See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/326074481

Botany, Chemistry, and Pharmaceutical Significance of Sida cordifolia: A

Traditional Medicinal Plant

Chapter · June 2018

DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-8548-2_22

CITATIONS READS

13 967

8 authors, including:

Hassan Ahmed Abdul Shukor Juraimi

Bayero University, Kano Universiti Putra Malaysia
10 PUBLICATIONS 38 CITATIONS 221 PUBLICATIONS 4,836 CITATIONS

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Mallappa Kumara Swamy Muhammad Saiful Ahmad Hamdani

East West First Grade College (Affiliated to Bangalore Univiersity) Universiti Putra Malaysia
182 PUBLICATIONS 7,348 CITATIONS 49 PUBLICATIONS 628 CITATIONS

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

In vitro propagation and conservation of economically important, over exploited as well as threatened/endangered plant species for sustainable supply of planting
materials and secondary metabolites View project

Natural Bio-active compounds: Production and Applications View project

All content following this page was uploaded by Mohd Sayeed Akhtar on 03 January 2021.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

Chapter 22
Botany, Chemistry, and Pharmaceutical
Significance of Sida cordifolia:
A Traditional Medicinal Plant

Hassan Ahmed, Abdul Shukor Juraimi, Mallappa Kumara Swamy,

Muhammad Saiful Ahmad-Hamdani, Dzolkifli Omar, Mohd Yusop Rafii,
Uma Rani Sinniah, and Mohd Sayeed Akhtar

22.1 Introduction

The use of plants for the treatment of various human ailments is not new and known
for the past several centuries. Herbal formulations were used by early human days to
the modern era for the remedy against many forms of diseases. Plants have been rec-
ognized as a curative agent since from many ancient civilizations such as Indians,
Chinese, Egyptians, Romans, and Greeks (Gaidahani et al. 2009; Kumara et al. 2012;
Mohanty et al. 2017). Plant products in the form of extracts or dry powder are chiefly
employed in Ayurveda, Chinese medicine, homeopathy, naturopathy, Native American,
Siddha, Tibetan, and Unani medicines (Erok 2013; Mohanty et al. 2015; Atanasov
et al. 2015; Swamy et al. 2015; Arumugam et al. 2016). According to the assessment
report of the World Health Organization (WHO), around 80% of the global population
mainly rely upon herb-based medicines to meet their basic health-care needs

H. Ahmed
Department of Biological sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto, Sokoto, Nigeria
Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia,
Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
A. S. Juraimi (*) · M. K. Swamy (*) · M. S. Ahmad-Hamdani · U. R. Sinniah (*)
Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia,
Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
e-mail: dean.agri@upm.edu.my; umarani@upm.edu.my
D. Omar
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia,
Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
M. Y. Rafii
Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
M. S. Akhtar
Department of Botany, Gandhi Faiz-e-Aam College, Shahjahanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India

© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2018 517

M. S. Akhtar, M. K. Swamy (eds.), Anticancer Plants: Properties and Application,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8548-2_22

sayeedbot@gmail.com
518 H. Ahmed et al.

(Kumara Swamy et al. 2011, 2015; Kumara et al. 2012; Swamy and Sinniah 2015;
Arumugam et al. 2016; Mohanty et al. 2017). Moreover, currently available modern
therapeutic drugs are discovered primarily from the knowledge on herbs from the
traditional practices of treatments. Today’s drug discovery is largely focused on utiliz-
ing natural resources and their compounds to combat the danger of persistently grow-
ing human illnesses (Mohanty et al. 2014; Arumugam et al. 2016; Swamy et al. 2016,
2017). Many pharmaceutical industries often rely on plants as a source of essential
ingredient and raw material (Swamy and Sinniah 2016; Arumugam et al. 2016; Tariq
et al. 2017). Hence, to meet the growing demand for herbal raw materials, several
medicinal and aromatic plants have been cultivated commercially for obtaining bioac-
tive metabolites (Sudipta et al. 2011; Swamy and Sinniah 2016; Mohanty et al. 2017).
The genus Sida belonging to the family Malvaceae includes over 200 herbaceous
species with ethnomedicinal significance (Sivarajan and Pradeep 1996; Dinda et al.
2015). These plants are distributed pantropically throughout the world. Sida cordi-
folia, also well known as “Malva Branca” is utilized in Brazilian folk medicines for
treating inflammatory diseases, blennorrhea, asthma, nasal congestion, and stomati-
tis (Franzotti et al. 2000; Franco et al. 2005; Dinda et al. 2015). In many parts of the
African countries, it is used against several health problems, especially for treating
respiratory diseases (Galal et al. 2015; Dinda et al. 2015). The plant possesses anti-
inflammatory (Kanth and Diwan 1999), hypoglycemic, analgesic (Dinda et al.
2015; Siddiqui et al. 2016), anti-protozoan (Khare 2004), antiulcer (Philip et al.
2008; Akilandeswari et al. 2013), antimicrobial (Masih et al. 2014; Halilu et al.
2016), antihelminthic (Pawa et al. 2011; Nathaniel et al. 2014), and anticancer
(Dassonneville et al. 2000; Mallikarjuna et al. 2013; Srinithya et al. 2016) proper-
ties. The presence of the constituent, ephedrine, imparts psychostimulative proper-
ties to the plant and affects the heart and central nervous system. Also, ephedrine
acts as a bronchodilator and decongestant (Santos et al. 2005; Galal et al. 2015;
Adam and Steven 2006). In India, the root of S. cordifolia is popularly recognized
by the name Bala and used widely as an ingredient for preparing various formula-
tions of Ayurvedic medicines. The remedial properties of S. cordifolia are because
of the presence of various bioactive phytoconstituents such as 2-carboxylated try-
tamines, β-phenylamines, quinoline, quinazoline, indole, ephedrine, vasicinone,
5-hydroxy-3-isoprenyl flavone, 5, 7-dihydroxy-3-isoprenyl flavone, 6-(Isoprenyl)-
3-methoxy-8-C-β-D-glucosyl-kaempferol 3-O-β-D-glucosyl [1–4]-α-D-glucoside,
and many others (Ghosal et al. 1975; Prakash et al. 1981; Sutradhar et al. 2007b,
2008; Chaves et al. 2013).
In recent years, cancer disease has been widely spread across the world, and its
incidences are increasing constantly. In 2016, American Cancer Society estimated
about 1,685,210 number of new cancer cases worldwide. In Asian countries (consti-
tutes 60% total global population) one-third of deaths were related to cancer, and
the death rate was projected to geometrically increase to 16 million in 2025 (Shin
et al. 2012; Ferlay et al. 2010). According to World Cancer Research Foundation,
Denmark has the highest cancer rate among the nations, while Nigeria has the low-
est rate in 2012 (Ferlay et al. 2010). Cancer cells develop rapidly and progressively

sayeedbot@gmail.com
22 Botany, Chemistry, and Pharmaceutical Significance of Sida cordifolia… 519

invade normal body tissues in a stepwise manner, hence making its early detection
and prevention difficult. The cause for cancer includes chemicals, radiations, inges-
tion of carcinogens, immune failure, and pathogenic and genetic factors (Chacko
et al. 2015).
For decades, traditional herbal medicine has played a vital role in the develop-
ment of anticancer drugs with minimum side effects worldwide (Nath et al. 2013).
Exploration of botanical natural products for cancer prevention has resulted in the
development of more than 300 anticancer drugs (Abdel-Kadir et al. 2007). Though
herbal medicine is natural and safe, it can be detrimental or toxic to humans when
taken in specific conditions such as pregnancy, lactation, ulcer, and hepatic prob-
lems or at high doses. For instance, root bark extract of Annona senegalensis exhib-
ited 50% cellular toxicity against HeLa, PANC-1, and 293-T cells at 211.35, 166.07,
and 125.89 μg/ml (Okoye et al. 2011). In contrast, some active compounds includ-
ing piperine from Piper nigrum, Cicer arietinum, and Plantago major at 5000 mg/
kg, 600 μg/ml, and 2000 mg/kg were reported to be nontoxic on mammary tumori-
genesis and peripheral blood mononuclear cells and nonmortal (Garcia et al. 2003;
Damanhouri and Ahmad 2014; Kumar et al. 2014). Interestingly, pharmacological
study ascertained negligible or low-toxicity effect of S. cordifolia extract when
administered orally on mice and exhibited good anti-inflammatory and analgesic
activity (Franzotti et al. 2000; Konaté et al. 2012; Quedraogo et al. 2012). The weak
toxicity level of S. cordifolia to biological system gives an interesting feature and
suggests its potential safety for therapeutic applications. Thus considering the above
facts, the present chapter aims to provide detailed information about the ethnobo-
tanical, phytochemical, and pharmacological aspects of S. cordifolia. The informa-
tion will be useful for the development of novel drugs against various deadly
diseases including cancer.

