regional Identity and Autonomy
 Regions within a country often have distinct linguistic, cultural, or ethnic identities,
leading to a sense of regional pride and autonomy.
 Regional parties emerge to articulate and safeguard the interests of these specific
regions, advocating for greater autonomy and control over local affairs.
 Example: The Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) and the All-India Anna Dravida
Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK) in Tamil Nadu emerged to represent the Dravidian
identity and promote regional autonomy in South India.
Neglect by National Parties
 National political parties may sometimes neglect or prioritize the interests of certain
regions over others, leading to a sense of disillusionment and alienation among the
population.
 Regional parties fill this gap by addressing the unique needs and concerns of their
respective regions, providing a platform for local grievances.
 Example: The Telugu Desam Party (TDP) in Andhra Pradesh was founded in response to
the perceived neglect of the Telugu-speaking people by national parties, particularly on
issues such as regional development and resource allocation.
Regional Socio-Economic Issues
 Regions often face specific socio-economic challenges that may not be adequately
addressed by national policies or mainstream political parties.
 Regional parties emerge to champion the cause of regional development, economic
growth, infrastructure, and job creation tailored to the needs of the local populace.
 Example: The Biju Janata Dal (BJD) in Odisha focuses on issues such as poverty alleviation,
rural development, and the welfare of marginalized communities, reflecting the socio-
economic priorities of the state.
Historical Grievances and Movements
 Historical injustices, perceived discrimination, or movements for statehood or autonomy
can give rise to regional parties advocating for political, cultural, or territorial rights.
 These parties often draw support from movements that have mobilized around issues of
identity, language, or historical grievances.
 Example: The Telangana Rashtra Samithi (TRS) in Telangana emerged from the
movement for a separate state of Telangana, highlighting historical grievances and
aspirations for self-governance.
Local Leadership and Grassroots Mobilization

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 Strong local leaders with deep roots in the community can mobilize support and build
political movements around regional issues.
 Regional parties often rely on charismatic leaders who have a strong connection with the
local population and can effectively articulate their concerns.
 Example: The Trinamool Congress (TMC) in West Bengal, led by Mamata Banerjee,
gained prominence through grassroots mobilization and activism, addressing local issues
such as land rights, rural development, and cultural identity.
Hence the emergence of regional parties is a complex phenomenon shaped by a
combination of historical, socio-economic, cultural, and political factors. These parties play a
crucial role in representing regional interests, fostering decentralization, and promoting
diversity within the democratic framework of a country like India.

 Implication of Growing Regional Party on Indian Party System

The growth of regional parties in India has significant implications for the country's party
system, affecting its structure, dynamics, and governance in several ways:
 Fragmentation of Political Power: The emergence and growth of regional parties
contribute to the fragmentation of political power within the country. Instead of a few
dominant national parties, regional parties represent the diverse interests and identities
of specific states or regions. This fragmentation can lead to coalition governments at the
national level, as no single party may secure a majority on its own.

 Shift in Political Focus: Regional parties often prioritize local or regional issues over
national concerns. Their rise shifts the political discourse towards regional development,
identity politics, and state-specific issues. This can lead to a more decentralized form of
governance, with states exerting greater influence on policy-making and resource
allocation.
 Coalition Politics: The growth of regional parties necessitates greater engagement in
coalition politics at both the state and national levels. National parties may need to form
alliances with regional parties to gain electoral support and form stable governments.
This can result in complex and sometimes fragile coalitions, requiring compromises and
consensus-building among diverse political entities.

 Challenges to National Parties: Regional parties pose challenges to the dominance of

national parties like the Indian National Congress (INC) and the Bharatiya Janata Party
(BJP). In states where regional parties hold sway, national parties may struggle to gain
electoral traction. This forces national parties to adapt their strategies and platforms to
appeal to regional sentiments and interests.

 Regional Autonomy and Federalism: The rise of regional parties reinforces the principles
of federalism and regional autonomy enshrined in India's political system. Regional
parties advocate for greater devolution of powers to states, pushing for decentralization
and regional empowerment. This can lead to tensions between the central government
and state governments, especially on issues of resource allocation and administrative
authority.

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 Erosion of National Unity: While regional parties play a vital role in representing diverse
regional aspirations, their growth also raises concerns about the potential for divisive
politics and the erosion of national unity. Excessive focus on regional identity and
parochial interests may undermine the cohesive fabric of the nation, leading to inter-
state conflicts or tensions between different linguistic, ethnic, or cultural groups.

