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JUNIOR SCIENCE TEACHER (JST)

EYE
1. The eye lens is a transparent, biconvex structure that helps focus light on the
retina.
2. The retina contains rods and cones responsible for vision and color detection.
3. Rod cells are responsible for night vision and detect light intensity.
4. Cone cells are responsible for color vision and function in bright light.
5. The iris controls the size of the pupil and regulates the amount of light entering
the eye.
6. The cornea is the transparent front part of the eye that refracts light.
7. The optic nerve carries visual signals from the retina to the brain.
8. The blind spot is the area of the retina where the optic nerve exits and has no
photoreceptors.
9. Aqueous humor is the fluid in the front chamber of the eye that maintains
pressure.
10. Tears are produced by the lacrimal gland to lubricate and protect the eye.
11. Coloured part of eye is Iris.
12. Human Eye is 576 mega pixels.
13. Cataract and Glaucoma are the diseases of eye.
14. Myopia (Near/Short Sightedness) where distant objects appear blurry.
15. Hyperopia (Far/Long Sightedness) where nearby objects appears blurry.
16. Long Sightedness can be corrected by using convex lenses.
17. Short Sightedness can be corrected by using concave lenses.
 NOSE
1. The nose is the primary organ for the sense of smell and also filters inhaled air.
2. Olfactory receptors in the nasal cavity detect odors and send signals to the
brain.
3. The nasal cavity warms and humidifies the air before it reaches the lungs.
4. The septum divides the nasal cavity into two nostrils.
5. Mucous membranes in the nose trap dust, microbes, and other particles.
6. Sneezing is a reflex to clear the nose of irritants.
7. The sinuses are air-filled spaces in the skull that lighten the head and help with
voice resonance.
8. The nose contributes to taste by helping perceive aroma.
9. Cilia in the nasal passage move mucus and trapped particles out of the nose.
10. The sense of smell is closely linked to memory and emotion.

GLANDS
1. Endocrine glands release hormones directly into the bloodstream.
2. The pituitary gland is known as the "master gland" because it controls other
glands.
3. The thyroid gland regulates metabolism through the hormone thyroxine.
4. The adrenal glands produce adrenaline and cortisol, which help the body
respond to stress.
5. The pancreas functions as both an endocrine and exocrine gland.
6. Pancreas produces insulin.
7. Insulin and glucagon are hormones from the pancreas that regulate blood sugar
levels.
8. The hypothalamus links the nervous system to the endocrine system via the
pituitary gland.
9. The parathyroid glands regulate calcium levels in the blood.
10. The largest gland in the human body is the liver.
11. The smallest gland in the human body is the pineal gland, which regulates sleep
with melatonin.
12. Salivary glands secrete saliva for digestion.
 Brain
1. The brain is the control center of the body, responsible for all thoughts, emotions, and
actions.
2. The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain and controls voluntary actions, reasoning,
and memory.
3. The hypothalamus is the smallest part of brain.
4. The cerebellum controls balance, coordination, and fine muscle movement.
5. The medulla oblongata (part of the brainstem) controls involuntary actions like
breathing and heartbeat.
6. The brain is protected by the skull and three layers of membranes called meninges.
7. The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cushions the brain and removes waste.
8. The left hemisphere of the brain controls the right side of the body and is associated with
logic and language.
9. The right hemisphere controls the left side of the body and is associated with creativity
and spatial ability.
10.The hypothalamus regulates hunger, thirst, temperature, and links the nervous and
endocrine systems.
11.The pituitary gland, connected to the brain, is known as the master gland of the
endocrine system.
12.The frontal lobe handles decision-making, problem-solving, and personality.
13.The parietal lobe processes sensory information like touch, pressure, and pain.
14.The temporal lobe is responsible for hearing and memory.
15.The occipital lobe is responsible for vision.
16.The neurons are the basic working units of the brain that transmit electrical signals.
17.The brain uses about 20% of the body’s energy, even at rest.
18.The human brain weighs about 1.3 to 1.4 kilograms in adults.
19.The pons in the brainstem helps relay signals and regulates sleep and breathing.
20.The amygdala is involved in processing emotions like fear and anger.
21.The hippocampus is vital for learning and long-term memory formation.
22.Our brain contains 73% of water.
 Skin
1. Skin is the largest organ of the human body by surface area and weight.
2. The skin protects the body from microbes, UV rays, dehydration, and physical injury.
3. The epidermis is the outermost layer of the skin and provides a waterproof barrier.
4. The dermis lies beneath the epidermis and contains blood vessels, nerves, and glands.
5. The hypodermis (subcutaneous layer), innermost layer of skin, contains fat and
connective tissue for insulation and cushioning.
6. Melanin, produced by melanocytes, gives skin its color and protects against UV rays.
7. Keratin is a tough protein in the skin that helps form hair, nails, and the outer skin layer.
8. Sweat glands in the skin help regulate body temperature by releasing sweat.
9. Sebaceous glands produce sebum (oil) to keep the skin and hair moisturized.
10.Hair follicles are embedded in the dermis and help regulate temperature and protect the
skin.
11.Nerve endings in the skin detect sensations like touch, pressure, pain, and temperature.
12.The skin helps regulate temperature through sweating and blood vessel dilation or
constriction.
13.Vitamin D is synthesized by the skin when exposed to sunlight.
14.The Skin contains 74% water.