History Holiday Homework

Vaani Sharma

9D

Scottish High International School

Session- 2025-26
 Acknowledgement
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to all those who supported me in completing
this project on the Mughal Empire.

First and foremost, I am deeply thankful to my history teacher, Ms. Sonam, for their valuable
guidance, encouragement, and insightful suggestions throughout the course of this research.
Their expertise and enthusiasm for the subject made this project both educational and
enjoyable.

I would also like to acknowledge the support of my parents and family members, whose
constant encouragement and assistance provided me with the motivation to work diligently
and complete this project on time.

Additionally, I am grateful to the authors, historians, and researchers whose works I referred
to during my research. Their detailed studies and publications offered valuable insights into
the history, culture, architecture, and legacy of the Mughal Empire.

Finally, I extend my thanks to my friends and classmates for their helpful discussions and
moral support, which contributed to the successful completion of this project.

This project has been a meaningful learning experience for me, and I am thankful to
everyone who helped make it possible.
 Index
 Introduction
 The Mughal empire
I. Literary sources
II. Babur (1526-1530)
III. Humayun (1530-1556)
IV. Akbar (1556-1605)
V. Jahangir (1605-1627)
VI. Shah Jahan (1628-1658)
VII. Aurangzeb (1658-1707)
VIII. The Mughal Administration
IX. The Mughal Architecture
 Conclusion
 Bibliography
 Introduction
The Mughal Empire was an early modern empire in South Asia. At its peak, the
empire stretched from the outer fringes of the Indus River Basin in the west,
northern Afghanistan in the northwest, and Kashmir in the north, to the highlands of
present-day Assam and Bangladesh in the east, and the uplands of the Deccan
Plateau in South India.
The Mughal Empire is conventionally said to have been founded in 1526 by Babur,
a chieftain from what is today Uzbekistan, who employed aid from the
neighbouring Safavid and Ottoman Empires to defeat the sultan of Delhi, Ibrahim
Lodi, in the First Battle of Panipat, and to sweep down the plains of North India. The
Mughal imperial structure, however, is sometimes dated to 1600, to the rule of
Babur's grandson, Akbar. This imperial structure lasted until 1720, shortly after the
death of the last major emperor, Aurangzeb, during whose reign the empire also
achieved its maximum geographical extent. Reduced subsequently to the region in
and around Old Delhi by 1760, the empire was formally dissolved by the British
Raj after the Indian Rebellion of 1857.
Although the Mughal Empire was created and sustained by military warfare, it did
not vigorously suppress the cultures and peoples it came to rule; rather it equalized
and placated them through new administrative practices, and diverse ruling elites,
leading to more efficient, centralised, and standardized rule. The base of the empire's
collective wealth was agricultural taxes, instituted by the third Mughal emperor,
Akbar. These taxes, which amounted to well over half the output of a peasant
cultivator, were paid in the well-regulated silver currency, and caused peasants and
artisans to enter larger markets.
The relative peace maintained by the empire during much of the 17th century was a
factor in India's economic expansion. The burgeoning European presence in the
Indian Ocean and an increasing demand for Indian raw and finished products
generated much wealth for the Mughal court. There was more conspicuous
consumption among the Mughal elite, resulting in greater patronage of painting,
literary forms, textiles, and architecture, especially during the reign of Shah
Jahan. Among the Mughal UNESCO World Heritage Sites in South Asia are: Agra
Fort, Fatehpur Sikri, Red Fort, Humayun's Tomb, Lahore Fort, Shalamar Gardens, and
the Taj Mahal, which is described as "the jewel of Muslim art in India, and one of the
universally admired masterpieces of the world's heritage".
 The Mughal Empire

I. literary sources-

a) Abul Fazl’s Ain-i-Akbari and Akbarnamah: Abul Fazl's Akbarnama is a three-volume

historical account of Akbar's reign, with the third volume, Ain-i-Akbari, focusing on the
administration and governance of Akbar's empire. The Ain-i-Akbari is a detailed and
comprehensive work, providing insights into the Mughal administration, household, army,
revenues, and geography of the empire. It is a crucial resource for understanding the social,
cultural, and economic aspects of Mughal India.

a) Other literary works: a few other historical works of the age of the Mughals are –
(i) Nizam-ud-din Ahemad’s “Tabaqat-i-Akbari”, and (ii) Emperor Jahangir’s
autobiography
b) Archeological sources: The archeological sources fall into many categories such as
monuments, coins, paintings and inscriptions.