22.2 Botanical Description of Sida cordifolia

22.2.1 Morphological Features

S. cordifolia is an erect perennial herb that grows up to 1.5 m height. It can tolerate
drought as well as high rainfall conditions and strive in a wide variety of soil types.
Leaves are simple heart truncate and serrate shaped with 2.5–7 cm long and
2.5–5 cm broad, ovate with entire leaf blade, and dense stellate hairs (Jain et al.
2011). Stems are ascending, stout and strong, and tall with densely stellate pubes-
cent. A well-developed tap root system is up to 60 cm. Peduncle bears yellow flow-
ers produced in clusters jointly above the panicle, flowers bisexual are paired or
solitary, small axillaries or subterminal with cup-shaped calyx and yellow corolla,
mericarps with awns (Dinda et al. 2015). Fruits are slender mericarp, 5-carpeled,
6–8 mm diameter across and sub-discoid with each carpel having two long linear
and setaceous awns; seeds are flattened, grayish black, smooth, and produced in
capsules divided into ten segments (Khurana et al. 2016).

sayeedbot@gmail.com
520 H. Ahmed et al.

22.2.2 Taxonomy

Sida cordifolia is a flowering plant belongs to the Malvaceae family. The order
Malvales taxa consisting of four families (Bombacaceae, Malvaceae, Sterculiaceae,
and Tiliaceae) comprises about 250 genera and 4230 species which are widely
spread across the world (Tate et al. 2005). Chromosomal evolution of the family has
been dynamic with haploid numbers ranging from n = 5 to 36; generic alliance of
Sida contains 11 genera (Akrosida, Allosidastrum, Dendrosida, Krapovickasia,
Malvella, Maximalva, Rhynchsida, Sida, Sidasodes, Sidastrum, and Tetrasidas)
which are characterized by morphology and basic chromosome numbers of pollen
and fruits with a varying haploid chromosome numbers from n = 6 to 28 (Tate et al.
2005; Carolina et al. 2010). Common names includes country mallow, flannel weed,
heart leaf shape Sida, Brazil “Malva Branca,” Malaysia “Pokok kelulut puteh,”
Chinese “Ke dong,” Nigeria (Hausa) “Garmani,” Hindi “Kungyi,” Sanskrit “Bala,”
Tamil “Mayir-manikham,” Bengali “Brela,” and Punjab “Simak.”

22.2.3 Geographical Distribution

Sida cordifolia, a native to the northeast part of Brazil, is popularly identified as

“Malva Branca” and broadly distributed in more than 82 countries worldwide,
mainly throughout the tropical and subtropical regions including Australia; North
and South America; Central America and Caribbean; Europe; West, East, and
Central Africa; and Asia (Bonjardim et al. 2011; Dinda et al. 2015).

22.3 Ethnomedicinal Uses

An ethnobotanical investigation has shown that many species of the genus Sida are
traditionally used to treat various kinds of diseases. Among such plants, S. cordifo-
lia L. and S. acuta Burn f. contribute to the modern system of herbal medicine and
drug development (Jain et al. 2011). In India, S. cordifolia has been used widely
since historic periods as one of the important raw material for preparing various
Ayurvedic medicines (Galal et al. 2015). Some of the ethnobotanical importance of
different parts of S. cordifolia and their preparations are detailed in Table 22.1. Its
medicinal significance includes the treatment of illnesses such as bronchial asthma,
nasal congestion, headache, aching joints and bones, edema, cough, gastrointestinal
and urinary infections, debility, skin ailments, weight loss, asthma, rheumatism,
stomatitis, stomach upset, diarrhea, dysentery, premature ejaculation, miscarriage,
malaria, fever, bronchitis, variola, and sciatica; its use in childbirth; and anti-gonor-
rhea, antituberculosis, anti-obesity, anticancer, antibacterial, anti-ulcer, antipyretic,
diuretic, aphrodisiac, and hepatoprotective properties (Sutradhar et al. 2007a;

sayeedbot@gmail.com
Table 22.1 Ethnobotanical importance S. cordifolia uses and its mode of preparation against
difference ailments
Plant Mode of
part used Ethnomedicinal use Country preparation References
Root Rheumatism and sciatica India Decoction of fresh Vasudevan Nair
root bark (2004)
Hemiplegia, Parkinson’s India – Divakar et al.
disease, weight loss, (2013)
weakness, mental
exhaustion
Facial paralysis India – Khatoon et al.
(2005) and
Nagashayana et al.
(2000)
Sunstroke India Paste of root with Kapoor and
sugar orally Lakhera (2013)
Leucorrhoea India Powdered root bark Kapoor and
mixed with milk Lakhera (2013)
and sugar orally
Jaundice India Mixture of half cup Sarkar and Das
root juice and half (2010)
tablespoon sugar
candy is given once
daily till cured
Eye inflammation Burkina Faso Maceration Brink and
and Tanzania Achigan-Dako
(2012)
Abortion Kenya and Extract orally Brink and
Central African Achigan-Dako
Republic (2012)
Urinary tract problem Bangladesh – Brink and
and fever, dysentery and Benin Achigan-Dako
(2012) and
Rahmatullah et al
(2010)
Menstruation Kenya and Chewing Brink and
Central African Achigan-Dako
Republic (2012)
Leaf and Hair loss, constipation, Colombia Decoction Ballesteros et al.
twig and fever (2013)
Leaf Cuts India Pounded leaves Kapoor and
Lakhera (2013)
Syphilis and pneumonia Rwanda Leaves Boily and
Puyvelde (1986)
Ophthalmic diseases India Paste of leaves Ajithabai et al.
externally (2012)
Fever; prevent Burkina Faso Decoction Nacoulma (1996)
miscarriage
Dysentery, sprains, Burkina Faso, Poultice to sprains Brink and
swellings, and intestinal Kenya, and swelling, Achigan-Dako
worms Philippines, decoction orally for (2012)
Burundi, control of intestinal
Senegal worms
(continued)

sayeedbot@gmail.com
522 H. Ahmed et al.

Table 22.1 (continued)

Plant Mode of
part used Ethnomedicinal use Country preparation References
Fever, rheumatism and Republic of Infusion, aqueous Yusuf and Kabir
lung disorder Congo extract of whole (1999); Brink and
plant Achigan-Dako
(2012)
Cystitis, diuretic, and Mauritius Decoction Brink and
astringent Achigan-Dako
(2012)
Flowers Urinary tract problem India Paste of flowers Kapoor and
and fruits and unripe fruits Lakhera (2013)
with water orally
Seeds Bowel complaints and India – Kapoor and
gonorrhea Lakhera (2013)
Root and Anti-paralytic and India – Dinda et al. (2015)
seed aphrodisiac
Whole Toothache and diarrhea India – Rahmatullah et al.
plant (2010)
Spermatorrhea, Nigeria – Olowokedejo et al.
urogenital disorder, pile, (2008)
asthma, gonorrhea,
rheumatism, hay fever
Asthma and nasal Brazil – Balbach (1989)
congestion
Throat inflammation Brazil Infusion Breitbach et al.
(2013)
Stomach upset and Nigeria Aqueous leave Halilu et al. (2016)
bacterial infections extract
Cough, rheumatic, and Burkina Faso – Nacoulma (1996)
abdominal pain
Skin cancer Kenya Leaves powder Tariq et al. (2017)
applied
Cancer and leukemia Benin – Brink and
Achigan-Dako
(2012)
Week sperm count Bangladesh Leaf and bark of Nawaz et al.
root (2009)
Pregnancy and labor pain Cameroon and Maceration orally Lutterodt (1988)
Ghana for 6 months and Yemele et al.
(2015)
Vaginitis and cancer Cameroon – Pieme et al. (2014)

sayeedbot@gmail.com
22 Botany, Chemistry, and Pharmaceutical Significance of Sida cordifolia… 523

