NATIONAL FAMILY HEALTH SURVEY (NFHS-5)

INDIA

2019-20

GUJARAT

MARCH 2021
Suggested citation: International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS) and ICF. 2021.
National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5), India, 2019-20: Gujarat. Mumbai: IIPS.

For additional information about the 2019-20 National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5), please contact:

International Institute for Population Sciences, Govandi Station Road, Deonar, Mumbai-400088
Telephone: 022-4237 2442
Email: nfhs52017@gmail.com, director@iips.net
For related information, visit http://www.rchiips.org/nfhs or http://www.iipsindia.ac.in
CONTRIBUTORS
S.K. Singh
Chander Shekhar
Laxmi Kant Dwivedi
Swati Srivastava
CONTENTS

Page
KEY FINDINGS
Introduction ............................................................................................................................................... 1
Household Characteristics ...................................................................................................................... 3
Education ................................................................................................................................................... 6
Fertility ...................................................................................................................................................... 7
Family Planning ...................................................................................................................................... 10
Infant and Child Mortality .................................................................................................................... 13
Maternal Health ...................................................................................................................................... 14
Child Health ............................................................................................................................................ 18
Breastfeeding, Nutrition, and Anaemia .............................................................................................. 21
Adult Health and Health Care.............................................................................................................. 25
HIV/AIDS................................................................................................................................................ 27
Sexual Behaviour .................................................................................................................................... 29
Women’s Empowerment ....................................................................................................................... 29
Domestic Violence .................................................................................................................................. 32

TABLES
Table 1 Results of the household and individual interviews ...................................................... 35
Table 2 Results of the household and individual interviews by district ................................... 36
Table 3 Household population by age, schooling, residence, and sex ...................................... 37
Table 4 Household and housing characteristics............................................................................ 38
Table 5 Access to a toilet facility ...................................................................................................... 41
Table 6 Access to a toilet facility by district ................................................................................... 42
Table 7 Household possessions and land ownership .................................................................. 43
Table 8 Preschool attendance ........................................................................................................... 44
Table 9 Preschool attendance by district ........................................................................................ 45
Table 10 School attendance ................................................................................................................ 46
Table 11 Children's living arrangements and orphanhood ........................................................... 47
Table 12 Birth registration of children under age five ................................................................... 48
Table 13 Birth registration of children under age five by district................................................. 49
Table 14 Death registration ................................................................................................................ 50
Table 15 Death registration by district ............................................................................................. 51
Table 16 Disability ............................................................................................................................... 52
Table 17 Background characteristics of respondents ..................................................................... 53
Table 18 Fertility trends ...................................................................................................................... 55
Table 19 Fertility by background characteristics ............................................................................ 56
Table 20 Teenage pregnancy and motherhood ............................................................................... 57
Table 21 Birth order ............................................................................................................................ 58
Table 22 Birth intervals ...................................................................................................................... 59
Table 23 Fertility preferences by number of living children ........................................................ 60
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Table 24 Desire not to have any more children ............................................................................... 61
Table 25 Ideal number of children ................................................................................................... 62
Table 26 Indicators of sex preference ................................................................................................ 63
Table 27 Knowledge of contraceptive methods .............................................................................. 64
Table 28 Current use of contraception by background characteristics ........................................ 67
Table 29 Current use of contraceptive methods by district ........................................................... 69
Table 30 Contraceptive use by men with last sexual partner........................................................ 70
Table 31 Source of modern contraceptive methods ........................................................................ 72
Table 32 Informed choice.................................................................................................................... 75
Table 33 Twelve-month contraceptive discontinuation rates ....................................................... 76
Table 34 Men's contraception-related perceptions and knowledge ............................................. 77
Table 35 Need and demand for family planning among currently
married women.................................................................................................................. 78
Table 36 Unmet need for family planning by district .................................................................... 80
Table 37 Hysterectomy ....................................................................................................................... 81
Table 38 Pregnancy outcome ............................................................................................................. 82
Table 39 Characteristics of abortions ................................................................................................ 83
Table 40 Age at first marriage ............................................................................................................ 84
Table 41 Early childhood mortality rates ......................................................................................... 85
Table 42 Early childhood mortality rates by background characteristics ................................... 86
Table 43 High-risk fertility behaviour .............................................................................................. 87
Table 44 Antenatal care ....................................................................................................................... 88
Table 45 Antenatal care services and information received .......................................................... 89
Table 46 Antenatal care indicators .................................................................................................... 90
Table 47 Antenatal care indicators by district ................................................................................. 91
Table 48 Advice received during pregnancy ................................................................................... 92
Table 49 Pregnancies for which an ultrasound test was done ...................................................... 93
Table 50 Pregnancy registration and Mother and Child Protection Card................................... 95
Table 51 Delivery and postnatal care ................................................................................................ 96
Table 52 Delivery and postnatal care by background characteristics .......................................... 98
Table 53 Delivery and postnatal care by district ........................................................................... 100
Table 54 Delivery costs and financial assistance ........................................................................... 101
Table 55 Birth order and delivery characteristics by district....................................................... 102
Table 56 Timing of first health check after birth for the newborn.............................................. 103
Table 57 Trends in maternal care indicators .................................................................................. 104
Table 58 Male involvement in maternal care: Men's report ........................................................ 105
Table 59 Vaccinations by background characteristics .................................................................. 106
Table 60 Vaccinations by district ..................................................................................................... 108
Table 61 Prevalence and treatment of symptoms of ARI and fever ........................................... 110
Table 62 Prevalence and treatment of diarrhoea .......................................................................... 111
Table 63 Feeding practices during diarrhoea ................................................................................ 113
Table 64 Knowledge of ORS packets .............................................................................................. 115
Table 65 ICDS coverage and utilization of ICDS services ........................................................... 116
Table 66 Utilization of ICDS services during pregnancy and
while breastfeeding ........................................................................................................ 118
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Table 67 Nutritional status of children ........................................................................................... 119
Table 68 Initial breastfeeding ........................................................................................................... 122
Table 69 Breastfeeding status by age .............................................................................................. 123
Table 70 Median duration of breastfeeding and infant and
young child feeding (IYCF) practices ........................................................................... 124
Table 71 Minimum acceptable diet ................................................................................................. 125
Table 72 Child feeding practices and nutritional status of children by district ....................... 127
Table 73 Prevalence of anaemia in children .................................................................................. 128
Table 74 Micronutrient intake among children ............................................................................. 130
Table 75 Presence of iodized salt in household ............................................................................. 132
Table 76 Presence of iodized salt in household by district .......................................................... 133
Table 77 Women's and men's food consumption ......................................................................... 134
Table 78 Nutritional status of adults............................................................................................... 135
Table 79 Waist circumference and waist-to-hip ratio ................................................................... 137
Table 80 Prevalence of anaemia in adults ...................................................................................... 139
Table 81 Nutritional status and anaemia among children and women
by district .......................................................................................................................... 141
Table 82 Knowledge and prevention of HIV/AIDS ..................................................................... 142
Table 83.1 Accepting attitudes toward those living with HIV/AIDS: Women........................... 144
Table 83.2 Accepting attitudes toward those living with HIV/AIDS: Men ................................ 146
Table 84 Sexual behaviour, HIV testing, blood transfusion, and injections ............................. 148
Table 85 Knowledge of HIV/AIDS and sexual behaviour among youth ................................. 149
Table 86 Prevalence of tuberculosis ................................................................................................ 150
Table 87 Knowledge and attitudes toward tuberculosis ............................................................. 151
Table 88 Health insurance coverage among women and men ................................................... 152
Table 89 Source of health care and health insurance coverage among
households ....................................................................................................................... 153
Table 90 Health problems ................................................................................................................. 154
Table 91 Screening tests for cancer .................................................................................................. 156
Table 92.1 Blood pressure status: Women ........................................................................................ 157
Table 92.2 Blood pressure status: Men .............................................................................................. 159
Table 93.1 Random blood glucose levels: Women........................................................................... 161
Table 93.2 Random blood glucose levels: Men................................................................................. 162
Table 94 Tobacco and alcohol use by women and men ................................................................ 163
Table 95 Methods of menstrual protection ..................................................................................... 164
Table 96 Employment and cash earnings of women and men .................................................... 165
Table 97 Control over and magnitude of women's and men's cash earnings ........................... 166
Table 98 Participation in decision making ...................................................................................... 167
Table 99 Decision making by background characteristics ............................................................ 168
Table 100 Women's access to money and credit .............................................................................. 170
Table 101 Ownership of assets ............................................................................................................ 172
Table 102 Gender role attitudes .......................................................................................................... 174
Table 103 Gender role attitudes by background characteristics .................................................... 175
Table 104 Experience of physical and sexual violence .................................................................... 177
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Table 105 Experience of violence during pregnancy ....................................................................... 178
Table 106 Forms of spousal violence ................................................................................................. 179
Table 107 Spousal violence by background characteristics ............................................................ 180
Table 108 Spousal violence by husband's characteristics and
empowerment indicators................................................................................................. 182
Table 109 Injuries to women due to spousal violence ..................................................................... 184
Table 110 Help seeking ........................................................................................................................ 185
APPENDIX
Estimates of sampling errors............................................................................................................... 187
INTRODUCTION
The 2019-20 National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5), the fifth in the NFHS series, provides
information on population, health, and nutrition for India and each state and union territory.
Like NFHS-4, NFHS-5 also provides district-level estimates for many important indicators. All
five NFHS surveys have been conducted under the stewardship of the Ministry of Health and
Family Welfare (MoHFW), Government of India. MoHFW designated the International
Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS), Mumbai, as the nodal agency for the surveys. Funding
for NFHS-5 was provided by the Government of India. Technical assistance and additional
funding for NFHS-5 was provided by the USAID-supported Demographic and Health Surveys
Program, ICF, USA. Assistance for some of the Clinical, Anthropometric, and Biochemical
(CAB) tests was provided by the ICMR and the National AIDS Research Institute (NARI), Pune.

Four survey questionnaires—household, woman’s, man’s, and biomarker—were used to

collect information in 19 languages using Computer Assisted Personal Interviewing (CAPI). All
women age 15-49 and men age 15-54 in the selected sample households were eligible for
interviewing. In the household questionnaire, basic information was collected on all usual
members of the household and visitors who stayed in the household the previous night, as well
as socioeconomic characteristics of the household, water and sanitation, health insurance, and
number of deaths in the household in the three years preceding the survey. Two versions of the
woman’s questionnaire were used in NFHS-5. The first version (district module), which
collected information on women’s characteristics, marriage, fertility, contraception,
reproductive health, children’s immunizations, treatment of childhood illnesses, and nutrition
was fielded in the entire sample of NFHS-5 households. Information on these topics is available
at the district, state, and national levels. In the second version of the questionnaire (state
module), four additional topics, namely, sexual behaviour, HIV/AIDS, husband’s background
and women’s work, and domestic violence, were also included. This version was fielded in a
subsample of NFHS-5 households designed to provide information only at the state and
national levels. The man’s questionnaire covered the man’s characteristics, marriage, number
of children, contraception, fertility preferences, nutrition, sexual behaviour, attitudes towards
gender roles, HIV/AIDS, and lifestyle. The biomarker questionnaire covered measurements of
height, weight, and haemoglobin levels for children; height, weight, waist and hip
circumference, haemoglobin levels, and finger-stick blood for additional CAB testing in a
laboratory for women age 15-49 and men age 15-54; and blood pressure and random blood
glucose for women and men age 15 years and over. Questionnaire information and biomarkers
were collected only with informed consent from the respondents.

The NFHS-5 sample was designed to provide estimates of all key indicators at the national and
state levels, as well as estimates for most key indicators at the district level (for all 707 districts
in India, as on 31 March, 2017). The total sample size of approximately 610,000 households for
India was based on the size needed to produce reliable indicator estimates for each district. The
rural sample was selected through a two-stage sample design with villages as the Primary
Sampling Units (PSUs) at the first stage (selected with probability proportional to size),
followed by a random selection of 22 households in each PSU at the second stage. In urban
areas, there was also a two-stage sample design with Census Enumeration Blocks (CEB)
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selected at the first stage and a random selection of 22 households in each CEB at the second
stage. At the second stage in both urban and rural areas, households were selected after
conducting a complete mapping and household listing operation in the selected first-stage
units.

Readers should be cautious while interpreting and comparing the trends as some States/UTs
may have smaller sample size. Moreover, at the time of survey, Ayushman Bharat AB-PMJAY
and Pradhan Mantri Surakshit Matritva Abhiyan (PMSMA) were not fully rolled out and hence,
their coverage may not have been factored in the results of the percentage of households with
any usual member covered under a health insurance/financing scheme and the percentage of
mothers who received 4 or more antenatal care visits, respectively. Hence, the results should be
interpreted with caution.

NFHS-5 fieldwork for Gujarat was conducted in all 33 districts of the state from 23 June, 2019
to 30 November, 2019 by the Centre for Operations Research and Training (CORT) and
TALEEM Research Foundation. Information was collected from 29,368 households, 33,343
women age 15-49 (including 5,050 women interviewed in PSUs in the state module), and 5,351
men age 15-54.

This report presents the key findings of the NFHS-5 survey in Gujarat, followed by detailed
tables and an appendix on sampling errors. At the time of finalization of this report, wealth
quintiles for the country as a whole were not ready. Therefore, on finalization of the national
report, the breakup of key indicators by wealth quintiles for all states will be provided as an
additional document and uploaded on the official website of MoHFW and IIPS.

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HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS
Important household characteristics include household composition, housing characteristics,
household possessions, access to a toilet facility, and education. The household characteristics
reflect the environmental risk factors and behavioural outcomes of the household population,
including their likely impact on health status.

Household composition
In Gujarat, nearly three-fifths (57%) of the households are in rural areas. On average, households
are comprised of 4.5 members. Thirteen percent of households are headed by women, with 10
percent of the population living in female-headed households.

Eighty-eight percent of households in Gujarat have household heads who are Hindu. Eleven
percent of households have household heads who are Muslim and 1 percent of households have
household heads who are Christian.

More than two-fifths (44%) of households in Gujarat have household heads who belong to an
other backward class, 16 percent belong to a scheduled tribe, 14 percent of scheduled caste, and
26 percent of household heads do not belong to a scheduled caste, a scheduled tribe, or an other
backward class. The majority of households (52%) are nuclear, but 48 percent of the population
reside in non-nuclear households.

Less than one-quarter (24%) of Gujarat’s population is under age 15; only 8 percent is age 65 and
over. The overall sex ratio of the population is 965 females per 1,000 males, and the sex ratio of
the population under 7 years of age is lower at 937 females per 1,000 males. Ninety-five percent
of persons have an Aadhaar card.

Among children below 18 years of age, 4 percent have experienced the death of one or both
parents. In all, 90 percent of children below 18 years of age live with both parents, 7 percent live
with one parent (mostly with their mother), and the remaining 3 percent live with neither parent.
Births of almost all children under 5 years of age (98%) were registered with the civil authorities,
and 91 percent of children have a birth certificate.

Death registration
Ninety-three percent of deaths of usual residents of households were registered with the civil
authorities (81 percent of deaths at age 0-4 , 92 percent of deaths at age 25-34, and 96 percent of
deaths at age 35 and above).

The distribution of death registrations by religion shows that 93 percent of deaths are registered
among Hindus and 92 percent among Muslims. Ninety-four percent of deaths are registered
among scheduled castes, 93 percent among other backward classes, and 92 percent among
scheduled tribes. Overall in Gujarat, death registration is higher in urban (96%) than rural areas
(92%) and among males (94%) than females (91%).

3
Disability
The respondent to the Household Questionnaire provided information for all usual household
members on whether or not they have any disability in specified domains. The domains of
disability are hearing, speech, visual, mental, locomotor, and other. One percent of the de jure
household population has any disability. The most prominent type of disability is locomotor
(0.3%). Men are slightly more likely than women to have any disability (0.9% men compared
with 0.7% women). The proportion of household members who have any disability does not
vary with age. One percent of the household members across all age groups except age 0-4 are
reported to have any disability.

Housing characteristics
Over three-quarters (77%) of households in Gujarat live in a pucca house and almost all
households (97%) have electricity. Ninety-five percent of households in Gujarat have basic
drinking water service, and 98 percent of households use an improved source of drinking water,
but only 65 percent have water piped into their dwelling, yard, or plot. Urban households (79%)
are more likely than rural households (54%) to have water piped into their dwelling, yard, or
plot. Twenty-two percent of households use an appropriate treatment method to make drinking
water potable (mostly by straining water through cloth). Majority of households (67%) in Gujarat
use a clean fuel for cooking.

Almost two-thirds (65%) of households in Gujarat have water piped into their
dwelling, yard, or plot.

Access to toilet facility

Safe sanitation is one of the foundations of a healthy, comfortable, and dignified life. Households
without proper sanitation facilities have a greater risk of diseases like diarrhoea, dysentery, and
typhoid than households with improved sanitation facilities that are not shared with other
households.

Nineteen percent of all households and 31% of rural households do not use any sanitation
facility; they use open spaces or fields. In Gujarat, 82 percent of households have access to toilet
facility, with a much higher accessibility in urban areas (97%) than in rural areas (71%). Access
to a toilet facility ranges from 62 percent among scheduled tribes households to 95 percent
among households which are not scheduled caste, scheduled tribe or other backward class
households. Access to toilet facility varies widely across the districts, ranging from 41 percent in
Dohad district (38% in the rural areas) to 96 in Ahmadabad district. No districts were found
having 100 percent access to a toilet facility in Gujarat.

Selected household possessions

In Gujarat, 77 percent of households own a house (81% of rural households and 72% of urban
households). Almost all urban households (97%) and most rural households (89%) in Gujarat
have a mobile phone. Ninety-five percent of households have a bank or post office account.
Sixty-one percent of households own either a motorcycle or a scooter. BPL cards are held by 33
percent of households. Irrigated land is owned by 47 percent of rural households and 8 percent
4
of urban households. Overall, 35 percent of all households in Gujarat own agricultural land, and
33 percent of households own farm animals.

Background characteristics of respondents

Thirty-two percent of women and 34 percent of men are in the 15-24 age group, while 30 and 27
percent of women and men, respectively, are in the 25-34 age group. A little less than three-fifths
of women and men are in rural areas (58% and 57%, respectively).

In NFHS-5, literate persons are those who have either completed at least standard 9 or passed a
simple literacy test conducted as part of the survey. According to this measure, 73 percent of
women age 15-49 and 87 percent of men age 15-49 are literate.

Twenty-one percent of women and 9 percent of men age 15-49 have never been to school. Only
21 percent of women age 15-49 in Gujarat have completed 12 or more years of schooling,
compared with 28 percent of men.

Media exposure is quite normal among women and men in Gujarat. More than half of men and
women (55% each) watch television at least once a week. However, men (33%) are much more
likely than women (17%) to read a newspaper or magazine at least once a week. Thirty-four
percent of men and 40 percent of women are not regularly exposed to print media or other forms
of media.

Women are more likely than men to be currently married (73% versus 63%) or widowed (3%
versus 0.6%), while men are more likely than women to be never married (35% versus 22%).

A majority of female respondents are Hindus (88%), while 11 percent are Muslims, and 0.5
percent are Christian.

Forty-six percent of female respondents belong to another backward class, while 17 percent
belong to a scheduled caste. Seventeen percent of women and 15 percent of men belong to a
scheduled tribe, while 23 percent each of women and men do not belong to a scheduled caste, a
scheduled tribe, or an other backward class.

Sixty-two percent of women and 15 percent of men age 15-49 were not employed in the 12
months preceding the survey. Five percent of women and 28 percent of men were engaged in
an agricultural occupation, while 33 percent of women and 50 percent of men were employed
in non-agricultural occupations.

5
EDUCATION
In NFHS-5, information related to pre-school attendance has been collected for the time, in
addition to school attendance among children age 6-17 years and educational attainment of other
members of the household, including reasons for drop-out in the case of those who discontinued
education.

Preschool attendance
In India many children attend anganwadi centres that provide spaces for children to learn, play,
eat nutritious food, and develop the skills needed for a lifetime of learning. Attending pre-
primary education, such as at an anganwadi centre, improves children’s school readiness by it
providing quality learning through interactive, play methods with qualified instructors. Also,
parents or guardians can go to work at ease if children are enrolled in pre-primary education.

In Gujarat, 51 percent of boys and 53 percent of girls age 2-4 years attend preschool. Preschool
attendance is the same among children in nuclear and non-nuclear households (52%). Preschool
attendance is little higher in households headed by Hindus (52%) than Muslims (50%). Preschool
attendance is highest among households not belonging to a scheduled caste, a scheduled tribe
or an other backward class and scheduled tribe households (53% each), slightly lower in
scheduled caste households (52%), and is lowest in other backward class households (51%).
Preschool attendance is slightly lower in households with 6 or more members (51%), compared
with households with 3-5 members (54%). Overall, urban households (53%) show almost similar
preschool attendance with rural households (51%). Preschool attendance is highest in Vadodara
district (69%) and lowest in Bharuch district (36%).

School attendance among children

Eighty-two percent of children age 6-17
years in Gujarat attend school (87% in
urban areas and 79% in rural areas).
School attendance is little higher in
urban areas (95%) than rural areas
(91%) with total of 93 percent at age 6-
14 years, but drops sharply to 51
percent at age 15-17 years. There is not
much gender disparity in school
attendance in the 6-14-year age group;
however, in the age group 15-17 years,
44 percent of girls compared with 57
percent of boys are attending school.

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FERTILITY
This section provides trends in the total fertility rate, age at marriage, pregnancy outcomes,
teenage pregnancy, birth interval, the desire for more children, and son preference. NFHS-5
estimates on the median age at marriage, total fertility rate, and teenage motherhood illustrated
in this section can help in setting benchmarks for the Sustainable Development Goals at the sub-
national level.

Age at first marriage

In Gujarat, the median age at first marriage is 20.3 years among women age 25-29 years and 19.8
years among women age 20-49 years. Only 11 percent of women age 20-49 years have never
married, compared with 22 percent of men age 20-49 years. Less than one-quarter (22%) of
women age 20-24 years got married before attaining the legal minimum age of 18 years (%),
down from 25 percent in NFHS-4. Forty-two percent of women age 20-24 years are never
married, compared with 67 percent of men in the same age group, showing that the age at
marriage is much lower for women than men in Gujarat.

Fertility levels
The total fertility rate (TFR) in Gujarat is 1.9 children per woman, which is below the
replacement level of fertility. Fertility has decreased by 0.2 children between NFHS-4 and
NFHS- 5.

The total fertility rate in urban areas, at 1.6 children per woman, and in rural areas, at 2.0
children per woman, are both below the replacement level. Among births in the three years
preceding the survey, 9 percent were of birth order four or higher, compared with 11 percent
in NFHS-4.

The greatest differentials in fertility are by religion, caste/tribe, and schooling. At current
fertility rates, women with no schooling will have an average of 1.4 more children than women

7
with 12 or more years of schooling. Muslim women will have an average of 0.3 children more
than Hindu women (a TFR of 2.1, compared with 1.8) and 0.2 children more than Christian
women (TFR 1.9).

Pregnancy outcome
Ninety-two percent of last pregnancies in the five years preceding the survey ended in a live
birth, and the remaining 8 percent terminated in foetal wastage (abortion, miscarriage, or
stillbirth). Miscarriage is the most commonly reported type of foetal wastage, accounting for 5
percent of all pregnancies, and abortions accounted for 2 percent.

The two main reasons for abortion reported by women were unplanned pregnancy (49%) and
complications in pregnancy (17%). The most common methods used for performing abortions
were medicines (51%), other surgical methods (25%) and manual vacuum aspiration (MVA)
(20%). A large majority (69%) of abortions were performed in the private health sector and 15
percent were performed in the public health sector. Twenty-four percent of women reporting an
abortion reported having complications from the abortion. Most abortions in Gujarat (75%) are
performed by a doctor.

Teenage pregnancy
Among young women age 15-19 in Gujarat, 5 percent have already begun childbearing, that is,
they have already had a live birth or are pregnant with their first child, down from 7 percent in
NFHS-4. The proportion of women who have started childbearing rises sharply from 2 percent
at age 17 years to 10 percent among women age 18 years and to 13 percent among women age
19 years. The proportion who have started childbearing is much higher among young women
who had no schooling (19%) than those with 12 or more years of schooling (1%).

Birth intervals
The median interval between births in the five years before the survey in Gujarat is 33 months.
Nine percent of births take place within 18 months of the previous birth and 25 percent occur
8
within 24 months. The proportion of births occurring within 24 months of a previous birth is
particularly high for mothers in the 20-29 age group (31%) and for births occurring after a
deceased sibling (45%). More than half (55%) of all births occur within three years of the previous
birth. Research shows that waiting at least three years between children reduces the risk of infant
mortality and has a positive impact on maternal health.

More than half (55%) of births in Gujarat occur within three years of the
previous birth.

Fertility preferences
Seventy percent of currently married women and men age 15-49 years want no more children,
are already sterilized, or have a spouse who is sterilized. Among those who want another child,
50 percent of women and 47 percent of men would like to wait at least two years before the next
birth. Eighty-two percent of women and 81 percent of men consider the ideal family size to be
two or fewer children.

In Gujarat, there is a strong preference for sons. Fifteen percent of women and 17 percent of men
want more sons than daughters, but only 4 percent of women and men want more daughters
than sons. However, about three-quarters (74%) of women and more than three-quarters (79%)
of men would like to have at least one son, and less than three-quarters of women (69%) and
men (74%) want at least one daughter.

Women’s desire for more children is strongly affected by their current number of sons. For
example, among women with two children, 90-91 percent with 1-2 sons want no more children,
compared with 55 percent with two daughters who want no more children. Notably, in the 5
years since NFHS-4, the proportion of currently married women and men with two children
who want no more children irrespective of their number of sons has remained almost unchanged
for women (85% and 86%, respectively), but declined considerably for men (from 90% to 86%).

9
In Gujarat, unplanned pregnancies are fairly common. If all women were to have only the
number of children they wanted, the total fertility rate would have been 1.5 children per woman,
instead of the current level of 1.9 children per woman.

FAMILY PLANNING
The family planning section covers trends in contraceptive knowledge and current use,
informed choice, and unmet need for family planning methods among women 15-49 years. It
also includes information on men’s attitude towards women using a contraceptive method. As
in previous rounds of the survey, NFHS-5 provides estimates of the contraceptive prevalence
rate and unmet need for family planning.

Contraceptive knowledge and use

Knowledge of contraception is almost universal in Gujarat. However, some methods are still less
well known. Only 37 percent of currently married women know about the lactational
amenorrhoea method (LAM) and 33 percent know about female condoms. Among all women,
only 51 percent know about emergency contraception.

The contraceptive prevalence rate (CPR) among currently married women age 15-49 is 65
percent, an increase from NFHS-4 (47%). The use of modern family planning methods (54%) has
also increased from its level in NFHS-4 (43%). The level of use of female sterilization has
increased slightly, from 34 percent to 36 percent between NFHS-4 and NFHS-5; the share of
female sterilization in overall contraceptive use has fluctuated between 55 and 84 percent in all
five NFHS surveys. Contraceptive use in NFHS-5 increases sharply with age, from 30 percent
for women age 15-19 to 74 percent for women age 40-49.

In Gujarat, contraceptive use

shows 8 percent difference in
rural and urban areas.
Contraceptive prevalence
decreases with increasing
schooling of women. Fifty-four
percent of currently married
women with no schooling use
female sterilization, compared
with only 18 percent of women
with 12 or more years of
schooling. Muslim women
(61%) are less likely to use
contraception than either
Hindu (66%) or Christian
women (79%).

10
Women in Gujarat are much more likely to use contraception if they already have a son. For
example, among women with two children, 75 percent with at least one son use a method of
family planning, compared with 60 percent of women with two daughters and no sons.

The most common modern spacing methods used by currently married women in Gujarat are
condoms (11%), followed by the IUD or PPIUD (3%) and pills (2%). In general, urban women
and better-educated women are more likely than other women to use spacing methods.

Eighty-three percent of sterilized

women had their sterilization
operation in the public sector,
mainly in a government or
municipal hospital, and 57
percent of IUD or PPIUD users
had their IUD insertion in the
public health sector.

The majority of pill and

condom/Nirodh users get their
supply from the public (45% and
32% respectively) health sector.
Nonetheless, 23 percent of pill
users and 28 percent of
condom/Nirodh users get their
supply from the private health
sector, mainly from pharmacy/
drugstore.

The 12-month discontinuation rate for any reason is 43 percent for all contraceptive methods.
Forty-eight percent of users of modern spacing methods discontinued use within the first year
after they adopted the method. The most common reason for discontinuation is the desire to
become pregnant followed by any other reason.

Forty-eight percent of users of modern spacing methods discontinued

use within the first year after they adopted the method.

Informed choice
Women who know about all available contraceptive methods and their side effects can make
better choices about what method to use. Only 75 percent of users of selected modern
contraceptive methods were ever told by a health or family planning worker about other
methods they could use. Only 74 percent were told about the possible side effects or problems
with their method, and even fewer (65%) were told what to do if they experienced any side
effects.

11
Men’s attitudes
More than two-fifths of men age 15-49 in Gujarat (40%) agree that contraception is women’s
business and a man should not have to worry about it. However, only 25 percent of men think
that women using contraception may become promiscuous. More than half of men (73%) know
that a condom, if used correctly, protects against pregnancy most of the time.

Unmet need
Unmet need for family planning is defined as the percentage of currently married women who
either want to space their next birth or stop childbearing entirely, but are not using
contraception. According to this definition, 10 percent of currently married women have an
unmet need for family planning, decrease of 7 percentage points since NFHS-4 (17%). Currently,
86 percent of the demand for family planning is being satisfied and 71 percent of the demand is
being satisfied by modern methods.

12
INFANT AND CHILD MORTALITY
The mortality rate among children under age 5 years including neonatal, postneonatal and infant
mortality rates is an important indicator that measures the overall well-being of a country. The
infant mortality rate in Gujarat in NFHS-5 is estimated at 31 deaths before the age of one year
per 1,000 live births, down from the NFHS-4 estimate of 34, the NFHS-3 estimate of 50, the
NFHS-2 estimate of 63, and the NFHS-1 estimate of 69. The under-five mortality rate (U5MR) is
estimated to be 38 deaths before five years of age per 1,000 live births, which is lower than U5MR
in NFHS-4 (44 per 1,000).

As expected, boys generally have higher

mortality rates than girls, especially during
the neonatal period. Girls have a slightly
higher mortality rate than boys during the
postneonatal period (in the first month
after birth).

Children born to mothers under age 20 are

more likely to die during infancy than
children born to mothers in the prime
childbearing age (20-29 years). Infant
mortality is 45 per 1,000 live births for
teenage mothers and 31 per 1,000 live births
for mothers age 30-39, compared with 29
per 1,000 live births for mothers age 20-29.

Infant mortality rates are also higher for

Hindus than Muslims and are highest for
scheduled castes.

13
The infant mortality rate is higher in rural areas than urban areas from NFHS-4 to NFHS-5. The
infant mortality rate is higher for children whose mothers have no schooling than for mothers
who have less than 10 years of schooling or mothers who have 10 or more years of schooling.

Children born to the teenage mothers are more likely to die during
infancy than to mothers age 20-29.

MATERNAL HEALTH
Maternal health are an important aspect for the development of any country in terms of
increasing equity and reducing poverty. The survival and well-being of mothers is not only
important in their own right, but are also central to solving broader economic, social, and
developmental challenges. Maternal health care services are essential for the health and
wellbeing of mothers, as well as their children, affecting the overall population and its health
and nutritional status. This section describes the utilization of antenatal care, delivery care, and
postnatal care by women who reported their last births in the five years preceding the survey. It
also shows the extent of male involvement in maternal health care.

Antenatal care
Among mothers who gave birth
in the five years preceding the
survey, more than 9 in 10
received antenatal care for their
last birth from a health
professional (75% from a doctor
and 11% from an auxiliary nurse
midwife (ANM), lady health
visitor (LHV), nurse, or
midwife). Five percent did not
receive any antenatal care
(ANC). Among mothers who
gave birth in the five years
preceding the survey, 96 percent
registered the pregnancy for the
most recent live birth. Among
the registered pregnancies, 98
percent received a Mother and
Child Protection Card (MCP
Card).