Monuments- The mobile architecture reveals a distinctive style, blending the Persian
with the Indian norms of architecture. The Humayun’s tomb, the Agra Fort, the
buildings at Fatehpur Sikri, the Red Fort, the Jama Masjid at Delhi and the Taj Mahal
at Agra have many magnificent architectural features, such as the pronounced dough
the slender turrets and the gates opening under the grand arches.

Red fort- It was constructed by Shah Jahan during the period 1639 to 1648 it is a
huge structure made of sandstone and marble within this port there are magnificent
buildings, such as the Diwan-i-aam and the Diwan-I-khaas. It has a circumference of
2.4 kilometers according to the Bernier, a ditch around the walls remained in Mughal
times filled with water and stocked with fish. The Lahore Gate facing at the end of
the Chandani Chowk is very imposing, mainly because of the excellent side towers
and a magnificent central arch.

The Jama Masjid-This masjid was built by Shah Jahan during the period 1650 to 1655
under the superintendence of Sadhullah Khan the Vizier. there are three gateways to
the mosque approached by majestic fights of steps on the South, north and eastern
sides the three gateways give access to an open court paved with large squares of
red sandstone. On the west side of the court is the mosque proper surmounted by
three marbled domes the central dome is the largest and the highest.

Taj mahal- The most outstanding monuments built by Shah Jahan is the Taj Mahal at
Agra on the banks of River Yamuna this grand mausoleum was built in the memory of
his beloved Queen Mumtaz Mahal. the Taj Mahal is rightly rewarded as one of the
wonders of the world for its majesty and splendor.
 I. Babur (1526-1530)-
Babur was the first emperor of the Mughal Empire, which would come to rule over
much of India. Starting off as a nobleman in modern-day Uzbekistan, Babur led
armies in the complex wars for power in Central Asia. In 1504, Babur conquered the
important city of Kabul. Unable to establish dominance in that region, Babur
marched his armies into India, defeating the Sultanate of Delhi, taking control of
much of northern India, and establishing the Mughal Empire. His empire would last
hundreds of years after his death and encompass much of the Indian subcontinent.
At just 12 years old, Babur inherited the small kingdom of Fergana after his father’s
death. His early years were marked by constant struggles to hold onto his territories
against rival warlords and ambitious relatives.
He made several attempts to capture Samarkand, a city his ancestor Timur once
ruled — sometimes succeeding, but often being ousted soon after.
After years of conflict in Central Asia, Babur shifted his focus southward towards the
rich lands of India. At that time, India was a patchwork of regional kingdoms and the
declining Delhi Sultanate.
Battles fought by Babur-
 First Battle of Panipat (1526):
Babur's 12,000 men faced Ibrahim Lodi’s 100,000+ army with 1,000 war elephants.
Babur’s tactical use of field artillery, matchlocks (firearms), and a defensive barrier of
wagons (Ottoman-style “Tulughma” tactics) won the day.
 Battle of Khanua (1527):
Fought against Rana Sanga, one of India’s strongest Rajput rulers.
Another decisive victory, which secured Babur's hold over north India.
Babur wasn’t just a warrior — he was also:
 A poet and a writer.
 A keen observer of nature, architecture, and culture.
 The author of the Baburnama, his autobiography written in Chagatai Turkish —
considered one of the finest autobiographies in Islamic literature.
He died in 1530 at the age of 47, and his son Humayun succeeded him.

II. Humayun (1530-1556)-

 Hormones effectual rule lasted only for 10 years because he was driven out of India
in 1540 and regained his throne only in 1555. There is both political confusion and
economic unrest when Humayun ascended the throne in 1530 the Afghans under
Sher Khan (Sher Shah Suri) were nursing at the hope of driving the Mughals out of
India Humayun had to face Sher Shah’s forces at Chausa on the way in June 1539. It
was a decisive defeat and the Mughal army suffered substantial losses hemayun,
somehow, manage to reach Agra. He lost another battle at Kanauj in May 1540 and
thereafter wandered from place to place. Ultimately the rule of Iran provided him
with a place to stay with his help Humayun could recapture Kabul and Kandar in 1545
Sher Shah died in 1545. He was succeeded by his son Islam Shah who they died in
1554. A lot of succession broke out among various climates to the throne in 1555 my
own was able to recover Delhi.