Nagashayana et al. 2000; Jain et al. 2011; Srivastava et al. 2013; Dinda et al. 2015;
Halilu et al. 2016). Seeds are commonly considered to be aphrodisiac, while the
juice of the whole plant is useful in preventing premature ejaculation (Konaté et al.
2012), controlling neurodegenerative (Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s) diseases, loss of
memory, degeneration of nerves, and other neurological disorders (Auddy et al.
2003). Traditionally its root extract is used to promote wound healing, crumpled
leaves serve as an astringent dressing of wounds and treatment of skin injuries,
stomach problems, nervous system, muscular pain and as a cardiac tonic (Pawar
et al. 2016), analgesic, depressive effect on central nervous system, cancer treatment
and anti-inflammatory and regeneration of liver cells (Franco et al. 2005; Jenny
et al. 2005; Nunes et al. 2006). In Brazil, S. cordifolia is used in their folk medicines
for treating inflammatory diseases, blennorrhea, asthma, nasal congestion, and sto-
matitis (Franzotti et al. 2000; Franco et al. 2005; Dinda et al. 2015). In many parts
of the African countries, it is used against several health problems, especially for
treating respiratory diseases (Galal et al. 2015; Dinda et al. 2015). Methanol extract
of S. cordifolia at 6–8 μg/ml was observed to have cytotoxic effect on HeLa cell line
and was also effective against phytopathogens such as Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia
coli, Enterobacter aerogenes, Mycobacterium spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and
Micrococcus spp. (Joseph et al. 2011). Seeds are useful for vowel complaints; roots
possess tonic, astringent, and diuretic properties, hemiplegia, urinary disorder, and
facial paralysis (Kanth and Diwan 1999). In China, it is used as an equivalent to
ephedra, an herbal preparation from the plant Ephedra sinica, while it is employed
against dental problems in Kenya (Galal et al. 2015).

22.4 Phytochemistry

The survey of literature showed the presence of several pharmacologically impor-

tant chemical compounds in S. cordifolia plant parts. Current research is focused at
the isolation of specific pure phytocompounds of S. cordifolia and to appreciate
their biological significance. For many decades extracts from different parts of S.
cordifolia have been reported to be used for a variety of therapeutic purposes.
Generally the genus Sida is well known to possess high amount of alkaloids, flavo-
noids, and steroids (Table 22.2). Some of the identified and isolated compounds of
S. cordifolia are discussed below.

22.4.1 Alkaloids

The aerial parts of S. cordifolia are reported to contain ephedrine and Ψ-ephedrine
and appreciable quantities of water soluble alkaloids (Dutta and Crane 1963). The
total alkaloid content is reported to be 0.085%. Reverse-phase high-performance

sayeedbot@gmail.com
524 H. Ahmed et al.

Table 22.2 The known volatile constituents of S. cordifolia

Compounds Plant part Method used References
5-hydroxy-3- Aerial parts TLC/UV/IR/NMR Sutradhar et al. (2006),
isoprenyl flavones (2008)
3′-(3″,7″-dimethyl- Aerial parts TLC/UV/IR/NMR Sutradhar et al. (2006,
2″,6″-octadiene)-8- 2007b)
C-β-D-glucosyl-
kaempferol-3-O-β-
D-glucoside
6-(isoprenyl)- Aerial parts TLC/UV/IR/NMR Sutradhar et al. (2007b)
3-methoxy- 8-C-β-
D-glucosyl-
kaempferol
3-O- β- D-glucosyl
[1→4]- α- D-
glucoside
Ephedrine Aerial parts/roots/ HPLC-PDA/GC-MS Ghosal et al. (1975),
whole plant Khatoon et al. (2005), and
Joseph et al. (2011)
Ψ-ephedrine Aerial parts/roots HPLC-PDA Khatoon et al. (2005)
(S)-(+)-N-methyl- Roots – Ghosal et al. (1975),
tryptophan methyl Prakash et al. (1981), and
ester, Khatoon et al. (2005)
β-phenethylamine
Hypaphorine Roots GC-MS Ghosal et al. (1975),
Prakash et al. (1981), and
Khatoon et al. (2005)
Vasicine Roots RP-HPLC/HPTLC Ghosal et al. (1975),
Vasicinone Prakash et al. (1981),
Vasicinol Khatoon et al. (2005), and
Dhalwal et al. (2010)
Arachidic acid Seeds GLC/UV/IR/NMR Rao and Lakshminarayana
Linoleic acid (1984)
Malvalic acid
Myristic acid
Oleic acid
Sterculic acid
Dihydrosterculic acid
Palmitic acid Seeds/leaves GLC/UV/IR/NMR/ Rao and Lakshminarayana
Stearic acid LC-MS (1984) and Ahmed et al.
(2017)
β-sitosterol Whole plant UV/NMR Sutradhar et al. (2008)
Stigmasterol
TLC thin-layer Chromatography, UV ultraviolet, IR infrared, NMR nuclear magnetic resonance,
GC-MS gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy, LC-MS liquid chromatography-mass spectros-
copy, HPLC high-pressure liquid chromatography, HPTLC high-performance thin-layer chroma-
tography, GLC gas liquid chromatography

sayeedbot@gmail.com
22 Botany, Chemistry, and Pharmaceutical Significance of Sida cordifolia… 525

liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) and HPTLC methods were adopted to simulta-

neously quantify vasicine and vasicinone occurring in Sida species (Dhalwal et al.
2010). The results revealed the presence of vasicine (0.010 ± 0.031%) and vasici-
none (0.0061 ± 0.022%). Likewise, a simple high-performance thin-layer chroma-
tography (HPTLC) method was developed to quantify ephedrine content in the Sida
species (Khatoon et al. 2005). The maximum ephedrine content (0.112%) was
found in S. cordifolia whole plant, while the roots of S. cordata recorded with the
least amount (0.005%). Joseph et al. (2011) identified ephedrine and vasicinol, vasi-
cinone, and hypaphorine from the whole plant of S. cordifolia using gas chromatog-
raphy–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. In addition, aerial parts of S. cordifolia
also contain 5′-hydroxymethyl-1′-(1,2,3,9-tetrahydro-pyrrolo [2,1-b] quinazoline-
1-yl)-hepta-1-one(a quinazoline alkaloid), and this compound is reported to possess
anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities (Sutradhar et al. 2007b). In addition,
cryptolepine (indoloquinoline alkaloid) was also reported from this plant (Matsui
et al. 2007; Galal et al. 2015).

22.4.2 Flavonoids

The aerial parts of S. cordifolia were detected with a C-flavonol glycoside, namely,
3′-(3″,7″-dimethyl-2″,6″-octadiene)-8-C-β-D-glucosyl-kaempferol 3-O-β-D-
glucoside, and two flavones such as 5-hydroxy-3-isoprenyl flavones and 5,7-
dihydroxy-3-isoprenyl flavones (Sutradhar et al. 2007b, 2008; Chaves et al. 2013).
Similarly, three more flavonol C-glycosides, namely, 6-(isoprenyl)-3-methoxy-8-C-
β-D-glucosyl-kaempferol 3-O-β-D-glucosyl [1→4]-α-D-glucoside, 3′-(3″.
7″-dimethyl-2″0.6″-octadiene)-8-C-β-D-glucosyl-kaempferol-3-O-β-D- glucoside,
and 3′-(3″. 7″-dimethyl- 2″0.6″-octadiene)-8-C-β-D-glucosyl-kaempferol-3-O-β-
D-glucosyl[1→4]-α-D-glucoside, were isolated from the same plant source
(Sutradhar et al. 2007b, 2008; Chaves et al. 2013).

22.4.3 Fatty Acids

Rao and Lakshminarayana (1984) and Ahmed et al. (2017) identified the following
fatty acids such as arachidic acid, linoleic acid, malvalic acid, myristic acid, oleic
acid, palmitic acid, sterculic acid, stearic acid, dihydrosterculic acid, and sterculic
acid from the seed oils of S. cordifolia. The occurrence of a hydroxyl unsaturated
fatty acid, (10E, 12Z)-9-hydroxyoctadeca-10,12-dienoic acid, was obtained from
the bioassay-guided fractions of methanolic leaf extracts of S. cordifolia (Nune
et al. 2006).

sayeedbot@gmail.com
526 H. Ahmed et al.

