IOT
(Internet of things)
Abdurrahman Ibn Ebrahim
S5 CT
Contents
i. What is IoT?
ii. Why we needs IoT?
iii. Key characteristics of IoT
iv.IoT Architecture Layers
v. How IoT works
vi. Types of Iots
vii. Benefits of IoT
viii. Key Challenges of IoT and Solutions
ix. Future Scope of IoT
x. Reference
What is IoT?
IoT is a network of physical objects (like devices,
vehicles, or appliances) embedded with sensors,
software, and connectivity to collect, share, and act
on data without human intervention.
Why we IoT needs?
● Better Quality of Life
● Energy & Resource Optimization
● Enhanced Decision-Making
● Improved Safety & Security
● Cost Savings
●Connectivity
●Sensing & Data Collection
●Real-Time Monitoring
●Security and Privacy
●Remote Access
●Scalability
Key
characteristics of IoT
1. Perception Layer (Sensors & Actuators)
● Function:
● Collects real-world data via sensors (temperature,
motion, humidity).
● Acts on physical environment via actuators (motors,
switches).
● Examples:
● Smart thermostat sensors
● Industrial vibration detectors
● Key Tech: RFID, NFC, low-power Bluetooth
2. Network Layer
● Function:
● Transmits sensor data to processing units.
● Protocols:
● Short-range: Bluetooth, Zigbee, Wi-Fi
● Long-range: 5G, LoRaWAN, NB-IoT
● Components:
● Gateways (aggregate data from multiple devices)
3. Processing Layer (Middleware Layer)
● Function:
● Stores, analyzes, and processes data.
● Approaches:
● Cloud Computing (AWS IoT, Google
Cloud)
● Edge Computing (Local processing for
low latency)
● Tools:
● AI/ML for predictive analytics
● Databases (SQL/NoSQL)
4. Application Layer (User Interface)
● Function:
● Delivers actionable insights to
end-users.
● Examples:
● Smartphone apps (e.g., energy
usage dashboard)
● Industrial control systems
● Voice assistants (Alexa, Google
Home)
How IoT Works
1. Data Collection (Sensors/Devices)
● Sensors (e.g., temperature, motion, GPS) or actuators
(e.g., motors, switches) gather real-world data.
● Example: A smart thermostat senses room temperature.
2.Data Transmission(Connectivity)
● Devices send data to cloud via:
■ Wireless protocols(Wi-Fi,Bluetooth,5G).
■ Wired connections(Ethernet, Fiber optics).
● Gateways may aggregate data from multiple sensors.
● Example:The thermostat sends temperature data vai Wi-Fi
● Cloud: Powerful servers analyze large datasets
(e.g., AWS IoT, Google Cloud).
● Edge: Local devices process time-sensitive data
(e.g., self-driving cars).
● Example: AI detects if the room is too warm and
decides to cool it.
4. User Interface (Application Layer)
● Processed data is displayed in apps/
dashboards for users.
● Example: You get a phone alert: “Living
room is now cooling to 22°C.”
5. Action & Automation
● Devices act autonomously or await user
commands.
● Example: The AC turns on automatically.
Types of IoTs
1. Consumer IoT (CIoT)
2. Industrial IoT (IIoT)
3. Commercial IoT
4. Infrastructure IoT
5. Military IoT (IoMT)
Benefits of IoT
A. Efficiency & Automation
● Smart Homes: Lights/AC adjust automatically.
B. Cost Savings
● Energy: Smart grids cut electricity waste by 20-30%.
C. Real-Time Monitoring
● Agriculture: Soil sensors optimize irrigation.
D. Enhanced Safety
● Smart Cities: AI cameras detect accidents.
E. Data-Driven Decisions
● Retail: Customer behavior analysis boosts sales.
Key Challenges of IoT and Solutions
A. Security Risks
● Hacking: Vulnerable devices (e.g., baby monitors).
● Solution: Strong encryption (AES-256), regular updates.
B. Privacy Concerns
● Data Leaks: Personal info exposed (e.g., health trackers).
● Solution: GDPR compliance, anonymization.
C. Interoperability Issues
● Fragmented Standards: Zigbee vs. Z-Wave in smart homes.
● Solution: Matter protocol (unifying smart devices).
D. Power & Battery Life
● Limitation: Sensors in remote areas need frequent battery
changes.
● Solution: Energy harvesting (solar, kinetic).
E. Scalability
● Challenge: Managing billions of devices.
● Solution: Edge computing + 5G.
Future Scope of IoT
A. AI + IoT = Smarter Systems
● Example: Fridges ordering groceries via AI.
B. 5G & Edge Computing
● Impact: Near-zero latency for autonomous cars.
C. Green IoT
● Focus: Solar-powered sensors, low-energy LoRaWAN.
D. Smart Cities Expansion
● Projects:
● Traffic management with real-time AI.
● Waste bins alerting when full.
D. Power & Battery Life
● Limitation: Sensors in remote areas need
frequent battery changes.
● Solution: Energy harvesting (solar, kinetic).
E. Scalability
● Challenge: Managing billions of devices.
● Solution: Edge computing + 5G.
References
● Atzori, L., et al. (2010). Computer Networks, 54(15)
● Gubbi, J., et al. (2013). Future Generation Computer Systems
● Whitmore, A., et al. (2015). Information Systems Frontiers
● Wikipedia Contributors (2023). Internet of Things. Wikipedia
● Google Scholar: scholar.google.com
Conclusion
The Internet of Things (IoT) represents a transformative technological revolution that is
reshaping industries, cities, and daily life. As we stand at the precipice of this connected
future, it's crucial to understand both its immense potential and the challenges that must be
addressed.
THANK you