III. Akbar (1556-1605)-

Akbar was the greatest Mughal emperor, ruling India from 1556 to 1605. He
expanded Mughal control over most of the subcontinent and promoted unity by
adopting policies of religious tolerance. Though a Muslim, he engaged in discussions
with Hindus, Parsis, Christians, and others, and abolished the jizya tax on non-
Muslims. Akbar reformed administration, centralized the financial system, and
reorganized tax collection. Illiterate himself, he was a patron of scholars, artists, and
musicians, turning his court into a vibrant cultural centre.
Abū al-Fatḥ Jalāl al-Dīn Muḥammad Akbar was of Turk, Mongol, and Iranian
descent, with ancestors like Timur and Genghis Khan. His father, Humayun, was
driven from Delhi by Shēr Shah of Sūr and fled to Iran, where he secured troops to
reclaim his throne in 1555. At 13, Akbar was made governor of Punjab.
When Humāyūn died in 1556, Hemu, a Hindu minister, briefly seized Delhi.
However, Akbar’s forces defeated Hemu at the Second Battle of Panipat on
November 5, 1556, securing Akbar’s succession. Initially ruling only parts of Punjab
and Delhi, Akbar, with the help of his chief minister Bayram Khan, expanded his
power, eventually becoming an independent and absolute ruler.
Akbar first captured Malwa in 1561 for its strategic and economic value. Toward the
independent Rajputs of Rajputana, he pursued a policy of both conciliation and
conquest. In 1562, Raja Bihari Mal of Amber offered his daughter in marriage to
Akbar, acknowledging his rule. Other Rajput chiefs followed, allowed to keep their
lands if they accepted Akbar’s authority, paid tribute, supplied troops, and formed
marriage alliances.
Akbar was ruthless with those who resisted. In 1568, after a long siege, he captured
Chitor, massacring its people. While Mewar held out, most Rajput rulers submitted by
1570, with Marwar resisting until 1583.
Earlier Indian governments weakened as armies split into private forces and
provincial governors became hereditary rulers. Akbar curbed these trends with
reforms: all officers were appointed by the emperor, and civil officials were given
military ranks, making them equally dependent on him. Ranks ranged from
commanders of 10 to 5,000, with officers paid via cash or land revenue assignments
that were frequently changed to maintain control.
To support this, Akbar created a centralized financial system, placing a revenue
officer (dīwān) beside each provincial governor. A network of newswriters kept the
emperor informed. He also improved revenue collection to protect both peasants and
the state’s finances — though poverty among peasants persisted, while the elite
thrived. Akbar’s court became a center for art, music, and luxury crafts.
Akbar maintained a lavish court with elaborate ceremonies but remained accessible to
the public, appearing at dawn for his subjects and hearing complaints personally.
Though modest in height, he was physically strong, charismatic, and had a sharp,
independent mind. He invited Jesuits and scholars of various faiths for religious
debates, which offended orthodox circles but reflected his intellectual curiosity.
His capital at Fatehpur Sikri (1570–1586) showcased a blend of Hindu and Muslim
architecture, symbolizing the cultural exchange he encouraged. Akbar promoted the
translation of Sanskrit works into Persian and embraced European art techniques,
 helping shape Mughal painting. His reign remains a model of enlightened, tolerant,
and effective rule in a diverse empire.