22.4.4 Steroids

To date, no extensive study on the steroids in S. cordifolia has been recorded; how-
ever, Sutradhar et al. (2008) reported that the dried powder of the aerial parts of S.
cordifolia contain two steroid compounds, namely, β-sitosterol and stigmasterol.

22.5 Pharmacological Significances

In this section, the significant outcomes from the previous research studies on the
pharmacological activities of different isolated compounds and plant extracts of S.
cordifolia are reviewed (Tables 22.3 and 22.4).

22.5.1 Anticancer Activity

Joseph et al. (2011) evaluated the cytotoxic activity of the ethanolic extract of S.
cordifolia whole plant and found the dose-dependent cell toxicity in HeLa cell lines.
Also, they observed that cells treated with S. cordifolia extract have arrested the
cells by apoptosis. Likewise, the ethanolic extract (70%) of S. cordifolia at 250 and
500 mg/kg bw dose had significantly restored necrotic cells, by exhibiting antioxi-
dant and anticancer activities (Mallikarjuna et al. 2013). In another study, it has
been reported that cryptolepine, an alkaloid compound of S. cordifolia, hinders the
growth of mutated osteosarcoma (MG63) cells at ≥0.5 μM within 72 h of incuba-
tion. Further, it promotes anticancer activity of a potent cyclin-dependent kinases

Table 22.3 Phytochemical compounds of S. cordifolia with pharmacological activates

Compounds Activity References
5′-Hydroxymethyl-1′- (1,2,3,9-tetrahydro Analgesic, Sutradhar et al. (2006)
-pyrrolo [2,1-b] anti-inflammatory
quinazolin-1-yl)-heptan-1-one)
1,2,3,9-tetrahydro-pyrrolo [2,1-b] Inhibit writhing Sutradhar et al. (2007a)
quinazolin-3-ylamine
5, 7-dihydroxy-3-isoprenyl flavone Analgesic, Sutradhar et al. (2008)
anti-inflammatory
3′-(3″. Analgesic, Sutradhar et al. (2006, 2007b)
7″-dimethyl-2″6″-octadiene)-8- C-β-D- anti-inflammatory
glucosyl-kaempferol-3-O-β-D- glucoside
Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate Anti-inflammatory Preethidan et al. (2013)
Rasin, mucin, sympathomimetic amines, Franzotti et al. (2000), Franco
saponins et al. (2005), and Kubavat and
Asdaq (2009)
Cryptolepine Anticancer Matsui et al. (2007)

sayeedbot@gmail.com
22 Botany, Chemistry, and Pharmaceutical Significance of Sida cordifolia… 527

Table 22.4 Biological activities of S. cordifolia

Activity Microorganisms Plant part References
Antibacterial Staphylococcus aureus, Ethanol leave Halilu et al. (2016)
Basillussubtilis, Escherichia extract
coli, and Pseudomonas
aeruginosa
Klebsiella pneumonia, Ethanol leaf Kalaiarasan and John
Pseudomonas aeruginosa extract (2010)
Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia Methanol leaf and Mahesh and Satish
coli, Pseudomonas root extracts (2008) and Masih et al.
fluorescens, (2014)
Staphylococcus aureus,
Xanthomonas axonopodis pv.
Malvacearum, and
Enterococcus faecalis
Antifungal Candida albicans, C. Acetone aerial Quedraogo et al. (2012)
parapsilosis, C. krusei, and extract
C. tropicalis
Antifungal C. guilliermondii, C. Leaf powder Nune et al. (2006)
albicans, C. tropicalis, C.
krusei, and Trichosporon
inkin
Hypoglycemic Mice Root and aerial Kanth and Diwan
and analgesic methanol extract (1999), Dinda et al.
(2015), and Siddiqui
et al. (2016)
Anthelmintic Pheretima posthuma Aqueous and Pawa et al. (2011) and
(earthworm) methanol extract Nathaniel et al. (2014)
Anti-protozoan Ascaridia galli and Root chemical Khare (2004)
Hymenolepis nana isolate
(vasicinone)
Antiulcer Albino rat Aerial methanol Philip et al. (2008) and
extract, ethanol Akilandeswari et al.
leave extract (2010)
Anti-inflammatory Male Wistar rats Ethyl acetate and Kanth and Diwan
methanol extract (1999)
Anticancer Swiss mice (HT-24 cell Aqueous leaf Srinithya et al. (2016)
lines) extract
Female Wistar rat Ethanol leaf Mallikarjuna et al.
extract (2013)
Human colon cancer cells Cryptolepine Dassonneville et al.
(HCT-116), human leukemia (whole plant (2000)
cells (LH-60) extract isolate)
Human LH-60 cells Cryptolepine Matsui et al. (2007)
leukemia

sayeedbot@gmail.com
528 H. Ahmed et al.

inhibitor (p21 WAF1/CIP1) expression in human colon cancer HCT116 cells hence
could be suitable for chemotherapy for osteosarcoma (Matsui et al. 2007). Likewise,
cryptolepine was previously reported to inhibit cell cycle and induce apoptosis in
human LH-60 leukemia (Dassonneville et al. 2000). The p21 WAF1/CIP1 sup-
pressed G1 and G2 M-phase cell cycle, differentiation and growth of cells in vivo
and in vitro (Gartel et al. 1996; Matsumoto et al. 1998), and because it rarely mutates
in human cancer cells, it thus serves as an attractive molecular target to suppress cell
growth in cancer cells. Recently, aqueous leaf extract of S. cordifolia was capped
with silver nitrate solution to form nanoparticles (AgNPs) which showed anticancer
activity against EAC and HT-29 cell lines with IC50 value of 204.7 and 129.3 μg/ml,
respectively (Srinithya et al. 2016).

22.5.2 Anti-inflammatory Activity

As a physiological response to tissue injury produced by mechanical stress, micro-

bial or chemical stimuli such as cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase cause significant
increase in inflammation (Swathy et al. 2010). Kanth and Diwan (1999) reported
that S. cordifolia has mild to moderate anti-inflammatory activity at a dose of 0.6 g/
kg and without ulcerogenicity effect equivalent to indomethacin, and such desirable
properties require gastrointestinal safety. It was suggested that the extract of S. cor-
difolia may be acting through increasing the release of insulin by stimulating the
β-cells of the pancreas.

22.5.3 Neurodegenerative Activity

Many progressive loss and degenerative functions of neuron tissues cause adverse
effect on health and well-being of millions of people globally leading to diseases
such as Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s, schizophrenia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,
Huntington’s, and many more. S. cordifolia had been previously reported to be
administered for neuron disorders such as facial paralysis, Parkinson’s disease, and
hemiplegia by the ancient Ayurveda (Nagashayana et al. 2000). Recently, emphases
on exploration of herbal drugs for their antioxidative and neuroprotection potentials
are on the increase. Aqueous extract and different fractions (hexane, chloroform,
and aqueous) of S. cordifolia were evaluated against rotenone-induced histopatho-
logical, neurochemical, biochemical, and behavioral alterations in a rat model of
Parkinson’s disease (PD).The results indicated the therapeutic potential of these
polar fractions in curing PD through antioxidative activities. A dosage of 100 mg/kg
of its aqueous fractions was observed to improve biochemical, histopathological,
and neurochemical performance similar to L-deprenyl drug (monoamine oxidase-B
inhibitor) and protected against oxidative stress-induced dopaminergic

sayeedbot@gmail.com
22 Botany, Chemistry, and Pharmaceutical Significance of Sida cordifolia… 529

neurodegeneration (Khurana and Asmita, 2013). Importantly, S. cordifolia, contain-

ing a number of phytochemicals compounds with great pharmacological signifi-
cance such as ephedrine, vasicinol, vasicine, vasicinone, asparagine, mucin,
hypaphorine, phytosterol, gelatin, and ferulic acid (Pattar and Jayarai 2011; Khurana
and Asmita 2013; Joseph et al. 2011), were reported to have positive activity against
oxidative damage and neurodegeneration (Zhang et al. 2010).

22.5.4 Cardioprotective Activity

One of the major reasons for the regeneration of neurons is the inability of a biologi-
cal system to ready detoxify imbalance production of reactive oxygen species.
Swathy et al. (2010) reported that ethanol aerial and root extract of S. cordifolia
possess effective free radical scavenging activities. S. cordifolia root is the major
ingredient used in the treatment of neurological disorder in Ayurveda medicine, and
Sutradhar et al. (2007a) validated S. cordifolia ethanol extract for its neurological,
antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities and found comparable results to that
of a commercial standard drug, deprenyl (Swathy et al. 2010).