 Policy Paralysis: The proliferation of regional parties can sometimes result in policy
paralysis or gridlock, particularly at the national level. With multiple parties vying for
influence and pursuing divergent agendas, consensus-building becomes challenging,
hindering the government's ability to enact meaningful reforms or address pressing
national issues.
Therefore, the growing influence of regional parties in India's party system reflects the
country's socio-political diversity and the complex interplay between regional and national
interests. While regional parties enhance democratic representation and decentralization,
they also pose challenges in terms of governance, coalition-building, and national cohesion.
Effectively managing the role of regional parties is essential for sustaining India's democratic
stability and promoting inclusive development across diverse regions.

 Advantage of Regional Party

Regional parties in the Indian political system play a crucial role, often wielding significant
influence in their respective states.
I. Representation of Local Interests: Regional parties are better positioned to
understand and represent the specific needs and aspirations of their respective states or
regions. For instance, the Telugu Desam Party (TDP) in Andhra Pradesh has historically
advocated for issues pertinent to the Telugu-speaking population, such as regional
development and water rights.
II. Cultural and Linguistic Advocacy: These parties often advocate for the preservation
and promotion of local cultures, languages, and traditions. The Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
(DMK) in Tamil Nadu has been a strong proponent of Dravidian culture and language,
reflecting the sentiments of the Tamil-speaking population.
III. Responsive Governance: Regional parties are generally more responsive to the
immediate concerns of the local populace, as they have a closer connection to ground-level
issues. For instance, the Biju Janata Dal (BJD) in Odisha has focused on grassroots
development initiatives, responding directly to the needs of rural communities.
IV. Flexibility in Policy Formulation: These parties have the flexibility to tailor policies
according to the unique challenges and opportunities present in their states. The Trinamool
Congress (TMC) in West Bengal has crafted policies aimed at addressing the state's
industrial landscape and socio-political dynamics.
V. Checks on Central Power: Regional parties act as checks and balances on the power
of national parties, ensuring that the concerns of individual states are not overshadowed by
centralized governance. The Shiv Sena in Maharashtra has historically played this role,
asserting the interests of the Marathi-speaking population against perceived dominance
from New Delhi-based parties.
VI. Coalition Building: Regional parties often form crucial components of coalition
governments at the national level, facilitating consensus-building and representing diverse
regional interests. Parties like the Janata Dal (Secular) in Karnataka have participated in

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coalition governments at the center, contributing to the formation of stable governance

structures.
VII. Diversification of Political Landscape: Regional parties contribute to the
diversification of India's political landscape, fostering a more pluralistic democracy. The
Shiromani Akali Dal (SAD) in Punjab, for instance, provides a platform for Sikh-centric
political representation within the larger Indian polity.
VIII. Empowerment of Regional Leadership: These parties provide opportunities for
regional leaders to emerge and exert influence on the national stage, enriching the political
discourse with diverse perspectives. Leaders like Mamata Banerjee of the TMC have risen to
prominence through their roles within regional parties, shaping the trajectory of Indian
politics.

 Disadvantage of Regional Party

I. Limited reach: Regional parties typically have a limited geographic base and may
struggle to expand their influence beyond their specific region or state. This can constrain
their ability to have a significant impact on national-level politics.
II. Lack of national perspective: Due to their focus on regional issues, these parties may
sometimes overlook or undervalue broader national concerns. This narrow perspective can
limit their effectiveness in addressing national-level challenges and collaborating with other
parties on national issues.
III. Fragmentation of political landscape: The proliferation of regional parties can lead
to a fragmented political landscape, making it challenging to form stable and cohesive
governments at the national level. This fragmentation can result in coalition governments
characterized by instability and frequent realignments.
IV. Hindrance to policy coherence: Regional parties often prioritize the interests of their
specific region or state over national interests, which can lead to conflicting policy priorities
and hinder the formulation and implementation of coherent national policies.
V. Regionalism and parochialism: Regional parties may sometimes promote
regionalism and parochial interests at the expense of national unity and integration. This
can exacerbate tensions between different regions and communities within the country.
VI. Limited bargaining power: Compared to national parties, regional parties may have
less bargaining power in coalition negotiations and policy-making processes at the national
level. This can result in their interests being marginalized or compromised in favor of larger,
more influential parties.
VII. Vulnerability to regional issues: Regional parties are often heavily dependent on
local/regional issues and personalities for their electoral success. As a result, they may
struggle to adapt to changing political dynamics or national issues that are not directly
relevant to their region.
VIII. Lack of resources and organizational strength: Regional parties generally have fewer
resources and less organizational strength compared to national parties. This can limit their
capacity to effectively mobilize voters, contest elections across multiple states, and sustain
long-term political campaigns.
 Features of Political Parties in India
Feature Description
Multi-party System India has a multi-party system with recognition of national,
state, and regional parties.