Nearly four-fifths (79%) of

women received antenatal care
during the first trimester of
pregnancy, as is recommended.

14
Seventy-seven percent of mothers had four or more antenatal care visits. Urban women were
more likely to have four or more antenatal care visits than rural women.

Since NFHS-4, there has been an increase in the percentage of mothers who had an antenatal
check in the first trimester (from 74% to 79%) and in the proportion of women who had four or
more antenatal care visits (from 71% to 77%). For 89 percent of their last births, mothers received
iron and folic acid (IFA) supplements, but only 60 percent consumed them for the recommended
100 days or more and only 43 percent consumed them for the newly recommended 180 days or
more. Eighty-nine percent of last births were protected against neonatal tetanus through tetanus
toxoid vaccinations given to the mother. Forty-two percent of mothers took an intestinal parasite
drug during pregnancy.

Nearly four-fifths of mothers in Gujarat had at least four

antenatal care visits for their last birth.

Among women with a live birth in the five years preceding the survey who met with a
community health worker in the last three months of pregnancy for their most recent live birth,
more than 9 in 10 received advice on each of five different areas (95% received advice on
breastfeeding, 94% on keeping the baby warm, 93% on cord care, 92% each on family planning
and on the importance of institutional delivery).

Even when women receive antenatal care, sometimes they do not receive all the services needed
to monitor their pregnancy. In Gujarat, almost all of women who received antenatal care for
their last birth received each of the services needed to monitor their pregnancy: having their

15
weight taken (99%), their blood pressure measured (99%), having a urine sample taken (98%),
having a blood sample taken (99%), and having their abdomen examined (98%).

An ultrasound test was performed during 88 percent of pregnancies in the five years preceding
the survey. Women with at least 10 or more years of schooling were much more likely to have
an ultrasound test than women with no schooling. Ninety-three percent of women with 10 or
more years of schooling had an ultrasound test compared with 80 percent of women with no
schooling. Pregnant women with no sons were much more likely to have an ultrasound test than
those with at least one son. For example, among women with two children, those with no sons
(85%) were much more likely to have an ultrasound test during their next pregnancy than those
who had at least one son (80%).

Delivery care
Ninety-four percent of births take
place in a health facility (mostly a
government facility) and 6 percent
take place at home. The percentage of
births in a health facility increased in
the five years between NFHS-4 and
NFHS-5, from 89 percent (NFHS-4) to
94 percent (NFHS-5). Institutional
births are more common among
women who have received an
antenatal check, women with 10 or
more years of schooling, women who
are having their first birth, and urban
women.

For 85 percent of home births, a clean

blade was used to cut the cord, as is
recommended. A disposable delivery
kit was used for 62 percent of deliveries. Ninety-four percent of home births followed the
recommendation that the baby be immediately wiped dry and then wrapped without being
bathed first.

Ninety-three percent of births during the past five years took place with assistance from a skilled
provider, and another 3 percent were delivered by a traditional birth attendant.

Twenty-one percent of births during the past five years were delivered by caesarean section.
Forty-two percent of caesarean sections (9% of all births) were emergency caesarean sections.

Among women who had a live birth in the five years preceding the survey that was delivered in
a health facility, 15 percent received financial assistance under Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY). Rural
women (19%) were more likely than urban women (9%) to receive financial assistance under JSY.
Scheduled tribe women (24%) were more likely than any other caste/tribe group of women (8%)
to receive financial assistance under JSY.
16
 Ninety-four percent of children in Gujarat who were born in the past
five years were born in a health facility.

Postnatal care
Early postnatal care for a mother helps safeguard her health and can reduce maternal mortality.
In Gujarat, 94 percent of mothers had a postnatal check after their last birth and 91 percent of
mothers had a postnatal check within two days of the birth, as is recommended. Postnatal care
is most common for births in a health facility; 93 percent of births in both public health facilities
and private health facilities were followed by a postnatal check for the mother within two days
of birth, compared with 53 percent of home births.

Ninety percent of last births in the five years preceding the survey received a health check in the
first two days after birth. Thirty-nine percent of home births received a health check in the first
two days after birth.
17
Male involvement in maternal care
Ninety-six percent of men with a child under three years of age said that the youngest child’s
mother received antenatal care. Eighty percent of men with a child under three years said they
were present during at least one antenatal check received by the child’s mother (91% in urban
areas and 73% in rural areas), but only 70 percent were told by a health provider or health worker
what to do if the mother had a pregnancy complication. Only 60-73 percent of men were told
about the signs of specific pregnancy complications (convulsions, vaginal bleeding, prolonged
labour, high blood pressure, and severe abdominal pain).

Most fathers with a child less than three years of age were given information about various
aspects of maternal care. Eighty-four percent of men were told about the importance of proper
nutrition for the mother during pregnancy and sixty-five percent of men were told about the
importance of delivering the baby in a health facility. Seventy-three percent of men were told by
a health provider or a health worker about family planning or delaying the next child.

CHILD HEALTH
Vaccination of children
Vaccinations are considered as the most cost-effective intervention that can improve the overall
health of children. More than three-quarters of children age 12-23 months received all basic
vaccinations against six major childhood illnesses (tuberculosis, diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus,
polio, and measles) at any time before the survey. However, 96 percent of children are at least
partially vaccinated; only 4 percent have not received any vaccinations at all. Vaccinations were
recorded from a vaccination card for a large majority (87%) of children, which is a substantial
increase since NFHS-4 (50%).

18
Ninety-five percent of children have received a BCG vaccination. However, about four-fifths
have received the recommended three doses of polio vaccine, 86 percent have received the three
recommended doses of DPT or Penta vaccine, and 87 percent have been vaccinated against
measles. There is considerable dropout between the first and third doses of DPT vaccine (from
93% to 86%) and polio vaccine (from 94% to 80%). It should be noted that the Penta vaccine was
not widely available at the time of the NFHS-4 survey.

Between NFHS-4 and NFHS-5,

there was an increase in
vaccination coverage for three
doses of DPT (from 73% to 86%),
measles (from 75% to 87%), and
BCG (from 88% to 95%). The
coverage for three doses of polio
vaccine also increased, from 62
percent to 80 percent. Overall,
there was an encouraging change
in the coverage of all basic
vaccinations (from 50% to 76%). In
addition, over four-fifths (92%) of
children have received at least one
dose of hepatitis B vaccine, and 85
percent of children have received
all three recommended doses of
hepatitis B vaccine.

Coverage with all basic

vaccinations is higher for boys
than girls (75% versus 78%) and
for rural areas than urban areas
(76% versus 77%). Coverage with
all basic vaccinations is higher
among scheduled tribe children
(80%) than children from any
other caste/tribe group.

Childhood illnesses
In the two weeks before the survey, 1 percent of children under age five years had symptoms of
an acute respiratory infection (cough accompanied by (1) short, rapid breathing that is chest
related and/or (2) difficult breathing that is chest related). Of these children, 62 percent were
taken to a health facility or health provider.

Eleven percent of children under age five were reported to have had fever in the two weeks
preceding the survey; 77 percent of these children were taken to a health facility or provider for
treatment.

19
Overall, 8 percent of children under age five years had diarrhoea in the two weeks preceding
the survey. Seventy percent of these children were taken to a health facility or health provider.
Ninety-three percent of mothers of young children have heard of oral rehydration salt (ORS)
packets for the treatment of diarrhoea, but only 67 percent of children with diarrhoea were given
ORS. Twenty-four percent of children with diarrhoea were given gruel and less than three-
quarters (71%) were given any type of oral rehydration therapy (ORT). Thirty-five percent were
given zinc supplements. Fourteen percent of children with diarrhoea did not receive any type of
treatment at all.

To reduce dehydration and minimise the effects of diarrhoea on nutritional status, it is

recommended that normal feeding of children be continued when they have diarrhoea and that
the amount of fluids given should be increased. However, in Gujarat only 5 percent of children
with diarrhoea received more to drink than normal. Only 32 percent of children received the
same amount to drink as usual. Of greater concern, 63 percent of children with diarrhoea were
given less to drink or nothing at all to drink. Only one-third of children with diarrhoea were
given the same amount of food or more food (36%), as recommended.

Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS)

The ICDS programme provides nutrition and health services for children under age six years
and pregnant or breastfeeding women, as well as preschool activities for children age 3-5 years.
These services are provided through community-based anganwadi centres.

Sixty-eight percent of children under 6 years received services of some kind from an anganwadi
centre in the 12 months preceding the survey. The most common services that age-eligible
children receive are supplementary food (66%), growth monitoring (69%), health check-ups
(65%), and immunization (60%). The service that is least likely to be accessed is early childhood
care or preschool (58%). More than four out of five (82%) mothers of children who were weighed
at an anganwadi centre received counselling from an anganwadi worker or an ANM. Among
children under 6 years, almost three-quarters (74%) of their mothers received any service from
20
an anganwadi centre during pregnancy, and less than three-quarters (71%) of their mothers
received any service while breastfeeding.

BREASTFEEDING, NUTRITION, AND ANAEMIA

Infant feeding
Although breastfeeding is nearly universal in Gujarat, only 65 percent of children under 6
months are exclusively breastfed, as the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends.
Eighty-six percent are put to the breast within the first day of life, but only 38 percent started
breastfeeding in the first hour of life (as recommended). While exclusive breastfeeding indicators
show an improvement since NFHS-4, many infants are still deprived of the highly nutritious
first milk (colostrum) and the antibodies it contains.

It is recommended that nothing be given to children other than breastmilk even in the first three
days when the milk has not begun to flow regularly because prelacteal feeds limit the frequency
of suckling by the infant and expose the baby to the risk of infection. However, 17 percent of
children are given something other than breastmilk during the first three days. Overall, 88
percent of children continue breastfeeding at 1 year and more than two-thirds (65%) continue
breastfeeding at 2 years. The median duration of breastfeeding is 25.1 months, which is the age
to which half of children are breastfed.

After the first 6 months, breastmilk is no longer enough to meet the nutritional needs of infants.
Therefore, complementary foods should be added to the diet of the child. However, at age 6-8
months, only 41 percent of children in Gujarat receive breastmilk and complementary foods.

WHO has several recommendations for infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices for
children age 6-23 months. The key IYCF indicators measure the adequacy of dietary diversity
and meal frequency for breastfed and non-breastfed children. Over one-fifth (23%) of children
age 6-23 months are fed the recommended minimum number of times per day and even fewer
(16%) are fed from the appropriate number of food groups. Only 6 percent are fed according to
all three recommended practices.

Micronutrient deficiency is a major contributor to childhood morbidity and mortality. Vitamin

A is an essential nutrient for the immune system. Severe vitamin A deficiency (VAD) can cause
eye damage and a higher risk of dying from measles and diarrhoeal disease. The Government
of India recommends that children under 5 years of age receive vitamin A supplements every
six months, starting at age 9 months. In Gujarat, more than four-fifths (86%) of children age 9-35
months were given a vitamin A supplement in the past six months, but only 42 percent of
children age 6-23 months ate vitamin A-rich foods during the day or night before the survey.

Iron deficiency is a primary cause of anaemia. Eating foods rich in iron and taking iron
supplements can help prevent anaemia. Only 6 percent of children age 6-23 months ate iron-rich
foods during the day or night before the survey; however, 46 percent of children in the same age
group were given iron supplements in the week before the survey.

21
Children’s nutritional status
Childhood undernutrition contributes to childhood diseases and is a major cause of child
mortality in India. Thirty-nine percent of children under age five years are stunted, or too short
for their age, which indicates that they have been undernourished for some time. Twenty-five
percent are wasted, or too thin for their height, which may result from inadequate recent food
intake or a recent illness causing weight loss, and 11 percent are severely wasted. Forty percent
are underweight, which takes into account both chronic and acute undernutrition. Even during
the first six months of life when almost all babies are breastfed, 27 percent of children are stunted,
and 32 percent each of children are wasted and underweight.

Children’s nutritional status in

Gujarat has hardly changed
since NFHS-4 by all measures.
The percentage of children
who are stunted (39%) has
remained unchanged in the
four years between NFHS-5
and NFHS-4. There is only a
marginal increase in the
percentage of children who
are underweight (from 39% to
40%) and marginal decline in
the percentage of children
wasted (from 26% to 25%)
since NFHS-4. However, the
continuing high levels of
undernutrition are still a major
problem in Gujarat.

Differences in the levels of malnutrition are more pronounced for several background
characteristics. Malnutrition generally decreases with increasing mother’s schooling, better
nutritional status of the mother, and larger child’s size at birth. The level of undernutrition is
relatively high for rural children and children of higher birth orders. It is generally higher among
scheduled tribe children and lower among Christian children than among children of any other
religion. Malnutrition is somewhat higher for male children than female children on all three
nutritional status measures.

Adults’ nutritional status

Malnutrition refers to deficiencies, excesses, or imbalances in a person’s intake of energy and/or
nutrients, and includes undernutrition as well as overweight and obesity. The body mass index
(BMI), which is defined as a person’s weight in kilograms divided by the square of the person’s
height in metres, is a measure that indicates the nutritional status in adults.

Almost half (48%) of women and 41 percent of men are either too thin or overweight or obese.
Among women age 15-49, the proportion overweight or obese is 23 percent, which is almost the

22
same as in NFHS-4 (24%).

Men are equally likely to be thin or overweight or obese (20% each), which is different from the
pattern observed in NFHS-4 with men being much more likely to be thin (25%) than overweight
or obese (20%). Twenty-five percent of women in Gujarat are too thin. Over half of women (52%)
and almost three-fifths of men (59%) are at a healthy weight for their height.

For the first time, the 2019-20 NFHS measured the waist circumference and hip circumference
of women and men age 15-49 years. This information was used to calculate the waist-to-hip ratio
(WHR). WHR helps to identify the distribution of body fat and predicts abdominal obesity.
Abdominal obesity is associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus, myocardial
infarction, stroke, and premature death.

More than two-fifths (44%) of women and 41 percent of men have a waist-to-hip ratio (WHR)
that puts them at a substantially increased risk of metabolic complications. The proportion of
adults with such increased risk WHR increases with age, from 35 percent for women age 15-19
to 52 percent for women age 40-49, and from 24 percent for men age 15-19 to 56 percent for men
age 40-49. The proportion of women and men having a substantially increased risk of WHR is
much higher in urban areas (47% for women and 43% for men) than in rural areas (41% for
women and 39% for men).

The use of iodized salt prevents iodine deficiency, which can lead to miscarriage, goitre, and
mental retardation. Ninety-six percent of Gujarat’s households with tested salt were using
iodized salt at the time of the survey.

23
Anaemia
Anaemia is a condition that is marked by low levels of haemoglobin in the blood. Iron deficiency
is estimated to be responsible for about half of all anaemia globally, but anaemia can also be
caused by malaria, hookworms and other helminths, other nutritional deficiencies, chronic
infections, and genetic conditions. Anaemia can result in maternal mortality, weakness,
diminished physical and mental capacity, increased morbidity from infectious diseases,
perinatal mortality, premature delivery, low birth weight, and (in children) impaired cognitive
performance, motor development, and scholastic achievement. Anaemia is a major health
problem in Gujarat, especially among women and children.

Four-fifths of children age 6-59 months are anaemic. This includes 28 percent who are mildly
anaemic, 49 percent who are moderately anaemic, and 3 percent who have severe anaemia. The
overall prevalence of anaemia in children increased from 63 percent in NFHS-4 to 80 percent in
NFHS-5. There is no difference in the prevalence of anaemia among girls and boys in NFHS-5.
Children of mothers who have anaemia are much more likely to be anaemic. Although anaemia
levels vary somewhat according to background characteristics, anaemia among children is
widespread in every group. Over three-quarters (77%) of children in Gujarat are anaemic even
if their mother has 12 or more years of schooling.

Sixty-five percent of women in Gujarat have anaemia, including 26 percent with mild anaemia,
35 percent with moderate anaemia, and 4 percent with severe anaemia. Anaemia is particularly
high among rural women, women age 15-19, and scheduled tribe women, but anaemia is 59
percent or more for every group of women. Anaemia among women has increased by 10
percentage points since NFHS-4. Over one-quarter (27%) of men in Gujarat are anaemic. Men
age 15-19 and men in rural areas are particularly likely to be anaemic.

24
ADULT HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE
Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by a type of bacterium called Mycobacterium
tuberculosis, which primarily affects the lungs. Tuberculosis is transmitted from person to
person through the air, and people with lowered immunity, HIV, malnutrition, diabetes, and
those who use tobacco or alcohol have higher chances of falling ill. Tuberculosis is both
preventable and curable, however mortality is high if not treated properly. In Gujarat, 211
persons per 100,000 are estimated to have medically treated tuberculosis, based on reports from
household respondents. The prevalence of medically treated tuberculosis is lower among men
(207) than among women (215) and is higher in rural areas (236) than in urban areas (176).

A large majority of respondents have heard of tuberculosis (87% of women and 91% of men),
but even among those who have heard of tuberculosis, only 65 percent of women and 70 percent
of men know that it is spread through the air by coughing or sneezing. About three-fifths (60%)
of women and 65 percent of men have misconceptions about how tuberculosis is spread. Overall,
89 percent of women and 94 percent of men know that tuberculosis can be cured, and only 20
percent of women and 15 percent of men say that if a family member had tuberculosis, they
would want to keep it a secret.

Diabetes, asthma, goitre, heart disease, and cancer

According to self-reports, 1,337 women and 1,354 men age 15-49 per 100,000 have diabetes.
Overall, 1,004 women and 934 men per 100,000 have asthma. The prevalence of asthma among
women and men is higher in older age groups and those who have less schooling. Goitre is more
common than asthma and less common than diabetes among women, but less common than
asthma and diabetes among men (1,151 women and 110 men per 100,000). The prevalence of any
heart disease is lower among women (352 per 100,000) than among men (369 per 100,000).
Among the five diseases, cancer is the least common, with 173 women and 163 men per 100,000
reportedly having cancer.

Blood pressure (hypertension)

Blood pressure is the force exerted by circulating blood against the arterial walls. Hypertension
or high blood pressure is a condition in which the blood vessels have persistently raised
pressure. Hypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, chronic kidney
diseases, and brain diseases, and it is a major cause of premature deaths worldwide. Some of the
risk factors for developing hypertension are unhealthy diets, physical inactivity, alcohol and
tobacco consumption, and excess body weight.

Eleven percent of women age 15-49 in Gujarat have hypertension, including 7 percent with Stage
1 hypertension, 2 percent with stage 2 and 1 percent in Stage 3 hypertension. Hypertension also
includes women with normal blood pressure who are taking medicine to lower their blood
pressure. Fifty-six percent of women have normal blood pressure.

The prevalence of hypertension among men age 15-49 is somewhat higher than among women.
Fourteen percent of men in Gujarat have hypertension, including 10 percent with Stage 1
25
hypertension, 2 percent with Stage 2 hypertension, and 0.8 percent with Stage 3 hypertension.
Hypertension also includes men with normal blood pressure who are taking medicine to lower
their blood pressure. Thirty-nine percent of men have normal blood pressure. For both women
and men, hypertension increases with age.

Blood glucose
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by elevated levels of blood
glucose. Diabetes over a period of time can cause severe damage to the heart, blood vessels,
retina, kidneys, and nerves, and it puts sufferers at increased risk of various infectious and non-
infectious diseases. Early diagnosis, determined by blood glucose testing, and adequate
treatment are the key steps for managing diabetes and its complication. NFHS-5 has included
random blood glucose measurement using capillary blood among women and men age 15 and
above.

In Gujarat, 6 percent of women age 15-49 have high blood glucose levels, and 4 percent have
very high blood glucose levels. In comparison, 7 percent of men age 15-49 have high and 3
percent have very high blood glucose levels. Women and men in older age groups and those
with no schooling have relatively high blood glucose levels.

Men are more likely than women to have normal blood glucose levels and are taking
medicine to lower their blood glucose level (1% of men versus 0.7% of women). Less than one
percent of both women (0.5%) and men (0.3%) have blood glucose levels ≥140 mg/dl and are
taking medicine to lower their blood glucose level.

Screening tests for cancer

Cancer is a group of diseases with high mortality, and it is the second leading cause of death
globally. The chances of successful treatment of cancer increase if diagnosed early. One way of
early detection is screening, which is identification of unrecognized disease by using simple tests
or examinations among those individuals who have the disease but do not yet have symptoms.
NFHS-5 collected information about whether respondents had ever undergone screening test
for cancer of the oral cavity, breast, and cervix.

In Gujarat, only 0.2 percent of women age 15-49 have ever undergone a screening test for cancer
of the cervix, 0.1 percent have ever undergone a screening test for breast cancer, and 0.2 percent
have ever undergone a screening test for cancer of the oral cavity, which is slightly less in men
(0.7%).

Health insurance
Universal access to health care is the absence of any barriers in health care, including economic
barriers. Adequate coverage by health insurance protects a person from financial hardships
because of the costs of health care. Despite the emergence of a number of health
insurance/financing scheme in India, only 39 percent of households in Gujarat have any kind of
health insurance/financing scheme that covers at least one member of the household. Health
insurance/financing scheme coverage is higher in rural areas (41%) than urban areas (36%). In
Gujarat, three types of programmes dominate: the State health insurance scheme, the Rashtriya
Swasthya Bima Yojana (RSBY) and the Central Government Health Scheme (CGHS).
26
Only 34 percent of women and 40 percent of men age 15-49 in Gujarat are covered by any health
insurance/financial scheme. Older women and men are more likely to be covered than younger
women and men. Health insurance/financial scheme coverage is much higher among men with
10 or more years of schooling than among those with no schooling.

Tobacco and alcohol use

Over two-fifths (46%) of men, but only 6 percent of women, age 15-49 use some form of tobacco.
Tobacco products mostly used by men are gutkha or paan masala with tobacco (34%), bidis (5%),
cigarettes and paan with tobacco (4%), and khaini (3%). Among women and men, the use of any
form of tobacco is slightly higher in rural areas (7% for women and 53% for men) than in urban
areas (4% for women and 37% for men). Most men who smoke cigarettes smoked fewer than
five cigarettes in the past 24 hours.

In Gujarat, among adults age 15-49, 2 percent of women and 19 percent of men drink alcohol,
and the consumption is much higher in the rural areas. In rural areas, 3 percent of women and
22 percent of men drink alcohol. In urban areas, 1 percent of women and 15 percent of men drink
alcohol. Most men who drink alcohol drink it about once a week or less than once a week (35%),
and 31 percent drink almost every day.

HIV/AIDS
This section presents the findings from NFHS-5 on HIV/AIDS knowledge and attitudes, prior
HIV testing, and the prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), as well as sexual
behaviour of the adult and youth population. Questions on HIV/AIDS were included only in
the subsample of households selected for the state module.

Awareness of HIV or AIDS

Seventy-six percent of women in Gujarat have heard of HIV or AIDS. In urban areas, 87 percent
know about HIV or AIDS, compared with 68 percent in rural areas. Women age 25-29 and 30-39
are more likely (79%) than younger women age 15-19 (72%) to have heard of HIV or AIDS.
Women with no schooling (58%), women with no regular exposure to media (64%), and women
from other backward class (72%) are less likely than other women to have heard of HIV or AIDS.

Men are more likely than women to know about HIV or AIDS. Ninety percent of men in Gujarat
have heard of HIV or AIDS, including 95 percent in urban areas.

Knowledge of prevention and transmission

Men are much more likely than women to know how HIV/AIDS is transmitted and how to keep
from getting it. For example, only 67 percent of women know that consistent condom use can
help to prevent HIV/AIDS, compared with 83 percent of men, and 64 percent of women know
that having just one uninfected partner who has no other partners can reduce the chance of
getting HIV/AIDS, compared with 76 percent of men.

27
Only 29 percent of women and
36 percent of men in Gujarat
have a ‘comprehensive
knowledge’ about HIV/AIDS.
This means they know that
consistent use of condoms
every time they have sex and
having just one uninfected sex
partner who has no other
partners can reduce the chance
of getting HIV/AIDS, they
know that a healthy-looking
person can have HIV/AIDS,
and they reject two common
misconceptions about the
transmission or prevention of
HIV/AIDS.

HIV-related stigma
More than four-fifths (86%) of women and 88 percent of men in Gujarat would be willing to take
care of a relative with HIV/AIDS in their home. A similar proportion of women (80%) and men
(81%) say that a female teacher who has HIV/AIDS but is not sick should be allowed to continue
teaching. Seven-tenths (70%) of women and 72 percent of men say that they would buy fresh
vegetables from a shopkeeper with HIV/AIDS. Forty-eight percent of women and 67 percent of
men say that if a family member got infected with HIV/AIDS, they would not want to keep it a
secret. An almost equal proportion of women (76%) and men (78%) say that an HIV positive
student should be allowed to attend school with students who are HIV negative. About three-
quarters of women (78%) and men (74%) think that people living with HIV/AIDS should be
treated in the same public hospital as persons who are HIV negative. Almost four-fifths of
women and men (77% each) think that people living with HIV should be allowed to work in the
same office with people who are HIV negative.

HIV testing prior to NFHS-5, blood transfusions, and safe injections

Only 12 percent of women and 4 percent of men age 15-49 had ever been tested for HIV prior to
NFHS-5. Women and men in urban areas are somewhat more likely to have ever been tested for
HIV prior to NFHS-5 than rural women and men. Nineteen percent of women who had a live
birth in the past five years and received ANC during pregnancy were tested for HIV during
ANC. Urban women (24%) are more likely than rural women (16%) to have been tested for HIV
during ANC.

Nineteen percent of women who had a live birth in the past five years
and received ANC during pregnancy were tested for HIV during
ANC.

28
In Gujarat, 8 percent of women and 3 percent of men have ever had a blood transfusion.
Women are more likely than men to have received an injection in the past 12 months (40% of
women, compared with 29% of men). A disposable syringe was used for injections for 94
percent of adults who received an injection in the past 12 months.

SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR
NFHS-5 included questions on respondents’ sexual behaviour. Respondents were asked about
their age at first sex, their current and previous sexual partners, higher-risk intercourse, and
condom use. In addition, men were asked whether they had paid for sex in the past year. These
questions are sensitive and subject to reporting bias, so the results should be interpreted with
caution.

Higher-risk behaviour
Higher-risk sex is sexual intercourse with someone who is neither a spouse nor a cohabiting
partner. Among those who had sex in the past 12 months, only 1 percent of women and 9 percent
of men reported having had higher-risk sex during the past 12 months. The percentage of men
who had higher-risk sexual intercourse in the past 12 months is somewhat higher (9%) in urban
areas than in rural areas (8%). Even fewer respondents said that they had multiple sex partners
in the past 12 months (0.3% of women and 1.1% of men).

More than two-thirds (39%) of men who had higher-risk sex in the past 12 months reported
using a condom the last time they had higher-risk sex. Among men who had higher–risk sex in
the past 12 months, the proportion who reported using a condom the last time they had higher-
risk intercourse is higher in urban areas (50%) than in rural areas (30%). Less than one percent
(0.8 %) of men said they had paid for sex in the past year.

WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT
Empowering women and promoting gender equality in every sphere of life are essential to
improving their lives and achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. NFHS-5 has collected
information related to women’s empowerment and autonomy, including menstrual hygiene,
employment and earnings, decision-making, ownership of assets, gender role attitudes, and
domestic violence.

Women’s hygiene
Using a hygienic method of menstrual protection is important for women’s health and personal
hygiene. In NFHS-5, young women age 15-24 were asked what method or methods they use for
menstrual protection, if anything. In Gujarat, 44 percent use sanitary napkins, 51 percent use
cloth, 27 percent use locally prepared napkins, and 5 percent use tampons. Overall, 67 percent
of women age 15-24 use a hygienic method of menstrual protection, up from 60 percent in NFHS-
4. Notably, 59 percent of rural women use a hygienic method of menstrual protection, compared
with 79 percent of urban women.

29
Employment and earnings
Only 39 percent of all women age 15-49, compared with 85 percent of men, were employed in
the 12 months preceding the survey. Among employed women, 80 percent earned cash,
including 6 percent who earned both cash and in-kind. Seventeen percent were not paid at all.
More men who were employed earned cash (93%), including 9 percent who earned both cash
and in-kind. Six percent of employed men were not paid at all. A large majority (88%) of
employed women work in non-agricultural occupations, compared with 67 percent of employed
men.

Only 39 percent of all women age 15-49 were employed in the 12 months
preceding the survey.

Decision making
Currently married women were asked who makes decisions about their own health care, major
household purchases, and visits to their own family or relatives. Women are somewhat more
likely to participate in decisions about their own health care (86%) and decisions about visits to
their own family and relatives (87%) than about major household purchases (82%). Overall, 75
percent of currently married women participate in making all three of these decisions, and 8
percent do not participate in making any of the three decisions. Participation in all three
decisions varies most by age, increasing sharply from 62 percent among women age 15-19 to 79
percent among women age 40-49.

In the case of currently married men, they are much more likely than women to report that they
alone or jointly with their wives participated in making decisions about their own health care
(95%) and 88 percent participated in decisions about major household purchases. Two percent
of men did not participate in making either of these decisions.

Other indicators of women’s empowerment

In Gujarat, 58 percent of women have money that they can decide how to use. The proportion
of women who have money that they can decide how to use is higher among urban (62%) than
rural (54%) women, increases sharply with age, is much higher among women with 12 or more
years of schooling (65%), and is highest among women who are employed for cash (67%) than
any other group of women.

Seventy percent of women have a bank or savings account that they

themselves use.

Seventy percent of women have a bank or savings account that they themselves use. This
percentage is highest, at 71 percent, among women who are Hindus, as well as among women
who have 12 or more years of schooling (86%). Women’s knowledge and use of microcredit
programmes is very limited. Forty-three percent of women know of a microcredit programme
in their area, but only 4 percent have ever taken a loan from a microcredit programme.
30
Over one-fifth (22%) of women who have a mobile phone use it for financial transactions. Urban
women are more likely (26%) to use a mobile phone for financial transactions, than rural women
(15%). This percentage increases with education. Nearly two-fifths (38%) of women with 12 or
more years of education use a mobile phone for financial transactions, compared with 5 percent
of women having less than five years of schooling. Over three-fourths of employed women who
earn in cash (28%) use a mobile phone for financial transactions, compared with 30 percent of
employed women who don’t earn in cash. Muslim women are least likely (17%) to use a mobile
phone for financial transactions, compared with Hindu (22%) women. Women not belonging to
a scheduled caste, a scheduled tribe, or another backward class are much more likely (25%) to
use a mobile phone for financial transactions than women belonging to any other caste/tribe
group.

Ownership of assets
Forty-two percent of women and 64 percent of men age 15-49 in Gujarat own a house alone or
jointly with someone else, and 35 percent of women and 42 percent of men own land alone or
jointly with someone else. Among men and women, ownership of a house and land is more
common in rural than urban areas.

Forty-two percent of women own a house alone or jointly with someone

else, and 15 percent of women own land alone or jointly with someone else.

In Gujarat, 49 percent of women have a mobile phone that they themselves use, and among
women who have a mobile phone that they themselves use, 75 percent can read SMS messages.
Sixty-six percent of urban women have a mobile phone they themselves use, compared with 36
percent of rural women. Mobile phone access increases substantially with education, from 23%
among women with no schooling to 84 percent among women with 12 or more years of
schooling. Seventy percent of women not belonging to any scheduled caste/tribe and other
backward caste have a mobile phone they themselves use. Those women who have a mobile
phone that they themselves use are also more likely to be able to read SMS messages (85%) than
women who belong to any in other groups (70-71%).

Forty-nine percent of women in Gujarat have a mobile phone that they

themselves use.