22.5.5 Myocardial Infarction

Coronary diseases may lead to irreversible necrosis of heart muscles and adversely
heart attack. Hence the use of alternative and complementary medicine in treatment
of ailments such as myocardial infarction (MI) and other cardiac-related morbidities
are gaining attention worldwide; however, many efforts were relented to provide
scientific evidence on ethnopharmacology efficacy of different herbs.
Histopathological observations and biochemical findings revealed therapeutic
potential of hydroalcoholic leaf extract of S. cordifolia doses at 100 and 500 mg/kg
significantly increased endogenous antioxidants superoxide dismutase (SOD) and
catalase in heart tissue homogenate (HTH); this ascertains its potency and protec-
tive activity in the treatment of MI in traditional medicine (Kubavat and Asdaq
2009). Simultaneous increase in SOD and catalase are the indicators of cardiopro-
tection (Yim et al. 1990).

22.5.6 Antibacterial Activity

The ethanolic leaf extract of S. cordifolia showed a higher antibacterial activity in

the Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis) compared
to Gram-negative (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) with an inhibi-
tion range of 10–16 mm at 5 and 20 mg/ml concentration (Halilu et al. 2016). The

sayeedbot@gmail.com
530 H. Ahmed et al.

methanol leaf and root extracts of S. cordifolia exhibited a significant activity

against B. subtilis, E. coli, P. fluorescene, S. aureus, and Xanthomonas axonopodis
pv. malvacearum with an inhibition zone range of 12–18 mm at 100 μg/ml (Mahesh
and Satish 2008).

22.5.7 Antifungal Activity

Acetone extract of S. cordifolia had activity against Candida albicans strains

(ATCC-9002 and ATCC 2091), C. parapsilosis, C. krusei, and C. tropicalis with
minimum inhibitory concentration range of 8.33–12.50 μg/ml (Quedraogo et al.
2012). Nune et al. (2006) reported essential oil obtained from the leaf powder of S.
cordifolia showed strong antibacterial and antifungal activity against Staphylococcus
epidermidis, S. aureus, and C. guilliermondii and concluded that the assay was
more satisfactory against the tested fungal species. This might be partly attributed
to high alkaloid content of S. cordifolia which are important plant defense agents
against microbial and insect herbivores. It is reported that fungi are very susceptible
to alkaloids compounds as they act on mucopolysaccharide capsule of pathogenic
microbes which is responsible for resistance and virulence (Quedraogo et al. 2012).

22.5.8 Hypoglycemic Activity

For decades, research studies have shown that S. cordifolia products help to reduce
weight by reducing the fat accumulation in cell tissues and lowering blood sugar
(Jain et al. 2011). The methanol extract of S. cordifolia aerial parts at 600 mg/kg
showed the maximum hypoglycemic activity and significantly decreased (31%)
blood sugar level in mice after 2 h of administration (Kanth and Diwan 1999).
Ahmad et al. (2014) observed the potency of alcoholic extract of S. cordifolia at
400 mg/kg to decrease triglycerides, total cholesterol, low density lipids, plasma
urea, plasma creatinine, lipid peroxidation, and total cholesterol and significantly
increased superoxide dismutase and catalase activity in diabetic rat and also pro-
tected cell membrane damages.

22.5.9 Analgesic Activity

Pharmacological studies revealed that extract of S. cordifolia possesses flavonoids

and alkaloids with analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity (Dinda et al. 2015).
Root and aerial parts of S. cordifolia were previously reported to possess analgesic
and anti-inflammatory activities (Siddiqui et al. 2016). Kanth and Diwan (1999)
observed a dose-dependent response of mice to acetic acid writhing test for

sayeedbot@gmail.com
22 Botany, Chemistry, and Pharmaceutical Significance of Sida cordifolia… 531

determination of analgesic properties of S. cordifolia aerial extract. At 100 mg/kg

dose, analgesic activity was comparable with the standard, aspirin. While, at
increased dose of 600 mg/kg showed a better activity than aspirin. These results
indicate its ethnobotanical importance toward pain relief and inflammation.

22.5.10 Anthelmintic Activity

A bioassay was carried out to evaluate the anthelmintic activity of aqueous and
ethanol extracts of S. cordifolia on earthworm (Pheretima posthuma). The results
revealed that both the extracts showed the anthelmintic properties, but aqueous
extract was more promising and, hence, recommended in use in folklore medicine
(Pawa et al. 2011). Similarly, Nathaniel et al. (2014) stated that methanol and aque-
ous extracts of S. cordifolia exhibit the anthelmintic effect against P. posthuma. A
chemical isolate from root of S. cordifolia possessed anthelmintic, antifertility, and
anti-protozoan activity against Ascaridia galli and Hymenolepis nana (Harborne
et al. 1998; Khare 2004), thereby validating the efficacy and relevance of S. cordi-
folia in ethnomedicine uses.

22.5.11 Antiulcer Activity

Oral dose of 500 mg/kg methanol extract (aerial part) of S. cordifolia showed effec-
tive anti-ulcerogenic activity against ethanol (95%) and aspirin in Wistar albino rat
(Philip et al. 2008). A study conducted by Akilandeswari et al. (2013) involving
albino rats induced with peptic ulcer by administration of aspirin, ethanol, and aspi-
rin + pylorus ligation in 0.2% agar treated with 100 mg and 200 mg/kg ethanol leaf
extract of S. cordifolia resulted in reduced acidity and gastric secretion similar to
famotidine, while at 200 mg/kg high significant potency was observed greater than
famotidine, indicating that the extract possessed antiulcer property against the three
ulcer-causing models.

22.6 Conclusions and Future Prospects

The traditional medical practices in India, Brazil, China, and other countries use S.
cordifolia for treating several health problems such as asthma, bronchitis, inflam-
mation of oral mucosa, nasal congestion, rheumatism, gonorrhea, neurological dis-
orders, and dysentery. Modern studies have witnessed the occurrence of various
bioactive principles in the plant. The major compounds included ephedrine,
Ψ-ephedrine vasicine, vasicinone, β-sitosterol, and stigmasterol. Also, several flavo-
noids and fatty acids such as arachidic acid, linoleic acid, malvalic acid, etc. were

sayeedbot@gmail.com
532 H. Ahmed et al.

found in their plant parts. Studies have shown that the plant possesses anticancer,
anti-inflammatory, neurodegenerative, cardioprotective, antimicrobial, hypoglyce-
mic, analgesic, anthelmintic, and antiulcer activities. Most of these biological prop-
erties could be correlated to the occurrence of wide-ranging biologically active
constituents in both plant extracts and essential oil. The available literature confirms
the pharmacological significance of S. cordifolia, and it can be a good source of
natural products. More recently, plant-based compounds are much appreciated by
nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industries as they are relatively safe and cause no
or negligible side effects in the treated patients. It is important to note that most of
the research efforts in S. cordifolia are limited to only plant extracts, and only few
bioactive metabolites have been isolated so far. Hence, more phytochemical and
metabonomic investigations using modern analytical tools such as electron ioniza-
tion (EI), electrospray ionization (ESI), matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization
(MALDI), and MALDI time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) meth-
ods are crucially required to identify and quantify unknown compounds with bio-
logical significance from this medicinal plant. In addition, the isolated and pure
compounds need to be validated for their effectiveness using both in vitro and
in vivo models. The presence of some compounds such as vasicinone, a bronchodi-
lator, authenticates its use in the traditional medicines of Ayurveda in India.
However, compounds like ephedrine and cryptolepine of S. cordifolia still pose a
great concern about its safety and require evaluation of their toxicity. Cryptolepine
and plant extracts have shown a positive response against few cancer cell lines sug-
gesting the possible use of S. cordifolia against cancer. Further research efforts are
required to isolate and validate many such novel anticancer lead molecules occur-
ring in the plant extracts. To date, in vivo studies related to bioactivity and toxicity
using animal models are inadequate, and there is no information on the clinical
aspects of S. cordifolia extracts or its compounds, though widely used in different
traditional medicines. Importantly, S. cordifolia is morphologically similar to other
closely associated Sida species and often leads to misidentification. Therefore, cor-
rect taxonomical authentication is very critical to make use of the plant for com-
mercial purposes. Therefore, more research studies should be encouraged so as to
completely utilize this medicinal herb to treat various human illnesses including
cancer.