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Ideological Diversity Political parties represent various ideologies, e.g.: Right

wing, Left wing, Communist.
Symbol and Registration Symbols are granted under Election Commission Symbol
Order 1968.
Representation of People Act 1951 deals with registration
of political parties in India.
Coalition Politics Due to a fragmented political landscape of India, coalition
governments are common at both central and state levels.
E.g.:
• Union Government during Atal Bihari regime.
• Union Government during Manmohan Singh regime.
Influence of Regionalism Many regional parties are strong in specific states,
advocating for regional interests and state-specific policies.

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Coalition po Lecture : 3

1. "Coalition politics in India is the epitome of pragmatic governance, where

compromise and cooperation pave the way for stability and progress."
- Pratap Bhanu Mehta
2. "Coalition politics in India is the reflection of India's vibrant democracy,
accommodating various interests and ideologies to ensure inclusive governance."
- Ramachandra Guha
3. “Coalition governments in India are a reflection of the country’s diverse political
landscape. They offer a platform for power sharing and inclusion, but can also lead
to instability and policy incoherence.” - Dr. Zoya Hasan

Coalition Politics
Coalition politics refers to a system of governance in which multiple political parties come
together to form a government or to govern collectively. The diverse socio-cultural fabric
and the multi-party democratic setup of India often necessitate the formation of coalitions
to achieve stable governance. Understanding coalition politics in India involves examining
the dynamics of party alliances, power-sharing arrangements, and the impact on
policymaking. One notable example of coalition politics in India is the United Progressive
Alliance (UPA), which was formed in 2004. The coalition included regional parties such as
the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK), Nationalist Congress Party (NCP), and Trinamool
Congress (TMC), among others.

Reason for Emergence of Coalition Politics in India

The emergence of coalition politics in India can be attributed to several interrelated factors,
reflecting the country's socio-political dynamics and the nature of its parliamentary
democracy. Analytically, the main reasons behind the rise of coalition politics in India
include:
 Fragmented Polity : India has a multi-party system characterized by a multitude of
regional, ideological, and identity-based political parties. With diverse interests and
support bases spread across various states and regions, no single party has been able to
consistently secure a clear majority in the Lok Sabha, the lower house of Parliament. This
fragmentation creates a necessity for parties to form alliances and coalitions to garner
enough seats to form a government.

 Regionalism and Linguistic Diversity: India's federal structure and linguistic diversity
contribute to the prominence of regional parties. These parties often represent specific
states or linguistic groups and champion regional issues and aspirations. In the absence
of a dominant national party capable of securing widespread support across all states,
regional parties play a crucial role in coalition building, particularly in states where they
hold significant electoral sway.

 Election Dynamics: India's first-past-the-post electoral system incentivizes parties to

focus on winning a plurality of votes rather than securing an outright majority. In a highly
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competitive electoral environment, especially in multi-cornered contests, parties often

find it challenging to achieve a majority on their own. This encourages pre-election
alliances and post-election coalition formations to consolidate votes and maximize
electoral success.

 Mandate Fragmentation: Even when a single party emerges as the largest in terms of
seats won, it may still fall short of a majority. This mandate fragmentation, coupled with
the absence of a strong anti-defection law, makes it easier for smaller parties and
independent legislators to play kingmaker roles. These parties leverage their bargaining
power to extract concessions and secure ministerial berths in coalition governments,
contributing to the proliferation of coalition politics.

 Social and Identity Politics: India's diverse social fabric, characterized by caste, religion,
ethnicity, and linguistic differences, influences electoral dynamics. Parties often mobilize
support along caste and identity lines, leading to the emergence of caste-based and
identity-based political formations. Coalition politics provides a platform for these parties
to negotiate and assert their interests within larger political arrangements.

 Coalition Compulsions at the State Level: Coalition politics is not confined to the
national level; it also permeates state politics. State governments frequently comprise
coalition administrations, reflecting the need for regional and smaller parties to align
with larger national parties or form regional alliances to gain power. The prevalence of
coalition governments at the state level further reinforces the culture of coalition politics
in India.
# History of coalition Politics in India :- Refer to Rohit sir class video
 Nature of Coalition Politics in India
Key Aspect Explanation
Coalition of Arithmetic Coalition in India is based on Political calculations instead of
ideology
Fragmented and Oversized Involves multiple parties, often more than necessary for a
Coalitions majority.
E:g:- 20 political parties joined to make Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee as
PM in 1999.
Compromised Coalitions Includes diverse ideologies without real ideological convergence.

Negative Coalitions Aim is to block rival parties, not to govern effectively.

Often there is no internal dialogue which goes against the basic
tenants of “Coalition dharma”.
Pragmatism over Ideology Parties join coalitions in expectation of ministerial berths or
influence.
Common Minimum Programme Coalition functions on basic shared goals, not full party
manifestos.