Gender-role attitudes
Thirty percent of women agree that a husband is justified in hitting or beating his wife under
some circumstances. Women are most likely to agree that wife beating is justified if a woman
shows disrespect for her in-laws (19%), followed by if she neglects the house or children (16%)
and if he suspects her of being unfaithful (15%). Men are slightly less likely to agree: 28 percent
say that wife beating is justified in some circumstances, especially if the wife shows disrespect
for in-laws (20%), if she suspects her of being unfaithful (15%), or if she neglects the house or
children (14%). Even among women and men who have completed at least 12 years of schooling,

31
23 percent of both women and men say that a husband is justified in beating his wife for one or
more of the specified reasons.

Seventy-eight percent of women and 69 percent of men believe that a woman is justified in
refusing to have sex with her husband if she knows he has a sexually transmitted disease, if she
knows he has intercourse with other women, and if she is tired or not in the mood. More than
four-fifths of men (85%) agree that if a wife refuses to have sex with her husband he does not
have a right to get angry and reprimand her, refuse to give her financial support, use force to
have sex even if she doesn’t want to, or have sex with another woman.

DOMESTIC VIOLENCE
The World Health Organization recognizes that violence against women, particularly domestic
or spousal violence, is a major public and clinical health problem and a violation of women’s
human rights, which also reflects the scale of gender inequality and discrimination against
women. The consequences of violence on physical, mental, sexual, and reproductive health often
last a lifetime. NFHS-5 collected information on domestic violence from women age 18-49,
related to behaviours of her husband that cause physical, sexual or emotional harm, including
physical violence, sexual coercion, emotional abuse, and controlling behaviours. Information
was also collected on violence during pregnancy and help seeking behaviour for any violence
experienced.

In Gujarat, 13 percent of women age 18-49 have ever experienced physical violence, and 3
percent have ever experienced sexual violence. In all, 14 percent of women experienced physical
or sexual violence and 2 percent experienced both physical and sexual violence. For ever-
married women who experienced physical violence since age 15, the most common perpetrator
was the current husband.

Sixteen percent of ever-married women age 18-49 in Gujarat have

experienced physical or sexual violence.

Violence during pregnancy

Two percent of women age 18-49 have ever been pregnant have ever experienced physical
violence during one or more of their pregnancies. Women with no schooling, women having
five or more children, and women who are widowed, divorced, separated, or deserted are more
likely to experience violence during pregnancy than women in any other group.

Spousal violence
In Gujarat, 13 percent of ever-married women age 18-49 have experienced any form of physical
violence committed by their husband, 3 percent have experienced any form of sexual violence
committed by their husband, and 7 percent have experienced any form of emotional violence
committed by their husband. Eleven percent of ever-married women report having been
slapped by their husband. Six percent report being pushed, shaken, or having something thrown
at them. Five percent experienced having their arm twisted or hair pulled, 3 percent being
32
punched with a fist or something that could hurt her, 4 percent report being kicked, dragged, or
beaten up, and less than 1 percent reported that her husband tried to choke or burn her on
purpose.

Two percent of ever-married women age 18-49 report that their husband have physically forced
them to have sex even when they did not want to, and another 2 percent report that their
husband forced them with threats or in any other way to perform sexual acts they did not want
to perform. Overall, 14 percent of ever-married women have experienced spousal physical or
sexual violence from their current husband or, if not currently married, from their most recent
husband. Few ever-married women (3%) reported that they have initiated violence against their
husband when he was not already beating or physically hurting them.

Spousal violence prevails across all groups. Although spousal violence is much lower among
more educated women, 13 percent of women who have at least 10 years of schooling have
experienced emotional, physical, or sexual spousal violence. The experience of spousal violence
is higher among women in rural areas (19%) than in urban areas (13%); among divorced,
separated, or deserted women than currently married women (16%); and among women who
are employed for cash (22%) than women who are not employed (13%). Husband’s
characteristics are also related to overall spousal violence (emotional, physical, or sexual). For
instance, women are more likely to experience spousal violence if their husband gets drunk often
(68%), displays 5-6 marital control behaviours (74%), gets drunk sometimes (46%), and if the
husband never attended school (28%). More than half of women (53%) who say they are afraid
of their husband most of the time have experienced spousal violence. The contextual and
intergenerational aspects of spousal violence are clear from the fact that women whose mothers
were beaten by their fathers are more likely to be in abusive marriages themselves.

33
Over one-fifth of ever-married women age 18-49 who have ever experienced physical or sexual
violence reported suffering from injuries from what their husband did to them. That proportion
increases among women who have experienced both physical and sexual violence (58%). The
most common types of injuries among women who have experienced physical and sexual
violence are cuts, bruises, or aches (51%); eye injuries, sprains, dislocations, or minor burns
(26%); deep wounds, broken bones, broken teeth, or any other serious injury (18%); and severe
burns (12%).

Help seeking
Only 18 percent of women age 18-49 who have ever experienced physical or sexual violence
sought help, while 12 percent never sought help but told someone. About three-quarters (71%)
never sought help and never told anyone. Among women who sought help, the main sources of
help were their own family (41%), friends (42%) and their husband’s family (16%). Only 8
percent women sought help from neighbour and 3 percent from the police.

34
Table 1 Results of the household and individual interviews

Number of households, number of interviews with women and men, and

response rates, according to residence, Gujarat, 2019-20

Residence
Result Urban Rural Total

Household interviews
Households selected 9,725 20,771 30,496
Households occupied 9,491 20,402 29,893
Households interviewed 9,232 20,136 29,368

Household response rate1 97.3 98.7 98.2

Interviews with women age 15-49

Number of eligible women 10,456 23,722 34,178
Number of eligible women interviewed 10,163 23,180 33,343

Women response rate2 97.2 97.7 97.6

Interviews with men age 15-54

Number of eligible men 1,790 3,842 5,632
Number of eligible men interviewed 1,683 3,668 5,351

Men response rate2 94.0 95.5 95.0

Note: Eligible women and men are women age 15-49 and men age 15-54 who stayed in the
household the night before the household interview (including both usual residents and
visitors). This table is based on the unweighted sample.
1
Households interviewed/households occupied
2
Respondents interviewed/eligible respondents

35
Table 2 Results of the household and individual interviews by district

Number of households, number of women and men interviewed, and response rates by residence and district, Gujarat, 2019-20

Number of women Number of men

Households interviewed Household Women Men
interviewed interviewed
response response response
1
District Urban Rural Total rate Urban Rural Total rate2 Urban Rural Total rate2

Ahmadabad 774 132 906 98.7 838 172 1,010 98.3 127 28 155 94.5
Amreli 216 654 870 96.8 215 721 936 95.3 26 101 127 84.7
Anand 262 608 870 97.1 253 661 914 98.0 48 115 163 95.3
Aravali 108 793 901 98.5 152 926 1,078 97.6 42 145 187 95.9
Banas Kantha 125 764 889 97.6 142 907 1,049 96.0 28 129 157 96.9
Bharuch 271 585 856 95.6 277 642 919 96.8 49 75 124 93.9
Bhavnagar 372 499 871 97.8 380 570 950 97.1 58 87 145 95.4
Botad 269 597 866 97.6 320 712 1,032 96.2 45 104 149 92.5
Chhotaudepur 62 834 896 98.9 75 960 1,035 97.8 14 159 173 98.9
Devbhumi Dwarka 283 632 915 99.3 391 779 1,170 97.7 51 147 198 96.1
Dohad 86 813 899 99.2 119 1,102 1,221 96.1 22 136 158 95.2
Gandhinagar 358 504 862 96.4 366 553 919 95.8 55 96 151 91.5
Gir Somnath 233 667 900 99.6 282 876 1,158 97.6 44 141 185 92.5
Jamnagar 483 437 920 99.8 580 462 1,042 99.4 91 74 165 99.4
Junagadh 338 548 886 98.2 354 609 963 98.1 58 106 164 97.0
Kachchh 329 593 922 100.0 341 685 1,026 98.2 62 119 181 97.3
Kheda 207 683 890 99.4 220 809 1,029 97.5 47 136 183 92.4
Mahesena 220 619 839 95.6 251 632 883 98.0 35 101 136 87.2
Mahisagar 82 817 899 99.3 75 942 1,017 98.7 11 157 168 97.7
Morbi 341 561 902 98.4 402 717 1,119 97.8 67 115 182 97.3
Narmada 87 817 904 99.4 98 923 1,021 98.9 15 140 155 96.3
Navsari 274 619 893 97.8 307 684 991 98.3 56 106 162 96.4
Panch Mahals 153 755 908 98.5 168 933 1,101 98.1 36 160 196 95.6
Patan 194 710 904 99.2 226 785 1,011 98.2 41 128 169 94.9
Porbandar 433 484 917 99.3 494 524 1,018 98.7 69 100 169 97.1
Rajkot 538 344 882 97.4 611 368 979 96.4 93 66 159 91.9
Sabar Kantha 144 748 892 99.1 166 852 1,018 97.8 21 131 152 96.8
Surat 705 197 902 99.0 767 219 986 98.0 150 45 195 97.0
Surendranagar 239 630 869 95.0 244 687 931 97.3 38 105 143 94.1
Tapi 83 821 904 99.0 96 895 991 97.9 11 133 144 97.3
The Dangs 105 792 897 98.6 105 796 901 98.6 23 107 130 96.3
Vadodara 537 318 855 96.2 528 366 894 95.4 99 68 167 90.8
Valsad 321 561 882 99.4 320 711 1,031 97.6 51 108 159 97.5

Gujarat 9,232 20,136 29,368 98.2 10,163 23,180 33,343 97.6 1,683 3,668 5,351 95.0

Note: This table is based on the unweighted sample; all subsequent tables are based on the weighted sample unless otherwise specified. The number of
women and men is based on the de facto population.
1
Households interviewed/households occupied
2
Respondents interviewed/eligible respondents

36
Table 3 Household population by age, schooling, residence, sex, and possession of an Aadhaar card

Percent distribution of the de facto household population by age and schooling and percentage of de facto individuals who
have an Aadhaar card, according to residence and sex, Gujarat, 2019-20

Urban Rural Total

Background characteristic Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total

Age
0-4 6.5 6.6 6.5 7.9 7.7 7.8 7.3 7.2 7.3
5-9 7.8 7.1 7.4 8.8 8.3 8.5 8.4 7.8 8.1
10-14 8.5 8.0 8.3 9.2 8.7 8.9 8.9 8.4 8.7
15-19 9.0 7.4 8.3 9.7 9.0 9.3 9.4 8.3 8.9
20-24 9.1 8.4 8.8 8.8 8.7 8.7 9.0 8.6 8.8
25-29 7.9 8.5 8.2 8.3 7.8 8.1 8.2 8.1 8.1
30-34 8.2 8.5 8.4 6.8 7.0 6.9 7.4 7.6 7.5
35-39 7.9 7.9 7.9 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.4 7.3 7.4
40-44 6.8 7.1 6.9 6.1 6.6 6.4 6.4 6.8 6.6
45-49 6.6 6.3 6.4 6.2 5.8 6.0 6.4 6.0 6.2
50-54 5.4 6.0 5.7 5.0 5.4 5.2 5.1 5.7 5.4
55-59 5.2 5.7 5.5 4.7 5.4 5.1 4.9 5.5 5.2
60-64 3.9 4.5 4.2 4.4 4.7 4.5 4.2 4.6 4.4
65-69 3.2 3.3 3.3 3.1 3.3 3.2 3.2 3.3 3.2
70-74 1.9 2.2 2.0 2.0 2.2 2.1 1.9 2.2 2.1
75-79 0.9 1.2 1.0 0.9 1.1 1.0 0.9 1.1 1.0
80 or more 1.0 1.4 1.2 1.1 1.5 1.3 1.1 1.4 1.2

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Aadhaar card
Percentage with an Aadhaar
card 95.3 94.4 94.9 95.2 93.8 94.5 95.2 94.0 94.6

Sex ratio, all ages1 na na 929 na na 991 na na 965

Sex ratio, age 0-6 years1 na na 904 na na 957 na na 937

Schooling2
No schooling 5.7 16.3 10.8 14.4 34.6 24.5 10.7 27.1 18.8
<5 years complete 13.6 13.7 13.6 18.0 16.3 17.1 16.1 15.2 15.7
5-9 years complete 35.2 34.5 34.9 40.8 34.5 37.6 38.4 34.5 36.5
10-11 years complete 16.3 12.4 14.4 12.1 7.0 9.5 13.9 9.2 11.6
12 or more years complete 29.2 23.0 26.2 14.6 7.7 11.2 20.8 14.0 17.4
Don't know 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Number 25,887 24,058 49,948 34,893 34,692 69,587 60,780 58,749 119,535

Median number of years of

schooling completed 8.6 7.1 8.1 6.8 3.8 5.5 7.7 5.4 6.6
na = Not applicable
1
Females per 1,000 males
2
Population age 6 and above

37
Table 4 Household and housing characteristics

Percent distribution of urban, rural, and total households and de jure population by household and housing characteristics, Gujarat, 2019-20

De jure
Household and housing characteristic Urban Rural Total population

Household headship
Male 87.3 87.2 87.3 90.1
Female 12.7 12.8 12.7 9.9
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Mean household size 4.3 4.6 4.5 na
Household structure1
Nuclear 56.2 49.4 52.3 39.4
Non-nuclear 43.8 50.6 47.7 60.6
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Religion of household head
Hindu 82.2 93.2 88.4 87.5
Muslim 16.2 6.2 10.5 11.5
Christian 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5
Other 1.0 0.1 0.5 0.5
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Caste/tribe of household head
Scheduled caste 12.9 14.2 13.6 13.5
Scheduled tribe 5.2 23.3 15.5 16.2
Other backward class 44.2 44.2 44.2 45.0
Other 37.0 17.2 25.7 24.4
Don't know 0.7 1.1 1.0 1.0
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Electricity
Yes 99.3 95.6 97.2 97.6
No 0.7 4.4 2.8 2.4
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Source of drinking water
Improved source 99.4 96.0 97.5 97.2
Piped water into dwelling/yard/plot 78.7 53.7 64.5 63.6
Piped to neighbour 1.1 1.6 1.4 1.2
Public tap/standpipe 2.2 8.0 5.5 5.7
Tube well or borehole 5.1 22.3 14.9 15.9
Other improved2 12.2 10.4 11.2 10.8
Unimproved source 0.3 3.6 2.2 2.5
Unprotected dug well 0.0 2.6 1.5 1.7
Unprotected spring 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.1
Surface water 0.3 0.8 0.6 0.6
Other source 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Time to obtain drinking water (round trip)
Water on premises/delivered to dwelling 95.4 80.8 87.1 86.5
Less than 30 minutes 3.9 14.8 10.1 10.3
Thirty minutes or longer 0.6 4.3 2.7 3.1
Don't know 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Percentage with basic drinking water service3 98.7 92.5 95.2 94.6
Percentage with limited drinking water service4 0.6 3.5 2.3 2.6

Continued…

38
Table 4 Household and housing characteristics—Continued

Percent distribution of urban, rural, and total households and de jure population by household and housing characteristics, Gujarat, 2019-20

De jure
Household and housing characteristic Urban Rural Total population

Water treatment prior to drinking5

Boil 7.8 3.5 5.3 5.2
Bleach or chlorine tablets 2.1 4.2 3.3 3.5
Strain through cloth 35.3 49.2 43.3 43.8
Use ceramic, sand, or other water filter 11.0 3.4 6.7 6.4
Use electronic purifier 14.3 2.6 7.7 7.1
Use solar disinfection 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.2
Allow water to stand and settle 0.8 1.8 1.4 1.5
Other 20.0 21.1 20.6 21.2
No treatment 19.1 23.1 21.4 21.1
Percentage using an appropriate treatment method6 33.8 12.9 21.9 21.1
Sanitation Facility
Improved, not shared facility 88.4 63.2 74.0 74.0
Flush/pour flush to piped sewer system, septic tank, or pit latrine 77.1 43.4 57.9 57.8
Flush/pour flush don't know where 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5
Pit latrine with slab 9.4 17.4 13.9 13.9
Other7 1.4 1.9 1.7 1.8
Shared facility8 5.3 2.7 3.8 3.3
Flush/pour flush to piped sewer system, septic tank, or pit latrine 4.5 1.9 3.0 2.5
Flush/pour flush don't know where 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Pit latrine with slab 0.5 0.8 0.6 0.6
Other7 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.1
Unimproved 3.1 2.7 2.9 2.9
Flush/pour flush not to piped sewer system, septic tank, or pit latrine 1.7 1.4 1.5 1.6
Pit latrine without slab/open pit 0.9 0.7 0.8 0.8
Dry toilet 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.3
Other 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2
No facility/uses open spaces/field 3.3 31.4 19.3 19.9
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Percentage with basic sanitation service9 88.4 63.2 74.0 74.0
10
Percentage with limited sanitation service 5.3 2.7 3.8 3.3
11
Type of house
Kachha 0.2 2.8 1.7 1.8
Semi-pucca 5.3 32.2 20.6 20.9
Pucca 94.1 64.5 77.2 76.7
Missing 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.6
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Persons per room used for sleeping
<3 57.2 45.9 50.8 40.0
3-4 30.6 34.7 32.9 37.6
5-6 10.1 14.7 12.7 16.1
7 and over 2.2 4.7 3.6 6.3
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Continued…

39
Table 4 Household and housing characteristics—Continued

Percent distribution of urban, rural, and total households and de jure population by household and housing characteristics, Gujarat, 2019-20

De jure
Household and housing characteristic Urban Rural Total population

Cooking fuel
Electricity 0.3 0.6 0.4 0.4
LPG/natural gas 94.0 45.2 66.2 64.2
Biogas 0.0 0.3 0.2 0.2
Kerosene 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.5
Coal/lignite 0.1 1.0 0.6 0.7
Charcoal 0.2 1.3 0.8 0.8
Wood 4.3 49.9 30.3 32.6
Straw/shrubs/grass 0.1 0.6 0.4 0.4
Agricultural crop waste 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0
Dung cakes 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1
No food cooked in the household 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.1
Other 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Percentage using clean fuel for cooking12 94.3 46.1 66.9 64.9
13
Percentage using solid fuel for cooking 4.7 52.9 32.2 34.6
Place for cooking
In the house, separate room 67.8 45.6 55.2 55.0
In the house, no separate room 18.5 25.8 22.7 21.5
In a separate building 11.7 19.0 15.8 17.1
Outdoors 1.5 9.3 5.9 6.3
No food cooked in household 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.1
Other 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Number 12,640 16,728 29,368 131,875
Type of fire/stove among households using solid fuels13
Stove 2.4 0.4 0.5 0.4
Chullah 96.2 99.1 98.9 99.0
Open fire 1.3 0.5 0.5 0.5
Other 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Number using solid fuel 594 8,857 9,451 45,565
Frequency of smoking in the house14
Daily 25.8 39.3 33.5 36.3
Weekly 2.9 3.9 3.5 3.6
Monthly 0.7 0.9 0.8 0.8
Less than monthly 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.1
Never 69.5 54.7 61.0 58.1
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Number 12,640 16,728 29,368 131,875

na= Not applicable

1
Nuclear households are households comprised of a married couple or a man or a woman living alone or with unmarried children (biological, adopted,
or fostered) with or without unrelated individuals. The remaining households are non-nuclear households.
2
Protected dug well, protected spring, rainwater, community RO plant, tanker truck, cart with small tank, bottled water
3
Defined as drinking water from an improved source, provided either water is on the premises or round-trip collection time is 30 minutes or less.
Includes safely managed drinking water, which is not shown separately.
4
Drinking water from an improved source, provided round-trip collection time is more than 30 minutes or is unknown.
5
Total may add to more than 100.0 because households may use more than one method of treatment
6
Appropriate water treatment methods are boiling, adding bleach/chlorine tablets, filtering, electronic purifying, and solar disinfection
7
Includes ventilated improved pit (VIP) latrine/biogas latrine, and twin pit/composting toilet
8
Facilities that would be considered improved if they were not shared by two or more households
9
Defined as use of improved facilities that are not shared with other households.
10
Defined as use of improved facilities shared by two or more households.
11
Houses made from mud, thatch, or other low-quality materials are called kachha houses, houses that use partly low-quality and partly high-quality
materials are called semi-pucca houses, and houses made with high quality materials throughout, including the floor, roof, and exterior walls, are called
pucca houses.
12
Electricity, LPG/natural gas, biogas
13
Includes coal/lignite, charcoal, wood, straw/shrubs/grass, agricultural crop waste, and dung cakes
14
Frequency of smoking by anyone inside the house

40
Table 5 Access to a toilet facility

Percentage of households having access to a toilet facility by selected

background characteristics, according to residence, Gujarat, 2019-20

Background characteristic Urban Rural Total

Religion of household head

Hindu 96.8 69.3 80.3
Muslim 97.2 88.6 94.3
Christian (100.0) 82.0 90.0
Other 100.0 * 97.7

Caste/tribe of household head

Scheduled caste 95.1 75.4 83.4
Scheduled tribe 94.5 56.8 62.2
Other backward class 96.2 69.8 81.2
Other 98.8 88.4 94.8
Don't know 88.2 57.5 67.6

Total 96.9 70.6 81.9

Note: Includes households that have any type of toilet facility that household
members usually use and households that do not use a toilet facility but report that
they have access to a toilet facility. Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49
unweighted cases. An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25
unweighted cases and has been suppressed.

41
Table 6 Access to a toilet facility by district

Percentage of households having access to a toilet facility by district,

according to residence, Gujarat, 2019-20

Residence
District Urban Rural Total

Ahmadabad 99.5 76.1 95.8

Amreli 95.9 78.1 82.7
Anand 98.7 82.3 87.0
Aravali 95.7 62.1 67.0
Banas Kantha 95.5 59.8 64.2
Bharuch 95.2 78.4 84.2
Bhavnagar 86.1 70.9 77.9
Botad 95.3 72.2 81.0
Chhotaudepur 91.1 50.2 53.5
Devbhumi Dwarka 95.8 69.3 78.5
Dohad 72.9 37.6 41.4
Gandhinagar 98.1 87.2 92.6
Gir Somnath 96.0 70.5 77.7
Jamnagar 99.2 80.7 89.9
Junagadh 95.7 81.3 86.7
Kachchh 93.9 91.3 92.1
Kheda 88.0 64.6 70.1
Mahesena 90.6 78.7 82.3
Mahisagar 100.0 44.9 51.8
Morbi 90.6 77.7 82.5
Narmada 96.5 54.4 59.3
Navsari 97.8 77.1 82.6
Panch Mahals 100.0 58.7 69.0
Patan 97.6 80.0 83.1
Porbandar 93.8 81.6 87.7
Rajkot 98.2 77.1 90.3
Sabar Kantha 92.6 67.8 72.3
Surat 99.4 68.2 92.8
Surendranagar 92.4 61.2 69.2
Tapi 97.8 78.1 79.8
The Dangs 94.4 74.9 77.0
Vadodara 97.6 79.3 90.1
Valsad 96.7 85.2 90.4

Gujarat 96.9 70.6 81.9

Note: Includes households that have any type of toilet facility that household
members usually use and households that do not use a toilet facility but
report that they have access to a toilet facility.

42
Table 7 Household possessions and land ownership

Percentage of urban, rural, and total households and de jure population possessing various household goods, means of transport,
agricultural land, a house, and farm animals and having a bank/post office account, a health insurance/financing scheme, a BPL card, and
a long-lasting insecticide-treated (LLIN) mosquito net, Gujarat, 2019-20

De jure
Household possessions Urban Rural Total population

Household goods
Mattress 94.8 79.4 86.0 86.6
Pressure cooker 94.5 69.2 80.1 80.9
Chair 90.1 80.1 84.4 85.7
Cot or bed 96.8 97.8 97.4 97.8
Table 70.8 38.5 52.4 53.2
Electric fan 98.5 90.9 94.2 94.8
Radio or transistor 4.9 2.4 3.4 3.5
Television (black and white) 1.8 1.3 1.5 1.6
Television (colour) 86.8 61.9 72.6 75.0
Any television 87.4 62.7 73.4 75.8
Sewing machine 23.8 11.7 16.9 18.8
Mobile telephone 96.6 89.2 92.4 94.8
Landline telephone 3.9 0.6 2.1 1.9
Internet 70.6 42.8 54.8 58.6
Computer 15.2 3.0 8.3 8.3
Refrigerator 72.7 37.5 52.6 53.8
Air conditioner/cooler 31.8 6.8 17.5 17.5
Washing machine 25.2 3.2 12.7 12.4
Watch or clock 92.5 78.9 84.7 85.9
Water pump 10.0 10.9 10.5 11.3
Thresher 0.3 1.5 1.0 1.2
Tractor 0.6 6.7 4.0 4.9
None of the above 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1

Means of transport
Bicycle 31.6 28.6 29.9 33.7
Motorcycle or scooter 69.8 54.5 61.1 65.7
Animal-drawn cart 0.5 4.0 2.5 2.8
Car 17.2 6.2 10.9 11.5
None of the above 20.7 33.4 28.0 23.4

Agricultural land
No agricultural land 89.8 46.1 64.9 62.7
Irrigated land only 7.7 46.2 29.6 31.6
Non-irrigated land only 1.6 5.5 3.8 4.1
Both irrigated and non-irrigated land 0.2 1.2 0.8 0.8
Irrigation not determined 0.6 1.0 0.8 0.9
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Percentage owning a house 71.5 81.2 77.0 78.4

Percentage owning farm animals1 4.9 54.5 33.1 38.3
Percentage having a bank account/post office account2 94.4 94.8 94.6 95.6
Percentage covered by a health insurance/financing scheme3 36.3 41.1 39.0 40.2
Percentage having a BPL card 18.9 43.7 33.0 34.4
Percentage with an LLIN mosquito net 7.6 16.6 12.7 13.8

Number 12,640 16,728 29,368 131,875

BPL = Below poverty line

1 Cows, bulls, buffaloes, camels, horses, donkeys, mules, goats, sheep, chickens, or ducks
2 Percentage of households in which any usual member of the household has a bank account/post office account
3 Percentage of households in which any usual member of the household is covered by a health insurance/financing scheme

43
Table 8 Preschool attendance

Percent of de facto household population (age 2-4 years) attending preschool by selected background characteristics,
according to residence and sex, Gujarat, 2019-20

Urban Rural Total

Background characteristic Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total

Religion of household head

Hindu 52.1 54.2 53.1 49.6 53.7 51.6 50.4 53.9 52.1
Muslim 54.8 46.9 51.1 51.5 42.2 47.1 53.7 45.3 49.7
Christian * * * (52.5) * (54.7) (57.9) * (49.0)

Caste/tribe of household head

Scheduled caste 43.5 46.5 44.9 53.9 57.5 55.6 50.3 53.7 51.9
Scheduled tribe 63.0 62.4 62.7 50.7 52.4 51.6 52.0 53.6 52.8
Other backward class 53.1 52.5 52.8 45.2 53.1 49.2 48.5 52.9 50.6
Other 53.7 52.0 52.9 56.9 50.5 53.8 55.0 51.4 53.3
Don't know * * * (53.7) (51.0) 52.5 (57.1) (49.0) 53.2

Household structure1
Nuclear 49.5 54.4 51.9 52.6 49.9 51.3 51.3 51.8 51.6
Non-nuclear 54.7 51.0 52.9 48.4 54.4 51.3 50.7 53.2 51.9

Family size
3-5 members 54.1 54.8 54.5 53.5 51.6 52.7 53.8 53.1 53.5
6 or more members 51.6 49.9 50.8 47.2 53.7 50.6 48.7 52.6 50.7

Total 52.8 52.3 52.6 49.7 53.0 51.3 50.9 52.8 51.8
Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases. An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted
cases and has been suppressed. Total includes persons in households with household head belonging to other religions, who are not shown
separately.
1
Nuclear household are households comprised of a married couple or a man or a woman living alone or with unmarried children (biological,
adopted, or fostered) with or without unrelated individuals. The remaining households are non-nuclear households.

44
Table 9 Preschool attendance by district

Percentage of de facto household population (age 2-4 years) attending preschool by district, according to residence and sex,
Gujarat, 2019-20

Urban Rural Total

District Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total

Ahmadabad 54.2 58.3 56.3 * * (69.0) 57.2 60.2 58.7

Amreli * * (64.5) 52.7 58.6 56.0 56.1 59.6 58.0
Anand * * (58.0) 55.4 60.8 58.0 53.7 62.6 58.0
Aravali * * * 54.2 55.1 54.6 51.1 55.4 53.0
Banas Kantha * * (29.5) 41.5 37.9 39.7 40.4 36.4 38.5
Bharuch * (29.3) 32.2 (34.7) 42.1 38.6 35.1 37.0 36.1
Bhavnagar (42.8) (35.8) 39.1 41.1 49.0 45.0 41.7 43.8 42.8
Botad (65.8) * (66.4) 39.2 45.8 42.4 49.2 52.3 50.6
Chhotaudepur * * * 44.8 52.1 48.3 43.4 49.0 46.0
Devbhumi Dwarka (25.8) (17.8) 22.1 55.4 56.9 56.1 43.7 41.8 42.8
Dohad * * (36.9) 35.2 43.9 39.6 34.9 43.9 39.4
Gandhinagar (54.1) * 55.5 (50.5) (70.0) 60.3 52.3 65.1 58.2
Gir Somnath * * (52.0) 55.1 47.9 51.4 55.3 48.1 51.6
Jamnagar (53.3) (47.0) 50.3 (44.1) (37.9) 41.1 48.3 42.1 45.2
Junagadh (64.0) * 54.6 (41.4) (57.6) 48.5 50.0 51.8 50.8
Kachchh (36.4) (50.3) 44.2 46.2 48.1 47.0 44.1 48.8 46.2
Kheda * * (64.1) 31.1 54.6 40.8 36.6 57.4 45.1
Mahesena * * (62.2) 44.0 (55.0) 49.0 54.1 50.6 52.6
Mahisagar * * * 47.3 51.7 49.9 47.0 49.6 48.7
Morbi (60.9) (41.6) 51.9 35.7 44.6 40.8 46.8 43.6 45.1
Narmada * * * 64.4 66.7 65.4 64.4 67.8 65.9
Navsari * * (53.6) 55.6 60.9 58.3 56.4 58.0 57.2
Panch Mahals * * (39.3) 54.6 66.0 60.1 50.5 61.7 55.8
Patan * * (37.8) 48.1 44.3 46.3 46.4 44.3 45.4
Porbandar (53.1) (49.1) 51.2 (39.0) (49.7) 44.4 45.3 49.4 47.3
Rajkot (61.0) 57.1 58.8 (70.6) (57.4) 63.8 65.1 57.2 60.8
Sabar Kantha * * (76.3) 65.0 61.2 62.9 67.2 63.7 65.3
Surat 47.6 48.0 47.8 * * (48.6) 49.6 45.9 47.9
Surendranagar * * (47.7) 51.9 53.0 52.4 53.6 49.3 51.5
Tapi * * * 66.3 73.1 69.7 65.3 71.3 68.3
The Dangs * * (66.7) 61.8 65.0 63.5 61.8 65.7 63.8
Vadodara (71.8) (81.1) 76.0 * (56.2) 60.7 70.7 67.5 69.0
Valsad (69.1) (60.1) 64.6 70.4 71.0 70.7 69.9 66.7 68.4

Gujarat 52.8 52.3 52.6 49.7 53.0 51.3 50.9 52.8 51.8
Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases. An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted
cases and has been suppressed.