References

Abdel-Kadir M, Mahmoud AH, Motawa HM, Wahba HE, Ebrahim AY (2007) Antitumor activity
of Urtica pilulifera on Ehrlich ascites carcinoma in mice. Asian J Biochem 2:375–385
Adam CM, Steven WJ (2006) Dopamine-mediated actions of ephedrine in the rat substantia nigra.
Brain Res 1069:96–103
Ahmad M, Prawez S, Sultana M, Raina R, Pankaj NK, Verma PK, Rahman S (2014)
Antihyperglycemic, anti-hyperlipidemic and antioxidant potential of alcoholic extract of Sida
cordifolia (aerial part) in streptozotocin-induced diabetes in Wistar rats. Proc Natl Acad Sci
India Sect B 84:397–405

sayeedbot@gmail.com
22 Botany, Chemistry, and Pharmaceutical Significance of Sida cordifolia… 533

Ahmed H, Juraimi AS, Hamdani MSA, Omar D, Rafii MY, Aslani F (2017) Comparative phy-
totoxic effects of aerial and root aqueous extracts of Sida cordifolia L. on germination and
seedling vigour performance of lettuce, tomato and carrot. Bangladesh J Bot 46:S323–S328
Ajithabai MD, Sunitha Rani SP, Jayakumar G (2012) Review on the species of Sida used for the
preparation of Nayopayam Kashayam. Int J Res Rev Pharm Appl Sci 2:173–195
Akilandeswari S, Senthamarai R, Valarmathi R, Shanthi S, Prema S (2010) Screening of gastric
antiulcer activity of Sida acuta Burm. Int J Pharm Tech Res 2:1644–1648
Akilandeswari S, Valarmathi R, Indulatha VN, Senthamarai R (2013) Screening of gastric antiul-
cer activity of Sida cordifolia. Int J Pharm Chem Sci 2:1288–1292
Arumugam G, Swamy MK, Sinniah UR (2016) Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng: botani-
cal, phytochemical, pharmacological and nutritional significance. Molecules 21:369
Atanasov AG, Waltenberger B, Pferschy-Wenzig EM, Linder T, Wawrosch C, Uhrin P, Temml V,
Wang L, Schwaiger S, Heiss EH, Rollinger JM, Schuster D, Breuss JM, Bochkov V, Mihovilovic
MD, Kopp B, Bauer R, Dirsch VM, Stuppner H (2015) Discovery and resupply of pharmaco-
logically active plant-derived natural products: a review. Biotechnol Adv 33:1582–1614
Auddy B, Ferreira M, Blasina F, Lafon L, Arredondo F, Dajas F, Tripathic PC, Seal T, Mukherjee
B (2003) Screening of antioxidant activity of three Indian medicinal plants, traditionally used
for the management of neurodegenerative disease. J Ethnopharmacol 84:131–138
Balbach A (1989) A Flora Nacional na Medicina Domestica, vol 2, 9th edn. EDEL, Sao Paulo
Ballesteros BOJV, Perea EM, Mendez JJ, Arango WM, Norena DA (2013) Quantification, chemi-
cal and biological characterization of the saponosides material from Sida cordifolia L. (esco-
billa). Rev Cuba Plantas Med 18:298–314
Boily Y, Van Puyvelde L (1986) Screening of medicinal plants of Rwanda (Central Africa) for
antimicrobial activity. J Ethnopharmcol 16:1–13
Bonjardim LR, Silva AM, Oliveira MG, Guimaraes AG, Antoniolli AR, Santara MF, Serafini MR,
Santos RC, Araujo AA, Estevam CS, Santos MR, Lyra A, Carvalho R, Quintans-Junior LJ,
Azevedo EG, Botelho MA (2011) Sida cordifolia leaf extract reduces the orofacial nociceptive
response in mice. Phytother Res 25:1236–1241
Breitbach WB, Niehues M, Lopes WP, Faria JEQ, Brandao MGL (2013) Amazonian Brazilian
medicinal plants described by C.F.P. von Martius in the 19th century. J Ethnopharmacol
147:180–189
Brink M, Achigan-Dako EG (2012) Plant resources of tropical Africa. Vol. 16. Fibres. Wageningen,
p 417
Carolina A, Fernando A, Oliveira MDY, Déborah YACS, Suzene IS (2010) An approach to
chemotaxonomy to the fatty acid content of some Malvaceae species. Biochem Syst Ecol
38:1035–1038
Chacko T, Menon A, Nair SV, Suhaibani EA, Nair CKK (2015) Cytotoxic and antitumor activity of
the extract of Clerodendron infortunatum: a mechanistic study. Am J Phytomed Clin Therapeut
2:145–158
Chaves OS, Gomes RA, Tomaz ACA, Fernandes MG, Mendes Junior LDG, Agra MF, Braga VA,
Souza MFV (2013) Secondary metabolites from Sida rhombifolia L. (Malvaceae) and the vaso-
relaxant activity of cryptolepinone. Molecules 18:2769–2777
Damanhouri ZA, Ahmad A (2014) A review on therapeutic potential of Piper nigrum L. (black pep-
per): the king of spices. Med Aromat Plant 3:161. https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-0412.1000161
Dassonneville L, Lansiaux A, Wattelet A, Wattez N, Mahieu C, van Miert S, Pieters L, Bailly C
(2000) Cytotoxicity and cell cycle effects of the plant alkaloids cryptolepine and neocrypto-
lepine: relation to drug-induced apoptosis. Eur J Pharmacol 409:9–18
Dhalwal K, Shinde VM, Mahadik KR (2010) Optimization and validation of reverse phase HPLC
and HPTLC method for simultaneous quantification of vasicine and vasicinone in Sida species.
J Med Plants Res 4:1289–1296
Dinda B, Das N, Dinda S, Dinda M, SilSarma I (2015) Review: the genus Sida L.- a traditional
medicine: its ethnopharmacological, phytochemical and pharmacological data for commercial
exploitation in herbal drugs industry. J Ethnopharmacol 176:135–176

sayeedbot@gmail.com
534 H. Ahmed et al.