Power-Centric Approach Primary motive is to capture and retain power, not long-term
vision.

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Positive Impact of Coalition Politics

 Inclusivity and Representation: Coalition politics often results in the inclusion of diverse
voices and interests in the governance process. In India, where there is a multitude of
regional, linguistic, and cultural diversity, coalition governments represent a variety of
communities and perspectives. For example, the United Progressive Alliance (UPA)
government led by the Indian National Congress from 2004 to 2014 was a coalition of
several regional and ideological parties, representing a wide spectrum of Indian society.

 Consensus Building and Compromise: Coalition politics necessitates consensus-building

and compromise among different political parties to form a government. This promotes
negotiation and dialogue, fostering a culture of cooperation and inclusivity in decision-
making processes. For instance, the National Democratic Alliance (NDA), led by the
Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), has governed India with the support of various regional
parties, requiring consensus on policy matters to accommodate diverse interests.

 Stability and Continuity: Despite perceptions of instability, coalition governments in

India have often demonstrated resilience and longevity. By bringing together multiple
parties, coalition governments can provide stability and continuity in governance by
preventing the dominance of any single party. For example, the coalition government
formed by the Janata Dal (United) and the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) in Bihar has
remained in power for multiple terms, showcasing the durability of coalition
arrangements.
 Regional Empowerment: Coalition politics can empower regional parties and foster
greater decentralization of power in a federal system like India. Regional parties often
play a significant role in coalition governments, advocating for the interests of their
respective states or regions. This decentralization of power ensures that regional
aspirations and concerns are adequately represented at the national level. For instance,
parties like the All-India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK) and the Trinamool
Congress (TMC) have been key players in coalition politics, championing the interests of
Tamil Nadu and West Bengal, respectively.
 Flexibility and Adaptability: Coalition governments are often more flexible and
adaptable in responding to changing political dynamics and societal needs. The necessity
to accommodate diverse viewpoints encourages innovation and pragmatism in
policymaking.
 Checks and Balances: Coalition politics can serve as a check on the power of dominant
political parties, preventing authoritarian tendencies and promoting accountability.
Coalition partners often act as watchdogs, ensuring that government actions are
scrutinized and debated thoroughly. For example, coalition partners within the National
Democratic Alliance (NDA) have occasionally exerted pressure on the BJP-led
government to address issues such as economic reforms and social welfare programs.

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Negative Impact of Coalition Politics on Democracy

 Policy Instability: In a coalition government, multiple parties with diverse ideologies

come together to form a government. This often leads to disagreements and conflicts
over policy decisions. As a result, there can be frequent changes in policies, which can
create uncertainty and instability in governance.

 Compromise at the Cost of Ideology: Parties in a coalition government may have to

compromise on their core ideological principles to maintain the coalition. This can lead to
dilution of policy goals and ideological coherence, as parties prioritize political
expediency over their original promises to voters.

 Inefficient Governance: Due to the need to accommodate various coalition partners,

decision-making processes can become slow and cumbersome. Negotiations and
bargaining between coalition partners can delay policy implementation and hinder
effective governance.

 Clientelism and Corruption: Coalition partners often demand ministerial positions and
other benefits in exchange for their support. This can lead to the formation of patronage
networks and increased opportunities for corruption as parties prioritize satisfying their
coalition partners over serving the public interest.

 Undermining Voter Choice: In some cases, coalition politics can lead to situations where
voters' choices are not adequately represented in government. Parties may form
coalitions after elections that were not anticipated by voters, leading to a lack of
accountability and legitimacy in the eyes of the electorate.

 Fragmentation of Political Landscape: In highly fragmented multi-party systems,

coalition politics can exacerbate political fragmentation by incentivizing smaller parties to
form alliances with larger ones to gain access to power. This can lead to the dominance
of a few major parties and marginalization of smaller ones, reducing political pluralism
and diversity.

 Gridlock and Paralysis: If coalition partners have divergent interests and are unwilling to
compromise, it can result in gridlock and paralysis in decision-making processes. This can
prevent governments from effectively addressing pressing issues and responding to
challenges, undermining democratic governance.
 Increased Judicial Activism:- During the coalition Government it is often seen that, be it
judiciary or President, the interference increases which undermines the parliamentary
sovereignty
E:g:- In 2012,spectrums allocated to 122 firms were cancelled which became one of
the major cause of NPA crisis in India.
Some believe it as a case of “judicial overreach” which becomes more prominent
during coalition regime (2012=UPAII, Coalition Government)

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Way forward :

1. Constructive vote of No-confidence: - As recommended by Justice M N Venkatachaliah

commission report :- motion of no-confidence should be accompanied by a proposal of
alternative Government.