45
Table 10 School attendance

Percentage of de facto household population age 6-17 years attending school in the 2019-20 school year by sex and residence,
according to background characteristics, Gujarat, 2019-20

Male Female Total

Background characteristic Urban Rural Total Urban Rural Total Urban Rural Total

Age
6-10 (Primary) 98.1 96.4 97.1 98.0 97.3 97.5 98.1 96.8 97.3
6-13 (Elementary) 97.3 94.5 95.6 95.4 92.9 93.9 96.4 93.8 94.8
11-13 (Upper Primary) 96.0 91.4 93.3 91.3 85.9 87.9 93.8 88.7 90.7
14-15 (Secondary) 82.0 69.7 74.7 72.7 53.7 60.8 77.9 62.1 68.3
16-17 (Higher Secondary) 63.4 45.0 52.4 53.4 29.2 38.3 59.0 37.5 45.9

11-14 years 94.4 88.2 90.7 87.5 79.5 82.6 91.2 84.0 86.8
15-17 years 67.0 50.5 57.1 58.7 35.4 44.1 63.4 43.4 51.1

6-14 years 96.4 92.8 94.2 93.2 89.3 90.8 94.9 91.1 92.6
6-17 years 88.7 81.9 84.6 84.7 75.9 79.2 86.9 79.0 82.1

Religion of household head

Hindu 90.1 82.0 84.9 86.4 76.4 79.7 88.4 79.3 82.5
Muslim 83.0 81.6 82.5 78.1 67.8 74.6 80.6 75.4 78.8
Christian * 81.3 87.6 * 84.4 89.8 (98.6) 82.6 88.5
Other (83.4) * (84.6) (93.7) * (94.1) 88.3 * 89.0

Caste/tribe of household
head
Scheduled caste 83.4 83.3 83.3 76.3 76.9 76.7 79.9 80.1 80.0
Scheduled tribe 90.2 77.4 78.7 79.0 74.9 75.3 84.4 76.1 77.0
Other backward class 87.5 82.9 84.7 84.4 75.0 78.7 86.1 79.2 81.9
Other 92.4 86.5 90.3 91.6 82.0 87.8 92.1 84.5 89.2

Note: In this table, children's age refers to their age at the start of the 2019-20 school year (assumed here to be April 2019). Figures in parentheses
are based on 25-49 unweighted cases. An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.

46
Table 11 Children's living arrangements and orphanhood

Percent distribution of de jure children under age 18 by their living arrangements, and percentage of children with
one or both biological parents dead, according to background characteristics, Gujarat, 2019-20

Percentage
Living with Living with with one
Living with mother father but Not living or both
both but not not with with either parents Number of
Background characteristic parents with father mother parent Total dead1 children

Age
< 5 years 93.4 4.9 0.6 1.0 100.0 0.9 9,498
5-9 years 90.7 4.5 1.8 3.0 100.0 3.1 10,608
10-14 years 88.6 5.9 2.0 3.5 100.0 5.0 11,443
15-17 years 85.0 7.6 2.4 5.0 100.0 8.4 6,744

Residence
Urban 91.7 4.9 1.2 2.3 100.0 2.9 14,646
Rural 88.6 6.0 2.0 3.5 100.0 4.8 23,648

Sex
Male 89.7 5.7 1.9 2.7 100.0 4.2 20,058
Female 89.8 5.4 1.4 3.4 100.0 3.9 18,233

Total age <15 years 90.8 5.1 1.5 2.6 100.0 3.1 31,549

Total age <18 years 89.8 5.6 1.7 3.0 100.0 4.1 38,293

Note: Total includes transgender children, who are not shown separately.
1
Includes children with father dead, mother dead, both parents dead, and one parent dead but missing information on survival
status of the other parent

47
Table 12 Birth registration of children under age five

Percentage of de jure children under age 5 years whose birth was registered
with the civil authorities, according to background characteristics, Gujarat,
2019-20

Percentage of children whose birth

was registered
Registered,
Registered, does not
has a birth have a birth Total De jure
Background characteristic certificate certificate registered children

Age
<2 86.1 9.8 95.9 3,596
2-4 93.4 5.0 98.4 5,901

Sex
Male 90.7 6.9 97.7 4,855
Female 90.5 6.7 97.3 4,643

Residence
Urban 95.3 3.4 98.7 3,536
Rural 87.9 8.9 96.7 5,962

Total 90.6 6.8 97.5 9,498

48
Table 13 Birth registration of children under age 5 by district

Percentage of de jure children under age 5 years whose birth was registered with the civil authorities,
by district, Gujarat, 2019-20

Percentage of children whose birth was

registered
Registered, Registered,
has a birth does not have a Total De jure
District certificate birth certificate registered children

Ahmadabad 97.5 0.8 98.4 904

Amreli 98.2 1.4 99.6 202
Anand 88.3 10.2 98.4 327
Aravali 84.4 9.4 93.8 188
Banas Kantha 80.5 15.6 96.1 621
Bharuch 79.3 19.0 98.3 221
Bhavnagar 90.6 5.9 96.5 356
Botad 96.5 2.5 99.0 111
Chhotaudepur 91.6 6.7 98.3 156
Devbhumi Dwarka 91.9 4.7 96.6 126
Dohad 87.7 7.4 95.1 531
Gandhinagar 97.0 3.0 100.0 222
Gir Somnath 91.6 5.1 96.8 166
Jamnagar 92.6 4.4 97.1 165
Junagadh 91.9 6.0 97.8 194
Kachchh 87.1 9.4 96.6 401
Kheda 87.3 10.7 98.0 345
Mahesena 95.2 1.2 96.4 295
Mahisagar 86.3 10.0 96.3 177
Morbi 86.8 9.3 96.1 157
Narmada 96.3 1.9 98.2 98
Navsari 96.7 3.3 100.0 181
Panch Mahals 85.9 11.7 97.6 357
Patan 88.6 9.6 98.2 224
Porbandar 89.6 9.6 99.1 80
Rajkot 93.7 3.4 97.1 402
Sabar Kantha 73.5 21.5 94.9 283
Surat 97.3 2.3 99.6 885
Surendranagar 90.9 5.8 96.7 233
Tapi 85.3 10.3 95.5 109
The Dangs 92.8 4.8 97.6 43
Vadodara 95.3 3.3 98.6 398
Valsad 93.6 3.2 96.8 335

Gujarat 90.6 6.8 97.5 9,498

49
Table 14 Death registration

Among deaths of usual residents during the 3 years preceding the survey, percentage of deaths registered with civil
authority by selected background characteristics, according to residence and sex, Gujarat, 2019-20

Urban Rural Total

Background characteristic Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total

Age
0-4 84.1 (79.8) 82.2 83.9 76.1 80.2 84.0 77.0 80.8
15-24 * * * 94.4 (88.6) 92.7 94.1 (92.4) 93.6
15-19 * * * * * (90.3) * * (92.2)
20-24 * * * (96.6) * 94.2 (95.1) * 94.3
25-34 * * (95.2) 91.1 (87.3) 89.9 93.0 (88.8) 91.7
35 and over 99.5 96.0 97.9 94.4 93.9 94.2 96.2 94.6 95.5

Religion of household head

Hindu 96.9 94.3 95.7 92.9 90.2 91.7 94.1 91.5 93.0
Muslim 98.3 91.3 95.4 89.2 (88.1) 88.7 94.6 89.8 92.4
Christian * * * * * * * * (100.0)

Caste/tribe of household head

Scheduled caste 93.2 (94.7) 93.7 96.1 91.9 94.6 95.1 92.8 94.3
Scheduled tribe (99.1) * 99.5 91.5 89.6 90.7 92.5 90.8 91.8
Other backward class 98.2 93.1 96.0 92.1 89.9 91.2 94.1 91.0 92.8
Other 97.7 94.2 96.1 93.8 90.6 92.2 95.9 92.4 94.2
Don't know * * * * * (80.8) * * (77.7)

Total 97.1 93.9 95.7 92.7 90.1 91.6 94.2 91.4 93.0
Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases. An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25
unweighted cases and has been suppressed. Total includes persons in households with household head belonging to other religions,
who are not shown separately.

50
Table 15 Death registration by district

Among deaths of usual residents during the 3 years preceding the survey, percentage of deaths registered with civil authority
by district, according to residence and sex, Gujarat, 2019-20

Urban Rural Total

District Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total

Ahmadabad (93.9) (96.4) 95.1 * * * (95.5) (96.9) 96.1

Amreli * * * (96.6) (100.0) 98.5 (97.4) (100.0) 98.8
Anand * * (96.4) 86.0 (89.5) 87.5 88.6 90.6 89.5
Aravali * * * 90.2 (91.1) 90.6 90.0 (92.2) 90.8
Banas Kantha * * * 90.4 (69.2) 81.5 90.9 (69.9) 82.3
Bharuch * * * (82.1) (82.8) 82.4 86.5 (85.5) 86.1
Bhavnagar (84.2) * (83.6) (91.7) * 88.6 88.1 (82.7) 86.3
Botad * * (100.0) (90.8) (81.7) 86.7 95.0 (88.8) 92.4
Chhotaudepur * * * 83.8 (88.4) 85.4 85.0 91.0 87.3
Devbhumi Dwarka * * (91.9) (94.8) (93.1) 94.1 94.2 (92.3) 93.4
Dohad * * * (100.0) 84.4 91.1 (100.0) 84.5 91.3
Gandhinagar * * (100.0) 94.4 (97.3) 95.6 95.9 (97.9) 96.7
Gir Somnath * * * (84.9) * 85.8 (87.2) (88.5) 87.7
Jamnagar * * (96.5) * * (100.0) (100.0) (96.5) 98.4
Junagadh * * * (96.4) (95.9) 96.1 (93.2) (95.4) 94.3
Kachchh * * (97.3) (92.8) * (94.1) (95.1) (95.0) 95.1
Kheda * * * 84.0 94.2 88.9 87.7 94.9 90.9
Mahesena * * (96.9) (89.3) (91.8) 90.5 92.8 (92.1) 92.4
Mahisagar * * * 88.8 (89.5) 89.1 89.6 (90.8) 90.1
Morbi * * * * * (100.0) (100.0) * 100.0
Narmada * * * 100.0 (97.3) 99.0 98.3 (97.5) 98.0
Navsari * * (100.0) (97.9) (100.0) 98.9 98.4 100.0 99.1
Panch Mahals * * * 97.0 92.6 95.1 97.6 94.6 96.2
Patan * * * 88.8 (86.5) 88.1 90.2 (85.9) 88.8
Porbandar * * (94.1) * * (94.6) (95.9) * 94.4
Rajkot * * (96.6) * * * (100.0) (91.7) 96.1
Sabar Kantha * * * 94.8 * 92.9 95.4 (90.2) 93.8
Surat * * (94.1) * * * (100.0) * 94.7
Surendranagar * * (96.9) (92.5) (92.0) 92.2 (95.6) (91.8) 94.0
Tapi * * * 96.7 (93.2) 95.1 96.9 93.7 95.5
The Dangs * * * (100.0) * 96.4 (100.0) * 96.8
Vadodara (100.0) * 98.3 (96.4) (92.9) 94.9 98.1 (94.2) 96.5
Valsad * * * (100.0) (96.2) 98.4 (100.0) (95.5) 98.0

Gujarat 97.1 93.9 95.7 92.7 90.1 91.6 94.2 91.4 93.0
Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases. An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted
cases and has been suppressed.

51
Table 16 Disability

Percentage of de jure household population having disability by type of disability, according to residence, age, and sex, Gujarat,
2019-20

Type of disability
Hearing Speech Visual Mental Number of
Background characteristic Any disability disability disability disability Locomotor Other persons
FEMALE

Residence
Urban 0.7 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.1 26,188
Rural 0.8 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.1 38,299

Age
0-4 0.3 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 4,644
5-14 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.0 10,471
15-24 0.8 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.2 10,918
25-34 0.9 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.1 10,104
35-49 0.7 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.1 13,008
50-69 0.8 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.1 12,316
70 and over 1.1 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.0 0.5 0.0 3,026

Total 0.7 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.1 64,487

MALE

Residence
Urban 0.8 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.1 28,347
Rural 1.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.1 39,041

Age
0-4 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 4,855
5-14 0.8 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.1 11,583
15-24 0.8 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.3 0.1 12,393
25-34 1.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.4 0.0 10,534
35-49 1.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.6 0.2 13,624
50-69 1.0 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.4 0.1 11,771
70 and over 1.6 0.4 0.1 0.5 0.0 0.6 0.2 2,628

Total 0.9 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.1 67,388

TOTAL

Residence
Urban 0.8 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.1 54,536
Rural 0.9 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.1 77,339

Age
0-4 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 9,499
5-14 0.7 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.1 22,054
15-24 0.8 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.1 23,310
25-34 1.0 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.4 0.3 0.1 20,638
35-49 0.9 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.5 0.1 26,632
50-69 0.9 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.1 24,088
70 and over 1.3 0.3 0.1 0.4 0.0 0.5 0.1 5,654

Total 0.8 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.1 131,875

Note: Table is based on the responses of the respondent to the household questionnaire.

52
Table 17 Background characteristics of respondents

Percent distribution of women and men age 15-49 by selected background characteristics, Gujarat, 2019-20

Weighted percent Number of women Number of men

Background characteristic Women Men Weighted Unweighted Weighted Unweighted

Age
15-19 15.6 16.4 5,206 5,343 813 812
20-24 16.1 17.1 5,380 5,344 849 831
25-29 15.3 14.1 5,095 5,065 699 700
30-34 14.3 13.3 4,782 4,754 659 662
35-39 13.9 14.4 4,645 4,616 714 713
40-44 13.0 12.5 4,344 4,310 622 624
45-49 11.7 12.1 3,891 3,911 601 594

Residence
Urban 41.7 43.3 13,906 10,163 2,144 1,553
Rural 58.3 56.7 19,437 23,180 2,813 3,383

Schooling
No schooling 20.9 8.6 6,956 7,606 427 480
<5 years complete 7.1 5.7 2,377 2,478 281 306
5-9 years complete 38.3 40.1 12,755 12,947 1,990 2,072
10-11 years complete 12.4 17.6 4,146 3,944 874 776
12 or more years complete 21.3 27.9 7,109 6,368 1,386 1,302

Literacy
Literate1 73.4 87.3 24,489 23,879 4,330 4,215
Not literate 26.1 12.5 8,696 9,270 620 710
Not measured 0.5 0.2 158 194 8 11

Percentage exposed to various media

Reads a newspaper/magazine at least once a week 17.2 32.8 5,722 4,983 1,628 1,526
Watches television at least once a week 54.6 55.2 18,204 17,273 2,737 2,629
Listens to the radio at least once a week 3.9 3.2 1,295 1,115 157 151
Visits the cinema/theatre at least once a month 10.6 17.7 3,544 2,925 878 788
Not regularly exposed to any media 40.2 33.5 13,402 14,466 1,661 1,782

Marital status
Never married 22.4 34.7 7,460 7,496 1,718 1,677
Currently married 73.0 62.9 24,344 24,321 3,116 3,133
Married, gauna not performed 0.7 0.0 242 217 0 0
Widowed 2.6 0.6 880 905 29 39
Divorced/separated/deserted 1.3 1.9 418 404 93 87

Religion
Hindu 87.8 87.0 29,267 29,678 4,313 4,330
Muslim 11.2 11.8 3,741 3,325 584 542
Christian 0.5 0.5 154 209 26 46
Other 0.5 0.7 181 131 35 18

Continued…

53
Table 17 Background characteristics of respondents—Continued

Percent distribution of women and men age 15-49 by selected background characteristics, Gujarat, 2019-20

Weighted percent Number of women Number of men

Background characteristic Women Men Weighted Unweighted Weighted Unweighted

Caste/tribe
Scheduled caste 13.5 14.5 4,486 4,123 717 641
Scheduled tribe 16.5 14.9 5,487 7,342 737 1,027
Other backward class 45.8 47.0 15,255 15,289 2,328 2,415
Other 23.4 23.2 7,813 6,333 1,150 830
Don't know 0.9 0.5 302 256 25 23

Total age 15-49 100.0 100.0 33,343 33,343 4,957 4,936

Age 50-54 na 7.4 na na 394 415

Total age 15-54 na 100.0 na na 5,351 5,351

Employment status (past 12 months)

Employed at any time 38.5 85.4 1,934 2,097 4,235 4,230
In agricultural occupation 4.5 28.3 226 203 1,402 1,759
In non-agricultural occupation 32.8 50.2 1,648 1,830 2,489 2,162
Don't know 1.2 6.9 61 64 344 309
Not employed 61.5 14.6 3,095 2,953 723 706

Total age 15-49 100.0 100.0 5,029 5,050 4,957 4,936

Age 50-54 na 7.4 na na 394 415

Total age 15-54 na 100.0 na na 5,351 5,351

na = Not applicable
1
Refers to women/men who can read a whole sentence or part of a sentence and women/men who completed standard 9 or higher (who are assumed
to be literate)

54
Table 18 Fertility trends

Age-specific and total fertility rates and crude birth rates for the 3 years preceding the survey from NFHS-5,
NFHS-4 and NFHS-3, by residence, Gujarat

NFHS-5 NFHS-4 NFHS-3

Age Urban Rural Total Urban Rural Total Urban Rural Total

15-19 0.024 0.040 0.034 0.030 0.049 0.041 0.050 0.084 0.070
20-24 0.115 0.175 0.151 0.146 0.189 0.170 0.183 0.242 0.217
25-29 0.124 0.126 0.125 0.126 0.135 0.131 0.105 0.157 0.133
30-34 0.052 0.043 0.047 0.047 0.044 0.045 0.034 0.059 0.048
35-39 0.012 0.013 0.012 0.012 0.016 0.014 0.013 0.015 0.014
40-44 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.003 0.002 0.000 0.003 0.002
45-49 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000

TFR (15-49) 1.65 2.00 1.86 1.82 2.19 2.03 1.92 2.80 2.42
CBR 13.3 16.3 15.0 15.3 17.9 16.7 18.2 24.3 21.7
Note: Rates are for the period 1-36 months preceding the survey (approximately 2003-05 for NFHS-3, 2013-2015 for NFHS-
4, and 2017-2019 for NFHS-5). Age-specific fertility rates are expressed per woman.
TFR = Total fertility rate, expressed per woman
CBR = Crude birth rate, expressed per 1,000 population

55
Table 19 Fertility by background characteristics

Total fertility rate for the 3 years preceding the survey, percentage of women age 15-49
currently pregnant, mean number of children ever born to women age 40-49, and total wanted
fertility by background characteristics, Gujarat, 2019-20

Mean
Percentage number of
of women children ever
age 15-49 born to
Total currently women Total wanted
Background characteristic fertility rate pregnant age 40-49 fertility rate

Residence
Urban 1.65 3.0 2.6 1.39
Rural 2.00 3.8 3.0 1.60

Schooling
No schooling 2.83 2.4 3.3 2.17
<5 years complete 2.23 2.5 3.0 1.77
5-9 years complete 2.01 4.5 2.6 1.67
10-11 years complete 1.86 3.1 2.2 1.58
12 or more years complete 1.45 3.2 1.9 1.30

Religion
Hindu 1.83 3.4 2.8 1.51
Muslim 2.12 4.4 3.0 1.67
Christian 1.95 0.8 2.3 1.72
Other 1.98 1.0 (2.4) 1.52

Caste/tribe
Scheduled caste 1.71 3.4 2.9 1.45
Scheduled tribe 2.04 4.0 3.1 1.64
Other backward class 1.95 3.5 2.8 1.59
Other 1.60 3.1 2.5 1.31
Don't know 2.31 4.9 2.9 1.87

Total 1.86 3.5 2.8 1.53

Note: Total fertility rates are for the period 1-36 months preceding the interview. Figures in parentheses
are based on 25-49 unweighted cases for the mean number of children ever born.

56
Table 20 Teenage pregnancy and motherhood

Percentage of women age 15-19 who have had a live birth or who are pregnant with their first child, and
percentage who have begun childbearing, by background characteristics, Gujarat, 2019-20
Percentage
Percentage of women age of women
15-19 who: age 15-19
who have
Have had a Are pregnant begun Number of
Background characteristic live birth with first child childbearing women

Age
15-17 1.8 1.5 3.3 3,055
15 0.1 0.1 0.3 1,072
16 0.4 0.2 0.6 1,005
17 1.3 1.2 2.4 978
18 4.9 4.6 9.5 1,071
19 8.7 3.9 12.7 1,081

Residence
Urban 1.6 1.0 2.6 1,869
Rural 4.0 2.6 6.7 3,337

Schooling
No schooling 13.2 5.6 18.8 204
<5 years complete 7.9 7.2 15.1 125
5-9 years complete 3.9 2.5 6.4 2,625
10-11 years complete 1.8 1.0 2.8 1,298
12 or more years complete 0.2 0.8 1.0 954

Marital status
Never married 0.0 0.1 0.1 4,576
Currently married 26.2 17.0 43.2 616

Religion
Hindu 3.2 2.2 5.4 4,523
Muslim 2.6 1.4 4.0 632
Christian (6.1) (0.0) (6.1) 28

Caste/tribe
Scheduled caste 2.7 1.5 4.2 747
Scheduled tribe 4.8 4.2 9.0 941
Other backward class 3.3 1.4 4.7 2,451
Other 1.5 2.1 3.6 1,014
Don't know (7.3) (2.2) (9.5) 53

Total 3.2 2.1 5.2 5,206

Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases. Total includes
widowed/divorced/separated/deserted women and, women belongings to other religions, who are not shown
separately.

57
Table 21 Birth order

Percent distribution of births to all women during the 3 years preceding the survey by birth
order, according to background characteristics, Gujarat, 2019-20, and percent distribution of
births to women by birth order, NFHS-4

Birth order
4 or Number
Background characteristic 1 2 3 more Total of births

Mother's current age

15-19 92.5 7.5 0.0 0.0 100.0 171
20-29 47.6 34.8 13.4 4.2 100.0 4,198
30-39 21.2 33.5 22.3 23.1 100.0 1,311
40-49 13.3 22.0 16.4 48.3 100.0 49

Residence
Urban 46.6 36.0 12.6 4.8 100.0 2,118
Rural 40.2 32.1 16.6 11.1 100.0 3,612

Mother's schooling
No schooling 26.6 29.2 20.0 24.1 100.0 1,051
<5 years complete 29.1 33.1 24.8 12.9 100.0 384
5-9 years complete 41.3 35.2 17.0 6.4 100.0 2,535
10-11 years complete 52.2 34.0 9.7 4.1 100.0 659
12 or more years complete 59.6 33.8 5.7 0.8 100.0 1,099

Religion
Hindu 43.0 33.7 14.2 9.1 100.0 4,914
Muslim 39.9 32.2 20.4 7.5 100.0 757
Christian (52.6) (31.0) (13.0) (3.4) 100.0 26

Caste/tribe
Scheduled caste 45.4 31.4 15.9 7.3 100.0 720
Scheduled tribe 38.7 30.9 17.6 12.8 100.0 1,048
Other backward class 41.8 34.4 14.9 8.9 100.0 2,789
Other 46.0 36.1 12.1 5.9 100.0 1,101
Don't know 47.7 25.6 23.9 2.8 100.0 71

Total 42.6 33.6 15.1 8.8 100.0 5,730

NFHS-4 (2015-16) 41.3 33.8 14.0 10.5 100.0 4,345

Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases. Total includes women belonging to
other religions, who are not shown separately.

58
Table 22 Birth intervals

Percent distribution of births during the 5 years preceding the survey by interval since the preceding birth, and median number of
months since the preceding birth, according to background characteristics, Gujarat, 2019-20

Months since preceding birth

Median
number of
Number of months
non-first since
60 or order preceding
Background characteristic 7-17 18-23 24-35 36-47 48-59 more Total births birth

Mother's current age

20-29 11.7 19.2 33.2 19.4 9.5 7.0 100.0 3,388 29.6
30-39 5.7 10.8 24.3 17.2 14.5 27.5 100.0 2,157 41.9
40-49 3.4 8.5 22.4 11.8 15.8 38.2 100.0 134 52.5

Residence
Urban 6.8 13.0 22.9 19.5 14.9 23.0 100.0 1,955 40.4
Rural 10.7 17.2 33.0 17.8 9.7 11.6 100.0 3,737 30.8

Mother's schooling
No schooling 12.3 20.1 31.3 17.1 9.3 10.0 100.0 1,434 29.2
<5 years complete 10.4 15.5 30.5 18.4 11.4 13.8 100.0 533 31.9
5-9 years complete 9.0 15.8 30.2 19.5 11.0 14.5 100.0 2,462 33.3
10-11 years complete 7.5 12.6 28.8 20.0 12.3 18.9 100.0 529 36.6
12 or more years
complete 5.2 9.8 23.7 16.3 16.7 28.2 100.0 735 44.3

Religion
Hindu 9.5 15.7 30.2 18.1 11.2 15.3 100.0 4,839 33.1
Muslim 8.4 17.3 25.8 18.8 13.4 16.3 100.0 805 34.6
Christian (4.9) (6.8) (31.4) (27.9) (8.0) (21.0) 100.0 19 (41.9)

Caste/tribe
Scheduled caste 9.3 15.4 27.6 18.8 11.4 17.5 100.0 687 34.8
Scheduled tribe 11.2 19.3 34.5 17.4 8.2 9.4 100.0 1,125 29.3
Other backward class 9.0 17.0 29.1 18.5 11.6 14.8 100.0 2,698 33.2
Other 7.8 10.0 26.2 18.8 14.9 22.3 100.0 1,112 40.4
Don't know 16.8 10.0 36.4 19.0 7.7 10.1 100.0 71 32.2

Birth order
2-3 9.1 15.1 28.7 18.7 11.7 16.7 100.0 4,730 34.3
4-6 10.5 19.2 33.0 17.4 10.3 9.7 100.0 902 29.8
7 or more 9.6 22.0 41.1 8.8 15.3 3.2 100.0 60 27.1

Sex of preceding birth

Male 8.8 13.9 29.4 19.1 12.2 16.5 100.0 2,419 34.7
Female 9.7 17.2 29.6 17.9 11.0 14.7 100.0 3,274 32.6

Survival of preceding birth

Living 8.5 15.5 29.7 18.6 11.7 15.9 100.0 5,390 33.8
Dead 23.2 21.4 26.0 14.4 7.8 7.3 100.0 303 25.6

Total 9.3 15.8 29.5 18.4 11.5 15.5 100.0 5,692 33.4
Note: The interval for multiple births is the number of months since the preceding pregnancy that ended in a live birth. Figures in parentheses are
based on 25-49 unweighted cases. Total includes information on births to women age 15-19 and, women belonging to other religions, who are
not shown separately.

59
Table 23 Fertility preferences by number of living children

Percent distribution of currently married women and currently married men age 15-49 by desire for children, according
to number of living children, Gujarat, 2019-20

Number of living children1

6 or Total Total
Desire for children 0 1 2 3 4 5 more 15-49 15-54
WOMEN

Want another soon2 50.9 16.8 3.5 2.2 2.9 1.4 0.7 10.0 na
Want another later3 22.2 33.6 3.9 1.7 1.3 1.3 0.2 10.9 na
Want another, undecided when 2.6 1.5 0.6 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.8 na
Undecided 7.7 7.0 2.2 1.4 1.4 0.8 1.0 3.4 na
Want no more 7.0 30.8 43.7 32.9 28.2 30.4 44.3 34.1 na
Sterilized4 0.4 6.3 42.0 56.9 60.3 60.9 49.6 36.1 na
Declared infecund 8.5 2.7 1.3 1.5 1.3 0.7 1.1 2.2 na
Missing 0.7 1.4 2.8 3.2 4.4 4.4 3.2 2.6 na

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 na

Number 2,106 5,070 9,322 4,823 1,915 728 380 24,344 na

MEN

Want another soon2 41.1 20.5 4.9 3.7 3.8 0.7 (4.6) 12.6 11.6
Want another later3 16.3 35.3 6.2 3.9 2.8 3.1 (3.3) 12.9 11.6
Want another, undecided when 3.3 4.3 0.8 0.4 0.0 0.0 (0.0) 1.7 1.6
Undecided 1.7 3.7 2.0 0.4 1.4 0.8 (0.0) 1.9 1.8
Want no more 34.6 35.6 83.1 87.9 88.2 93.9 (87.4) 68.2 70.4
Sterilized4 0.2 0.4 2.7 3.4 2.4 1.6 (4.4) 2.0 2.4
Declared infecund 2.9 0.2 0.1 0.3 1.4 0.0 (0.0) 0.6 0.6
Missing 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.0 (0.3) 0.1 0.1

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Number 411 665 1,097 586 211 99 47 3,116 3,480

Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases.

na = Not applicable
1
Includes current pregnancy of woman/wife
2
Want next birth within 2 years
3
Want to delay next birth for 2 or more years
4
For Women: Includes both female and male sterilization and women who have had a hysterectomy
For Men: Includes male sterilization and men who mention in response to the question about desire for children that their wife has
been sterilized

60
Table 24 Desire not to have any more children

Percentage of currently married women and men age 15-49 who want no more children by number of living children, according
to background characteristics, Gujarat, 2019-20, and by number of living children, NFHS-4

Women: Number of living children1 Men: Number of living children1

4 or 4 or
Background characteristic 0 1 2 3 more Total 0 1 2 3 more Total

Age
15-24 4.6 13.9 64.6 75.7 * 25.0 14.7 6.4 57.4 * * 19.7
25-34 4.7 29.8 81.9 86.1 82.7 64.3 32.1 26.3 76.8 81.2 74.2 55.0
35-49 22.1 77.0 92.2 92.5 92.2 88.6 52.7 68.3 92.2 95.1 96.7 87.5

Residence
Urban 6.1 41.7 87.6 92.7 91.2 70.3 35.2 42.3 85.3 93.6 98.6 69.7
Rural 8.5 32.5 84.1 88.3 89.3 70.0 34.4 30.0 86.2 90.1 89.8 70.6

Schooling
No schooling 13.0 44.4 83.1 90.2 91.8 80.9 (45.7) (41.6) 89.5 93.6 96.8 83.3
<5 years complete 12.3 41.0 85.5 90.6 87.8 79.1 (46.1) * 86.1 94.5 (95.7) 82.5
5-9 years complete 7.2 29.5 85.1 88.4 86.3 66.6 39.1 31.9 86.1 90.4 89.3 72.4
10-11 years complete 6.4 32.8 87.2 91.9 89.4 65.4 28.2 35.1 83.3 93.7 (95.2) 66.3
12 or more years
complete 5.1 44.8 88.6 92.4 (92.8) 60.6 28.8 38.7 85.9 87.4 (75.1) 59.6

Religion
Hindu 7.6 38.5 86.4 90.3 90.0 70.6 34.2 37.3 86.7 91.4 91.0 70.4
Muslim 6.2 22.2 77.4 86.0 89.2 65.5 (36.6) 27.4 76.4 91.0 97.6 68.8
Christian * * 96.7 (100.0) * 73.1 * * * * * (64.0)
Other * * (98.4) * * 81.7 * * * * * *

Caste/tribe
Scheduled caste 5.7 29.6 84.5 88.4 87.6 66.8 38.9 23.7 85.8 93.2 (90.4) 67.5
Scheduled tribe 4.7 26.7 84.7 91.2 90.5 70.2 29.8 24.3 83.3 90.8 90.9 68.2
Other backward class 8.1 35.9 85.4 90.2 90.4 70.3 38.8 37.8 85.0 90.3 92.3 71.5
Other 8.7 48.2 87.5 88.9 89.5 72.0 25.6 45.0 88.0 92.9 (95.5) 69.9
Don't know * 15.4 72.7 (80.8) (89.1) 55.9 * * * * * *

Number of living sons2

0 7.5 22.2 54.9 56.6 55.2 26.6 34.8 23.2 55.5 35.6 (47.5) 35.1
1 na 48.8 89.5 90.8 89.7 79.2 na 46.9 89.7 94.2 90.8 79.0
2 na na 91.2 93.6 94.6 92.6 na na 94.5 96.9 99.0 96.3
3 na na na 94.7 91.9 93.5 na na na 96.4 97.1 96.7
4 or more na na na na na 93.8 na na na na na (89.4)

Total 7.5 37.0 85.7 89.8 89.9 70.1 34.8 36.0 85.8 91.3 92.1 70.2

NFHS-4 (2015-16) 8.6 35.8 85.0 88.4 89.0 69.4 19.4 33.3 90.0 94.0 95.9 72.2

Note: Women who have been sterilized or whose husband has been sterilized are considered to want no more children. Men who are sterilized
or who mention in response to the question about desire for children that their wife has been sterilized are considered to want no more children.
Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases. An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and
has been suppressed.
na = Not applicable
1
Includes current pregnancy of woman/wife
2
Excludes pregnant women and men with pregnant wives

