Web Technology (CEO522)
Practical -1
Aim (1.1): Introduction to web 3.0, website, web portal, domain name,
networking concepts. Introduction to internet, hosting of website, server
configurations and maintenance
(1) Web 3.0:
● Web 3.0 describes the next evolution of the World Wide Web, the user interface that
provides access to documents, applications and multimedia on the internet.
● Web 3.0 is still being developed, so there isn't a universally accepted definition. Even the
proper spelling isn't nailed down, with analyst firms like Forrester, Gartner and IDC
toggling between "Web3" and "Web 3.0."
● What is clear, though, is that Web 3.0 will place a strong emphasis on decentralized
applications and probably make extensive use of blockchain-based technologies. It will
also use machine learning and AI to empower a more intelligent and adaptive web.
❖ Why is Web 3.0 important?
● If decentralizing the web's architecture delivers even a portion of the benefits promised
by Web 3.0 proponents, it could fundamentally alter how people interact on the web and
how companies make money from goods and services.
● Web 2.0 giants like Amazon, Google and Facebook parent Meta grew quickly by
collecting and centralizing petabytes of customer data and monetizing it in myriad ways.
Web 3.0's global peer-to-peer network could be the great leveler that makes it hard for
such companies to grow by hoarding data. Individuals will have more control over web
content and who can access and profit from their personal data.
● Web 3.0 business opportunities, by contrast, are likely to center around exploiting this
new ability to tailor web products and services to the individual. For example, Web 3.0
marketing capabilities could help companies strike a better balance between privacy and
personalization than is possible with today's web. The downside: They may find Web
3.0's strong privacy protections a barrier to how they already do digital marketing.
● The greater transparency provided by immutable blockchain ledgers could improve
customer service, as both parties have access to the record of their transactions.
Businesses could more easily monitor their supply chains by using decentralized apps to
break down data silos and see suppliers' activities. Sharing real-time information among
supply chain participants could reduce shortages and speed up deliveries.
IU2441231762 CSE-H 1
Web Technology (CEO522)
● Web 3.0 is also important as the infrastructure for the metaverse, a proposed 3D virtual
world in which digital representations of people, called avatars, interact and conduct
business. The metaverse, like Web 3.0, doesn't exist yet, and it will likewise rely on
blockchain or a comparable decentralized technology for its data infrastructure and
finances, as well as on AI to make it more responsive to the wishes of users.
● The metaverse and Web 3.0 are interdependent at the technical and conceptual levels and,
therefore, likely to evolve in tandem. The metaverse probably won't come to pass until its
Web 3.0 underpinnings are firmly established.
(2) Website:
● A website is a collection of many web pages, and web pages are digital files that are
written using HTML(HyperText Markup Language). To make your website available to
every person in the world, it must be stored or hosted on a computer connected to the
Internet round a clock. Such computers are known as a Web Server.
● The website's web pages are linked with hyperlinks and hypertext and share a common
interface and design. The website might also contain some additional documents and files
such as images, videos, or other digital assets.
● With the Internet invading every sphere, we see websites for all kinds of causes and
purposes. So, we can also say that a website can also be thought of as a digital
environment capable of delivering information and solutions and promoting interaction
between people, places, and things to support the goals of the organization it was created
for.
❖ Components of a Website:
We know that a website is a collection of webpages hosted on a web-server. These are
the components for making a website.
(a) Webhost: Hosting is the location where the website is physically located. Group of
webpages (linked webpages) licensed to be called a website only when the webpage is
hosted on the webserver. The webserver is a set of files transmitted to user computers
when they specify the website's address.
(b) Address: Address of a website also known as the URL of a website. When a user wants
to open a website then they need to put the address or URL of the website into the web
browser, and the asked website is delivered by the webserver.
(c) Homepage: Home page is a very common and important part of a webpage. It is the first
webpage that appears when a visitor visits the website. The home page of a website is
IU2441231762 CSE-H 2
Web Technology (CEO522)
very important as it sets the look and feel of the website and directs viewers to the rest of
the pages on the website.
(d) Design: It is the final and overall look and feel of the website that has a result of proper
use and integration elements like navigation menus, graphics, layout, navigation menus
etc.