2. Common Minimum Programme: - Meeting shall happen on regular basis to meet the
common minimum programme as agreed by the coalition partners.

3. Ethical politics: - Ideology based coalition is need of hour.

4. Inter-Party meeting: - Inter party meeting shall happen on regular basis to sort out issues
if any.

Lecture : 4

 Difference between Nationalistic and Individualistic Political Parties in India

Aspect Nationalistic Political Party Individualistic Political Party
Ideology  Emphasizes  No clear cut stand on broader vision
national unity, of India/nation.
integrity.  Myopic in its approach
 Clear cut vision on  E:g:- There is no clear cut idea about
matters of foreign foreign policy of individualistic
affairs. political party like RJD,VIP,HAM etc.

Leadership Structure Cadre-based leadership  Centralized leadership around an

Hence survival without individual or family.
Leaders.  Often declines if the leader becomes
inactive or unpopular
E:g:- Mayawati’s BSP is not a force in UP
when she became inactive.

Goals long-term national goals  Short-term goals for benefit

e:g:- Revocation of Article  Narrow vote bank politics on the
370 was long term goal of basis of caste.
BJP
Influence Pan India Localised
Appeal to Voters Caste-based, regional, or personality-driven
emotional-national appeal appeal
Intra-Party democracy To an extent Yes No

Power concentration Less centralised  Highly centralised

E:g:- National parties have  High command culture
“General secretary” in
charges for state who take
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decisions and are

powerful.

 Characteristics of Political Parties in Bihar

Characteristic Details
Caste-Based Politics Caste dominates Bihar politics.
Example:-
Lalu Yadav:- Muslim-Yadav
Nitish Kumar:- Kurmi mobilisation
Mukesh sahni:- Mallah mobilisation
Personality Based Politics Centred on charismatic individuals.
Lalu Yadav:- RJD
Nitish Kumar:-JDU
Mukesh sahni:-VIP
LJP®:- Chirag Paswan.
Regional Focus Rooted in local issues and identities. Emphasis on regional
development
Weak Internal Democracy Parties lack transparency and internal democracy.
Candidate selection often based on loyalty, kinship, or
community, not merits.
Example:- Usually No election is held for choosing state
party presidents, they are chosen by the party founders.
Coalition Politics Frequent alliances and realignments. Parties like BJP, JD
(U), and RJD have formed and broken alliances based on
electoral strategy.
Populist and Welfare Politics Campaigns focus on populist promises like freebies and
reservations. Short-term benefits often prioritized over
long-term planning.
Criminalization of Politics Many politicians have criminal records. Muscle and money
power influence ticket distribution and elections.
Example:-
Anant singh,Mokama MLA
Surajbhan singh:- Former Nawada ,MP
Pappu Yadav:- MP,Purnea
Anand Mohan:- Former MP.

Lack of ideology Many political parties in Bihar lack clear ideological

positions and instead prioritize pragmatic alliances and
electoral calculations
Example: - Flip flop of JDU in last five years.

 Pragmatism of Indian Political Party

In recent years, Indian political parties have increasingly shifted towards pragmatism over
ideology, focusing more on electoral viability, coalition-building, and governance strategies

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rather than adhering strictly to ideological principles. This pragmatic approach allows parties
to adapt to changing political landscapes, forge alliances, and appeal to a broader spectrum
of voters.
 Coalition Politics : One prominent example of pragmatism in Indian politics is the
emergence of coalition governments at both the central and state levels. In the era of
coalition politics, parties often prioritize forming alliances with other parties based on
electoral arithmetic ra ther than ideological compatibility. For instance, the Bharatiya
Janata Party (BJP), traditionally associated with Hindu nationalism and right-wing
ideology, has formed coalitions with regional parties like the Shiv Sena in Maharashtra
and the Janata Dal (United) in Bihar, despite differences in ideological stances.

 Policy Reversals and Compromises: Pragmatism often leads to policy reversals or

compromises by political parties to accommodate diverse interests and maintain political
stability. For example, the BJP-led National Democratic Alliance (NDA) government,
known for its pro-market economic policies, implemented populist measures such as
farm loan waivers and increased public spending on social welfare schemes to appeal to
rural voters and address agrarian distress.

 Candidate Selection and Ticket Distribution: Parties frequently adopt a pragmatic

approach in candidate selection and ticket distribution, prioritizing winnability over
ideological purity. This often involves fielding candidates with mass appeal or strong local
support, regardless of their ideological alignment or personal backgrounds. For instance,
parties may nominate candidates from influential caste groups or regions with
significant electoral influence, even if they do not fully align with the party's ideological
stance.

