Vocabulary: Prize: sth that is given to someone who is successful in a competition, race....— awards reward 2- To deserve: to merit. 3- A research: a serious study of a subject. To research= to investigate, Researcher (person) 47 someone. 5- To pay’ tribute to someone: to praise and admire publicly. 62Commitment (n) : hard work and loyalty that someone gives to an organization, activity e (n): sth that you say, do or give in order to express your respect or admiration for 7- Ingredient (n): a quality you need to achieve sth 9--Recognition (n): a public respect and thanks for someone's work or achievements. recognize 10-Distinction (n): the quality of being special in some way. 11- To have - earn achieve ...the distinction of doing sth. 12- Contr ition (n) — to contribute: to help to make sth happen. participate take part in 13-To promote: to help sth to develop or increase: 14- Background (n): someone's family, education, previous work... Social - cultural - educational - ethnic - family - class background. 15- Betterment (n) : improvement especially in one’s social and economic position, 16- To better ~ to improve 17- To honour: to show publicly that someone is respected and admired especially by praising him-her. honor honoured honourable 18- A pacifist: someone who believes that wars are wrong and who refuses to use violence. 19- Will (n): a legal document that says who you want your money and property to be given to after you die. 20- Creativity (n) = inventiveness. 21- Founder (n) = creator, originator, initiator, 22- Entrepreneur (n) =a person who starts a business a :23- To reward = to praise, to award 24- Award = prize, tribute. 25- Paying no attention ~ regardless. 26- Features +haracteristics 27-Gi = award, prize, talent 28- Outstanding: excellent, extraordinary. 29- Laureate: a person who has been given an important prize because of an achievement in particular subject. Grammar: ‘The passive: Passive form = object + verb (to be + past participle) + subject. e form = subject + verb + object. aoa football is played Byhim Lesson Ac Women choose to aptior optional birth giver and child carer Vocabulary: gender discrimination 1- Catch phrase = popular phrase ‘Gass celiingpneromenon social preiuice ~Corporation = a large company or group of companies. 3- Trend = general tendency. 4- Positions = jobs. _ key position 5- Paths = ways. 6- Significant = important. signify 7- Entrepreneurship = skill in starting new business. 8- Willing = ready. 9- Devote = dedicate. to doing sth 10- At the expense of = with damage to. 11- In an effort to = in order to. 12- Recognition = public praise and reward, ae=a limit which prevents sb esp women from advancing to top postion in a company or organization. 14- Cite = mention sth as a reason. 15- Restrictive = limiting orpreventing. 16- Valued = considered important or good. valuable precious 17- Retain = keep. 18- Initiative = new plan. 19- Accountable for = consider sb responsible. 20- Succession planning = the process of finding and preparing suitable people to replace important executives in an organization when they leave or retire Grammar: Conditional Type 3. Form : If Past Perfect - - Conditional Perfect (would have + past participle) Uses = - To Express regret about a situation in the past. - Hypothesis about the past. - Theoretical past situation. ~ An impossible situation because it had already happened, - Regret. Examples: - If you had worked harder, you would have passed your exam. - If Thad leamed English very well, I would have talked to the tourists - If Thad found her address, I would have sent her an invitation. - If she had driven carefully, she wouldn’t have had an accident. The Subjunctive: Use and form of the subjunctive: ae- It is used in formal English to emphasize urgency or importance - Use the simple form of the verb: the bare infinitive with all the subjects (singular or plural) - In informal language we commonly use should. = It is used after certain expressions, Verbs followed by the subjunctive: advise (that) - ask (that) - command (that) ~ demand (that) - desire (that) - insist (that) propose (that) - recommend (that) - request (that) - suggest (that) - urge (that) Expressions followed by the subjunctive: tis crucial (that) ..., It is desirable (that)..., It is essential (that) ..., It is imperative (that) It is recommended (that) , It is urgent (that) , It is vital (that) , It is desirable (that) ..., Itis best that, Itis crucial that , It is desirable that , It is important that, Itis vital that Examples: - The teacher insists that her students be on time. . tis important that she attend the meeting. - It is crucial that you be there before Tom arrives. ~ She insists that he come. - I suggest that he study. - Is it essential that we be there? ‘The Subjunctive can be used in negative, continuous and passive forms. Negative Exampl - The