61
Table 25 Ideal number of children

Percent distribution of women and men age 15-49 by ideal number of children, and mean ideal number of children, by number of living
children, Gujarat, 2019-20, and percent distribution women and men age 15-49 by ideal number of children, NFHS-4

Number of living children1

NFHS-4
Ideal number of children 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 or more Total (2015-16)
WOMEN
0 15.2 3.9 4.1 5.2 5.2 6.1 7.7 7.8 11.8
1 15.9 25.0 3.0 1.6 1.1 0.7 0.8 10.0 10.4
2 62.1 66.7 84.7 47.1 38.5 29.2 17.4 64.4 62.9
3 3.6 3.4 6.8 40.6 25.7 31.3 28.9 12.4 9.8
4 0.3 0.5 0.9 4.1 25.8 18.6 29.3 3.4 3.4
5 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.4 1.6 9.4 2.1 0.5 0.4
6 or more 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.5 1.2 9.8 0.2 0.1
Non-numeric responses 2.7 0.3 0.4 0.8 1.6 3.6 4.1 1.3 1.3

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Number 10,058 5,276 9,740 5,111 2,006 758 395 33,343 22,932

Mean ideal number of children for2:

All respondents 1.6 1.7 2.0 2.4 2.7 2.9 3.2 2.0 1.8
Number of all respondents 9,789 5,260 9,705 5,068 1,975 731 379 32,907 22,643

Currently married respondents 1.8 1.7 2.0 2.4 2.7 2.9 3.3 2.1 1.9
Number of currently married
respondents 2,092 5,055 9,289 4,781 1,883 701 364 24,164 16,933

MEN
0 4.8 2.6 2.9 2.8 3.6 1.7 6.1 3.7 1.5
1 8.6 20.9 3.2 2.7 1.4 2.4 0.0 7.9 8.6
2 73.0 69.3 83.3 52.2 37.3 20.3 35.8 69.3 72.0
3 8.2 5.5 7.5 35.8 20.9 40.5 14.2 12.2 13.1
4 2.2 1.2 2.1 3.5 31.0 21.6 26.7 4.1 3.4
5 0.8 0.5 0.7 1.0 2.0 9.7 8.4 1.1 0.4
6 or more 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.7 2.9 8.7 0.3 0.1
Non-numeric responses 2.3 0.0 0.1 1.7 3.0 1.0 0.0 1.4 1.0

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Number 2,195 697 1,111 591 213 99 50 4,957 5,567

Mean ideal number of children for2:

All respondents 2.0 1.8 2.1 2.4 2.9 3.2 3.2 2.1 2.1
Number of all respondents 2,145 697 1,110 581 207 98 50 4,888 5,513

Currently married respondents 2.0 1.8 2.1 2.4 2.9 3.2 3.2 2.2 2.2
Number of currently married
respondents 479 694 1,109 580 207 98 50 3,218 3,489
1
Includes current pregnancy for women or wife's current pregnancy for men
2
Means are calculated excluding respondents who gave non-numeric responses

62
Table 26 Indicators of sex preference

Percentage women and men age 15-49 who want more sons than daughters, percentage who want more daughters than sons, percentage who want at
least one son, and percentage who want at least one daughter, according to background characteristics, Gujarat, 2019-20, and total for NFHS-4

Women Men
Percentage Percentage Percentage Percentage
who want who want Percentage Percentage who want who want Percentage Percentage
more sons more who want who want Number more sons more who want who want
than daughters at least one at least one of than daughters at least one at least one Number
Background characteristic daughters than sons son daughter women daughters than sons son daughter of men

Age
15-19 6.7 2.4 61.9 59.4 5,025 10.9 1.9 77.5 74.0 784
20-29 11.2 3.7 73.6 69.4 10,345 15.9 2.6 77.6 71.7 1,532
30-39 17.9 5.2 77.3 70.7 9,348 17.8 6.2 81.1 74.7 1,360
40-49 20.0 4.5 78.5 72.8 8,135 20.2 5.0 80.7 74.0 1,208

Residence
Urban 11.9 4.1 70.0 66.0 13,681 15.5 4.2 73.7 68.2 2,118
Rural 16.5 4.1 77.0 71.3 19,172 17.6 4.0 83.6 77.5 2,765

Schooling
No schooling 25.4 5.1 82.2 76.4 6,871 25.0 5.8 86.4 81.1 416
<5 years complete 17.8 5.7 80.1 75.1 2,334 27.7 7.3 84.9 75.8 278
5-9 years complete 13.0 3.9 76.3 71.2 12,570 17.9 4.0 81.5 75.5 1,958
10-11 years complete 9.4 3.4 69.2 64.6 4,088 15.5 4.0 76.7 71.4 860
12 or more years complete 8.7 3.5 63.1 58.6 6,990 11.0 3.0 74.6 69.1 1,371

Marital status
Never married 6.3 2.5 58.8 56.6 7,432 12.5 1.6 74.2 69.5 1,667
Currently married 17.0 4.7 78.9 73.1 24,132 18.9 5.3 82.3 75.9 3,094
Widowed/divorced/separated
/deserted 16.3 2.8 72.2 66.5 1,289 18.8 5.4 74.5 66.1 122

Religion
Hindu 14.7 4.1 74.7 69.4 28,914 16.4 3.9 79.2 73.1 4,247
Muslim 13.9 4.2 70.7 67.5 3,605 19.3 5.5 80.4 76.4 577
Christian 6.1 6.2 59.7 59.1 153 (5.6) (4.2) (70.6) (72.3) 25
Other 9.9 3.2 61.3 57.8 181 * * * * 35

Caste/tribe
Scheduled caste 13.9 4.4 76.2 72.2 4,428 18.1 5.5 78.5 72.1 699
Scheduled tribe 16.3 3.4 77.5 73.9 5,439 16.2 3.5 82.7 79.7 729
Other backward class 15.5 4.5 75.1 69.2 15,025 18.0 3.9 80.7 73.7 2,301
Other 11.9 3.7 68.8 63.9 7,663 13.2 3.8 74.6 69.6 1,131
Don't know 16.0 3.6 67.3 61.6 298 * * * * 23

Total 14.6 4.1 74.1 69.1 32,853 16.7 4.1 79.3 73.5 4,883

NFHS-4 (2015-16) 12.2 2.6 65.2 61.5 22,632 15.0 2.3 77.5 72.0 5,510
Note: Table excludes women and men who gave non-numeric responses to the questions on ideal number of children or ideal number of sons or daughters. Figures in
parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases. An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.

63
Table 27 Knowledge of contraceptive methods
Percentage of all women and men, currently married women and men, and never married women and men who know any contraceptive
method by specific method and residence, Gujarat, 2019-20

Women Men
Currently Never married Currently Never married
Method All women married women women All men married men men
URBAN
Any method 98.9 99.8 96.2 99.6 99.8 99.2

Any modern method 98.9 99.7 96.2 99.4 99.6 99.2

Female sterilization 96.7 98.7 90.6 94.2 96.2 90.7
Male sterilization 76.0 81.7 58.9 92.0 94.2 88.0
Pill 93.1 96.7 81.9 89.7 92.1 85.4
IUD or PPIUD 91.6 96.2 77.2 71.0 76.3 62.1
Injectables 73.9 78.9 58.9 63.9 67.4 58.2
Condom/Nirodh 93.3 95.9 85.5 97.7 97.6 97.6
Female condom 38.7 41.0 32.2 58.1 62.3 49.8
Emergency contraception 59.2 64.4 43.9 55.6 61.1 45.7
Diaphragm 10.7 11.0 10.2 19.0 20.8 15.6
Foam or jelly 9.2 9.5 8.3 14.2 15.5 12.2
Standard days method 20.5 22.3 15.1 19.8 24.2 12.3
Lactational amenorrhoea method
(LAM) 38.1 42.1 24.7 16.7 19.6 11.6
Other modern method 0.5 0.6 0.1 1.0 1.2 0.8

Pill, IUD/PPIUD, and condom1 86.8 92.6 69.0 67.2 73.2 57.0

Any traditional method 84.4 93.7 55.0 86.8 93.7 74.7

Rhythm 78.0 87.1 49.1 76.5 86.6 59.1
Withdrawal 72.3 82.8 39.7 79.0 87.1 65.0
Other 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.6 0.4 0.9

Mean number of methods known

by respondents age 15-49 8.5 9.1 6.8 8.5 9.0 7.6
Number of respondents age 15-49 13,906 10,110 3,310 2,144 1,326 771

Continued…

64
Table 27 Knowledge of contraceptive methods—continued

Percentage of all women and men, currently married women and men, and never married women and men who know any contraceptive
method by specific method and residence, Gujarat, 2019-20

Women Men
Currently Never married Currently Never married
Method All women married women women All men married men men
RURAL

Any method 97.1 98.8 91.3 98.0 98.9 96.2

Any modern method 96.9 98.6 91.1 97.8 98.8 95.7

Female sterilization 93.7 96.3 85.2 89.3 94.1 79.9
Male sterilization 64.1 68.6 49.1 80.2 84.0 73.0
Pill 85.3 88.8 73.5 78.5 81.4 72.9
IUD or PPIUD 82.8 88.1 65.5 55.0 59.3 46.1
Injectables 59.4 63.3 47.7 47.0 49.7 42.2
Condom/Nirodh 80.8 84.1 70.9 94.8 95.5 93.7
Female condom 25.4 27.0 21.3 41.2 43.7 36.4
Emergency contraception 44.9 48.7 33.3 42.4 45.9 36.3
Diaphragm 6.9 7.4 5.2 10.3 11.0 9.4
Foam or jelly 5.2 5.6 4.1 7.0 7.7 6.0
Standard days method 19.0 21.0 12.3 18.7 21.2 14.2
Lactational amenorrhea method
(LAM) 29.4 32.8 17.9 15.9 18.3 11.4
Other modern method 0.8 0.9 0.3 1.9 2.3 1.3

Pill, IUD/PPIUD, and condom1 71.4 76.7 54.6 50.7 54.8 42.4

Any traditional method 76.2 84.9 46.7 80.8 85.4 71.5

Rhythm 67.4 75.1 41.3 65.9 73.3 52.4
Withdrawal 62.9 72.6 30.8 72.0 76.9 62.1
Other 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.9 0.6 1.6

Mean number of methods known

by respondents age 15-49 7.3 7.8 5.6 7.2 7.7 6.4
Number of respondents age 15-49 19,437 14,234 4,392 2,813 1,790 947

Continued…

65
Table 27 Knowledge of contraceptive methods—continued

Percentage of all women and men, currently married women and men, and never married women and men who know any contraceptive
method by specific method and residence, Gujarat, 2019-20

Women Men
Currently Never married Currently Never married
Method All women married women women All men married men men
TOTAL

Any method 97.9 99.2 93.4 98.7 99.3 97.5

Any modern method 97.7 99.1 93.3 98.5 99.1 97.3

Female sterilization 95.0 97.3 87.5 91.4 95.0 84.7
Male sterilization 69.1 74.0 53.3 85.3 88.3 79.7
Pill 88.5 92.1 77.1 83.4 86.0 78.5
IUD or PPIUD 86.5 91.5 70.5 61.9 66.6 53.3
Injectables 65.4 69.8 52.5 54.3 57.3 49.4
Condom/Nirodh 86.0 89.0 77.1 96.0 96.4 95.5
Female condom 31.0 32.8 26.0 48.5 51.6 42.4
Emergency contraception 50.9 55.2 37.9 48.1 52.3 40.5
Diaphragm 8.5 8.9 7.3 14.0 15.2 12.2
Foam or jelly 6.9 7.2 5.9 10.1 11.0 8.8
Standard days method 19.6 21.5 13.5 19.2 22.5 13.3
Lactational amenorrhea method
(LAM) 33.0 36.6 20.9 16.3 18.9 11.5
Other modern method 0.7 0.8 0.2 1.5 1.8 1.1

Pill, IUD/PPIUD, and condom1 77.8 83.3 60.8 57.8 62.6 48.9

Any traditional method 79.6 88.6 50.3 83.4 88.9 73.0

Rhythm 71.8 80.1 44.6 70.5 79.0 55.4
Withdrawal 66.8 76.8 34.6 75.0 81.2 63.4
Other 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.8 0.5 1.3

Mean number of methods known

by respondents age 15-49 7.8 8.3 6.1 7.8 8.2 6.9
Number of respondents age 15-49 33,343 24,344 7,702 4,957 3,116 1,718

IUD= Intrauterine device; PPIUD= Postpartum intrauterine

1
All three methods

66
Table 28 Current use of contraception by background characteristics

Percent distribution of currently married women by contraceptive method currently used, according to background characteristics, Gujarat, 2019-20, and total for NFHS-4

Modern method Traditional method

Emer-
Any Female Male gency Other Any Not
Any modern sterili- sterili- IUD or Condom/ Female contra- modern traditional With- currently Number
Background characteristic method method zation zation Pill PPIUD Injectables Nirodh condom ception LAM method method Rhythm drawal using Total of women

Age
15-19 30.1 17.3 0.0 0.0 3.8 0.8 0.0 11.6 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.0 12.9 9.3 3.6 69.9 100.0 616
20-24 43.7 29.9 5.5 0.0 3.0 3.1 0.2 16.6 0.0 0.0 1.5 0.0 13.8 10.1 3.7 56.3 100.0 3,040
25-29 56.8 42.4 18.1 0.1 2.8 3.6 0.3 16.6 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.0 14.5 11.1 3.4 43.2 100.0 4,386
30-39 72.3 60.6 40.0 0.1 2.8 4.2 0.2 13.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 11.6 8.9 2.7 27.7 100.0 8,885
40-49 73.6 64.4 57.0 0.3 1.1 1.8 0.0 4.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 9.2 7.5 1.7 26.4 100.0 7,417

Residence
Urban 69.5 54.0 29.1 0.1 3.1 4.2 0.1 16.8 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 15.5 12.3 3.2 30.5 100.0 10,110
Rural 62.2 53.3 40.8 0.2 1.8 2.4 0.1 7.5 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.1 9.0 6.7 2.3 37.8 100.0 14,234

Schooling
No schooling 69.2 60.4 53.6 0.2 1.7 1.3 0.1 3.1 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 8.9 7.0 1.9 30.8 100.0 6,224
<5 years complete 67.6 58.4 46.9 0.2 2.7 2.3 0.0 6.1 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1 9.2 7.2 2.0 32.4 100.0 2,052
5-9 years complete 61.4 49.3 32.2 0.1 2.3 3.1 0.1 11.1 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 12.1 9.2 2.9 38.6 100.0 9,211
10-11 years complete 65.8 52.2 28.1 0.1 3.1 4.6 0.3 15.4 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 13.6 10.2 3.4 34.2 100.0 2,532
12 or more years complete 66.2 51.2 17.8 0.2 2.8 5.3 0.2 24.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.1 15.0 11.6 3.4 33.8 100.0 4,325

Religion
Hindu 65.7 53.9 37.3 0.1 2.0 3.0 0.1 10.8 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 11.8 9.2 2.7 34.3 100.0 21,460
Muslim 60.9 49.9 25.0 0.0 4.5 4.3 0.2 15.2 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.1 11.0 8.1 3.0 39.1 100.0 2,647
Christian 78.6 71.5 39.0 6.6 0.8 1.3 0.1 23.6 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 7.1 7.1 0.0 21.4 100.0 108
Other 68.2 60.2 22.3 2.2 5.5 2.4 0.0 24.8 0.0 0.0 2.9 0.0 8.0 4.6 3.3 31.8 100.0 129

Caste/tribe
Scheduled caste 60.8 49.9 33.0 0.0 2.8 2.5 0.1 11.3 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 10.9 8.4 2.5 39.2 100.0 3,130
Scheduled tribe 71.6 61.1 49.6 0.7 1.4 1.2 0.2 6.7 0.0 0.0 1.3 0.0 10.5 8.5 2.0 28.4 100.0 3,960
Other backward class 64.8 53.3 35.4 0.0 2.4 3.5 0.2 11.2 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.1 11.5 8.5 3.0 35.2 100.0 11,238
Other 65.5 51.8 29.6 0.1 2.6 4.0 0.1 15.2 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 13.7 10.9 2.8 34.5 100.0 5,781
Don't know 35.9 32.8 25.4 0.0 2.2 0.7 0.0 4.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.1 2.1 1.0 64.1 100.0 234

Continued…

67
Table 28 Current use of contraception by background characteristics—Continued

Percent distribution of currently married women by contraceptive method currently used, according to background characteristics, Gujarat, 2019-20, and total for NFHS-4

Modern method Traditional method

Emer-
Any Female Male gency Other Any Not
Any modern sterili- sterili- IUD or Condom/ Female contra- modern traditional With- currently Number
Background characteristic method method zation zation Pill PPIUD Injectables Nirodh condom ception LAM method method Rhythm drawal using Total of women

Number of living children

No children 26.3 17.1 0.4 0.0 1.4 0.2 0.0 15.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 9.2 6.8 2.4 73.7 100.0 2,617
1 child 53.8 36.4 6.4 0.0 3.3 4.5 0.2 21.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.1 17.3 13.0 4.4 46.2 100.0 4,947
1 son 57.3 40.3 8.3 0.0 3.3 5.7 0.3 22.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.1 16.9 12.3 4.6 42.7 100.0 3,006
No sons 48.4 30.4 3.6 0.0 3.2 2.7 0.1 19.5 0.0 0.0 1.2 0.0 18.0 14.0 4.0 51.6 100.0 1,942
2 children 73.5 61.2 42.8 0.3 2.3 4.1 0.2 10.9 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 12.4 9.5 2.9 26.5 100.0 9,093
1 or more sons 75.3 63.9 46.2 0.3 2.1 4.1 0.2 10.4 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 11.4 8.8 2.6 24.7 100.0 8,040
No sons 59.9 40.5 16.6 0.5 3.9 3.5 0.3 14.6 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.1 19.4 14.6 4.8 40.1 100.0 1,053
3 children 76.3 68.7 58.1 0.1 2.2 2.2 0.1 5.7 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 7.7 6.3 1.4 23.7 100.0 4,718
1 or more sons 78.3 70.7 60.8 0.1 2.0 2.2 0.1 5.3 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1 7.6 6.2 1.4 21.7 100.0 4,410
No sons 48.0 39.2 19.2 0.2 4.3 1.9 0.0 11.8 0.0 0.0 1.8 0.0 8.7 7.0 1.8 52.0 100.0 309
4 or more children 75.8 66.9 60.0 0.2 1.8 2.0 0.1 2.4 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 8.9 7.3 1.6 24.2 100.0 2,968
1 or more sons 77.2 69.4 62.5 0.2 1.8 2.0 0.1 2.4 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 7.8 6.3 1.5 22.8 100.0 2,792
No sons 53.5 28.2 20.9 0.3 1.7 1.5 0.0 2.2 0.0 0.0 1.7 0.0 25.3 22.8 2.5 46.5 100.0 175

Total 65.3 53.6 35.9 0.2 2.3 3.1 0.1 11.4 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 11.7 9.0 2.7 34.7 100.0 24,344

NFHS-4 (2015-16) 46.9 43.1 33.6 0.1 1.4 3.0 0.0 4.9 0.0 na 0.0 0.0 3.8 2.5 1.3 53.1 100.0 17,030

Note: If more than one method is used, only the most effective method is considered in this table.
IUD = Intrauterine device; PPIUD = Postpartum intrauterine device; LAM = Lactational amenorrhoea method
na = not available

68
Table 29 Current use of contraceptive methods by district

Percentage of currently married women age 15-49 years using any contraceptive method, any modern method, female sterilization, male
sterilization, any modern spacing method, and any traditional method, according to district, Gujarat, 2019-20

Any modern
Any modern Female Male spacing Any traditional Number of
District Any method method sterilization sterilization method1 method2 women

Ahmadabad 79.0 58.2 30.8 0.0 27.4 20.8 2,696

Amreli 62.2 51.9 40.5 0.2 11.3 10.3 549
Anand 53.7 49.2 37.6 0.0 11.6 4.5 873
Aravali 68.6 56.3 43.5 0.1 12.7 12.3 470
Banas Kantha 42.6 37.5 29.1 0.0 8.4 5.1 1,209
Bharuch 36.2 35.7 29.6 0.0 6.1 0.5 634
Bhavnagar 45.7 40.5 29.7 0.1 10.7 5.2 830
Botad 49.3 44.6 31.8 0.0 12.8 4.6 279
Chhotaudepur 77.5 67.3 57.4 0.0 9.9 10.2 395
Devbhumi Dwarka 47.7 41.1 19.1 0.0 22.0 6.6 312
Dohad 70.8 55.6 42.9 0.0 12.7 15.2 878
Gandhinagar 49.3 43.6 25.5 0.0 18.1 5.7 680
Gir Somnath 57.8 51.1 39.9 0.0 11.2 6.7 434
Jamnagar 85.2 66.5 31.9 0.0 34.6 18.7 516
Junagadh 48.0 42.3 25.9 0.1 16.3 5.7 585
Kachchh 76.5 62.5 34.4 0.0 28.0 14.0 799
Kheda 29.8 28.7 21.4 0.0 7.2 1.1 926
Mahesena 46.3 41.8 26.2 0.0 15.6 4.5 910
Mahisagar 73.3 59.1 44.5 0.0 14.6 14.2 426
Morbi 73.3 58.7 26.7 0.2 31.8 14.6 393
Narmada 80.2 67.0 56.3 0.0 10.7 13.2 250
Navsari 78.2 65.1 52.1 0.8 12.2 13.1 542
Panch Mahals 71.4 52.6 40.7 0.0 11.9 18.8 781
Patan 65.6 52.9 35.4 0.0 17.5 12.8 530
Porbandar 75.5 68.5 34.5 0.0 34.1 6.9 239
Rajkot 78.8 53.5 26.5 0.1 26.9 25.3 1,121
Sabar Kantha 66.4 55.5 37.3 0.0 18.2 10.9 597
Surat 78.7 65.6 45.2 0.2 20.1 13.2 2,561
Surendranagar 76.0 65.7 47.3 0.1 18.3 10.3 594
Tapi 83.1 74.4 60.8 4.4 9.2 8.7 337
The Dangs 79.8 69.0 55.7 5.3 8.1 10.8 90
Vadodara 58.5 49.1 32.5 0.0 16.5 9.4 1,084
Valsad 76.1 61.9 45.4 0.0 16.4 14.2 826

Gujarat 65.3 53.6 35.9 0.2 17.5 11.7 24,344

1
Includes pill, IUD/PPIUD, injectables, male condom, female condom, emergency contraception, lactational amenorrhoea method (LAM), and other modern
methods
2
Includes rhythm, withdrawal, and other traditional methods

69
Table 30 Contraceptive use by men at last sexual intercourse

Percent distribution of currently married men and sexually active unmarried men age 15-49 by contraceptive used the last time they had sex, according to type of partner and
background characteristics, Gujarat, 2019-20

Modern method Traditional method

Any Other Any Not
Background Any modern Female Male IUD or Condo/ modern traditional used at Number
characteristic method method sterilization sterilization Pill PPIUD Nirodh method method Rhythm Withdrawal Other last sex Total of men

Type of sexual partner

Currently married 40.5 29.1 0.0 0.0 18.8 1.6 6.4 2.1 11.5 0.1 9.0 2.3 59.5 100.0 3,116
Wife 42.2 30.4 0.0 0.0 19.6 1.6 6.8 2.2 11.8 0.2 9.4 2.3 57.8 100.0 2,932
Other 1 12.8 5.9 0.0 0.0 4.3 0.8 0.0 0.6 6.9 0.0 3.9 3.0 87.2 100.0 159
Not currently married 36.4 28.3 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.0 25.4 2.2 8.1 0.0 5.8 2.3 63.6 100.0 157
Live-in partner (24.9) (24.9) (0.0) (0.0) (6.9) (0.0) (18.0) (0.0) (0.0) (0.0) (0.0) (0.0) (75.1) 100.0 19
Girlfriend 38.2 29.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 26.2 2.9 9.1 0.0 6.1 3.0 61.8 100.0 118

Age
15-19 29.8 23.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 20.3 3.0 6.5 0.0 6.5 0.0 70.2 100.0 59
20-24 30.5 13.8 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.9 11.1 1.0 16.7 0.3 10.6 5.8 69.5 100.0 345
25-29 34.4 18.7 0.0 0.0 6.4 1.0 8.3 2.5 15.7 0.1 12.7 2.9 65.6 100.0 518
30-34 39.6 25.8 0.0 0.0 12.6 2.1 8.1 3.1 13.8 0.0 11.9 1.9 60.4 100.0 563
35-39 42.9 32.9 0.0 0.0 22.0 1.9 6.1 2.7 10.1 0.1 8.6 1.4 57.1 100.0 654
40-44 43.9 37.1 0.0 0.0 25.8 0.9 8.4 1.4 6.8 0.5 4.7 1.6 56.1 100.0 578
45-49 47.1 39.2 0.0 0.0 33.4 2.2 2.2 1.3 8.0 0.0 6.2 1.8 52.9 100.0 556

Residence
Urban 42.5 30.8 0.0 0.0 15.9 2.0 9.8 2.8 11.7 0.2 9.0 2.6 57.5 100.0 1,407
Rural 38.7 27.8 0.0 0.0 19.4 1.2 5.4 1.5 11.0 0.1 8.8 2.1 61.3 100.0 1,866

Schooling
No schooling 40.7 31.2 0.0 0.0 28.1 0.7 1.6 0.8 9.5 0.0 6.6 2.9 59.3 100.0 345
<5 years complete 43.8 36.7 0.0 0.0 26.2 1.8 7.8 0.9 7.1 0.0 5.6 1.5 56.2 100.0 231
5-9 years complete 39.8 29.3 0.0 0.0 19.3 1.4 6.2 2.3 10.6 0.1 8.5 2.0 60.2 100.0 1,339
10-11 years complete 36.2 24.1 0.0 0.0 15.3 0.9 5.8 1.9 12.1 0.2 10.4 1.5 63.8 100.0 522
12 or more years
complete 42.7 28.8 0.0 0.0 10.9 2.4 12.2 2.6 13.9 0.2 10.4 3.2 57.3 100.0 836

Marital status
Never married 37.7 29.2 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.0 26.1 2.3 8.4 0.0 6.1 2.4 62.3 100.0 149
Currently married 40.5 29.1 0.0 0.0 18.8 1.6 6.4 2.1 11.5 0.1 9.0 2.3 59.5 100.0 3,116

Continued…

70
Table 30 Contraceptive use by men at last sexual intercourse—continued

Percent distribution of currently married men and sexually active unmarried men age 15-49 by contraceptive used the last time they had sex, according to type of partner and
background characteristics, Gujarat, 2019-20

Modern method Traditional method

Any Other Any Not
Background Any modern Female Male IUD or Condo/ modern traditional used at Number
characteristic method method sterilization sterilization Pill PPIUD Nirodh method method Rhythm Withdrawal Other last sex Total of men

Religion
Hindu 40.0 28.9 0.0 0.0 18.2 1.3 7.2 1.9 11.2 0.1 9.0 2.1 60.0 100.0 2,873
Muslim 40.3 28.4 0.0 0.0 13.8 3.1 8.2 3.1 11.9 0.6 7.2 4.1 59.7 100.0 368
Christian (66.4) (58.6) (0.0) (0.0) (45.6) (0.0) (11.9) (0.0) (7.7) (0.0) (7.7) (0.0) (33.6) 100.0 15

Caste/tribe
Scheduled caste 31.7 22.5 0.0 0.0 13.6 1.6 5.5 1.1 9.2 0.0 7.6 1.5 68.3 100.0 459
Scheduled tribe 52.5 34.4 0.0 0.0 30.1 0.5 2.7 0.8 18.1 0.3 13.1 4.8 47.5 100.0 506
Other backward class 38.1 29.8 0.0 0.0 17.5 1.7 8.0 2.6 8.3 0.1 6.8 1.4 61.9 100.0 1,551
Other 42.6 28.2 0.0 0.0 13.4 1.9 10.3 2.6 14.4 0.2 11.3 2.9 57.4 100.0 741

Total age 15-49 40.3 29.1 0.0 0.0 17.9 1.5 7.3 2.1 11.3 0.1 8.9 2.3 59.7 100.0 3,273

Age 50-54 47.2 43.3 0.0 0.0 38.5 0.8 3.2 0.7 3.9 0.0 3.7 0.2 52.8 100.0 364

Total age 15-54 41.0 30.5 0.0 0.0 20.0 1.4 6.9 1.9 10.6 0.1 8.4 2.1 59.0 100.0 3,637
Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases. Total includes currently married men whose sexual partner is live-in partner/girlfriend, currently unmarried men having other type
of sexual partner, men belonging to other religions, and men who don’t know their caste/tribe, who are not shown separately.
IUD = Intrauterine device; PPIUD = Postpartum intrauterine device.
1
Does not include live-in partner/girlfriend

71
Table 31 Source of modern contraceptive methods
Percent distribution of women age 15-49 who are current users of modern contraceptive methods by most recent source of the method,
according to residence, Gujarat, 2019-20

Female Male IUD or Condom/ All modern

Most recent source of method sterilization sterilization Pill PPIUD Injectables Nirodh methods1
URBAN

Public health sector 70.3 * 30.3 47.8 * 22.2 51.1

Government/municipal hospital 39.8 * 6.6 28.6 * 4.2 25.9
Vaidya/hakim/homeopath (AYUSH) 0.0 * 0.0 0.0 * 0.0 0.0
Government dispensary 4.2 * 0.0 2.1 * 0.5 2.7
UHC/UHP/UFWC 3.2 * 0.0 5.9 * 1.1 2.5
CHC/rural hospital/Block PHC 15.9 * 6.3 5.9 * 1.1 9.9
PHC/Additional PHC 5.9 * 2.1 3.4 * 4.8 5.1
Sub-centre/ANM 0.7 * 2.2 0.9 * 1.3 1.0
Government mobile clinic 0.0 * 0.5 0.1 * 1.0 0.3
Camp 0.6 * 0.0 0.0 * 0.0 0.3
Anganwadi/ICDS centre 0.0 * 7.3 0.9 * 3.9 1.7
ASHA 0.0 * 4.9 0.0 * 3.4 1.3
Other community-based worker 0.0 * 0.0 0.0 * 0.0 0.0
Other public health sector 0.0 * 0.3 0.0 * 0.9 0.3

NGO or trust hospital/clinic 1.3 * 0.9 0.5 * 0.4 1.0

Private health sector 28.4 * 28.3 51.4 * 34.4 32.2

Private hospital 27.2 * 7.3 48.2 * 5.8 21.0
Private doctor/clinic 1.1 * 6.1 3.1 * 4.4 2.7
Private mobile clinic 0.1 * 0.5 0.0 * 1.3 0.5
Vaidya/hakim/homeopath (AYUSH) 0.0 * 0.0 0.0 * 0.0 0.0
Traditional healer 0.0 * 0.0 0.2 * 0.0 0.0
Pharmacy/drugstore 0.0 * 14.4 0.0 * 22.5 7.8
Dai (TBA) 0.0 * 0.0 0.0 * 0.0 0.0
Other private health sector 0.1 * 0.0 0.0 * 0.3 0.1

Other source 0.0 * 40.5 0.2 * 43.0 15.7

Shop 0.0 * 34.5 0.2 * 25.9 10.0
Husband 0.0 * 6.0 0.1 * 16.2 5.4
Friend/relative 0.0 * 0.0 0.0 * 0.7 0.2
Other 0.0 * 0.0 0.0 * 0.2 0.1

Don't know 0.0 * 0.0 0.0 * 0.0 0.0

Missing 0.0 * 0.0 0.0 * 0.0 0.1

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Number of users 3,097 7 311 426 14 1,755 5,615

Continued…

72
Table 31 Source of modern contraceptive methods—continued

Percent distribution of women age 15-49 who are current users of modern contraceptive methods by most recent source of the method,
according to residence, Gujarat, 2019-20