 Issue-based Alliances: Parties may form temporary alliances or collaborate on specific

issues based on pragmatic considerations rather than ideological alignment. For instance,
opposition parties may unite to oppose certain government policies or legislation in
Parliament, despite differences in their broader ideological agendas. Similarly, parties
may join hands with civil society groups or movements to address specific socio-
economic issues or public concerns.

 Electoral Strategies: Pragmatic electoral strategies often involve crafting messages and
campaign narratives that resonate with diverse voter segments, focusing on issues with
mass appeal rather than ideological purity. Parties may adopt populist rhetoric, promise
targeted benefits or incentives, or engage in identity-based appeals to mobilize support
across different demographic groups. For example, parties may highlight development
initiatives, welfare schemes, or nationalist sentiments to broaden their electoral base
and appeal to swing voters.

 Leadership Cults: The rise of charismatic leaders often leads parties to prioritize
personality-driven politics over ideological purity. Parties focus on projecting their
leaders' image and charisma to appeal to voters, sometimes at the expense of ideological
coherence. For example, the cult of personality around leaders like Narendra Modi and
Mamata Banerjee has shaped electoral strategies and party narratives.

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 Electoral Strategies: Political parties employ sophisticated electoral strategies, including

micro-targeting, data analytics, and social media campaigns, to identify and appeal to
specific voter segments. Pragmatic approaches to campaigning prioritize issues and
messaging that resonate with the electorate, rather than rigid ideological positions.

 Governance Pragmatism: In power, parties prioritize governance pragmatism over

ideological purity to deliver tangible outcomes and maintain public support. They
implement policies and programs that yield immediate benefits and address pressing
socio-economic challenges, even if they deviate from their ideological platforms. This
approach aims to demonstrate effectiveness and secure re-election. For example, parties
may focus on infrastructure development, job creation, or welfare schemes to garner
public approval, irrespective of their ideological predispositions.
Overall, the trend towards pragmatism in Indian politics reflects the increasing complexity
and competitiveness of electoral dynamics, where parties prioritize electoral success and
governance effectiveness over ideological purity. While ideological considerations still play a
role, pragmatic approaches allow parties to navigate the intricacies of coalition politics,
electoral alliances, and policymaking in a diverse and dynamic political landscape.

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Lecture : 5

 Caste needs politics as much as politics need caste

--Rajni Kothari

Evolution of caste Dynamics

 Ancient & Pre-Colonial Era

Caste determined social hierarchy and roles.
 Colonial Period (1757–1947)
British codified caste identities through census and
administration. Rise of caste associations like Justice Party
and Dalit Mahasabha. Reformers like Phule, Periyar, and
Ambedkar challenged caste orthodoxy.
 Freedom Movement & Constitution Framing
(1920s–1950)
Debate over separate electorates between Ambedkar and
Gandhi ji(Poona Pact, 1932). Constitution abolished
untouchability (Article 17) and introduced reservations for
SCs/STs.
 Post-Independence Era (1950s–1980s)
Congress dominated politics with upper-caste leadership.
Green Revolution empowered OBCs in northern India,
leading to gradual caste-based mobilization.
 Mandal Era (1990s)

 Mandal Commission implemented in 1990,

(It was headed by B. P. Mandal and submitted its report
in 1980 and was implemented in 1990)
 granting 27% reservation to OBCs.
 Triggered major caste-based political mobilization.
 Rise of caste-based parties like BSP, SP, and RJD.
 Contemporary Era (2000s–Present)
 Caste remains politically relevant.
 Demand for caste census and targeted welfare.
 Mix of caste-based and development-focused politics evolving.

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 Why Does Caste Play a Role in Indian Politics?

Core Argument Explanation
Traditional Social Structure In traditional Indian society, caste and religion-based
mobilization is natural and expected.

Caste is innate Caste remains embedded in the minds of Indians at a

subconscious level.

Constitutional Contradictions  The Constitution abolished untouchability but

retained caste for policy purposes. Article 15(4)
and 16(4) of the Constitution enabled the State
and Central Governments to reserve seats in
government services for the members of the SC
and ST.

Caste-Based Political Patronage When political patronage is caste-based, imagining

caste-free politics becomes difficult.

 Recent trends :
1. Organised caste groups:- With the growth of literacy in India caste-consciousness of the
members has been increasing to safeguard their interests.
For example, Formation of “ Patidar group”, ”Karni samaj”. ”Kurmi samaj” etc
2. Politicisation of caste: - Caste has become an innate aspect of our life and mostly elections
are fought on the basis of caste.
3. Caste based Reservation: - Recent rise in reservation demands by Patidar community or
Maratha on the basis of caste is new normal.
4. Loosening of Rigid Caste Norms: - Due to literacy, Inter-caste marriage has become a
reality which is loosening the knots of rigid caste norms.