IV. Jahangir (1605-1627)-

 Jahangir was the four Mughal emperor. Born on August 31, 1569, was the son of the
great Mughal emperor Akbar and succeeded him to the throne in 1605. His birth name
was Nur-ud-din Muhammad Salim, but he adopted the title "Jahangir," meaning
"Conqueror of the World," upon his accession. Jahangir’s reign, which lasted until
1627, was a period of relative stability and cultural brilliance within the Mughal
Empire. While he inherited a vast and prosperous empire from his father, Jahangir
faced several internal challenges, including rebellions from nobles and even his own
son, Prince Khusrau.
One of the most distinctive aspects of Jahangir’s rule was his commitment to justice.
He was known for establishing the "Chain of Justice," a golden chain with bells that
hung outside his palace in Agra. Any citizen could pull the chain to demand direct
justice from the emperor, symbolizing his concern for fairness and the welfare of his
people. Jahangir also took a keen interest in legal and administrative affairs, though
much of the practical governance of the empire was influenced by his wife, Nur
Jahan. An intelligent and ambitious woman, Nur Jahan rose to become one of the
most powerful figures in the Mughal court, issuing imperial orders in her own name
and participating in state decisions.
Culturally, Jahangir’s court was a hub of artistic activity. He had a deep appreciation
for painting and nature, which led to a golden age for Mughal miniature art. The
painters of his court perfected portraiture and naturalistic detail, often depicting flora,
fauna, and court scenes with remarkable realism. Jahangir himself maintained detailed
memoirs, the Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri, which provide valuable insights into his reign, his
thoughts, and his interests.
Jahangir was also notable for his diplomatic engagements with European powers. He
welcomed envoys and merchants from England, including representatives of the
British East India Company, who secured important trading rights during his reign.
These interactions laid the groundwork for future European involvement in India.
Despite some internal unrest and personal weaknesses, Jahangir maintained the
stability of the empire and continued many of Akbar’s policies of religious tolerance
and administrative reform. His reign is remembered as a period of cultural refinement,
justice, and expanding international connections.

V. Shah Jahan (1628-1658)-

 Shah Jahan was the fifth Mughal emperor. Shah Jahan, born as Prince Khurram in
1592, was the fifth emperor of the Mughal dynasty, ruling from 1628 to 1658. He is
best known for his architectural achievements and for presiding over the Mughal
Empire at its cultural and territorial peak. Shah Jahan was the grandson of Akbar and
the son of Jahangir, inheriting a prosperous and well-established empire.
His reign is often regarded as the golden age of Mughal architecture, with the most
famous example being the Taj Mahal, built as a mausoleum for his beloved wife
Mumtaz Mahal. This white marble monument, completed around 1653 in Agra, is
celebrated worldwide for its beauty and is considered one of the finest examples of
Mughal architecture, blending Persian, Islamic, and Indian styles. Shah Jahan also
commissioned other significant structures such as the Red Fort in Delhi, which served
as the imperial residence and a symbol of Mughal power.
Politically, Shah Jahan consolidated the empire’s territories and maintained strong
central control. His reign was marked by relative peace and prosperity, though later
years saw challenges from his sons, leading to succession struggles. The most notable
was the conflict with his son Aurangzeb, who eventually overthrew Shah Jahan and
imprisoned him in Agra Fort, where Shah Jahan spent his final years gazing upon the
Taj Mahal.
Shah Jahan was also a patron of the arts, continuing the Mughal tradition of
supporting painting, poetry, and music. The Mughal court during his reign flourished
with cultural and artistic advancements, blending influences from Central Asia,
Persia, and India.
Though his rule ended in captivity, Shah Jahan’s legacy remains immortalized
through the monumental architectural wonders he left behind. The Taj Mahal stands
as a timeless symbol of love and artistic achievement, while his other constructions
reflect the grandeur of the Mughal Empire at its zenith

VI. Aurangzeb (1658-1707)-

 Aurangzeb was The Last Great Mughal Emperor. Aurangzeb, born in 1618 as
Muhammad Mu’azzam, was the sixth emperor of the Mughal dynasty, ruling from
1658 to 1707. He was the third son of Shah Jahan and is known for expanding the
Mughal Empire to its greatest territorial extent. However, his reign also marked the
beginning of the empire’s gradual decline.
Aurangzeb came to power after a fierce war of succession among his brothers,
ultimately imprisoning his father Shah Jahan and executing his rivals. Known for his
strict adherence to Islamic principles, Aurangzeb reversed many of his predecessors’
policies of religious tolerance, imposing Islamic law (Sharia) more rigorously. He
reinstated the jizya tax on non-Muslims, which had been abolished by Akbar, and
took a hard stance against Hindu practices and temples, leading to unrest and
resistance, particularly in the Deccan and Rajput regions.
Despite his religious conservatism, Aurangzeb was a capable and effective
administrator and military leader. His reign saw the Mughal Empire expand deep into
southern India through prolonged military campaigns, although these wars drained
imperial resources and contributed to internal strife.
Aurangzeb’s governance style was austere and disciplined, and he lived a modest life
compared to his predecessors. He focused on consolidating and enforcing imperial
authority, which sometimes alienated the nobility and regional rulers.
Culturally, Aurangzeb was less interested in the arts than his forebears and
discouraged many forms of artistic expression, including music and painting, which
flourished under Akbar, Jahangir, and Shah Jahan.
Aurangzeb died in 1707, leaving an empire that was vast but fractured and weakened
by constant warfare and dissent. His reign is often seen as the turning point where the
Mughal Empire began to lose its cohesion and eventually succumbed to internal
rebellions and external invasions.