(e) Content: Every web pages contained on the website together make up the content of the
website. Good content on the webpages makes the website more effective and attractive.
The Navigation Structure: The navigation structure of a website is the order of the pages,
the collection of what links to what. Usually, it is held together by at least one navigation
menu.
❖ How to access Websites?
● When we type a certain URL in a browser search bar, the browser requests the page from
the Web server and the Web server returns the required web page and its content to the
browser. Now, it differs from how the server returns the information required in the case
of static and dynamic websites.
❖ Types of Website
(a) Static Website: In Static Websites, Web pages are returned by the server which are
prebuilt source code files built using simple languages such as HTML, CSS, or
JavaScript. There is no processing of content on the server (according to the user) in
Static Websites. Web pages are returned by the server with no change therefore, static
Websites are fast. There is no interaction with databases. Also, they are less costly as the
host does not need to support server-side processing with different languages.
(b) Dynamic Website: In Dynamic Websites, Web pages are returned by the server which is
processed during runtime means they are not prebuilt web pages, but they are built during
runtime according to the user’s demand with the help of server-side scripting languages
such as PHP, Node.js, ASP.NET and many more supported by the server. So, they are
slower than static websites but updates and interaction with databases are possible.
Dynamic Websites are used over Static Websites as updates can be done very easily as
compared to static websites (Where altering in every page is required) but in Dynamic
Websites, it is possible to do a common change once, and it will reflect in all the web
pages.
There are different types of websites on the whole internet, we had chosen some most common
categories to give you a brief idea -
IU2441231762 CSE-H 3
Web Technology (CEO522)
(a) Blogs: These types of websites are managed by an individual or a small group of persons,
they can cover any topics — they can give you fashion tips, music tips, travel tips, fitness
tips. Nowadays professional blogging has become an external popular way of earning
money online.
(b) E-commerce: These websites are well known as online shops. These websites allow us
to make purchasing products and online payments for products and services. Stores can
be handled as standalone websites.
(c) Portfolio: These types of websites acts as an extension of a freelancer resume. It
provides a convenient way for potential clients to view your work while also allowing
you to expand on your skills or services.
(d) Brochure: These types of websites are mainly used by small businesses, these types of
websites act as a digital business card, and used to display contact information, and to
advertise services, with just a few pages.
(e) News and Magazines: These websites needs less explanation, the main purpose of these
types of websites is to keep their readers up-to-date from current affairs whereas
magazines focus on the entertainment.
(f) Social Media: We all know about some famous social media websites like Facebook,
Twitter, Reddit, and many more. These websites are usually created to let people share
their thoughts, images, videos, and other useful components.
(g) Educational: Educational websites are quite simple to understand as their name itself
explains it. These websites are designed to display information via audio or videos or
images.
(h) Portal: These types of websites are used for internal purposes within the school, institute,
or any business, These websites often contain a login process allowing students to access
their credential information or allows employees to access their emails and alerts.
(3) web portal:
● Web Portal is a specially designed website that provides information catered from various
sources such as emails, online forums, and search engines on one platform, uniformly. It
is a personalized and customized library that helps in the navigation and personalization
of notifications that provide well-integrated information from diverse sources with
advanced features such as task management, collaboration, business intelligence, etc.
❖ Functions of Web Portal:
IU2441231762 CSE-H 4
Web Technology (CEO522)
● Upgrading your website Web Portal development helps you in improving the capability
of the web pages that help you deliver quality information, thus a web portal is the new
world toolset that makes the implementation of information better and behaves as a
different communication approach.
● Improves Relations immensely It helps in enhanced customer-company relations as it
helps in improving their customer relations by providing high-end and filtered
information on a user-friendly and comprehensive platform.
● Domain-Specific Domain-Specific development of web portals helps you attract the users
that seek information and services on that domain. Thus, helping you attract a particular
area of domain.
● Interaction When done efficiently web portal design services help you a lot in interacting
better with your customers and clients. They help you make your web pages very
interactive and target better to your audience.
● Process of web portal designing services Web portal development and designing is a
complex art as its functionality is highly difficult to render. The complex process of web
portal development includes similar steps to website development. However, the
difference is in its features, functionality, coding, testing, and integration. Since we have
covered the features and functionality let’s start with the languages and frameworks that
are used dominantly in web portal development services by eminent web portal
development companies and web portal developers.