boss insisted that Sam not be at the meeting. - I suggest that you not take the job without renegotiating the salary. Jake recommended that Susan be hired immediately. Christine demanded that I be allowed to take part in the negotiations, Continuous Examples: ae- It is crucial that a car be waiting for the boss when the meeting is over. ~[ propose that we all be waiting in Tim's apartment when he gets home. Should as Subjunctive: After many of the above expressions, the word "should" is sometimes used to express the idea of subjunctiveness. This form is used more frequently in British English and is most common after the verbs "suggest," "recommend" and Examples - The doctor recommended that she should see a specialist about the problem. - Professor William suggested that Wilma should study harder for the final exam, Lesson 6: The Brain Drain. -Migrate (v): move to settle in a new area in order to find work. (n) Migration. (p n) a migrant -Emigrate (v): leave one’s own country in order to settle permanently in another.(n) Emigration. (pn) an emigrant Immigrate (v): come to live permanently in a foreign country. (n)Immigration. (p n) : an immigrant “Brain Drain or Human capital flight is the movement of educated and skilled people from ‘developing to developed countries where they can find better job opportunities. Vocabulary: reverse brain drain es 1- Implication = effect, result, consequence, outcome. 2F useless, vain, inefficient, fruitless, worthless, 3-Shortage = lack, absence, scarcity, insufficiency 4- Contentious = controversial issue. 5- To offset = to balance, compensate, redeem. 6- Incentives = motivations, reasons. rend = general direction, tendency. 8 Inevitable = certain to happen and unable to be avoided 9- To supply = provide. 10- Expatriate = someone who does not live in his own country. ae)11-In search of = looking for. 12- Opportunity = occasion 13-Persecution = cruel treatment, 14- Expertise = skill in a particular subject 15- Key positions = high jobs. 16- Gather pace = increase in number. 17- Revive = grow, develop or become successful again. Idiomatic expressions: - To play the cards right = to deal successfully with a particular situation. - To swim against the tide = oppose the attitudes that most people have. - To sow the seeds of = start the process that leads to a particular result. Grammar: ‘so'that expresses Purpose: ~s0 +/adj or ady, + that expresses Result. Lesson 7: Scientists’achievements. Vocabulary: 1- Pioneering (adj) = being the first to do or use a particular new idea. 2- Investigation (n) = the act of €Xamining something carefully, esp toxdiseover the truth about it 3+ Fundamental (adj) = forming the base. 4- Actually (adv) = really, in fact. 5- Occur (v) = happen, take place. 6- Enable (v) = make it possible for someone to do something Component (n) = constituent. 8 Have credit for doing something = have praise or approval for doing something. )~"Magnify (v) = make something look bigger than it really is. i> magnification10- Actual (adj) = real, exact 4- Oversee, oversaw, overseen = supervise. ‘5- Patent (n) = an official right to be the only person to use or sell a product or an invention. 6- endowment (n) = money that is given to a college, hospital etc... in order to provide it with an income - Endow (¥). Grammar. I-James Hillier, who invented the electron microscope, died at the age of 91. 2- James Hillier who invented the electron microscope was Canadian. -In the first sentence we notice the use of two (, ) commas and relative pronoun (who, which, whose, that, whom) -This is a non-restrictive clause that provides non-essential information to the meaning of a sentence, -In the second one we notice there are no commas. The relative pronoun is used. “This is a restrictive clause that provides essential information about the subject of the sentence. It restricts the meaning of a sentence by identifying the specific qualities of the Vocabulary: 1- wander = walk without aim, roam. 2- float = sail, move gently. 3- host =a great number, crowd, multitude. 4- beneath = below, under. $- flutter = vibrate, move quickly. 6- breeze =a gentle and light wind. 7- glisten = twinkle. 8- extended = stretched. 9- the edge of an area = margin ae)10- moving up and back = tossing 11- energetic and lively = sprightly. 12-glittering = sparkling. 13- happiness = glee. 14-happy =gay. 15- Couch = bed, 16- lie = stretch out. 17- Pensive = thinking in a quiet way 18- inward = inside. 19- bliss = complete happiness. Grammar: (Lesson 1) -Used to or didn’t use to + bare infinitive — Expressing a habit in the past. E.g: used to live in London. - Be used to + verb + ing — To be familiar with something. E.g: Lam used to going to work on foot. -To be used to doing sth or to sth. To be accustomed to doing sth or to sth. To be dedicated to to doing sth or to sth. To be devoted to doing sth or to sth. 0B