 Merits of Caste-Based Politics in India

Dimension Key Points
Representation Ensures political participation of marginalized castes. E.g., BSP in UP
and DMK in Tamil Nadu champion representation of Dalits and
backward castes.
Social Justice Highlights caste-based inequalities and promotes policies like
reservations in education and jobs.
Empowerment Provides a platform for oppressed castes to assert their rights and
demand accountability.
Inclusive Development Drives targeted welfare schemes and affirmative actions, aiming at

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reducing socio-economic disparities.

Political Awareness Raises political consciousness among marginalized communities,
encouraging electoral participation.
Democratic Pluralism Adds diverse voices to political discourse, making democracy more
representative and inclusive.

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 Demerits of Caste-Based Politics in India

Dimension Key Points

Perpetuation of Social Reinforces caste identities, hinders integration, and fuels inter-caste
Divisions tensions.
Identity Politics Over Policy Shifts focus from development to caste-based promises, sidelining
issues like health, education, and infrastructure.
Undermining Meritocracy Candidate selection often based on caste, not qualifications or integrity.
Exclusion of Non-Caste Neglects economic status, education, and merit, marginalizing those
Factors beyond caste concerns.
Entrenchment of Dynastic Encourages family-based political power within caste lines, weakening
Politics accountability.
Diversion of Resources Skews public spending towards caste-centric schemes, ignoring broader
societal needs.
Erosion of Social Cohesion Promotes caste rivalries, damaging unity and inter-group trust.
Ineffective Governance Fragmented decision-making and policy paralysis due to caste-driven
agendas.

 Evolution of Communal Politics in India

Period Key Developments Highlights
Pre-Colonial Period Religious coexistence and Bhakti and Sufi movements promoted
cultural syncretism. communal harmony.
Colonial Period Divide-and-rule  Separate electorates(GOI act 1909)
Institutional  Formation of Hindu
communalism. Mahasabha(1915)
 Muslim League(1906)
Partition & Independence Communal politics peaks Two-nation theory, communal riots, large-
(1940s) with Partition. scale migration and violence.
Post-Independence Period  Adoption of Secular Constitution (Articles 25–28);
secularism Riots in Jabalpur(1961),Bhagalpur(1989)
 Persistence of Mumbai.
communal
violence.
Rise of Religious Politicization of religion on  Ram Janmabhoomi
Nationalism(1990’s) national scale. movement(1984)
 Babri Masjid demolition(1992) BJP’s
political rise.
Contemporary Scenario Use of religion in  Polarizing narratives
campaigns, debates over  social media propaganda,
secularism. communal polarization.

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Cause for communal politics in India

Cause Explanation
Historical Legacy  Divide & Rule
 Partition of Bengal in 1905
 Separate electorate in 1909
 Communal Award (1932) introduced separate electorates.
Partition deepened mistrust.
Identity Politics and Vote - Religious communities are politically mobilized for electoral gains.
Bank Consolidation - Appeasement and targeted policies create perceived biases.
Failure of Inclusive - Socio-economic deprivation leads to alienation and identity-based
Development politics.
- Unequal representation in jobs, education, and governance causes
frustration.
Role of Communal - Extremits group and political parties promote divisive ideologies.
Organizations and Media Example:- Organisations like Bajrang Dal and AIMIM add fuel to the fire
- Media and social platforms amplify hate and misinformation.
Weak Implementation of - Idea of secularism is not followed in spirit
Secularism - No strict action against hate speech and communal leaders erodes
public trust.
Communal Violence and  2002:-Gujarat Riot
Legacy of Insecurity  2013:-Muzaffarnagar Riot
 2020:- Delhi riots

create long-term mistrust and ghettoization.

- Political groups exploit this legacy.
Educational and Social - Poor civic education and lack of scientific outlook make society
Gaps susceptible to communal propaganda.

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Criminalization of politics

"Criminalisation of politics is an extremely disastrous and lamentable situation that is the

bane of society."
--Supreme court in Lily Thomas case

Definition:-
The criminalization of politics refers to the involvement of individuals with a criminal record
in the political arena. This can involve criminals running for and be elected to positions in
Parliament and State Legislatures.
Criminalization of Politics in India

Criminalization of politics refers to the growing entry and influence of individuals with
criminal backgrounds in the political sphere. This trend undermines democratic values,
governance, and the rule of law.