Female Male IUD or Condom/ All modern

Most recent source of method sterilization sterilization Pill PPIUD Injectables Nirodh methods1
RURAL

Public health sector 88.8 100.0 63.4 68.5 (64.4) 48.1 81.1
Government/municipal hospital 34.6 29.4 4.1 21.3 (9.5) 4.8 28.7
Vaidya/hakim/homeopath (AYUSH) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 (0.0) 0.0 0.0
Government dispensary 3.2 2.3 0.0 5.2 (0.0) 0.4 2.7
UHC/UHP/UFWC 1.4 0.8 0.0 0.4 (0.8) 0.0 1.1
CHC/rural hospital/Block PHC 36.0 47.8 2.9 20.8 (14.2) 3.9 29.6
PHC/Additional PHC 10.6 19.4 2.6 15.0 (27.0) 5.5 9.9
Sub-centre/ANM 0.9 0.0 1.7 2.1 (10.2) 2.9 1.3
Government mobile clinic 0.1 0.0 1.4 0.0 (0.0) 0.7 0.2
Camp 2.0 0.4 0.4 0.0 (0.0) 0.0 1.5
Anganwadi/ICDS centre 0.0 0.0 23.6 2.1 (0.0) 12.0 2.6
ASHA 0.0 0.0 26.7 1.5 (2.8) 17.6 3.5
Other community-based worker 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 (0.0) 0.0 0.0
Other public health sector 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 (0.0) 0.1 0.0

NGO or trust hospital/clinic 1.0 0.0 0.3 0.2 (0.0) 0.3 0.9

Private health sector 10.0 0.0 17.0 31.3 (35.6) 16.9 12.1
Private hospital 9.5 0.0 4.9 28.3 (20.2) 3.2 9.2
Private doctor/clinic 0.4 0.0 3.3 2.0 (15.4) 2.0 0.8
Private mobile clinic 0.0 0.0 1.4 0.0 (0.0) 0.6 0.1
Vaidya/hakim/homeopath (AYUSH) 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.4 (0.0) 0.0 0.1
Traditional healer 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 (0.0) 0.1 0.0
Pharmacy/drugstore 0.0 0.0 5.9 0.0 (0.0) 10.6 1.7
Dai (TBA) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 (0.0) 0.0 0.0
Other private health sector 0.1 0.0 0.5 0.6 (0.0) 0.4 0.2

Other source 0.1 0.0 19.3 0.0 (0.0) 34.7 5.6

Shop 0.0 0.0 11.6 0.0 (0.0) 15.7 2.6
Husband 0.0 0.0 6.8 0.0 (0.0) 18.1 2.8
Friend/relative 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 (0.0) 0.7 0.1
Other 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 (0.0) 0.2 0.1

Don't know 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 (0.0) 0.0 0.0

Missing 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 (0.0) 0.0 0.2

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Number of users 6,147 30 261 337 20 1,133 7,942

Continued…

73
Table 31 Source of modern contraceptive methods—continued
Percent distribution of women age 15-49 who are current users of modern contraceptive methods by most recent source of the
method, according to residence, Gujarat, 2019-20

Female Male IUD or Condom/ All modern

Most recent source of method sterilization sterilization Pill PPIUD Injectables Nirodh methods1
TOTAL

Public health sector 82.6 85.8 45.4 57.0 (40.2) 32.3 68.7
Government/municipal hospital 36.3 28.0 5.4 25.4 (6.8) 4.5 27.5
Vaidya/hakim/homeopath (AYUSH) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 (0.0) 0.0 0.0
Government dispensary 3.5 1.8 0.0 3.5 (0.0) 0.5 2.7
UHC/UHP/UFWC 2.0 0.6 0.0 3.5 (0.5) 0.6 1.7
CHC/rural hospital/Block PHC 29.3 39.2 4.7 12.5 (9.6) 2.2 21.5
PHC/Additional PHC 9.1 15.8 2.3 8.5 (15.8) 5.1 7.9
Sub-centre/ANM 0.8 0.0 2.0 1.4 (6.0) 1.9 1.1
Government mobile clinic 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.1 (0.0) 0.9 0.3
Camp 1.5 0.3 0.2 0.0 (0.0) 0.0 1.0
Anganwadi/ICDS centre 0.0 0.0 14.7 1.4 (0.0) 7.1 2.2
ASHA 0.0 0.0 14.9 0.6 (1.6) 9.0 2.6
Other community-based worker 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 (0.0) 0.0 0.0
Other public health sector 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 (0.0) 0.6 0.1

NGO or trust hospital/clinic 1.1 7.9 0.6 0.4 (0.0) 0.4 0.9

Private health sector 16.1 6.2 23.2 42.5 (54.6) 27.5 20.4
Private hospital 15.4 6.2 6.2 39.4 (22.5) 4.8 14.1
Private doctor/clinic 0.6 0.0 4.9 2.6 (32.1) 3.5 1.6
Private mobile clinic 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.0 (0.0) 1.0 0.3
Vaidya/hakim/homeopath (AYUSH) 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.2 (0.0) 0.0 0.0
Traditional healer 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 (0.0) 0.0 0.0
Pharmacy/drugstore 0.0 0.0 10.5 0.0 (0.0) 17.8 4.2
Dai (TBA) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 (0.0) 0.0 0.0
Other private health sector 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.2 (0.0) 0.4 0.1

Other source 0.0 0.0 30.8 0.1 (5.2) 39.7 9.8

Shop 0.0 0.0 24.0 0.1 (0.0) 21.9 5.7
Husband 0.0 0.0 6.3 0.0 (5.2) 16.9 3.9
Friend/relative 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 (0.0) 0.7 0.2
Other 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 (0.0) 0.2 0.1

Don't know 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 (0.0) 0.0 0.0

Missing 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 (0.0) 0.0 0.2

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Number of users 9,245 37 573 763 34 2,888 13,557
Note: All information in this table is based on women's reports. Table includes all users of modern contraceptive methods regardless of their marital
status. Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases. An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases
and has been suppressed. All modern method includes emergency contraception, which are not shown separately.
IUD = Intrauterine device; PPIUD = Postpartum intrauterine device; AYUSH = Ayurveda, yoga and naturopathy, unani, siddha and homeopathy; UHC
= Urban health centre; UHP = Urban health post; UFWC = Urban family welfare centre; CHC = Community health centre; PHC = Primary health centre;
ANM = Auxiliary nurse midwife; ICDS = Integrated Child Development Services; ASHA = Accredited Social Health Activist; NGO = Nongovernmental
organization; TBA = Traditional birth attendant
1
Excludes standard days method, lactational amenorrhoea method (LAM), and "other" modern methods.

74
Table 32 Informed choice

Among women who are current users of selected modern contraceptive methods who started the last episode of
use within the 5 years preceding the survey, percentage who were informed about possible side effects or
problems of that method, percentage who were informed about what to do if they experienced side effects,
percentage who were ever told by a health or family planning worker about other methods of family planning
they could use, and percentage who were informed of all three (Method Information Index) by method, according
to residence, Gujarat, 2019-20

Percentage
who were
Percentage informed by a Percentage who
who were Percentage who health or family were informed
informed about were informed planning about all three
side effects or about what to do worker of other (Method
problems of if experienced methods that Information Number of
Method method used side effects could be used Index) women
URBAN

Female sterilization1 75.9 65.9 72.4 60.7 491

Pill 75.6 66.8 75.8 63.4 188
IUD or PPIUD 84.0 75.6 82.8 72.4 260

Total 78.1 68.8 75.9 64.5 939

RURAL

Female sterilization1 69.0 60.1 70.7 54.3 1,221

Pill 77.3 68.4 85.8 65.5 181
IUD or PPIUD 79.8 71.2 83.6 65.8 237

Total 71.5 62.6 74.2 57.2 1,639

TOTAL

Female sterilization1 71.0 61.8 71.2 56.2 1,711

Pill 76.4 67.6 80.7 64.4 369
IUD or PPIUD 82.0 73.5 83.2 69.3 498

Total 73.9 64.9 74.9 59.9 2,578

Note: Table includes only the contraceptive methods separately shown in the table and excludes users who obtained their
method from friends/relatives or husband.
IUD = Intrauterine device; PPIUD = Postpartum intrauterine device
1
Among women who were sterilized in the 5 years preceding the survey

75
Table 33 Twelve-month contraceptive discontinuation rates

Among women age 15-49 who started an episode of contraceptive use within the 5 years preceding the survey, percentage of episodes
discontinued within 12 months, by reason for discontinuation and specific method, Gujarat, 2019-20

Reason for discontinuation

Other Side Wanted Other

Desire to fertility effects/ more method Switched Number of
Method become related health effective related Other Any to another episodes of
Method failure pregnant reason1 concerns method reason2 reason reason3 method4 use5

Pill 3.0 12.3 3.4 13.2 5.8 9.0 15.7 62.4 6.5 971
IUD or PPIUD 1.8 8.3 1.7 10.8 1.2 4.3 4.1 32.2 3.9 796
Condom/Nirodh 4.3 13.4 2.4 5.2 3.4 6.2 12.5 47.3 3.2 3,760
Rhythm 6.2 21.2 3.9 3.1 2.6 2.8 17.0 56.9 5.7 2,811
Withdrawal 7.9 11.6 0.7 3.8 4.8 5.8 19.7 54.3 11.4 922

All modern spacing

methods6 3.7 12.5 2.5 7.4 3.5 6.4 11.7 47.8 4.1 5,685

All spacing methods7 4.9 15.0 2.8 5.7 3.4 5.3 14.1 51.2 5.3 9,418

All methods 4.1 12.5 2.3 4.8 2.8 4.4 11.8 42.6 4.4 11,288
Note: Figures are based on life table calculations using information on episodes of contraceptive use that occurred 3-62 months preceding the survey.
All methods includes female and male sterilizations, which are not shown separately. All spacing methods includes Injectables which is not shown
separately.
IUD = Intrauterine device; PPIUD = Postpartum intrauterine device
1
Includes infrequent sex/husband away, difficult to get pregnant/menopausal, and marital dissolution/separation
2
Includes lack of access/too far, costs too much, and inconvenient to use
3
Reasons for discontinuation are mutually exclusive and add to the total given in this column
4
The episodes of use included in this column are a subset of the discontinued episodes included in the discontinuation rate. A woman is considered to
have switched to another method if she used a different method in the month following discontinuation or if she gave "wanted a more effective method"
as the reason for discontinuation and started another method within 2 months of discontinuation.
5
All episodes of use that occurred within the 5 years preceding the survey are included. Number of episodes of use includes both episodes of use that
were discontinued during the period of observation and episodes of use that were not discontinued during the period of observation
6
Includes pill, IUD/PPIUD, injectables, male condom, female condom, lactational amenorrhoea method (LAM), diaphragm, foam/jelly, and other modern
spacing methods that are not shown separately
7
Includes pill, IUD/PPIUD, injectables, male condom, female condom, lactational amenorrhoea method (LAM), diaphragm, foam/jelly, rhythm,
withdrawal, and other modern spacing and traditional methods that are not shown separately

76
Table 34 Men's contraception-related perceptions and knowledge

Percentage of men age 15-49 who agree with two specific statements about women and contraception, and percent
distribution of men according to their belief about the efficacy of condoms in preventing pregnancy, by background
characteristics, Gujarat, 2019-20

Percentage of men who

agree
Contraception
Percentage of men who say that if a male condom
is women's Women who
is used correctly, it protects against pregnancy:
business and use
a man should contraception Don't
Background not have to may become Most of Some know Number
characteristic worry about it promiscuous the time times Not at all /unsure1 Total of men

Age
15-19 36.7 24.5 62.1 22.2 2.6 13.1 100.0 813
20-24 42.6 26.8 74.0 18.6 1.1 6.3 100.0 849
25-29 40.7 19.3 77.6 17.7 1.4 3.3 100.0 699
30-34 43.2 27.2 72.8 20.2 0.9 6.0 100.0 659
35-39 39.2 26.7 76.4 16.5 1.1 6.0 100.0 714
40-44 43.1 29.5 77.9 14.2 1.4 6.5 100.0 622
45-49 37.1 23.5 69.6 21.3 1.2 7.9 100.0 601

Residence
Urban 35.7 25.3 75.5 18.4 1.2 4.8 100.0 2,144
Rural 43.9 25.4 70.6 19.0 1.5 8.9 100.0 2,813

Schooling
No schooling 34.2 21.2 60.1 26.0 1.6 12.3 100.0 427
<5 years complete 43.2 35.0 72.8 13.5 2.9 10.7 100.0 281
5-9 years complete 42.3 26.9 72.5 18.0 1.7 7.8 100.0 1,990
10-11 years complete 39.4 23.8 71.7 19.0 1.5 7.8 100.0 874
12 or more years
complete 39.4 23.4 77.6 18.5 0.5 3.4 100.0 1,386

Religion
Hindu 41.4 25.7 73.1 18.2 1.3 7.4 100.0 4,313
Muslim 34.2 22.8 69.3 23.0 1.8 5.9 100.0 584
Christian (39.7) (32.4) (73.5) (13.5) (8.8) (4.2) (100.0) 26

Caste/tribe
Scheduled caste 36.4 25.0 75.7 15.8 0.8 7.6 100.0 717
Scheduled tribe 37.5 17.8 75.3 17.5 1.1 6.1 100.0 737
Other backward class 42.1 29.6 70.1 20.4 1.6 7.9 100.0 2,328
Other 40.5 22.0 75.1 18.4 1.3 5.2 100.0 1,150

Total age 15-49 40.3 25.3 72.7 18.8 1.4 7.1 100.0 4,957

Age 50-54 45.0 24.3 71.3 18.6 1.7 8.4 100.0 394

Total age 15-54 40.7 25.3 72.6 18.7 1.4 7.2 100.0 5,351

Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases. Total includes men belongings to other religions and men who don’t
know their caste/tribe, who are not shown separately.
1
Includes missing values and those who never heard of male condoms.

77
Table 35 Need and demand for family planning among currently married women

Percentage of currently married women age 15-49 with unmet need for family planning, percentage with met need for family planning, the total demand for family planning, and the
percentage of the demand for contraception that is satisfied, by background characteristics, Gujarat, 2019-20

Met need for family planning Percentage of

Unmet need for family planning (currently using) Total demand for family planning1 demand
Percentage of satisfied by
Number of demand modern
Background characteristic For spacing For limiting Total For spacing For limiting Total For spacing For limiting Total women satisfied2 methods3

Age
15-19 21.4 2.6 24.0 26.8 3.4 30.1 48.2 6.0 54.2 616 55.6 31.8
20-24 13.8 6.9 20.7 29.0 14.7 43.7 42.8 21.6 64.4 3,040 67.9 46.5
25-29 8.2 7.7 15.9 20.1 36.7 56.8 28.3 44.5 72.8 4,386 78.1 58.2
30-34 2.7 7.2 9.9 9.8 60.5 70.3 12.6 67.7 80.2 4,517 87.6 72.8
35-39 0.8 5.7 6.5 3.2 71.1 74.3 4.0 76.8 80.8 4,368 92.0 77.9
40-44 0.4 4.8 5.2 0.9 73.5 74.4 1.2 78.4 79.6 3,981 93.5 80.3
45-49 0.2 2.7 2.9 0.4 72.2 72.6 0.5 75.0 75.5 3,436 96.1 86.0

Residence
Urban 4.0 5.7 9.7 12.7 56.8 69.5 16.7 62.5 79.2 10,110 87.8 68.1
Rural 4.8 5.9 10.8 8.9 53.3 62.2 13.8 59.2 73.0 14,234 85.2 72.9

Schooling
No schooling 2.2 4.5 6.7 4.4 64.8 69.2 6.6 69.3 75.9 6,224 91.2 79.5
<5 years complete 2.6 5.8 8.4 6.0 61.6 67.6 8.6 67.4 76.0 2,052 89.0 76.8
5-9 years complete 5.3 6.5 11.8 11.0 50.4 61.4 16.3 57.0 73.3 9,211 83.9 67.4
10-11 years complete 5.6 5.8 11.4 14.2 51.6 65.8 19.8 57.4 77.2 2,532 85.3 67.6
12 or more years complete 6.2 6.5 12.6 18.3 47.9 66.2 24.5 54.4 78.9 4,325 84.0 65.0

Religion
Hindu 4.4 5.7 10.1 10.2 55.5 65.7 14.6 61.2 75.8 21,460 86.6 71.0
Muslim 4.9 7.0 11.9 13.2 47.8 60.9 18.0 54.8 72.8 2,647 83.7 68.6
Christian 3.0 4.4 7.3 13.9 64.7 78.6 16.9 69.1 85.9 108 91.5 83.2
Other 1.8 10.2 11.9 6.4 61.8 68.2 8.2 72.0 80.1 129 85.1 75.2

Continued…

78
Table 35 Need and demand for family planning among currently married women—Continued

Percentage of currently married women age 15-49 with unmet need for family planning, percentage with met need for family planning, the total demand for family planning, and the
percentage of the demand for contraception that is satisfied, by background characteristics, Gujarat, 2019-20

Met need for family planning Percentage of

Unmet need for family planning (currently using) Total demand for family planning1 demand
Percentage of satisfied by
Number of demand modern
Background characteristic For spacing For limiting Total For spacing For limiting Total For spacing For limiting Total women satisfied2 methods3

Caste/tribe
Scheduled caste 5.1 6.3 11.4 11.2 49.5 60.8 16.3 55.9 72.2 3,130 84.2 69.1
Scheduled tribe 3.6 3.7 7.3 11.0 60.6 71.6 14.5 64.3 78.9 3,960 90.8 77.4
Other backward class 4.7 6.0 10.7 10.5 54.3 64.8 15.2 60.3 75.5 11,238 85.8 70.6
Other 4.1 6.6 10.7 10.0 55.5 65.5 14.1 62.1 76.2 5,781 86.0 68.0
Don't know 10.1 9.6 19.7 6.2 29.7 35.9 16.3 39.3 55.6 234 64.6 59.0

Total 4.5 5.9 10.3 10.5 54.7 65.3 15.0 60.6 75.6 24,344 86.3 70.9

Note: Numbers in this table correspond to the revised definition of unmet need described in Bradley et al., 2012, Revising Unmet Need for Family Planning, DHS Analytical Studies No. 25, ICF International,
Calverton, Maryland, USA.
1
Total demand is the sum of unmet need and met need
2
Percentage of demand satisfied is met need divided by total demand
3
Modern methods include female sterilization, male sterilization, pill, IUD/PPIUD, injectables, male condom, female condom, standard days method, diaphragm, foam/jelly, lactational amenorrhoea method
(LAM), other modern methods

79
Table 36 Unmet need for family planning by district

Percentage of currently married women age 15-49 with unmet need for family planning by district and total for NFHS-4,
Gujarat, 2019-20 and total for NFHS-4
Total unmet Unmet need Unmet need Number
District need for spacing for limiting of women

Ahmadabad 6.4 3.4 3.1 2,696

Amreli 9.5 5.4 4.1 549
Anand 16.5 6.3 10.2 873
Aravali 11.2 4.9 6.2 470
Banas Kantha 18.5 6.9 11.6 1,209
Bharuch 20.3 10.1 10.1 634
Bhavnagar 15.5 6.9 8.6 830
Botad 13.2 6.2 7.0 279
Chhotaudepur 5.1 3.4 1.7 395
Devbhumi Dwarka 15.9 6.0 9.9 312
Dohad 7.7 2.7 4.9 878
Gandhinagar 18.5 6.6 11.9 680
Gir Somnath 12.4 4.8 7.6 434
Jamnagar 2.0 0.8 1.2 516
Junagadh 13.7 4.0 9.7 585
Kachchh 7.8 3.9 4.0 799
Kheda 16.5 7.9 8.6 926
Mahesena 18.4 7.6 10.8 910
Mahisagar 6.8 3.1 3.7 426
Morbi 10.2 5.7 4.5 393
Narmada 5.3 2.3 3.0 250
Navsari 6.5 3.7 2.8 542
Panch Mahals 7.0 2.4 4.5 781
Patan 11.2 5.0 6.2 530
Porbandar 7.7 3.2 4.5 239
Rajkot 6.2 2.4 3.8 1,121
Sabar Kantha 9.2 3.5 5.6 597
Surat 5.6 1.4 4.3 2,561
Surendranagar 8.3 4.0 4.3 594
Tapi 3.2 1.1 2.1 337
The Dangs 5.1 2.6 2.4 90
Vadodara 11.4 6.5 4.9 1,084
Valsad 9.3 5.5 3.9 826

Gujarat 10.3 4.5 5.9 24,344

NFHS-4 (2015-16) 17.0 6.6 10.3 17,030

Note: Numbers in this table correspond to the revised definition of unmet need described in Bradley et al., 2012, Revising Unmet Need for
Family Planning, DHS Analytical Studies No. 25, ICF International Calverton, Maryland, USA.

80
Table 37 Hysterectomy

Percentage of women age 15-49 who have had a hysterectomy, and among women with a hysterectomy, median age at the time of hysterectomy
and percent distribution by place the hysterectomy was performed, according to background characteristics, Gujarat, 2019-20

Place of hysterectomy
Percentage
Percentage Percentage Percentage performed
of women Number of performed performed elsewhere
who have women who in the in the or don't Number of
had a Median age reported public private know where women
hysterecto Number at time of age at health health it was with a
Background characteristic my of women hysterectomy hysterectomy sector sector1 performed Total hysterectomy

Age
15-29 0.2 15,681 (25.2) 31 (51.5) (48.5) (0.0) 100.0 31
30-39 3.4 9,427 31.5 315 38.3 61.7 0.0 100.0 317
40-49 11.7 8,235 38.5 960 37.5 62.5 0.0 100.0 962

Residence
Urban 3.1 13,906 38.4 436 30.8 69.2 0.0 100.0 437
Rural 4.5 19,437 34.7 871 41.7 58.3 0.0 100.0 874

Schooling
No schooling 7.7 6,956 35.0 531 45.1 54.9 0.0 100.0 534
<5 years complete 5.6 2,377 35.0 133 50.5 49.5 0.0 100.0 134
5-9 years complete 3.4 12,755 36.2 439 30.9 69.1 0.0 100.0 439
10-11 years complete 2.7 4,146 38.1 109 29.0 71.0 0.0 100.0 110
12 or more years
complete 1.3 7,109 39.1 95 24.0 76.0 0.0 100.0 95

Religion
Hindu 4.1 29,267 35.9 1,194 39.2 60.8 0.0 100.0 1,198
Muslim 2.9 3,741 37.0 110 26.6 73.4 0.0 100.0 110
Christian 0.9 154 * 1 * * * 100.0 1
Other 0.9 181 * 2 * * * 100.0 2

Caste/tribe
Scheduled caste 4.2 4,486 35.5 187 43.7 56.3 0.0 100.0 188
Scheduled tribe 3.0 5,487 36.2 163 48.6 51.4 0.0 100.0 164
Other backward class 4.2 15,255 35.4 638 39.6 60.4 0.0 100.0 640
Other 3.9 7,813 37.3 303 24.4 75.6 0.0 100.0 303
Don't know 5.2 302 * 16 * * * 100.0 16

Total 3.9 33,343 36.1 1,307 38.1 61.9 0.0 100.0 1,311
Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases. An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been
suppressed.
1
Includes nongovernmental organization or trust hospital/clinic

81
Table 38 Pregnancy outcome

Percent distribution of last pregnancies among women age 15-49 during the 5 years preceding the survey by pregnancy outcome,
according to background characteristics, Gujarat, 2019-20

Pregnancy outcome Number of

Background characteristic Live birth Abortion Miscarriage Stillbirth Total pregnancies

Mother's current age

15-19 86.0 6.1 7.6 0.2 100.0 191
20-29 93.5 1.5 4.7 0.3 100.0 5,168
30-39 90.5 2.9 5.6 1.0 100.0 2,419
40-49 84.1 4.7 10.2 0.9 100.0 154

Residence
Urban 90.4 3.2 5.8 0.5 100.0 3,178
Rural 93.5 1.3 4.7 0.5 100.0 4,754

Mother's schooling
No schooling 94.1 1.1 4.2 0.7 100.0 1,399
<5 years complete 92.9 1.8 4.7 0.6 100.0 575
5-9 years complete 92.1 1.8 5.7 0.4 100.0 3,393
10-11 years complete 91.0 3.1 5.9 0.1 100.0 936
12 or more years complete 91.4 3.2 4.7 0.7 100.0 1,630

Religion
Hindu 92.0 2.2 5.3 0.5 100.0 6,805
Muslim 93.2 1.8 4.5 0.5 100.0 1,053
Christian (98.5) (0.0) (1.5) (0.0) (100.0) 31
Other (98.9) (0.0) (1.1) (0.0) (100.0) 43

Caste/tribe
Scheduled caste 91.7 1.9 6.1 0.3 100.0 1,008
Scheduled tribe 93.8 0.9 4.8 0.4 100.0 1,352
Other backward class 93.2 1.9 4.6 0.4 100.0 3,735
Other 90.1 3.1 5.9 0.9 100.0 1,737
Don't know 80.1 9.5 9.2 1.2 100.0 101

Total 92.3 2.1 5.2 0.5 100.0 7,932

Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases.

82
Table 39 Characteristics of abortions

Among women age 15-49 whose last pregnancy in the last 5 years ended in an abortion, percent distribution by main
reason for abortion, method of abortion, place of abortion and person who performed the abortion, percentage who had
complications from the abortion, and among women who had complications, percentage who sought treatment for the
complications, and among women who sought treatment for the complications, percent distribution of the place of
treatment, according to residence, Gujarat, 2019-20

Characteristic of abortion Urban Rural Total

Main reason for abortion

Unplanned pregnancy 52.9 41.4 48.5
Contraceptive failure 0.0 4.9 1.9
Complications in pregnancy 11.2 27.2 17.3
Health did not permit 5.1 7.7 6.1
Male foetus 1.2 1.6 1.4
Economic reasons 10.6 0.9 6.9
Last child too young 3.1 6.2 4.2
Foetus had congenital abnormality 7.7 9.0 8.2
Husband/mother in law did not want 5.5 1.2 3.9
Other 2.7 0.0 1.7
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0
Method of abortion
Medicines 56.3 41.8 50.8
MVA 18.7 21.6 19.8
Other surgical 21.6 30.9 25.1
Other 0.7 0.0 0.4
Don't know 2.8 5.7 3.9
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0
Place of abortion
Public health sector 13.6 16.0 14.5
Private health sector1 69.5 68.8 69.2
At home 16.9 15.2 16.2
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0
Person who performed the abortion
Doctor 72.9 77.3 74.6
Nurse/ANM/LHV 2.0 8.7 4.5
Family member/relative/friend 0.6 2.5 1.3
Self 24.1 9.9 18.7
Other 0.5 1.6 0.9
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0
Complications from the abortion
Percentage of women who had complications from the abortion 21.7 28.8 24.4
Number of women with abortions 103 63 166
Treatment for the complications
Percentage of women with complications from an abortion who
sought treatment for the complications * * (91.5)
Number of women with complications 22 18 41
Place of treatment
Public health sector * * (25.5)
Private health sector1 * * (73.5)
At home * * (1.0)
Other * * (0.0)
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0
Number of women who sought treatment 20 17 37

Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases. An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer
than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.
MVA = Manual vacuum aspiration; ANM = Auxiliary nurse midwife; LHV = Lady health visitor; TBA = Traditional birth
attendant
1 Includes nongovernmental organization or trust hospital/clinic

83
Table 40 Age at first marriage

Percentage of women age 15-49 and men age 15-54 who were first married by specific exact ages, percentage never married,
and median age at first marriage, first cohabitation with spouse, and first sexual intercourse, according to current age, Gujarat,
2019-20

Percentage first married by exact age: Median

Percentage age at Median age Median
Current never Number of first at first age at
age 15 18 20 21 25 married respondents marriage cohabitation first sex
WOMEN

15-19 3.5 na na na na 87.9 5,206 a a a

20-24 5.2 21.8 40.9 na na 42.3 5,380 a a a
25-29 7.3 27.5 47.3 56.5 82.1 11.4 5,095 20.3 20.4 20.3
30-34 9.7 32.7 52.7 62.6 86.3 2.4 4,782 19.8 19.9 19.7
35-39 11.9 37.6 58.9 67.8 88.0 1.6 4,645 19.2 19.3 19.2
40-44 12.7 38.4 59.4 68.9 89.6 1.2 4,344 19.1 19.2 19.1
45-49 10.4 36.3 57.8 67.0 88.4 0.8 3,891 19.2 19.3 19.1

20-49 9.3 31.9 52.2 na na 11.1 28,137 19.8 19.9 19.8

25-49 10.3 34.2 54.9 64.3 86.7 3.7 22,757 19.5 19.7 19.5

MEN

15-19 0.8 na na na na 96.9 813 a a a

20-24 0.6 9.0 19.3 na na 66.7 849 a a a
25-29 1.7 8.8 19.6 27.7 58.5 29.3 699 24.1 24.2 23.0
30-34 2.8 9.3 20.4 25.9 59.4 12.8 659 23.7 23.8 23.1
35-39 3.7 16.3 28.1 33.1 66.0 4.7 714 23.1 23.2 22.6
40-44 3.0 13.2 27.1 37.9 70.4 2.9 622 22.5 22.6 22.1
45-49 2.9 11.9 25.2 34.5 65.6 3.9 601 23.0 23.3 22.8
50-54 2.2 8.1 16.7 26.9 60.5 2.8 394 23.8 23.9 23.2

20-49 2.4 11.3 23.1 na na 22.4 4,144 a a a

25-49 2.8 11.9 24.0 31.7 63.8 11.0 3,295 23.2 23.4 22.7
na = Not applicable due to censoring
a = Omitted because less than 50 percent of the women or men were married, began living with their spouse, or had sexual intercourse for
the first time before reaching the beginning of the age group.