VII. The Mughal administration-

 The Mughal Empire, one of the largest and most powerful empires in Indian history,
was known for its well-structured and centralized administrative system. The
administration combined elements of Persian, Central Asian, and Indian governance
traditions, creating an efficient framework that enabled the emperors to control a vast
and diverse territory.
At the top of the hierarchy was the emperor, who held absolute authority. However,
much of the day-to-day governance was delegated to appointed officials who
managed different parts of the empire. The empire was divided into several provinces
called Subahs, each governed by a Subahdar (governor). The Subahdar was
responsible for maintaining law and order, collecting revenue, and overseeing the
military forces within the province. To ensure accountability, a civil administrator
known as the Diwan managed the financial affairs and revenue collection, working
alongside the Subahdar.
Below the provincial level, the empire was further subdivided into districts and
smaller administrative units, each managed by officials appointed by the central
government. This hierarchical structure helped maintain effective control and
facilitated communication between the emperor and his subjects.
A key feature of Mughal administration was the Mansabdari system, introduced by
Emperor Akbar. Mansabdars were military-civil officers who held ranks (mansabs)
that determined their position, salary, and military responsibilities. Their ranks were
graded according to the number of troops they commanded, ranging from
commanders of 10 to 5,000 soldiers. This system helped maintain a loyal and
organized military while integrating the nobility and regional leaders, including
Rajputs, into the empire’s service.
Revenue collection was another critical aspect of Mughal governance. The empire had
a centralized financial system, with land revenue as the primary source of income.
Officers called Amils collected taxes from peasants, while the Diwan supervised the
treasury and accounts. To prevent corruption and abuse, Akbar established a network
of spies and news-writers who reported on provincial affairs directly to the emperor.
Religious tolerance was also a feature of Mughal administration, especially under
Akbar, who promoted policies that accommodated diverse religious communities
within his empire. This approach helped maintain social harmony and political
stability in a multi-ethnic and multi-religious society.
Despite its strengths, the Mughal administrative system faced challenges such as
corruption, local resistance, and succession conflicts, which eventually contributed to
the empire’s decline. Nevertheless, the Mughal administration remains a significant
example of early modern governance in South Asia.

VIII. The Mughal architecture-

Mughal architecture is one of the most distinctive and celebrated architectural styles
in the world, reflecting the grandeur and cultural synthesis of the Mughal Empire in
India from the early 16th to the mid-18th century. It combined Islamic, Persian,
Turkish, and Indian architectural elements to create iconic monuments that symbolize
the empire’s power, artistic innovation, and religious tolerance.
The foundation of Mughal architecture was laid by Emperor Babur, the founder of the
Mughal dynasty, but it reached its peak under the reigns of his successors Akbar,
Jahangir, and Shah Jahan. Akbar’s period marked the beginning of a new architectural
era characterized by bold experimentation and the blending of Hindu and Islamic
styles. His famous structures include the Fatehpur Sikri complex, which features red
sandstone buildings with Hindu motifs and grand Persian-influenced gateways.
Jahangir’s reign emphasized refinement and detailed ornamentation. Mughal gardens,
inspired by Persian charbagh (four-part) designs, became prominent, symbolizing
paradise on earth. His era saw an increase in artistic detail and intricate pietra dura
(stone inlay) work in architecture.
Shah Jahan is undoubtedly the most renowned Mughal emperor for his contributions
to architecture. His reign is considered the golden age of Mughal architecture, marked
by exquisite craftsmanship and monumental buildings. The Taj Mahal, built as a
mausoleum for his wife Mumtaz Mahal, is the crown jewel of Mughal architecture
and one of the New Seven Wonders of the World. Its perfect symmetry, white marble
façade, intricate carvings, and beautiful gardens exemplify the aesthetic and spiritual
ideals of the Mughals.
Other notable Shah Jahan-era structures include the Red Fort in Delhi, a fortified
palace complex that served as the political center of the empire, and the Jama Masjid,
one of the largest mosques in India. These buildings reflect Shah Jahan’s vision of
imperial grandeur combined with elegant artistry.
Mughal architecture was not only about monuments but also about urban planning,
garden design, and decorative arts. The style influenced many later architectural
developments in South Asia and continues to inspire architects worldwide.
In summary, Mughal architecture represents a fusion of diverse cultural influences,
monumental scale, and exquisite craftsmanship, leaving a lasting legacy that defines
much of India’s historical and cultural identity.