● Languages and Frameworks prominently used in developing web portals Since web
portals are differently designed websites, the languages are similar that those used in
building and web designing services in website development. Thus, the top 10
frameworks that we use in building web portals are:
(a) AngularJS
(b) Laravel
(c) React.JS
(d) NodeJS
(e) Ruby on Rails
(f) Symfony
(g) Asp.Net
(h) Yii
(i) Metor.JS
(j) CakePHP.
(4) domain name:
IU2441231762 CSE-H 5
Web Technology (CEO522)
● A domain name is a string of text that maps to an alphanumeric IP address, used to access
a website from client software. In plain English, a domain name is the text that a user
types into a browser window to reach a particular website. For instance, the domain name
for Google is ‘google.com’.
● The actual address of a website is a complex numerical IP address (e.g. 192.0.2.2), but
thanks to DNS, users are able to enter human-friendly domain names and be routed to the
websites they are looking for. This process is known as a DNS lookup.
❖ Who manages domain names?
● Domain names are all managed by domain registries, which delegate the reservation of
domain names to registrars. Anyone who wants to create a website can choose a registrar
to register a domain name, and there are currently over 300 million registered domain
names.
❖ What are the parts of a domain name?
● Domain names are typically broken up into two or three parts, each separated by a dot.
When read right-to-left, the identifiers in domain names go from most general to most
specific. The section to the right of the last dot in a domain name is the top-level domain
(TLD). These include the ‘generic’ TLDs such as ‘.com’, ‘.net’, and ‘.org’, as well as
country-specific TLDs like ‘.uk’ and ‘.jp’.
● To the left of the TLD is the second-level domain (2LD) and if there is anything to the
left of the 2LD, it is called the third-level domain (3LD). Let’s look at a couple of
examples:
● For Google’s US domain name, ‘google.com’:
➔ ’.com’ is the TLD (most general)
➔ ’google’ is the 2LD (most specific)
● But for Google UK’s domain name, ‘google.co.uk’:
➔ ’.uk’ is the TLD (most general)
➔ ’.co’* is the 2LD
➔ ’google’ is the 3LD (most specific)
● In this case, the 2LD indicates the type of organization that registered the domain (.co in
the UK is for sites registered by companies).
❖ How to keep a domain name secure?
● Once a domain name has been registered with a registrar, that registrar is in charge of
notifying the registrant when their domain is about to expire and giving them the chance
to renew, ensuring they do not lose their domain name. In some cases, registrars will prey
IU2441231762 CSE-H 6
Web Technology (CEO522)
on their users’ expired domain names by buying those domains the second they expire
and then selling them back to the original registrant at an exorbitant price.
● It is important to choose an honest and trustworthy registrar like Cloudflare Registrar to
avoid these kinds of predatory practices. Learn more about how to buy a domain name.
(5) networking concepts:
● networking concepts involve the systems and protocols that enable devices to
communicate and share resources over the internet. Key concepts include network types
(like LANs and WANs), protocols (like TCP/IP and HTTP), topologies (like star and
mesh), and the client-server model. Understanding these concepts is crucial for building
and maintaining websites, applications, and online services.
❖ Concepts in Networking:
(a) Network Types:
➔ LAN (Local Area Network): Connects devices within a limited geographical area,
like a home or office.
➔ WAN (Wide Area Network): Connects devices over a large geographical area,
potentially across continents, like the internet.
➔ Internet: A global network of interconnected networks, using TCP/IP protocol.
(b) Network Components:
➔ Routers: Devices that forward data packets between networks, often connecting a
LAN to the internet.
➔ Switches: Devices that forward data packets within a network, connecting
multiple devices to a single network.
➔ Wireless Access Points: Devices that allow wireless devices to connect to a
network.
➔ Servers: Computers that provide resources and services to other devices (clients).
➔ Clients: Devices that request resources and services from servers.
(c) Network Protocols:
➔ TCP/IP: A suite of protocols that govern how data is transmitted over the internet,
including TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) and IP (Internet Protocol).
➔ HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol): The foundation of data communication for
the World Wide Web, used for transferring hypertext documents.
➔ HTTPS (HTTP Secure): A secure version of HTTP that encrypts data for secure
communication.