Divakar MC, John J, Vyshnavidevi P, Anisha Subash A, Govindan V (2013) Herbal remedies of
Madayipara hillock tribals in Kannur district, Kerala. India J Med Plants Stud 1:34–42
Dutta LP, Crane WAJ (1963) The utilisation of tritiated thymidine for deoxyribonucleic acid syn-
thesis by the lesions of experimental hypertension in rats. J Pathol 86:83–97
Ekor M (2013) The growing use of herbal medicines: issues relating to adverse reactions and chal-
lenges in monitoring safety. Front Pharmacol 4:177
Ferlay J, Shin HR, Bray F, Forman D, Mathers C, Parkin DM (2010) Estimates of worldwide bur-
den of cancer in 2008: GLOBOCAN 2008. Int J Cancer 127:2893–2917
Franco CIF, Morais LCSL, Quintans-Júnior LJ, Almeida RN, Antoniolli AR (2005) CNS pharma-
cological effects of the hydroalcoholic extract of Sida cordifolia L. leaves. J Ethnopharmacol
98:275–279
Franzotti E, Santos C, Rodrigues H, Mourao R, Andrade M, Antoniolli A (2000) Anti-inflammatory,
analgesic activity and acute toxicity of Sida cordifolia L. (Malva branca). J Ethnopharmacol
72:273–277
Gaidhani SN, Lavekar GS, Juvekar AS, Sen S, Singh A, Kumari S (2009) In-vitro anticancer activ-
ity of standard extracts used in Ayurveda. Pharmacog Mag 5:425–429
Galal A, Raman V, Khan IA (2015) Sida cordifolia, A traditional herb in modern perspective–a
review. Curr Trad Med 1:5–17
Garcia GM, Coto Morales T, Soto Rodríguez GA, Pazos L (2003) Sub-chronic toxicity and test
of eye irritability of leaf aqueous extract from Plantago major (plantaginaceae). Riv Bio Trop
51:635–638
Gartel AL, Serfas MS, Tyner AL (1996) p21-negative regulator of the cell cycle. Proc Soc Exp
Biol Med 213:138–149
Ghosal S, Chauhan RBPS, Mehta R (1975) Alkaloids of Sida cordifolia. Phytochemistry
14:830–832
Halilu ME, Muhammad I, Dangoggo SM, Farouq AA, Ahmed A, Shamsuddeen AA (2016)
Phytochemical and antibacterial screening of petroleum ether and ethanol extracts of Sida cor-
difolia leaves. J Chem Soc Niger 41:137–142
Harborne JB, Baxter H, Gerald MP (1998) Phytochemical dictionary: a hand book of bioactive
compounds from plants, 2nd edn. Taylor & Francis Ltd, Milton Park, p 316
Jain A, Choubev S, Singour PK, Raiak H, Pawar RS (2011) Sida cordifolia (Linn) – an overview.
J Appl Pharm Sci 1:23–31
Jenny M, Schwaiger H, Bernhard D, Wrulich OA, Cosaceanu D, Fuchs D, Ueberall F (2005)
Apoptosis induced by Tibetan herbal remedy PADMA 28 in the T cell-derived lymphocytic
leukaemia cell line CEM-C7H2. J Carcinog 4:15 doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-3163-4-15
Joseph B, Ajisha A, Kumari S, Sujatha S (2011) Effect of bioactive compounds and its pharmaceu-
tical activities of Sida cordifolia (Linn.) Int J Biol Med Res 2:1038–1042
Kalaiarasan A, John SA (2010) Phytochemical screening and antibacterial activity of Sida cordifo-
lia (Malvaceae) leaf extract. Intl J Medicobiol Res 1:94–98
Kanth RV, Diwan PV (1999) Analgesic, anti-inflammatory and hypoglycaemic activities of Sida
cordifolia. Phytother Res 13:75–77
Kapoor BBS, Lakhera S (2013) Ethnomedicinal plants of Jodhpur District, Rajasthan used in
herbal and folk remedies. Indian J Pharm Biol Res 1:71–75
Khare CP (2004) Indian herbal remedies: rational western therapy, Ayurvedic and other traditional
usage botany, 1st edn. Springer, St Berlin, p 426
Khatoon S, Srivastava M, Rawai AKS, Mehrotra S (2005) HPTLC method for chemical standard-
ization of Sida species and estimation of alkaloid ephedrine. J Plannar Chromatogr Mod TLC
18:364–367
Khurana N, Asmita G (2013) Ameliorative effect of Sida cordifolia in rotenone induced oxidative
stress model of Parkinson’s disease. Neurotoxicology 39:57–64
Khurana N, Sharma N, Patil S, Asmita G (2016) Phytopharmacological properties of Sida cordi-
folia: a review of folklore use and pharmacological activities. Asian J Pharm Clin Res 2:52–58

sayeedbot@gmail.com
22 Botany, Chemistry, and Pharmaceutical Significance of Sida cordifolia… 535

Konaté K, Bassolé IHN, Adama H, Aworet-Samseny RRR, Souza A, Barro N, Mamoudou HD,
Datté JY, Bertrand MB (2012) Toxicity assessment and analgesic activity investigation of aque-
ous acetone extracts of Sida acuta burn f. and Sida cordifolia L. (Malvaceae), medicinal plants
of Burkina Faso. BMC Compl Altern Med 12:120
Kubavat JB, Asdaq SMB (2009) Role of Sida cordifolia L. leaves on biochemical and antioxidant
profile during myocardial injury. J Ethnopharmacol 124:162–165
Kumar S, Kapoor V, Gill K (2014) Antifungal and Antiproliferative protein from Cicer arietinum:
a bioactive compound against emerging pathogens. Biomed Res Int 2014:387203. https://doi.
org/10.1155/2014/387203
Kumara SM, Sudipta KM, Lokesh P, Neeki A, Rashmi W, Bhaumik H, Darshil H, Vijay R, Kashyap
SSN (2012) Phytochemical screening and in vitro antimicrobial activity of Bougainvillea spec-
tabilis flower extracts. Int J Phytomed 4:375–379
Lutterodt GD (1988) Responses of gastrointestinal smooth muscle preparations to a muscarinic
principle present in Sida veronicaefolia. J Ethnopharmacol 23:313–322
Mahesh B, Satish S (2008) Antimicrobial activity of some important medicinal plants against plant
and human pathogens. World J Agric Sci 4:S839–S843
Mallikarjuna G, Reddy JS, Prabhakaran V (2013) Evaluation of anticancer activity of Sida cor-
difolia L. against aflatoxin b1 induced hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Pharm Sci Rev Res
23:126–132
Masih H, Paul S, Yadav J, Pandey S, Peter JK (2014) Antibacterial properties of selected medicinal
plants against pathogenic bacteria. Intl J Sci Res Manag 5:915–924
Matsui TA, Sowa Y, Murata H, Takaqi K, Nakanishi R, Aoki S, Yoshikawa M, Kobayashi M,
Sakabe T, Kubo T, Sakai T (2007) The plant alkaloid cryptolepine induces p21WAF1/ CIP1
and cell cycle arrest in a human osteosarcoma cell line. Int J Oncol 31:915–922
Matsumoto T, Sowa Y, Ohtani-Fujita N, Tamaki T, Takenaka T, Kuribayashi K, Sakai T (1998)
p53-independent induction of WAF1/Cip1 is correlated with osteoblastic differentiation by
vitamin D3. Cancer Lett 129:61–68
Mohanty SK, Mallappa K, Godavarthi A, Subbanarasiman B, Maniyam A (2014) Evaluation of
antioxidant,in vitro cytotoxicity of micropropagated and naturally grown plants of Leptadenia
reticulata (Retz.) Wight & Arn.- an endangered medicinal plant. Asian Pac J Trop Med
7:S267–S271
Mohanty SK, Swamy MK, Middha SK, Prakash L, Subbanarashiman B, Maniyam A (2015)
Analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-lipoxygenase activity and characterization of three bioac-
tive compounds in the most active fraction of Leptadenia reticulata (Retz.) Wight & Arn.–a
valuable medicinal plant. Iran J Pharm Res 14:933–942
Mohanty SK, Swamy MK, Sinniah UR, Anuradha M (2017) Leptadenia reticulata (Retz.) Wight
& Arn.(Jivanti): botanical, agronomical, phytochemical, pharmacological, and biotechnologi-
cal aspects. Molecules 22:1019. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules22061019
Nacoulma OG (1996) Medicinal Plants and their Traditional uses in Burkina Faso, Ph.D. thesis,
University of Quagadougou, Burkina Faso, p 328
Nagashayana N, Sankarankutty P, Nampoothiri M, Mohan P, Mohanakumar K (2000) Association
of L-DOPA with recovery following ayurveda medication in parkinson’s disease. J Neurol Sci
176:124–127
Nath R, Roy S, De B, Choudhury MD (2013) Anticancer and antioxidant activity of croton: a
review. Int J Pharm Pharma Sci 5:63–70
Nathaniel SPK, Kanthal LK, Durga S, Raju DAR, Satyavati K (2014) Phytochemical evaluation
and screening of cardiotonic, antibacterial and anthelmintic activities of Sida cordifolia Linn.
Intl J Pharm Sci Nanotech 7:2574–2580
Nawaz AHM, Hossain M, Karim M, Khan M, Jahan R, Rahmatullah M (2009) An ethnobotani-
cal survey of Rajshahi district in Rajshahi division, Bangladesh. Am-Eurasian J Sustain Agric
3:143–150
Nunes XP, Gabriela MLDA, Almeida JRGDS, Fillipe DOP, Lima DOE (2006) Antimicrobial
activity of the essential oil of Sida cordifolia Lin. Braz J Pharm 16:642–644

sayeedbot@gmail.com
536 H. Ahmed et al.