84
Table 41 Early childhood mortality rates

Neonatal, postneonatal, infant, child, and under-five mortality rates for five-year periods preceding the
survey and for 0-4 years before NFHS-4 and NFHS-3, by residence, Gujarat, 2019-20

Neonatal Postneonata Infant Child Under-five

mortality l mortality1 mortality mortality mortality
Years preceding the survey (NN) (PNN) (1q0) (4q1) (5q0)
URBAN

0-4 16.8 7.3 24.1 2.7 26.7

5-9 17.8 5.9 23.7 5.3 28.9
10-14 15.1 6.2 21.3 5.4 26.6

NFHS-4 (0-4) 24.5 2.8 27.3 4.9 32.1

NFHS-3 (0-4) 32.7 3.4 36.0 7.7 43.5

RURAL

0-4 24.8 10.7 35.5 9.1 44.2

5-9 27.2 8.7 35.9 7.6 43.2
10-14 29.7 11.8 41.5 9.0 50.1

NFHS-4 (0-4) 28.4 10.4 38.8 12.8 51.1

NFHS-3 (0-4) 33.9 23.9 57.9 14.5 71.5

TOTAL

0-4 21.8 9.4 31.2 6.6 37.6

5-9 23.6 7.6 31.2 6.7 37.7
10-14 24.1 9.6 33.7 7.6 41.1

NFHS-4 (0-4) 26.8 7.4 34.2 9.6 43.5

NFHS-3 (0-4) 33.5 16.2 49.7 11.9 60.9
Note: All estimates are for the 5 years preceding the survey (approximately 2001-2005 for NFHS-3, 2011-2015 for
NFHS-4 and 2015-2019 for NFHS-5).
1
Computed as the difference between the infant and neonatal mortality rates

85
Table 42 Early childhood mortality rates by background characteristics

Neonatal, postneonatal, infant, child, and under-five mortality rates for the five-year period preceding
the survey, by background characteristics, Gujarat, 2019-20

Neonatal Postneonatal Infant Child Under-five

mortality mortality1 mortality mortality mortality
Background characteristic (NN) (PNN) (1q0) (4q1) (5q0)

Schooling
No schooling 29.3 16.9 46.1 11.1 56.7
< 10 years complete 21.9 9.3 31.2 5.1 36.2
10 or more years complete 16.7 4.3 21.0 5.5 26.4

Religion
Hindu 22.9 9.8 32.7 6.8 39.2
Muslim 16.4 7.3 23.7 6.1 29.7

Caste/tribe
Scheduled caste 32.4 16.1 48.5 10.1 58.1
Scheduled tribe 18.7 13.2 31.9 10.0 41.6
Other backward class 20.6 8.8 29.4 5.1 34.4
Other 19.6 3.8 23.4 4.2 27.5

Child's sex
Male 23.6 8.1 31.7 5.9 37.4
Female 20.0 10.8 30.7 7.5 38.0

Mother's age at birth

<20 31.7 13.1 44.8 10.5 54.8
20-29 19.5 9.7 29.3 5.8 34.9
30-39 25.6 5.8 31.4 7.8 39.0

Birth order
1 23.2 7.6 30.7 5.7 36.3
2-3 19.2 8.6 27.8 7.4 35.0
4 or more 28.6 20.8 49.5 6.8 55.9

Previous birth interval2

<2 years 22.5 15.3 37.8 9.1 46.5
2-3 years 18.5 10.7 29.3 8.1 37.2
4 years or more 23.5 6.1 29.5 3.3 32.7

Total 21.8 9.4 31.2 6.6 37.6

Note: Total includes children whose mother's age at birth was 40-49, Christian children, and children whose caste/tribe
is not known, who are not shown separately.
1
Computed as the difference between the infant and neonatal mortality rates
2
Excludes first-order births

86
Table 43 High-risk fertility behaviour

Percent distribution of children born in the 5 years preceding the survey by category of elevated risk of mortality
and the risk ratio, and percent distribution of currently married women by category of risk if they were to
conceive a child at the time of the survey, Gujarat, 2019-20

Births in the 5 years preceding the

survey
Percentage of
Percentage currently married
Risk category of births Risk ratio women1

Not in any high-risk category 35.4 1.0 54.0a

Unavoidable risk category

First order births between ages 18 and 34 years 39.3 1.0 8.8

Single high-risk category

Mother's age <18 1.9 1.7 0.2
Mother's age >34 1.7 0.7 15.1
Birth interval <24 months 11.6 1.2 6.8
Birth order >3 5.6 1.3 3.9

Subtotal 20.8 1.2 26.0

Multiple high-risk category

Mother's age <18 and birth interval <24 months2 0.1 * 0.0
Mother's age >34 and birth interval <24 months 0.1 * 0.3
Mother's age >34 and birth order >3 1.3 1.1 9.0
Mother's age >34 and birth interval <24 months and
birth order >3 0.4 (1.9) 0.3
Birth interval <24 months and birth order >3 2.6 2.5 1.7

Subtotal 4.4 2.0 11.3

In any avoidable high-risk category 25.2 1.3 37.3

Total 100.0 na 100.0

Number of births 9,748 na 24,344
Note: Risk ratio is the ratio of the proportion dead among births in a specific high-risk category to the proportion dead among
births not in any high-risk category. Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases. An asterisk indicates that a
figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.
na = Not applicable
1
Women are assigned to risk categories according to the status they would have at the birth of a child if they were to conceive
at the time of the survey: current age less than 17 years and 3 months or greater than 34 years and 2 months, latest birth less
than 15 months ago, or latest birth of order 3 or higher
2
Includes the category age <18 and birth order >3
a
Includes sterilized women

87
Table 44 Antenatal care

Percent distribution of women who had a live birth in the 5 years preceding the survey by antenatal care (ANC) provider during pregnancy for
the most recent live birth and percentage receiving ANC from a skilled provider, according to background characteristics, Gujarat, 2019-20
Percentage
Community/ receiving
ANM/nurse/ village Number ANC from
Background midwife/ Dai Anganwadi/ health of a skilled
characteristic Doctor LHV (TBA) ICDS worker worker ASHA Other No ANC Total women provider1

Mother's age at birth

<20 67.8 10.9 0.0 10.9 0.1 6.4 0.0 3.9 100.0 562 78.8
20-34 75.9 11.0 0.1 4.5 0.1 3.7 0.0 4.6 100.0 6,673 86.9
35-49 72.7 13.0 1.1 4.6 0.5 3.2 0.0 5.0 100.0 313 85.7

Birth order
1 79.4 9.4 0.1 4.0 0.1 3.4 0.0 3.6 100.0 2,827 88.8
2-3 74.7 11.1 0.2 5.3 0.1 4.0 0.0 4.6 100.0 3,918 85.8
4 or more 62.8 16.6 0.5 6.8 0.1 5.2 0.2 7.9 100.0 804 79.4

Residence
Urban 84.3 8.1 0.0 3.1 0.1 2.0 0.0 2.3 100.0 2,974 92.4
Rural 69.2 13.0 0.3 6.2 0.1 5.1 0.0 6.1 100.0 4,575 82.2

Schooling
No schooling 62.9 14.7 0.6 7.6 0.1 5.3 0.0 8.7 100.0 1,356 77.6
<5 years complete 68.3 14.5 0.1 5.4 0.0 5.2 0.0 6.5 100.0 551 82.8
5-9 years complete 75.8 10.9 0.1 5.0 0.2 3.9 0.0 4.1 100.0 3,224 86.7
10-11 years complete 80.3 8.8 0.1 4.4 0.0 3.7 0.0 2.7 100.0 880 89.1
12 or more years
complete 84.0 8.3 0.0 2.8 0.1 2.3 0.0 2.5 100.0 1,538 92.4

Religion
Hindu 74.2 11.3 0.2 5.2 0.1 4.3 0.0 4.8 100.0 6,464 85.5
Muslim 80.6 9.7 0.2 4.1 0.0 1.6 0.1 3.7 100.0 1,009 90.3
Christian (83.5) (4.4) (0.0) (0.4) (4.0) (5.0) (0.0) (2.7) 100.0 33 (87.9)
Other (89.2) (8.1) (0.0) (0.0) (0.0) (0.0) (0.0) (2.7) 100.0 43 (97.3)

Caste/tribe
Scheduled caste 75.7 11.5 0.0 4.2 0.0 4.6 0.0 4.0 100.0 968 87.2
Scheduled tribe 69.1 13.9 0.4 7.9 0.3 4.4 0.0 4.0 100.0 1,304 83.0
Other backward class 74.8 10.3 0.2 4.7 0.1 4.0 0.0 5.8 100.0 3,558 85.1
Other 80.3 10.6 0.0 3.8 0.0 2.6 0.0 2.7 100.0 1,626 90.9
Don't know 79.1 2.6 0.0 3.0 0.0 9.1 0.0 6.2 100.0 93 81.8

Total 75.2 11.1 0.2 5.0 0.1 3.9 0.0 4.6 100.0 7,548 86.2
Note: If more than one source of ANC was mentioned, only the provider with the highest qualification is considered in this table. Figures in parentheses are based
on 25-49 unweighted cases.
ANM = Auxiliary nurse midwife; LHV = Lady health visitor; TBA = Traditional birth attendant; ICDS = Integrated Child Development Services; ASHA = Accredited
Social Health Activist
1
Skilled provider includes doctor, auxiliary nurse midwife, nurse, midwife, and lady health visitor.

88
Table 45 Antenatal care services and information received

Percent of women who had a live birth in the 5 years preceding the survey who received antenatal care (ANC) for the most recent live birth
by services and information received, according to residence and source of antenatal care, Gujarat, 2019-20

Residence Source of ANC

Both public ANC
Public Private and private received
health health health only at
Services/information Urban Rural sector sector1 sector1 home Total

Percentage receiving selected services

during antenatal care
Weighed 99.6 99.2 99.3 99.5 99.3 98.6 99.3
Blood pressure measured 99.5 99.0 99.1 99.7 99.5 97.7 99.2
Urine sample taken 98.9 97.7 98.4 98.8 98.8 95.0 98.2
Blood sample taken 99.3 98.3 98.6 99.4 98.8 96.6 98.7
Abdomen examined 99.2 97.4 97.6 98.9 96.9 97.0 98.2

Percentage receiving information on

specific pregnancy complications
Vaginal bleeding 78.0 74.2 76.8 73.9 69.3 70.8 75.7
Convulsions 78.7 72.8 76.6 73.2 70.0 69.7 75.1
Prolonged labour 81.0 78.3 81.2 77.6 78.5 75.6 79.4
Severe abdominal pain 84.0 81.3 84.3 80.5 83.3 80.2 82.4
High blood pressure 81.5 77.0 81.1 77.2 80.2 73.2 78.8
Where to go if experienced pregnancy
complications 86.2 86.9 88.2 86.1 90.0 82.6 86.6

Number of women 2,904 4,297 4,189 3,040 691 660 7,201

1
Includes nongovernmental organizations and trust hospitals/clinics

89
Table 46 Antenatal care indicators

Among women with a live birth in the 5 years preceding the survey, percentage who received different types of antenatal care (ANC) during
the pregnancy for their most recent live birth, by background characteristics, Gujarat, 2019-20

Percentage Percentage
who whose last
Percentage received live birth
Percentage with an ANC two or was Percentage Percentage Percentage
who had visit in the more TT protected Percentage who took who took who took
four or first injections against who were IFA for at IFA for at an intestinal
Background more ANC trimester of during the neonatal given or least 100 least 180 parasite Number of
characteristic visits pregnancy pregnancy tetanus1 bought IFA days days drug women

Mother's age at
birth
< 20 76.9 72.2 78.8 85.0 90.5 59.2 44.6 45.6 562
20-34 76.8 79.9 81.3 89.4 89.0 60.0 43.1 41.3 6,673
35-49 78.8 77.7 79.2 89.7 86.7 61.0 43.7 41.5 313

Birth order
1 79.2 82.0 84.1 88.2 90.1 61.8 46.3 41.6 2,827
2-3 76.9 79.4 80.1 90.1 88.7 59.1 42.4 42.3 3,918
4 or more 68.6 69.0 74.4 87.1 86.4 58.3 36.2 38.0 804

Residence
Urban 82.4 83.7 85.6 91.4 88.1 62.0 45.5 37.9 2,974
Rural 73.3 76.4 78.0 87.6 89.6 58.7 41.8 44.0 4,575

Schooling
No schooling 68.4 70.7 75.3 85.3 85.7 54.7 36.4 41.1 1,356
<5 years complete 70.6 77.8 77.0 86.4 87.5 56.0 41.2 40.3 551
5-9 years
complete 76.6 79.6 80.3 89.2 89.1 58.6 42.1 42.1 3,224
10-11 years
complete 78.7 83.0 86.3 92.2 91.7 64.2 47.3 44.5 880
12 or more years
complete 86.1 84.5 85.9 91.4 90.7 66.6 50.0 39.8 1,538

Religion
Hindu 76.9 79.0 80.3 88.7 89.0 59.5 42.9 41.7 6,464
Muslim 76.3 80.6 84.7 91.1 88.6 63.2 45.4 40.7 1,009
Christian (82.0) (87.2) (97.7) (97.7) (97.8) (83.1) (48.4) (50.1) 33
Other (82.9) (77.3) (88.2) (94.2) (90.1) (44.9) (35.3) (46.1) 43

Caste/tribe
Scheduled caste 76.7 78.7 77.8 86.0 89.4 60.1 43.2 39.4 968
Scheduled tribe 77.6 77.6 84.5 91.5 92.6 61.9 43.4 53.3 1,304
Other backward
class 75.2 79.1 80.7 89.5 88.9 59.8 42.7 40.4 3,558
Other 80.8 81.6 81.7 88.8 86.6 59.8 44.7 36.7 1,626
Don't know 64.9 75.9 65.5 75.4 79.8 41.5 37.1 32.3 93

Total 76.9 79.3 81.0 89.1 89.0 60.0 43.2 41.6 7,548

Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases.

TT = Tetanus toxoid; IFA = Iron and folic acid
1
Includes mothers with two injections during the pregnancy for her last birth, or two or more injections (the last within 3 years of the last live birth), or three
or more injections (the last within 5 years of the last birth), or four or more injections (the last within 10 years of the last live birth), or five or more injections
at any time prior to the last birth

90
Table 47 Antenatal care indicators by district

Among women with a live birth in the 5 years preceding the survey, percentage who received different types of antenatal care (ANC) during
the pregnancy for their most recent live birth, by district, Gujarat, 2019-20

Percentage Percentage
who whose last
Percentage received live birth Percentage
Percentage with an two or was Percentage Percentage who took
who had ANC visit in more TT protected Percentage who took who took an
four or the first injections against who were IFA for at IFA for at intestinal
more ANC trimester of during the neonatal given or least 100 least 180 parasite Number of
District visits pregnancy pregnancy tetanus1 bought IFA days days drug women

Ahmadabad 77.8 73.5 79.2 85.9 92.8 69.0 54.3 36.4 784
Amreli 92.6 93.9 85.7 89.2 94.0 73.8 59.2 26.8 157
Anand 64.2 74.2 78.4 91.2 90.6 55.5 41.3 26.9 272
Aravali 73.8 62.6 77.0 89.6 90.8 56.0 41.4 45.9 142
Banas Kantha 56.0 68.0 68.7 74.5 88.4 56.8 42.7 21.2 445
Bharuch 65.7 63.4 75.6 84.4 83.4 38.4 21.0 13.4 194
Bhavnagar 70.9 76.6 69.7 90.5 81.9 45.2 28.6 36.8 255
Botad 82.7 82.3 75.1 82.3 81.8 54.6 36.7 30.6 84
Chhotaudepur 81.2 81.9 87.0 94.5 92.2 59.4 45.4 49.2 121
Devbhumi Dwarka 76.6 84.1 85.1 90.3 82.9 29.1 12.2 40.6 102
Dohad 70.9 75.2 89.5 96.9 91.4 65.0 44.6 51.6 340
Gandhinagar 71.0 69.5 72.6 86.7 88.2 38.1 22.6 24.3 187
Gir Somnath 80.7 79.2 83.7 89.3 81.4 53.5 35.4 46.3 131
Jamnagar 73.8 91.7 89.6 95.0 83.5 52.5 32.9 48.5 139
Junagadh 72.5 82.0 81.0 88.2 81.4 39.6 28.0 34.5 175
Kachchh 84.1 88.8 82.9 88.7 88.2 74.3 54.9 37.6 312
Kheda 61.2 64.0 64.4 83.2 80.2 42.4 27.0 41.2 279
Mahesena 56.6 59.7 63.6 73.8 86.7 58.3 44.8 28.0 262
Mahisagar 76.6 77.2 77.3 89.4 90.2 63.3 45.7 50.6 131
Morbi 75.1 89.8 85.5 89.9 86.2 55.8 43.0 41.9 130
Narmada 83.4 81.7 87.5 94.3 92.6 65.1 48.4 65.2 77
Navsari 94.7 93.4 96.6 97.6 99.5 79.1 67.0 54.1 149
Panch Mahals 88.7 74.0 80.3 92.2 95.4 64.2 42.2 58.0 262
Patan 79.8 86.2 67.5 72.9 90.0 68.1 55.6 36.1 188
Porbandar 92.0 93.5 90.7 96.4 94.7 56.5 37.0 46.5 69
Rajkot 93.5 94.0 91.5 94.8 82.4 60.6 42.0 52.4 347
Sabar Kantha 73.2 70.1 80.0 90.7 92.0 52.2 24.6 60.2 207
Surat 93.4 92.2 91.6 95.3 94.5 73.1 52.7 51.7 731
Surendranagar 57.5 84.0 72.9 90.7 79.1 39.6 25.4 40.8 172
Tapi 91.0 83.2 88.9 94.2 96.8 73.6 51.6 62.4 90
The Dangs 90.2 86.3 95.5 96.8 92.6 78.9 56.6 52.3 30
Vadodara 65.9 80.4 85.1 93.1 84.5 53.1 41.3 37.7 306
Valsad 92.5 88.3 94.0 97.5 93.5 76.5 59.1 62.2 279

Gujarat 76.9 79.3 81.0 89.1 89.0 60.0 43.2 41.6 7,548

TT = Tetanus toxoid; IFA = Iron and folic acid tablets or syrup

1
Full antenatal care includes having received at least four antenatal checks, one TT injection and took IFA tablets or syrup for 100 or more days

91
Table 48 Advice received during pregnancy

Among women with a live birth in the 5 years preceding the survey who met with a community health worker in the last
three months of pregnancy for their most recent live birth, percentage who received different types of advice, by
background characteristics, Gujarat, 2019-20

Percentage who received advice on:

Number of
women who
met with a
community
health worker
Importance of in the last
institutional Keeping the Family three months
Background characteristic delivery Cord care Breastfeeding baby warm planning of pregnancy1

Mother's age at birth

< 20 91.0 91.9 94.3 94.2 90.6 442
20-34 91.6 92.5 94.8 93.9 92.0 4,498
35-49 90.8 94.0 95.2 90.8 90.3 212

Birth order
1 90.7 92.2 94.3 93.9 90.8 1,883
2-3 92.4 92.7 95.0 93.8 92.4 2,698
4 or more 89.9 92.5 95.4 93.6 92.2 570

Residence
Urban 93.1 93.9 96.0 94.3 93.5 1,678
Rural 90.7 91.9 94.3 93.6 91.0 3,473

Schooling
No schooling 89.5 91.5 94.7 92.8 90.9 963
<5 years complete 90.8 90.6 92.7 91.8 88.4 380
5-9 years complete 91.5 91.9 94.0 92.9 91.0 2,332
10-11 years complete 93.3 95.4 98.3 97.8 95.1 576
12 or more years
complete 92.8 94.3 95.6 95.7 94.2 900

Religion
Hindu 91.2 92.4 94.7 94.0 91.9 4,448
Muslim 92.8 92.8 95.2 92.5 90.8 662
Christian (99.5) (99.5) (100.0) (100.0) (100.0) 25

Caste/tribe
Scheduled caste 90.2 90.4 93.2 92.1 89.0 650
Scheduled tribe 94.2 96.8 98.4 98.0 96.6 1,108
Other backward class 91.7 91.8 93.8 92.7 91.1 2,436
Other 89.3 92.1 94.7 93.4 90.9 900
Don't know 80.7 70.9 87.9 87.4 76.4 57

Total 91.5 92.5 94.8 93.8 91.8 5,151

Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases. Total includes women belonging to other religions, who are not shown
separately.
1
Community health worker includes auxiliary nurse midwife (ANM), lady health visitor (LHV), Accredited Social Health Activist (ASHA),
Anganwadi worker, and other community health workers

92
Table 49 Pregnancies for which an ultrasound test was done

Percentage of all pregnancies in the 5 years preceding the survey for which an ultrasound test was done and percent distribution of
pregnancies with an ultrasound test by pregnancy outcome, according to background characteristics, Gujarat, 2019-20

Percentage Pregnancy outcome1

of Number of
pregnancies pregnancies
with an with an
Background ultrasound Number of Still ultrasound
characteristic test pregnancies Son Daughter Termination pregnant Total test

Mother's age at
pregnancy
< 20 88.2 1,647 45.6 41.4 5.1 8.0 100.0 1,452
20-34 88.2 9,666 43.4 41.6 6.0 8.9 100.0 8,529
35-49 80.1 377 34.5 41.8 11.6 12.1 100.0 302

Residence
Urban 92.1 4,391 43.2 41.0 7.2 8.6 100.0 4,045
Rural 85.5 7,299 43.6 42.0 5.3 9.1 100.0 6,239

Antenatal care visits2

None 69.4 410 46.3 37.6 6.3 9.8 100.0 285
1-3 86.7 1,522 47.3 39.1 4.8 8.8 100.0 1,319
4 or more 90.2 7,050 45.8 39.8 6.7 7.8 100.0 6,358
Don't know 86.3 150 46.9 38.8 3.0 11.3 100.0 129

Mother's schooling
No schooling 79.7 2,192 45.8 43.5 4.4 6.4 100.0 1,747
<5 years complete 84.0 839 47.3 42.4 5.2 5.1 100.0 705
5-9 years complete 88.8 5,120 42.0 42.0 5.9 10.1 100.0 4,546
10-11 years complete 93.2 1,316 42.0 42.1 6.9 9.0 100.0 1,227
12 or more years
complete 92.7 2,221 44.1 38.6 7.8 9.5 100.0 2,058

Religion
Hindu 87.5 10,025 43.0 41.8 6.2 9.0 100.0 8,771
Muslim 90.7 1,563 45.8 40.4 5.0 8.8 100.0 1,418
Christian 85.7 45 39.3 54.0 6.4 0.3 100.0 39
Other (97.9) 57 (64.5) (27.1) (5.3) (3.1) (100.0) 56

Caste/tribe
Scheduled caste 90.0 1,503 42.9 40.1 7.5 9.5 100.0 1,352
Scheduled tribe 81.0 2,112 42.3 44.3 4.1 9.3 100.0 1,712
Other backward class 88.6 5,488 43.7 42.5 5.4 8.4 100.0 4,860
Other 91.9 2,429 44.4 38.6 7.7 9.2 100.0 2,231
Don't know 80.6 158 39.4 38.7 12.5 9.4 100.0 128

Continued…

93
Table 49 Pregnancies for which an ultrasound test was done—Continued

Percentage of all pregnancies in the 5 years preceding the survey for which an ultrasound test was done and percent distribution of
pregnancies with an ultrasound test by pregnancy outcome, according to background characteristics, Gujarat, 2019-20

Percentage Pregnancy outcome1

of Number of
pregnancies pregnancies
with an with an
Background ultrasound Number of Still ultrasound
characteristic test pregnancies Son Daughter Termination pregnant Total test

Mother's number of
living children at time of
pregnancy
No children 91.9 5,029 43.0 41.3 6.3 9.4 100.0 4,620
1 child 88.7 4,003 42.9 42.7 5.9 8.5 100.0 3,552
0 sons 89.5 2,108 42.9 42.3 5.9 8.8 100.0 1,886
1 son 87.9 1,896 42.8 43.1 5.9 8.2 100.0 1,666
2 children 81.8 1,695 45.0 40.8 5.7 8.5 100.0 1,387
0 sons 84.6 767 46.5 39.4 3.5 10.6 100.0 649
1 or more sons 79.5 928 43.6 42.0 7.7 6.7 100.0 738
3 children 75.4 597 48.0 38.4 5.3 8.3 100.0 450
0 sons 80.6 254 48.7 36.0 4.1 11.2 100.0 205
1 or more sons 71.5 343 47.4 40.4 6.3 5.9 100.0 245
4 or more children 74.9 365 44.1 42.6 6.8 6.5 100.0 273
0 sons 80.5 126 51.8 34.2 4.5 9.5 100.0 102
1 or more sons 71.9 239 39.5 47.6 8.1 4.8 100.0 172

Total 88.0 11,690 43.4 41.6 6.1 8.9 100.0 10,283

Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases.

1
For multiple births, sex of pregnancy outcome is the sex of the first listed birth
2
Includes only the most recent pregnancy in the five years preceding the survey

94
Table 50 Pregnancy registration and Mother and Child Protection Card

Percentage of women age 15-49 who had a live birth in the 5 years preceding the survey who registered the pregnancy for the most recent
live birth; and among registered pregnancies, percent distribution by the timing of the registration and percentage who received a Mother
and Child Protection (MCP) Card, by background characteristics, Gujarat, 2019-20

Percentage of Timing of pregnancy registration

pregnancies Percentage of Number of
that were Number of mothers given registered
Background characteristic registered pregnancies First trimester Later Don't know an MCP card pregnancies

Mother's age at birth

<20 96.6 562 89.4 10.2 0.4 98.2 543
20-34 96.3 6,673 92.4 7.4 0.2 97.7 6,428
35-49 95.5 313 88.6 11.2 0.0 96.0 299

Birth order
1 96.3 2,827 92.4 7.3 0.4 97.6 2,722
2-3 96.6 3,918 92.6 7.2 0.1 97.9 3,785
4 or more 95.0 804 87.6 12.1 0.3 96.3 763

Residence
Urban 96.1 2,974 91.9 8.0 0.1 96.6 2,857
Rural 96.5 4,575 92.1 7.6 0.3 98.3 4,413

Schooling
No schooling 95.5 1,356 89.9 10.0 0.1 96.8 1,294
<5 years complete 96.2 551 94.2 5.6 0.2 99.0 530
5-9 years complete 97.0 3,224 91.9 7.7 0.4 98.1 3,127
10-11 years complete 96.6 880 93.4 6.4 0.1 97.6 850
12 or more years
complete 95.5 1,538 92.5 7.4 0.1 96.9 1,469

Religion
Hindu 96.3 6,464 92.1 7.6 0.3 97.8 6,225
Muslim 96.8 1,009 91.5 8.4 0.1 96.4 977
Christian (92.8) 33 (90.6) (9.4) (0.0) (100.0) 30
Other (89.3) 43 (88.3) (9.9) (1.8) (96.0) 38

Caste/tribe
Scheduled caste 96.4 968 93.3 6.4 0.3 98.3 933
Scheduled tribe 97.1 1,304 90.8 9.2 0.1 98.2 1,267
Other backward class 96.0 3,558 92.1 7.6 0.3 98.0 3,418
Other 96.1 1,626 92.7 7.2 0.0 96.0 1,562
Don't know 98.9 93 80.7 17.3 1.9 98.8 92

Total 96.3 7,548 92.0 7.7 0.2 97.6 7,270

Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases.

95
Table 51 Delivery and postnatal care

Percent distribution of live births to women age 15-49 in the 5 years preceding the survey by place of delivery
and assistance during delivery, percentage of live births delivered by a skilled provider and by caesarean
section, percentage of live births delivered at home that were delivered by a skilled provider, and percentage
for which the delivery protocol was followed, and percent distribution of women giving birth in the 5 years
preceding the survey by timing and type of provider of the first postnatal check of the mother for their most
recent live birth, by residence, Gujarat, 2019-20

Delivery and postnatal care descriptors Urban Rural Total

Place of delivery
Health facility 97.8 92.2 94.3
Public sector 36.6 47.2 43.3
NGO/trust 2.9 1.9 2.3
Private sector 58.3 43.0 48.7
At home 2.1 7.7 5.6
Own home 1.7 6.4 4.7
Parent's home 0.3 1.0 0.8
Other home 0.0 0.2 0.2
Other1 0.1 0.1 0.1
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0

Assistance during delivery2

Doctor 89.7 76.1 81.1
ANM/nurse/midwife/LHV 6.4 14.6 11.6
Other health personnel 0.6 0.4 0.5
Dai (TBA) 0.8 4.7 3.2
Friends/relatives 2.1 3.9 3.2
Other 0.2 0.2 0.2
No one 0.1 0.1 0.1
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0

Percentage of all births delivered by a skilled provider3 96.7 91.1 93.2

Percentage of home births delivered by a skilled provider3 1.1 1.9 1.6
Percentage delivered by caesarean section 30.7 15.3 21.0
Percentage delivered by emergency caesarean section4 11.6 7.4 8.9

Number of births 3,616 6,132 9,748

For home deliveries5

Disposable delivery kit (DDK) used (56.1) 62.6 61.6
Clean blade used to cut the cord (79.1) 85.4 84.5
Either of the above (80.6) 87.9 86.9
Baby was immediately wiped dry and then wrapped without
being bathed (95.9) 94.0 94.3

Number of births delivered at home 50 294 344

Timing after delivery of mother's first postnatal check6

Less than four hours 86.3 82.0 83.7
4-23 hours 2.9 2.6 2.7
1-2 days 4.1 5.0 4.6
3-41 days 1.9 2.9 2.5
No postnatal check 4.8 7.5 6.4
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0

Continued…

96
Table 51 Delivery and postnatal care—Continued

Percent distribution of live births to women age 15-49 in the 5 years preceding the survey by place of delivery
and assistance during delivery, percentage of live births delivered by a skilled provider and by caesarean
section, percentage of live births delivered at home that were delivered by a skilled provider, and percentage
for which the delivery protocol was followed, and percent distribution of women giving birth in the 5 years
preceding the survey by timing and type of provider of the first postnatal check of the mother for their most
recent live birth, by residence, Gujarat, 2019-20

Delivery and postnatal care descriptors Urban Rural Total

Type of provider of mother's first postnatal check6

Doctor 83.5 70.9 75.9
ANM/nurse/midwife/LHV 10.8 17.8 15.1
Other health personnel 0.3 0.3 0.3
Dai (TBA) 0.5 2.2 1.5
Other 0.1 1.2 0.7
No postnatal check 4.8 7.5 6.4
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0

Number of last live births 2,974 4,575 7,548

Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases.
NGO = Nongovernmental organization; ANM = Auxiliary nurse midwife; LHV = Lady health visitor; TBA = Traditional birth
attendant
1
Includes missing
2
If the respondent mentioned more than one person attending during delivery, only the most qualified person is considered
in this table
3
Skilled health personnel includes doctor, auxiliary nurse midwife, nurse, midwife, lady health visitor, and other health
personnel
4
A caesarean section for which the decision to have the operation was made after the onset of labour
5
Based on the last live birth in the five years preceding the survey
6
Based on the last live birth in the five years preceding the survey. Postnatal checks are checks on the woman's health within
42 days of the birth

97
Table 52 Delivery and postnatal care by background characteristics

Percentage of live births in the 5 years preceding the survey delivered in a health facility and percentage delivered with assistance from health
personnel, and percentage of women who had a live birth in the 5 years preceding the survey who received a postnatal check and who received a
postnatal check within 2 days of birth for their most recent birth, and among births in the year preceding the survey, percentage of deliveries
assisted by health personnel, by background characteristics, Gujarat, 2019-20
Among births in the
Percent Percentage year preceding the
age of Percentag of women survey:
births e of births Percentage with a Percentage
delivere delivered Percentage of Percentage postnatal of
d in a in a of births deliveries of women check deliveries
public private delivered assisted by with a within two assisted by
Background health health in a health health Number postnatal days of Number health Number
characteristic facility facility facility personnel1 of births check2,3 birth2,3 of women personnel1 of births

Mother's age at birth

<20 53.7 38.8 92.5 92.6 970 93.3 90.7 562 93.5 177
20-34 42.2 52.4 94.5 93.2 8,435 93.6 91.2 6,673 93.8 1,838
35-49 41.5 51.0 92.5 93.4 343 92.7 89.4 313 94.9 88

Residence
Urban 36.6 61.2 97.8 96.7 3,616 95.2 93.3 2,974 96.2 734
Rural 47.2 44.9 92.2 91.1 6,132 92.5 89.6 4,575 92.5 1,369

Birth order
1 40.2 57.1 97.3 95.4 4,056 94.6 92.3 2,827 95.8 929
2-3 44.0 49.1 93.1 92.3 4,730 93.5 90.7 3,918 93.1 990
4 or more 52.9 34.3 87.2 88.0 962 90.1 88.5 804 87.8 184

Antenatal care visits2

None 39.8 45.6 85.4 83.5 347 75.8 70.3 347 84.1 96
1-3 49.2 44.3 93.5 93.4 1,273 90.9 88.1 1,273 92.2 375
4 or more 41.2 55.1 96.3 94.8 5,804 95.4 93.1 5,804 94.8 1,576
Don't know 48.1 45.8 93.9 92.1 125 83.8 82.7 125 * 31

Mother's schooling
No schooling 55.9 31.8 87.7 88.9 1,936 90.5 88.2 1,356 89.8 380
<5 years complete 51.3 40.7 92.0 90.9 731 91.4 89.6 551 96.3 115
5-9 years complete 45.7 48.8 94.5 93.3 4,197 93.5 90.7 3,224 93.4 930
10-11 years complete 36.9 60.9 97.8 96.1 1,074 94.7 91.6 880 97.0 267
12 or more years
complete 24.8 74.7 99.4 96.5 1,811 96.5 94.6 1,538 95.9 410

Continued…

98
Table 52 Delivery and postnatal care by background characteristics—Continued

Percentage of live births in the 5 years preceding the survey delivered in a health facility and percentage delivered with assistance from health
personnel, and percentage of women who had a live birth in the 5 years preceding the survey who received a postnatal check and who received a
postnatal check within 2 days of birth for their most recent birth, and among births in the year preceding the survey, percentage of deliveries
assisted by health personnel, by background characteristics, Gujarat, 2019-20