➔ FTP (File Transfer Protocol): Used for transferring files between computers.
➔ SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol): Used for sending emails.
IU2441231762 CSE-H 7
Web Technology (CEO522)
(d) Network Topologies:
➔ Star Topology: Devices connect to a central hub or switch.
➔ Bus Topology: Devices connect to a single cable (bus).
➔ Ring Topology: Devices connect in a circle, forming a closed loop.
➔ Mesh Topology: Devices connect to multiple other devices, providing
redundancy.
(e) Client-Server Model:
➔ A common architectural pattern where clients (like web browsers) request
resources and services from servers.
(f) Web Technologies:
➔ Web Browsers: Software used to access and display web pages (e.g., Chrome,
Firefox, Safari).
➔ Web Servers: Software that hosts websites and delivers web pages to browsers.
➔ URLs (Uniform Resource Locators): Addresses that identify resources on the web
(e.g., website addresses).
➔ HTML (Hypertext Markup Language): The standard markup language for
creating web pages.
➔ CSS (Cascading Style Sheets): Used to style the presentation of web pages.
➔ JavaScript: A programming language used to add interactivity and dynamic
behavior to web pages.
● Understanding these concepts is essential for anyone working with web technologies,
from web developers to network administrators.
(6) Introduction to internet:
● The Internet is a group of computer systems connected from all around the world. The
Internet protocol suite is a framework defined through the Internet standards. Methods
are divided right into a layered set of protocols in this architecture. The Internet provides
a huge variety of statistics and communique offerings, which include forums, databases,
email, and hypertext. It is made of the neighbourhood to global personal, and public
networks connected through plenty of digital, wireless, and networking technologies.
● The Internet is a worldwide interconnected network of hundreds of thousands of
computers of various types that belong to multiple networks.
❖ Working of the Internet:
● The internet is a global computer network that connects various devices and sends a lot of
information and media. It uses an Internet Protocol (IP) and Transport Control Protocol
(TCP)-based packet routing network. TCP and IP work together to ensure that data
IU2441231762 CSE-H 8
Web Technology (CEO522)
transmission across the internet is consistent and reliable, regardless of the device or
location. Data is delivered across the internet in the form of messages and packets. A
message is a piece of data delivered over the internet, but before it is sent, it is broken
down into smaller pieces known as packets.
HowDoesitWorkWhenYouGoogleFromaWebBrowser
Internet Working
IP is a set of rules that control how data is transmitted from one computer to another via the
internet. The IP system receives further instructions on how the data should be transferred using
a numerical address (IP Address). The TCP is used with IP to ensure that data is transferred in a
secure and reliable manner. This ensures that no packets are lost, that packets are reassembled in
the correct order, and that there is no delay that degrades data quality.
(7) hosting of website:
● Web Hosting is like renting space on the Internet or the web browser; it's equivalent to
allocating server space on the World Wide Web. Which secures your dedicated
environment for your web domain. Web hosting provides a space to keep your website's
data on a server. When someone enters your domain name into their browser, this server
promptly displays your site to them.
❖ Web Hosting
● When your website is ready with full responsiveness and great functionality then it needs
a place to live. Web hosting services provide that place where we purchase a hosting plan
such as Shared Hosting, Virtual Private Server (VPS) Hosting, Dedicated Hosting, and
Cloud Hosting that includes providers Amazon Web Services (AWS), Google Cloud,
etc., WordPress Hosting, among these GoDaddy is one of the largest and well-known
web hosting provider.
❖ Working on Web Hosting
● When setting up for the web hosting, it is required first to pick a unique website name
and purchase it that will act as an address to your website. Once you have done this you
need to choose the service provider that is needed for your site which will allocate the
space on their servers. After configuring the server, you upload the website's files and set
up any necessary databases.
IU2441231762 CSE-H 9
Web Technology (CEO522)
To make your site accessible for users, you have to configure the Domain Name System (DNS)
to point your domain to your hosting server's IP address. Once the website is live and everything
is set, people can visit your website by typing its name, apart from this you have to keep regular
maintenance: including updates, security checks, and backups as this is crucial to ensure optimal
performance and security for your website.
(8) server configurations and maintenance:
IU2441231762 CSE-H 10