Okoye TC, Akah PA, Omeje EO, Okol CO, Nworu SC, Hamman M (2011) Antibacterial and anti-
cancer activity of kaurenoic acid from root bark extract of Annona senegalensis. Planta Med
2011:77. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0031-1282399
Olowokedejo JD, Kadiri AB, Travih VA (2008) An ethnobotanical survey of herbal markets and
medicinal plants in Lagos state of Nigeria. Ethnobot Leafl 12:851–865
Ouédraogo M, Konaté K, Nicaise LA, Souza A, Mbatchi B, Sawadogo LL (2012) Free radical
scavenging capacity, anti-candicidal effect of bioactive compounds from Sida Cordifolia L.,
in combination with nystatin and clotrimazole and their effect on specific immune response in
rats. Ann Clin Microbio Antimicrob 11:33
Pattar VP, Jayaraj M (2011) Pharmacognostic and phytochemical investigation of Sida cordifolia
L.-a threatened medicinal herb. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 4:114–117
Pawa RS, Jain A, Sharma P, Kumar PC, Singour PK (2011) In vitro studies on Sida cordifolia Linn
for anthelmintic and antioxidant properties. Chin Med 2:47–52
Pawar RS, Kumar S, Toppo FA, Lakshmi PK, Suryavanshi P (2016) Sida cordifolia Linn.
Accelerates wound healing process in type 2 diabetic rats. J Acute Med 6:82–89
Philip BK, Muralidharan A, Natarajan B, Varadamurthy B, Venkataraman S (2008) Preliminary
evaluation of anti-pyretic and anti-ulcerogenic activities of Sida cordifolia methanolic extract.
Fitoterapia 79:229–231
Pieme CA, Ngoganga J, Costache M (2014) Polyphenol contents of five of medicinal plants from
Cameroon and effects of their extracts on antioxidant capacities of human breast cancer cells.
Toxicol Environ Chem 96:1120–1130. https://doi.org/10.1080/02772248.2014.999680
Prakash A, Verma RK, Ghosal S (1981) Alkaloidal constituents of Sida acuta, S. humilis, S. rhom-
bifolia and S. spinosa. Planta Med 43:384–388
Preethidan DS, Arun G, Surendran MP, Prasanth S, Sabu A, Sadasivan C, Haridas M (2013)
Lipoxygenase inhibitory activity of some Sida species due to di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate. Curr
Sci 105:232–234
Rahmatullah M, Tajbilur Kabir AAB, Rahman MDM, Hossan MDS, Khatun Z, Khatun MA, Jahan
R (2010) Ethnomedicinal practices among a minority group of christians residing in Mirzapur
village of Dinajpur District, Bangladesh. Adv Nat App Sci 4:45–51
Rao KS, Lakshminarayana G (1984) Characteristics and composition of six Malvaceae seeds and
the oils. J Am Oil Chem Soc 61:1345–1346
Santos M, Marchioro M, Silveira A, Barbosa-Filho J, Medeiros I (2005) Cardiovascular effects on
rats induced by the total alkaloid fraction of Sida cordifolia. Biol Geral Exper 5:5–9
Sarkar A, Das AP (2010) Ethnomedicinal formulations for the treatment of jaundice by the Mech
tribe in Duars of West Bengal. Indian J Tradit Knowl 9:134–136
Shin HR, Carlos MC, Varghese C (2012) Cancer control in the Asia pacific region: current status
and concerns. Jpn J Clin Oncol 42:867–881
Siddiqui MA, Rasheed S, Saquib Q, Al-Khedhairy AA, Al-Said MS, Musarrat J, Choudhary IM
(2016) In-vitro dual inhibition of protein glycation, and oxidation by some Arabian plants.
BMC Compl Altern Med 16:1–10
Sivarajan VV, Pradeep KA (1996) Malvaceae of southern peninsular India: a taxonomic mono-
graph. Daya Publishing House, New Delhi
Srinithya B, Kumar VV, Vadivel V, Pemaiah B, Anthony SP, Muthuramana MS (2016) Synthesis of
biofunctionalized AgNPs using medicinally important Sida cordifolia leaf extract for enhanced
antioxidant and anticancer activities. Mat Lett 170:101–104
Srivastava A, Brewer AK, Mauser-Bunschoten EP, Key NS, Kitchen S, Llinas A, Ludlam CA,
Mahlangu JN, Mulder K, Poon MC, Street A (2013) Guidelines for the management of hemo-
philia. Haemophilia 19:e1–47
Sudipta KM, Swamy MK, Balasubramanya S, Anuradha M (2011) Cost effective approach for
in vitro propagation of (Leptadenia reticulata Wight & Arn.) -a threatened plant of medicinal
importance. J Phytology 3:72–79
Sutradhar RK, MatiorRahman AKM, Ahmad MU, Bachar SC, Saha A (2006) Analgesic and anti-
inflammatory principle from Sida cordifolia Linn. J Biol Sci 6:160–163

sayeedbot@gmail.com
 22 Botany, Chemistry, and Pharmaceutical Significance of Sida cordifolia… 537

Sutradhar RK, Matior Rahman AKM, Ahmad MU, Saha K (2007a) Alkaloids of Sida cordifolia
Linn. Indian J Chem 46:B1896–B1900
Sutradhar RK, MoniorRahman AKM, Ahmad MU (2007b) Three new flavonol C-glycosides from
Sida cordifolia Linn. J Iran Chem Soc 4:175–181
Sutradhar RK, MatiorRahman AKM, Ahmad MU, Bachar SC (2008) Bioactive flavones of Sida
cordifolia. Phytochem Lett 1:179–182
Swamy MK, Sinniah UR (2015) A comprehensive review on the phytochemical constituents and
pharmacological activities of Pogostemon cablin Benth.: an aromatic medicinal plant of indus-
trial importance. Molecules 20:8521–8547
Swamy MK, Sinniah UR (2016) Patchouli (Pogostemon cablin Benth.): botany, agrotechnology
and biotechnological aspects. Ind Crop Prod 87:161–176
Swamy MK, Pokharen N, Dahal S, Anuradha M (2011) Phytochemical and antimicrobial studies
of leaf extract of Euphorbia neriifolia. J Med Plants Res 5:5785–5788
Swamy MK, Sinniah UR, Akhtar MS (2015) In vitro pharmacological activities and GC-MS
analysis of different solvent extracts of Lantana camara leaves collected from tropi-
cal region of Malaysia. Evidence-Based Compl Altern Med 2015:506413. https://doi.
org/10.1155/2015/506413
Swamy MK, Sinniah UR, Akhtar MS (2016) Antimicrobial properties of plant essential oils
against human pathogens and their mode of action: an updated review. Evidence-Based Compl
Altern Med 22:1019. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/3012462
Swamy MK, Arumugam G, Kaur R, Ghasemzadeh A, Yusoff MM, Sinniah UR (2017) GC-MS
based metabolite profiling, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of different solvent
extracts of Malaysian Plectranthus amboinicus leaves. Evidence-Based Compl Altern Med
2017:1517683. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/1517683
Swathy SS, Panicker S, Nithya RS, Anuja MM, Rejitha S, Indira M (2010) Antiperoxidative and
anti-inflammatory effect of Sida cordifolia Linn on quinolinic acid induced neurotoxicity.
Neurochem Res 35:1361–1367
Tariq A, Sehrish S, Kaiwen P, Ihteram U, Sakina M, Feng S, Olatunji OA, Altanzagas B, Zilong
L, Dagang S, Qinli X, Riaz U, Suliman K, Buddha BB, Brawin K, Rabiul I, Adnan M (2017)
Review: a systematic review on ethno-medicine of anticancer plants. Phytother Res 31:202–264
Tate JA, Aguilar JF, Wagstaff GF, Duke JCL, Slotta TAB, Simpson BB (2005) Phylogenetic rela-
tionships within the tribe malveae (Malvaceae, subfamily Malvoideae) as inferred from its
sequence data. Am J Bot 92:584–602
Vasudevan Nair R (2004) Controversial drug plants. University Press, Private Limited, Hyderabad
Yemele MD, Telefo PB, Lienou LL, Tagne SR, Fodouop CSP, Goka CS, Lemfack MC, Moundipa
FP (2015) Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used for pregnant women’s health condi-
tions in Menoua division, West Cameroon. J Ethnopharmacol 160:14–31
Yim MB, Chock PB, Stadtman ER (1990) Copper, zinc superoxide dismutase catalyzes hydroxyl
radical production from hydrogen peroxide. Curr Issue 13:5006–5010
Yusuf M, Kabir M (1999) Medicinal plants of Bangladesh Bangladesh Council of Scientific and
Industrial Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh p 226
Zhang WY, Lee JJ, Kim Y, Kim IS, Park JS, Myung CS (2010) Amelioration of insulin resis-
tance by scopoletin in high glucose-induced, insulin-resistant HepG2 cells. Horm Metab Res
42:930–935

sayeedbot@gmail.com
View publication stats