 Key Statistics from ADR Report (2024):

Indicator Details
Total Lok Sabha MPs (2024) 543
MPs with criminal cases 251 (46%)
MPs with serious criminal charges 171 (31%)
Winning chance (criminal background) 15.4%
Winning chance (clean background) 4.4%

 State-wise Rankings (Highest Criminal MLAs)

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 Causes for criminalization of politics in India

Cause Explanation
Popularity of Strongmen Criminals are viewed as protectors or problem-solvers, especially in
areas with weak governance.
Muscle Power Candidates use physical intimidation to influence voters and opponents.
Money Power Funds from illegal/criminal sources are used to finance campaigns and
buy voter loyalty.
winnability Political parties field winnable candidates despite criminal records,
prioritizing victory over integrity.
Weak Judicial System Slow trials and pending cases allow criminals to contest elections freely.
Lack of Enforcement Existing laws and court orders are poorly implemented, enabling repeat
offenders.
Transparency Deficit Though affidavits are required, voter awareness about criminal records
is low.
Vested Interests of Voters Voters often ignore criminal records, voting based on caste, religion, or
local influence.
Politico-Criminal Nexus Criminals and politicians collude for mutual benefit—power, protection,
and financial gain.

 Consequences of criminalization of politics in India

Consequence Explanation
Impediment to Criminal politicians may prioritize self-interest over public welfare,
Development stalling reforms and progress.
Weakening of Democratic Undermines the credibility and functioning of democratic bodies and
Institutions erodes public trust.
Erosion of Ethics in Contradicts the principles of public service and constitutional morality.
Governance
Impact on Free and Fair Limits voters’ ability to choose deserving candidates; distorts the
Elections democratic mandate.
Policy Paralysis Criminal legislators delay reforms, especially in justice and anti-
corruption measures.
Decline in quality of Elected criminals often miss the parliament or legislature as they have
debate nothing to contribute.
Affecting Integrity of Public Promotes corruption and black money, weakening the neutrality of
Servants bureaucracy.
Increased Lawlessness Encourages impunity, leading to rising crime and a culture of fear.
Social Disharmony Fuels violence and polarizes society, setting a harmful example for youth.
Deterrent to Honest Discourages ethical and capable individuals from entering politics due to
Candidates fear of unfair competition.

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 Constitutional and Legal Aspects of Disqualification of Criminal Candidates

aspect Details
Constitutional Provision The Indian Constitution does not specify
disqualification criteria for criminal
candidates.
Statutory Provision Representation of the People Act, 1951
governs disqualification rules.
Section 8 of the Act Disqualifies individuals convicted and
sentenced to more than 2 years in jail for
6 years after release.
Pending Cases No disqualification for candidates with
pending criminal cases; applies only after
conviction.

 Supreme Court Judgements on Criminalization of Politics

The Supreme Court of India has delivered several landmark judgments to address the
growing menace of criminalization in politics. The following table provides a summary
of key rulings:

Case Year Key Ruling

Association for Democratic 2002 Mandatory for all candidates to declare criminal
Reforms v/s Union of India records, assets, and educational qualifications.
PUCL v/s Union of India 2004 Voters have the right to know about the background of
the candidates.
Lily Thomas v/s Union of 2013 Immediate disqualification of MPs/MLAs upon
India conviction for period of more than 2 years.
Manoj Narula v. Union of 2014 Candidates cannot be disqualified merely on being
India charged for a case but parties must avoid fielding such
people with criminal antecedents.
Fast Track Trial (SC 2014 Trials against sitting MPs/MLAs to be completed within
Directive) a year of charges being framed.
Public Interest Foundation 2019 Parties must publish criminal records of candidates via
v/s Union of India newspapers, websites, and social media.

Way forward :

Recommendation Key Actions Proposed

Strict Legal Reforms Lifetime bans for convicted candidates for heinous charges (e.g.,
murder, rape).
Fast-Track Courts Expedite trials against politicians; complete within 1 year of
framing charges.
Election Commission Regulating the affairs of a political party is essential for a cleaner
Reforms electoral process.

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Political Party Supreme court in 2020 has directed ECI to enforce rules to
Accountability penalize parties for fielding tainted candidates, Apex court has
even suggested to de-register parties that repeatedly field
criminals.
State Funding of Elections Reduce black money and level playing field; recommended by
Indrajit Gupta and Goswami Committees.
Empowering Judiciary & Strengthen independence of judiciary, NHRC, NCW, and ECI.
Oversight Bodies
Promoting Ethical Conduct  Develop code of conduct to be followed by the political parties
 Run sensitization programme.
Improving Civic Education Educate voters about criminal records and ethical voting practices.
Voter Awareness Use digital and grassroots platforms for informing voters; e.g.,
Campaigns apps, workshops.
Strengthening Media & Support investigative journalism, watchdog groups, and citizen
Civil Society movements for transparency.

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