Conclusion
The Mughal Empire, one of India’s most significant and influential dynasties, ruled
much of the Indian subcontinent from the early 16th to the mid-18th century. Its
history is recorded through both literary and archaeological sources. Important texts
include Abul Fazl’s Akbarnama and Ain-i-Akbari, which provide a detailed account of
Akbar’s administration, society, and culture. Other notable works include Nizam-ud-
din Ahmad’s Tabaqat-i-Akbari and Emperor Jahangir’s Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri.
Archaeological sources, such as the Red Fort, Taj Mahal, and Jama Masjid, showcase
the empire’s unique architectural style, blending Persian, Central Asian, and Indian
influences.
The empire was founded by Babur (1526–1530), a descendant of Timur and Genghis
Khan. After multiple unsuccessful attempts to conquer Central Asian territories,
Babur turned toward India, defeating Ibrahim Lodi at the First Battle of Panipat in
1526. This marked the beginning of Mughal rule in India. Babur was not only a
skilled warrior but also a poet and writer, leaving behind his famous memoir, the
Baburnama.
Babur’s son, Humayun (1530–1556), faced significant challenges, including defeat by
Sher Shah Suri and a period of exile. With the support of the Persian empire,
Humayun later regained his territories but died shortly after reclaiming Delhi in 1555.
Akbar (1556–1605), considered the greatest Mughal emperor, succeeded Humayun.
He consolidated and expanded the empire through both diplomacy and military
campaigns. Akbar’s reign was marked by religious tolerance, administrative reforms,
and cultural patronage. He abolished the jizya tax on non-Muslims and held dialogues
with scholars of various faiths. The Mansabdari system, introduced by Akbar,
organized the military and civil services, ensuring loyalty to the emperor.
Jahangir (1605–1627), Akbar’s son, maintained the empire’s stability and cultural
vibrancy. Known for his sense of justice, he established the “Chain of Justice” for
public grievances. His wife, Nur Jahan, played a significant role in court politics.
Jahangir was a great patron of the arts, and his reign is known for advancements in
Mughal miniature painting and diplomatic relations with European traders.
Shah Jahan (1628–1658), Jahangir’s son, presided over the Mughal Empire at its
cultural and architectural zenith. His reign is remembered for monumental
constructions like the Taj Mahal, a mausoleum for his wife Mumtaz Mahal, as well as
the Red Fort and Jama Masjid in Delhi. Though the empire remained prosperous,
Shah Jahan’s later years were marred by a bitter war of succession among his sons.
Aurangzeb (1658–1707), Shah Jahan’s third son, expanded the empire to its greatest
territorial extent but also reversed many of his predecessors’ tolerant policies. He
reimposed the jizya tax and enforced Islamic law more strictly, leading to widespread
unrest. His prolonged military campaigns, particularly in the Deccan, drained imperial
resources and destabilized the empire.
The Mughal administration was highly centralized, with the emperor holding supreme
authority. The empire was divided into provinces (Subahs), each managed by a
governor (Subahdar) and a revenue officer (Diwan). The Mansabdari system
effectively managed military and administrative ranks. Revenue collection, primarily
through land taxes, was a crucial part of governance.
Mughal architecture reflected the empire’s power, cultural synthesis, and artistic
excellence. Blending Islamic, Persian, and Indian styles, it flourished under Akbar,
Jahangir, and especially Shah Jahan. Iconic structures like the Fatehpur Sikri
complex, Red Fort, and the Taj Mahal symbolize this legacy, leaving a lasting mark
on India’s cultural and architectural history.
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Abul Fazl. (1595). Ain-i-Akbari. Translated by H. Blochmann and H.S. Jarrett.
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