1.
Answer any five (2 Marks each)
(A) Define HIV:
HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is a virus that attacks the body's immune system,
specifically the CD4 cells (T cells), reducing the body's ability to fight infections and diseases. If
untreated, it can lead to AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome).
(B) Define TB:
Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It
primarily affects the lungs but can also impact other parts of the body. It spreads through
airborne droplets from a person with active TB.
(C) Define hypertension and types:
Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is a condition where the force of blood against the artery
walls is consistently too high.
Types:
• Primary (essential) hypertension: No identifiable cause.
• Secondary hypertension: Caused by an underlying condition (e.g., kidney disease).
(D) Define cancer:
Cancer is a group of diseases characterized by the uncontrolled division and spread of abnormal
cells. It can invade and destroy healthy body tissue and may spread to other parts of the body
(metastasis).
(E) Define IDSP:
The Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme (IDSP) is a government initiative in India
aimed at detecting and responding to disease outbreaks quickly. It involves weekly data
collection, analysis, and action at the district, state, and national levels.
Sure! Below are detailed and well-explained answers for the 5-mark and 10-mark questions
from the subject Social and Preventive Pharmacy, written in a structured, exam-oriented way.
5-MARK QUESTIONS (Answer any two)
(A) National Family Welfare Program
The National Family Welfare Program was launched by the Government of India in 1952,
making it the first national program in the world aimed at population control and improving
reproductive health.
Objectives:
• To stabilize the population by promoting small family norms.
• To reduce maternal and infant mortality.
• To promote reproductive and child health (RCH) services.
• To increase awareness about contraceptive methods.
Key Strategies:
1. Promoting Contraception
o Distribution of condoms, oral pills, IUCDs (Copper-T).
o Permanent methods: male and female sterilization.
2. Antenatal and Postnatal Care
o Regular health checkups and immunization.
o Institutional deliveries encouraged under Janani Suraksha Yojana.
3. Involvement of ASHAs and Anganwadi Workers
o To counsel families and ensure access to services.
4. Health Education & IEC Activities
o Information, Education, and Communication campaigns to create awareness.
Outcome:
• Helped reduce Total Fertility Rate (TFR) and improved maternal-child health
indicators.
(B) National Malaria Prevention Program
The National Malaria Control Programme (NMCP) was launched in 1953, later renamed and
expanded as the National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP).
Objectives:
• To control and prevent malaria transmission.
• To diagnose and treat cases early.
• To control mosquito vectors.
Components:
1. Surveillance and Case Detection
o Blood smear examination and use of Rapid Diagnostic Tests (RDTs).
o Active and passive surveillance through field workers.
2. Prompt Treatment
o Artemisinin-based Combination Therapy (ACT) for P. falciparum malaria.
o Chloroquine for P. vivax.
3. Vector Control
o Insecticide-treated bed nets (ITNs).
o Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS) in endemic zones.
4. Health Education
o Mass awareness campaigns for preventive measures (e.g., avoiding stagnant
water).
5. Monitoring and Evaluation
o Real-time data collection and analysis through a digital health platform.
Achievements:
• Malaria incidence has declined significantly.
• India aims for malaria elimination by 2030.
(C) Social Health Program and WHO's Role in Indian Programs
Social Health Programs in India:
These are government initiatives designed to improve overall public health by addressing
social determinants such as poverty, sanitation, nutrition, and education.
Examples:
• Mid-Day Meal Scheme – Provides nutrition to school children.
• Swachh Bharat Abhiyan – Promotes hygiene and sanitation.
• Janani Suraksha Yojana – Ensures safe motherhood and institutional deliveries.
• National Nutrition Mission – Focuses on reducing malnutrition.
Role of WHO in Indian National Programs:
The World Health Organization (WHO) plays a significant role in supporting, advising, and
strengthening India’s public health system.
Contributions:
1. Technical Support
o WHO provides standard guidelines (e.g., DOTS for TB, COVID-19 protocols).
2. Training & Capacity Building
o Helps train healthcare professionals and support staff.
3. Disease Surveillance & Research
o Collaborates in projects like IDSP and epidemic outbreak control.
4. Funding and Partnership
o Assists with funding and international cooperation.
5. Monitoring & Evaluation
o WHO tracks program progress and reports to the global health community.
10-MARK QUESTION (Answer any one)
National Urban Health Mission (NUHM)
The National Urban Health Mission (NUHM) is a sub-mission of the National Health
Mission (NHM), launched in 2013, specifically aimed at improving health care delivery for the
urban poor and vulnerable populations.
1. Objective:
• To strengthen the public health system in urban areas.
• Provide equitable access to quality health care to urban slum dwellers, migrants,
homeless, rag pickers, and others in unorganized sectors.
2. Key Features:
a) Urban Primary Health Centres (UPHCs):
• One per 50,000 population.
• Provide outpatient care, immunization, maternal and child health, and family
planning services.
b) Urban Community Health Centres (UCHCs):
• Referral units for UPHCs.
• One per 2.5–5 lakh population.
• Provide specialist consultations, minor surgical services, and emergency care.
c) Urban ASHA Workers:
• Serve as link workers for slum communities.
• Help in health promotion, ensuring immunization, and maternal-child health follow-
up.
d) Outreach Services:
• Mobile health units and urban health camps for areas with poor access.
• Ensures last-mile delivery of services.
e) Public-Private Partnerships (PPP):
• Collaborate with NGOs, corporate hospitals, and voluntary organizations.
f) Monitoring & Evaluation:
• Real-time Health Management Information Systems (HMIS) used.
• Performance-based funding and regular audits.
3. Achievements:
• Improved institutional deliveries in urban areas.
• Increased immunization and antenatal care coverage.
• Enhanced access to diagnostics and treatment for non-communicable diseases (NCDs).
4. Challenges:
• Shortage of trained medical personnel in urban slums.
• Inadequate infrastructure and irregular funding.
• Migration makes it hard to track patient records.
5. Conclusion:
NUHM is a vital step towards achieving universal health coverage (UHC) in India’s urban
settings. By focusing on primary care, community participation, and infrastructure
strengthening, the mission aims to bridge the health care gap among urban poor.