Percent Percentage
age of Percentag of women
births e of births Percentage with a
delivere delivered Percentage of Percentage postnatal
d in a in a of births deliveries of women check
public private delivered assisted by with a within two Among births in the
Background health health in a health health Number postnatal days of Number year preceding the
characteristic facility facility facility personnel1 of births check2,3 birth2,3 of women survey:

Religion
Hindu 43.6 50.3 93.9 92.7 8,353 93.3 90.8 6,464 93.5 1,799
Muslim 42.2 54.6 96.9 97.1 1,303 95.4 93.5 1,009 97.0 281
Christian 52.8 42.6 95.4 80.9 39 (91.1) (91.1) 33 * 10
Other (13.2) (73.9) (87.1) (77.7) 53 (93.4) (79.0) 43 * 13

Caste/tribe
Scheduled caste 48.5 44.9 93.4 93.6 1,215 92.0 89.0 968 96.5 267
Scheduled tribe 60.2 29.1 89.3 89.1 1,801 93.4 91.7 1,304 88.2 379
Other backward class 40.0 55.0 95.0 93.9 4,625 93.6 91.3 3,558 94.9 1,025
Other 32.6 65.0 97.5 95.0 1,985 94.7 91.3 1,626 94.7 399
Don't know 41.2 53.5 94.8 91.5 122 90.9 90.9 93 (94.4) 33

Place of delivery
Public health facility 100.0 0.0 100.0 97.5 4,220 94.4 92.6 3,217 96.8 920
Private health facility4 0.0 100.0 100.0 96.7 4,967 95.5 93.2 3,978 97.1 1,091
Home na na na 27.9 548 64.5 53.3 344 24.4 88

Total 43.3 51.0 94.3 93.2 9,748 93.6 91.1 7,548 93.8 2,103
Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases. An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been
suppressed. Total includes births delivered at other place of delivery, which are not shown separately.

na = Not applicable
1
Health personnel includes doctor, auxiliary nurse midwife, nurse, midwife, lady health visitor, and other health personnel. If the respondent mentioned more than
one person attending during delivery, only the most qualified person is considered in this table.
2
For the most recent birth in the 5 years preceding the survey
3
Postnatal checks are checks on the woman's health within 42 days of the birth
4
Includes nongovernmental organizations or trust hospitals/clinics

99
Table 53 Delivery and postnatal care by district

Percentage of live births in the 5 years preceding the survey delivered in a health facility, percentage delivered with assistance from health
personnel, and percentage delivered by caesarean section, and percentage of women who had a live birth in the 5 years preceding the
survey who received a postnatal check within two days of birth for their most recent birth, by district, Gujarat, 2019-20

Percentages
of women
Percentage Percentage Percentage Percentage with a
of births of births Percentage of deliveries of births postnatal Number
delivered in a delivered in a of births assisted by delivered by check within
public health private delivered in a health caesarean Number two days of of
District facility health facility health facility personnel1 section of births birth2 women

Ahmadabad 46.7 47.8 94.5 95.3 32.4 945 90.6 784

Amreli 45.5 44.6 90.1 81.2 18.7 207 90.3 157
Anand 41.2 54.8 96.0 95.2 22.4 349 90.7 272
Aravali 34.8 57.4 92.2 93.0 21.0 191 89.1 142
Banas Kantha 29.1 63.9 92.9 92.7 18.5 644 87.7 445
Bharuch 49.6 41.5 91.1 92.1 19.5 243 81.0 194
Bhavnagar 44.3 49.9 94.2 96.0 23.7 348 88.0 255
Botad 39.2 54.2 93.4 74.5 16.6 111 87.4 84
Chhotaudepur 68.8 16.9 85.7 88.3 7.5 166 94.9 121
Devbhumi Dwarka 37.2 57.6 94.8 91.7 17.9 127 90.4 102
Dohad 68.2 24.2 92.4 93.2 6.1 493 91.9 340
Gandhinagar 39.5 58.4 97.8 89.3 32.7 227 87.8 187
Gir Somnath 34.0 53.1 87.1 91.8 17.2 168 93.9 131
Jamnagar 55.4 41.1 96.5 96.2 23.3 168 93.1 139
Junagadh 60.3 37.1 97.4 97.7 23.0 203 84.8 175
Kachchh 45.3 52.1 97.4 97.6 15.8 409 94.2 312
Kheda 47.5 47.7 95.2 88.4 18.9 354 86.8 279
Mahesena 27.4 69.9 97.2 91.6 28.7 313 80.2 262
Mahisagar 26.6 66.4 93.0 92.7 16.6 178 94.4 131
Morbi 30.1 64.7 94.8 96.4 20.2 159 89.5 130
Narmada 66.3 15.3 81.7 84.2 7.3 102 92.3 77
Navsari 49.6 49.7 99.3 99.1 26.5 189 97.8 149
Panch Mahals 24.7 63.7 88.4 84.2 9.9 362 91.0 262
Patan 25.2 73.4 98.6 97.1 18.9 251 94.0 188
Porbandar 61.2 38.8 100.0 96.0 19.2 84 97.1 69
Rajkot 40.9 58.4 99.3 100.0 24.7 426 97.4 347
Sabar Kantha 38.3 51.1 89.4 83.0 23.7 288 89.9 207
Surat 41.1 56.6 97.7 98.8 25.0 916 97.3 731
Surendranagar 45.4 40.2 85.6 83.6 12.2 240 82.6 172
Tapi 72.6 20.3 92.9 85.2 14.8 113 94.7 90
The Dangs 64.2 10.2 74.4 77.1 7.1 41 91.5 30
Vadodara 45.7 50.2 95.9 95.2 29.9 392 89.6 306
Valsad 44.7 51.8 96.5 98.5 16.9 341 96.7 279

Gujarat 43.3 51.0 94.3 93.2 21.0 9,748 91.1 7,548

1
Health personnel includes doctor, auxiliary nurse midwife, nurse, midwife, lady health visitor, and other health personnel. If the respondent mentioned
more than one person attending during delivery, only the most qualified person is considered in this table.
2
Postnatal checks are on the woman’s health within 42 days of birth.

100
Table 54 Delivery costs and financial assistance

The average out-of-pocket cost paid for delivery for the most recent live birth among women who had a live birth in the 5 years
preceding the survey that was delivered in a health facility by type of facility, and among women who had a live birth in the 5
years preceding the survey for the most recent birth that was delivered in a health facility, percentage who received financial
assistance under Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY), according to background characteristics, Gujarat, 2019-20

Average cost (Rs.)1 Percentage who

received financial Number of births
Public health Private health Any health assistance under in a health
Background characteristic facility facility facility JSY facility

Mother's age at birth

<20 1,243 13,166 6,121 16.4 809
20-34 1,780 16,776 10,351 15.3 6,140
35-49 1,704 20,073 12,760 8.9 246

Birth order
1 1,695 18,414 11,408 16.6 3,873
2-3 1,761 14,749 8,834 13.7 2,804
4 or more 1,443 10,532 5,133 12.5 518

Residence
Urban 2,027 20,542 13,819 9.3 2,919
Rural 1,535 13,165 7,327 19.2 4,276

Schooling
No schooling 1,250 10,979 4,793 15.1 1,211
<5 years complete 1,585 13,363 6,862 17.0 512
5-9 years complete 1,692 13,870 7,999 16.1 3,078
10-11 years complete 1,901 17,059 11,636 15.5 866
12 or more years complete 2,558 22,796 17,948 12.4 1,529

Religion
Hindu 1,624 16,864 9,965 16.1 6,143
Muslim 2,266 14,267 9,350 9.9 981
Christian (1,000) (24,629) (11,842) (14.8) 32
Other (232) (26,861) (22,362) (3.0) 39

Caste/tribe
Scheduled caste 1,572 14,133 7,739 19.2 914
Scheduled tribe 1,068 11,844 4,636 24.4 1,186
Other backward class 1,879 15,630 9,942 14.1 3,413
Other 2,303 21,199 15,303 8.0 1,594
Don't know 1,868 14,972 9,649 20.6 89

Total 1,697 16,600 9,958 15.2 7,195

Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases.

1
Excludes women who don't know the cost.

101
Table 55 Birth order and delivery characteristics by district

Percentage of births during the 3 years preceding the survey of birth order 3 or more, percentage of women who had a live birth, in the 5
years preceding the survey by antenatal care (ANC) provider during pregnancy for the most recent live birth, and among women who had a
live birth in the 5 years preceding the survey for the most recent birth that was delivered in a health facility, the percentage of women who
received financial assistance under Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY) by district, Gujarat, 2019-20

Percentage
of last births
Percentage of
receiving births in a
Percentage of antenatal health facility
Percentage of last births Number receiving
births of birth receiving care from financial Number of
order 3 or Number antenatal care ANM/nurse/ of last assistance births in a
District more of births from doctor midwife/LHV births under JSY health facility

Ahmadabad 15.4 535 80.3 43.3 784 14.1 750

Amreli 22.7 124 81.9 54.2 157 17.0 144
Anand 25.9 204 66.1 23.2 272 23.0 262
Aravali 25.5 120 62.8 31.8 142 17.2 133
Banas Kantha 32.8 369 64.4 22.7 445 14.5 419
Bharuch 20.9 158 76.4 53.2 194 15.0 177
Bhavnagar 29.0 194 76.5 66.0 255 5.3 241
Botad 17.0 68 59.5 42.3 84 14.6 80
Chhotaudepur 29.7 102 63.2 57.9 121 29.3 106
Devbhumi Dwarka 23.3 75 62.4 44.6 102 15.1 97
Dohad 42.2 288 76.8 33.3 340 15.6 315
Gandhinagar 22.9 140 79.3 12.4 187 11.4 184
Gir Somnath 23.8 103 80.8 67.1 131 7.5 116
Jamnagar 25.6 106 88.6 43.4 139 10.9 136
Junagadh 16.5 125 65.9 37.0 175 20.5 172
Kachchh 26.6 243 79.7 47.4 312 16.9 305
Kheda 25.9 215 61.2 24.2 279 13.8 267
Mahesena 15.4 190 54.2 26.3 262 18.6 258
Mahisagar 34.6 102 67.5 28.6 131 28.3 124
Morbi 17.8 97 81.4 26.3 130 7.4 126
Narmada 33.6 58 58.9 36.8 77 28.4 65
Navsari 16.1 107 76.2 60.9 149 37.8 149
Panch Mahals 28.9 202 76.2 34.4 262 9.4 238
Patan 27.6 147 70.7 39.8 188 30.5 185
Porbandar 17.8 52 80.0 59.9 69 10.5 69
Rajkot 20.8 248 88.1 74.6 347 5.7 345
Sabar Kantha 28.6 171 80.9 32.7 207 11.6 191
Surat 18.8 527 81.4 48.5 731 11.0 717
Surendranagar 26.7 145 74.9 19.1 172 11.6 154
Tapi 15.9 59 74.6 39.2 90 32.3 84
The Dangs 33.2 24 62.2 46.0 30 38.8 23
Vadodara 13.5 245 81.5 25.9 306 8.1 296
Valsad 22.1 187 85.5 39.8 279 19.1 269

Gujarat 23.9 5,730 75.2 40.3 7,548 15.2 7,195

ANM = Auxiliary nurse midwife; LHV = Lady health visitor

102
Table 56 Timing of first health check after birth for the newborn

Percent distribution of last births in the 5 years preceding the survey by time after birth of first health check, and the percentage of births
with a health check in the first two days after birth, according to backg2round characteristics, Gujarat, 2019-20

Time between delivery and newborn's first postnatal health check Percentage
of births
with a
health
No check in
Don't postnatal the first
Background Less than 4-23 know/ health two days Number
characteristic 1 hour 1-3 hours hours 1-2 days 3-6 days missing check1 Total after birth of births

Mother's age at birth

<20 19.2 61.0 3.2 5.1 1.3 0.0 9.5 100.0 88.6 863
20-34 22.9 59.7 3.1 4.5 1.2 0.0 8.4 100.0 90.2 6,420
35-49 22.9 62.5 3.2 2.0 1.4 0.0 8.1 100.0 90.5 265

Birth order
1 23.7 60.2 3.3 4.5 1.0 0.0 7.0 100.0 91.7 2,827
2-3 22.2 60.2 2.9 4.3 1.4 0.0 8.6 100.0 89.7 3,918
4-5 19.1 57.7 4.2 4.3 0.7 0.0 13.9 100.0 85.1 677
6 or more 21.0 58.3 1.2 8.5 0.6 0.0 10.4 100.0 89.0 127

Place of delivery
Public health facility 20.6 63.2 3.3 4.5 1.0 0.0 6.8 100.0 91.6 3,217
Private health facility2 25.5 61.2 3.1 3.4 0.8 0.0 5.7 100.0 93.3 3,978
Home 4.3 16.5 2.1 15.8 6.4 0.0 54.7 100.0 38.7 344

Residence
Urban 24.9 59.9 3.6 3.8 1.0 0.0 6.5 100.0 92.3 2,974
Rural 20.8 60.0 2.8 4.9 1.3 0.0 9.8 100.0 88.5 4,575

Religion
Hindu 23.1 59.4 2.9 4.5 1.3 0.0 8.5 100.0 89.9 6,464
Muslim 18.5 64.7 4.2 4.0 0.5 0.0 8.0 100.0 91.3 1,009
Christian (13.3) (53.8) (20.6) (2.8) (0.0) (0.0) (9.4) (100.0) (90.6) 33
Other (27.8) (44.3) (4.1) (2.7) (0.0) (0.0) (21.0) (100.0) (79.0) 43

Caste/tribe
Scheduled caste 23.8 57.0 3.1 5.6 1.0 0.0 9.3 100.0 89.5 968
Scheduled tribe 13.9 66.6 4.7 5.6 1.0 0.0 7.6 100.0 90.9 1,304
Other backward class 24.0 59.4 2.7 3.5 1.1 0.0 9.0 100.0 89.6 3,558
Other 24.6 58.2 3.0 4.9 1.6 0.0 7.4 100.0 90.7 1,626
Don't know 31.9 47.8 2.4 5.4 1.0 0.0 11.5 100.0 87.5 93

Mother's schooling
No schooling 21.6 56.4 2.8 5.8 1.1 0.0 12.2 100.0 86.5 1,356
<5 years complete 22.4 59.1 2.2 3.8 1.0 0.0 10.7 100.0 87.6 551
5-9 years complete 22.8 60.2 2.9 4.0 1.1 0.0 8.6 100.0 89.9 3,224
10-11 years complete 17.4 65.5 4.3 4.8 0.7 0.0 6.8 100.0 92.1 880
12 or more years
complete 25.4 59.7 3.6 4.3 1.8 0.0 5.1 100.0 93.0 1,538

Total 22.4 60.0 3.2 4.5 1.2 0.0 8.5 100.0 90.0 7,548

Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases. Total includes births delivered at other place of delivery, which are not shown separately.
1
Includes newborns who received a health check after the first week
2
Includes nongovernmental organization or trust hospital/clinic

103
Table 57 Trends in maternal care indicators

Maternal care indicators for births during the 5 years preceding the survey by residence, NFHS-5 and NFHS-4, Gujarat
NFHS-5 NFHS-4
Indicator (2019-20) (2015-16)
URBAN

Percentage who received antenatal care1 96.2 90.2

Percentage who had at least four antenatal care visits1 82.3 80.5
Percentage who received antenatal care within the first trimester of pregnancy1 83.6 79.5
Percentage of births delivered in a health facility2 97.8 93.4
Percentage of deliveries assisted by health personnel2,3 96.8 92.3

RURAL

Percentage who received antenatal care1 92.2 83.4

Percentage who had at least four antenatal care visits1 73.3 63.2
Percentage who received antenatal care within the first trimester of pregnancy1 76.4 69.7
Percentage of births delivered in a health facility2 92.2 85.5
Percentage of deliveries assisted by health personnel2,3 91.0 83.9

TOTAL

Percentage who received antenatal care1 93.8 86.3

Percentage who had at least four antenatal care visits1 76.8 70.6
Percentage who received antenatal care within the first trimester of pregnancy1 79.2 73.9
Percentage of births delivered in a health facility2 94.3 88.7
Percentage of deliveries assisted by health personnel2,3 93.2 87.3
1
Based on the last birth to women in the 5 years preceding the survey
2
Based on all births in the 5 years preceding the survey
3
Doctor, auxiliary nurse midwife (ANM), nurse, midwife, lady health visitor (LHV), or other health personnel

104
Table 58 Male involvement in maternal care: Men's report

Among men age 15-49 whose youngest living child was age 0-35 months, percentage for whom the mother of the child
received antenatal care (ANC), percentage who were present for at least one antenatal check-up, percentage who were told
by a health provider or worker at any time during the pregnancy about specific signs of pregnancy complications, percentage
to whom a health provider or worker spoke about specific aspects of maternal care at any time during the pregnancy, and
percentage whose youngest child was delivered in a health facility, and among men with a child age 0-35 months whose
youngest living child was not delivered in a health facility, percentage who were given specific home delivery related
information, by residence, Gujarat, 2019-20

Antenatal and delivery care information Urban Rural Total

Percentage of men for whom the child's mother received antenatal care 99.3 93.6 95.8
Percentage of men who were present at any antenatal care visit 90.7 73.2 80.0

Percentage who were told by a health provider or worker about the following signs of
pregnancy complications:
Vaginal bleeding 64.1 56.8 59.7
Convulsions 63.2 62.3 62.7
Prolonged labour 62.9 65.5 64.5
Severe abdominal pain 72.4 72.6 72.5
High blood pressure 62.3 61.1 61.6

Percentage ever told what to do if the child's mother had any pregnancy complications 69.9 69.5 69.7

Percentage whose youngest child age 0-35 months was delivered in a health facility 99.3 93.2 95.6

Percentage to whom a health provider or worker spoke about the following aspects of
maternal care:
The importance of delivering the baby in a health facility 62.0 66.8 64.9
The importance of proper nutrition for the mother during pregnancy 82.7 84.4 83.7
Family planning or delaying his next child 71.6 73.8 72.9

Number of men with a youngest child age 0-35 months 338 527 865

Among men whose last child age 0-35 months was not delivered in a health facility,
percentage who were told the importance of:
Cord care * (44.9) 42.2
Breastfeeding the baby immediately after delivery * (54.7) 53.7
Keeping the baby warm immediately after birth * (52.4) 51.5

Number of men whose youngest child age 0-35 months was not delivered in a health facility 2 36 38
Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases. An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted
cases and has been suppressed.

105
Table 59 Vaccinations by background characteristics

Percentage of children age 12-23 months who received specific vaccines at any time before the survey (according to a vaccination card or the mother's report), and percentage with a vaccination card
seen by the interviewer, by background characteristics, Gujarat, 2019-20, and total for NFHS-4

Hepatitis B or Penta1 DPT or Penta Polio2 Percentage

All age with a Number
Background MCV/Measles/ All basic appropriate No vaccination of
characteristic BCG 0 1 2 3 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 MMR/MR vaccinations3 vaccinations4 vaccinations card seen children

Sex
Male 95.0 62.8 92.8 88.9 84.7 93.0 89.9 85.8 85.1 93.9 88.9 79.3 86.4 75.3 51.5 4.1 86.9 969
Female 94.4 62.8 91.7 88.1 85.1 92.2 88.7 86.4 85.8 93.0 88.0 79.9 87.3 77.5 51.8 4.8 86.3 859

Birth order
1 95.5 60.5 93.2 89.5 86.6 93.2 90.5 88.3 84.8 94.3 89.6 80.7 89.5 78.6 51.4 3.8 87.9 791
2-3 94.6 64.3 91.9 87.8 84.3 92.3 88.4 84.9 86.1 93.0 87.6 79.9 86.2 75.7 52.0 4.5 86.6 886
4-5 91.1 67.5 90.0 86.6 79.6 91.4 88.8 81.7 85.2 91.9 87.5 71.3 76.1 68.3 52.4 7.3 80.9 135

Residence
Urban 95.6 62.0 93.6 88.0 85.0 92.5 88.3 85.2 87.9 93.9 87.2 79.7 88.5 77.0 51.9 4.0 89.2 686
Rural 94.2 63.3 91.5 88.8 84.9 92.7 89.9 86.6 83.9 93.3 89.2 79.5 85.8 75.9 51.5 4.7 85.1 1,141

Mother's schooling
No schooling 92.7 56.8 90.2 84.0 80.3 90.1 85.5 81.6 82.7 91.0 82.0 73.7 81.3 68.9 43.2 4.4 80.4 368
<5 years complete 91.3 58.9 88.8 84.5 77.5 89.2 85.6 81.7 80.5 89.2 85.6 75.3 82.3 72.6 50.8 8.1 82.3 124
5-7 years complete 94.9 59.0 92.7 88.9 85.3 93.3 89.9 86.2 85.1 93.9 89.9 78.8 87.0 76.1 47.9 4.4 87.4 453
8-9 years complete 97.9 71.1 95.6 94.0 92.5 95.5 93.3 92.2 87.8 97.5 94.8 89.4 92.2 85.9 61.4 1.7 93.2 300
10-11 years complete 95.7 67.2 93.7 91.7 86.9 92.5 90.6 85.8 88.3 94.1 91.3 82.0 87.5 79.1 57.0 4.3 89.4 204
12 or more years
complete 94.5 65.5 91.7 87.6 84.3 93.2 89.7 87.0 86.6 93.2 87.4 78.6 88.7 76.0 53.9 5.5 86.4 378

Religion
Hindu 94.6 63.4 92.3 88.8 85.2 92.5 89.5 86.6 85.1 93.8 88.7 79.9 87.4 76.4 52.0 4.5 86.0 1,595
Muslim 95.3 60.1 92.0 85.8 81.7 93.0 87.0 81.9 86.6 90.8 86.1 76.3 81.9 74.9 50.6 4.2 90.2 220

Continued…

106
Table 59 Vaccinations by background characteristics—Continued

Percentage of children age 12-23 months who received specific vaccines at any time before the survey (according to a vaccination card or the mother's report), and percentage with a vaccination card
seen by the interviewer, by background characteristics, Gujarat, 2019-20, and total for NFHS-4

Hepatitis B or Penta1 DPT or Penta Polio2 Percentage

All age with a Number
Background MCV/Measles/ All basic appropriate No vaccination of
characteristic BCG 0 1 2 3 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 MMR/MR vaccinations3 vaccinations4 vaccinations card seen children

Caste/tribe
Scheduled caste 96.6 59.6 95.0 91.4 89.5 94.5 91.7 90.7 86.8 95.0 89.3 78.3 91.1 77.2 47.9 3.2 83.2 226
Scheduled tribe 94.4 73.4 92.7 90.3 85.8 92.5 90.6 85.5 88.5 94.2 90.1 83.6 86.5 80.2 64.9 4.9 90.7 339
Other backward class 94.7 60.2 92.0 88.1 84.2 92.9 89.5 86.0 83.7 93.5 88.4 79.0 85.6 75.6 49.0 4.2 86.2 881
Other 93.9 62.3 91.7 87.0 84.1 91.7 87.2 85.4 86.6 92.2 87.5 78.6 88.2 74.9 48.9 5.3 85.9 365

Total 94.7 62.8 92.3 88.5 84.9 92.6 89.3 86.1 85.4 93.5 88.4 79.6 86.8 76.3 51.6 4.4 86.6 1,827

NFHS-4 (2015-16) 87.9 55.6 62.4 54.7 38.6 85.3 80.8 72.7 77.2 88.4 83.9 62.3 75.0 50.4 na 8.7 50.3 1,386

Note: Children are considered to have received the vaccine if it was either written on the child's vaccination card or reported by the mother. For children whose vaccination information is based on the
mother's report, the date of vaccination is not collected. The proportions of vaccinations given during the first year of life are assumed to be the same as for children with a written record of vaccination.
Total includes children of birth order 6 or more, children belonging to Christian or other religions, and children whose caste/tribe is not known, who are not shown separately.
Na=not available
1 Hepatitis B 0 is the hepatitis vaccination given at birth. There is no Penta 0 vaccine.
2 Polio 0 is the polio vaccination given at birth
3 BCG, MCV/Measles/MMR/MR, and three doses each of DPT/Penta and polio vaccine (excluding polio vaccine given at birth)
4 BCG, MCV/Measles/MMR/MR, four doses of hepatitis B, and three doses each of DPT/Penta and polio vaccine (excluding polio vaccine given at birth)

107
Table 60 Vaccinations by district

Percentage of children age 12-23 months who received specific vaccines at any time before the survey (according to a vaccination card or the mother's report), and percentage with a vaccination card seen
by the interviewer, by district, Gujarat, 2019-20

Hepatitis B or Penta1 DPT or Penta Polio2

Percentage
All age with a Number
MCV/Measles/ All basic appropriate No vaccination of
District BCG 0 1 2 3 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 MMR/MR vaccinations3 vaccinations4 vaccinations card seen children

Ahmadabad (93.0) (58.6) (93.0) (86.3) (82.1) (86.0) (82.5) (80.0) (76.2) (91.2) (80.5) (69.1) (82.7) (65.2) (43.6) (7.0) (79.6) 180
Amreli (93.4) (48.4) (97.9) (91.7) (85.6) (97.9) (90.0) (87.5) (71.0) (97.9) (87.8) (65.8) (80.5) (60.1) (27.2) (2.1) (88.2) 41
Anand (98.1) (45.2) (96.0) (89.9) (85.0) (98.1) (93.9) (89.0) (82.4) (96.0) (93.8) (81.8) (91.9) (77.0) (32.8) (1.9) (85.7) 60
Aravali 95.2 71.2 89.5 88.0 86.4 91.3 91.3 87.9 89.4 93.7 93.7 81.8 88.1 77.0 64.2 4.8 88.6 36
Banas Kantha 86.4 51.6 79.4 73.0 64.5 80.2 72.9 64.1 71.0 83.3 68.1 52.2 63.7 43.5 28.0 9.4 57.3 111
Bharuch (91.5) (57.8) (84.9) (81.9) (79.5) (91.5) (85.9) (83.6) (79.0) (91.5) (88.5) (83.8) (87.3) (80.0) (47.2) (8.5) (75.4) 37
Bhavnagar 90.6 63.0 90.6 86.7 84.6 90.6 87.3 85.2 72.4 90.6 85.6 76.0 83.5 74.3 44.7 9.4 77.0 69
Botad 94.0 65.8 85.2 81.4 75.2 85.2 81.4 76.3 80.3 89.1 86.9 74.5 78.2 65.1 49.2 4.8 83.9 26
Chhotaudepur 98.7 81.7 91.9 91.9 85.3 93.2 93.2 86.6 100.0 97.1 94.0 85.7 89.3 81.7 72.5 0.0 100.0 33
Devbhumi Dwarka 92.3 50.8 88.1 79.7 76.2 91.0 82.7 77.2 87.1 89.0 82.9 81.0 80.1 73.3 43.3 7.7 85.4 22
Dohad 88.9 66.5 86.8 83.5 73.8 86.8 83.5 73.8 88.8 84.4 80.1 68.5 75.0 66.2 54.3 9.9 86.8 88
Gandhinagar (94.2) (61.9) (90.4) (90.4) (90.4) (92.4) (92.4) (90.4) (87.5) (94.2) (94.2) (81.5) (92.4) (77.7) (49.0) (5.8) (79.5) 42
Gir Somnath 98.8 66.9 97.2 95.7 92.3 97.2 95.7 92.5 86.0 92.3 90.8 77.1 81.8 69.9 47.8 1.2 74.7 34
Jamnagar (100.0) (43.5) (91.7) (91.7) (84.6) (100.0) (100.0) (92.9) (91.2) (100.0) (97.5) (78.4) (92.7) (78.4) (28.3) (0.0) (89.9) 33
Junagadh 95.3 66.6 95.1 95.1 93.2 96.9 96.9 95.0 87.3 96.9 96.9 95.0 96.9 93.5 61.4 3.1 98.2 44
Kachchh 97.4 56.4 93.3 88.2 85.5 94.7 90.4 87.6 74.7 94.5 89.6 72.9 87.5 70.2 41.2 2.6 83.2 87
Kheda 90.1 48.5 90.0 86.9 81.8 91.4 88.2 88.2 84.9 91.1 86.5 74.3 86.9 69.0 40.4 6.8 79.4 70
Mahesena (92.5) (60.9) (90.2) (87.6) (80.1) (87.7) (85.1) (85.1) (82.6) (92.5) (92.5) (81.9) (85.1) (79.6) (56.1) (7.5) (84.5) 49
Mahisagar 97.2 77.0 89.0 85.8 85.8 89.1 87.3 85.9 97.2 92.6 89.0 84.6 90.9 80.0 67.9 2.8 95.9 34
Morbi 95.9 57.0 90.5 84.8 81.9 91.7 88.9 83.1 77.8 93.1 81.3 67.1 79.7 64.2 39.5 4.1 83.9 35
Narmada 88.3 79.1 88.3 88.3 84.6 88.3 88.3 84.6 88.3 88.3 88.3 82.8 84.6 82.8 75.2 11.7 88.3 17
Navsari 100.0 85.7 98.3 98.3 95.0 98.3 98.3 96.9 100.0 100.0 98.1 95.0 95.0 95.0 80.7 0.0 98.1 41
Panch Mahals 99.1 69.9 99.1 96.8 96.8 99.1 98.0 96.8 90.6 99.1 98.0 96.6 96.8 95.4 65.4 0.9 100.0 79
Patan 97.2 76.0 93.3 90.0 85.7 97.0 95.3 92.6 90.2 96.9 94.4 82.5 95.6 81.0 65.2 1.5 86.6 51
Porbandar (96.6) (67.4) (96.6) (96.6) (91.0) (96.6) (96.6) (91.0) (85.8) (93.6) (90.9) (82.9) (96.6) (82.9) (59.3) (3.4) (91.6) 12
Rajkot (95.7) (51.2) (94.5) (88.1) (88.1) (94.5) (88.1) (88.1) (88.9) (93.2) (89.5) (89.5) (88.8) (84.9) (44.8) (4.3) (97.0) 76

Continued…

108
Table 60 Vaccinations by district—Continued

Percentage of children age 12-23 months who received specific vaccines at any time before the survey (according to a vaccination card or the mother's report), and percentage with a vaccination card seen
by the interviewer, by district, Gujarat, 2019-20, and total for NFHS-4

Hepatitis B or Penta1 DPT or Penta Polio2 Percenta

ge with a
All age vaccinati Number
MCV/Measles All basic appropriate No on card of
District BCG 0 1 2 3 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 / MR/MMR vaccinations3 vaccinations4 vaccinations seen children

Sabar Kantha 98.6 64.0 96.1 96.1 93.1 96.1 96.1 93.1 90.0 100.0 94.5 88.5 93.1 88.5 58.1 0.0 98.6 52
Surat (100.0) (74.6) (100.0) (95.4) (92.8) (100.0) (95.4) (92.8) (100.0) (100.0) (95.4) (92.8) (95.2) (92.8) (72.2) (0.0) (100.0) 149
Surendranagar 91.2 52.0 87.9 76.5 75.2 89.0 77.9 75.2 84.1 85.4 74.1 67.8 78.4 62.5 33.1 6.6 84.6 52
Tapi (97.5) (86.3) (100.0) (100.0) (100.0) (100.0) (100.0) (100.0) (97.5) (100.0) (100.0) (100.0) (100.0) (97.5) (86.3) (0.0) (100.0) 20
The Dangs 94.9 55.9 91.4 91.4 89.8 94.9 94.9 91.3 88.3 92.9 92.9 91.3 91.3 91.3 54.4 5.1 94.9 8
Vadodara (93.2) (67.3) (93.2) (93.2) (91.7) (95.4) (95.4) (91.7) (87.0) (95.4) (91.3) (84.9) (93.2) (84.9) (57.4) (4.6) (86.0) 80
Valsad 98.5 76.3 92.6 89.4 89.4 95.6 92.5 92.5 95.5 97.1 97.1 95.3 93.9 91.1 68.9 1.5 98.5 62

Gujarat 94.7 62.8 92.3 88.5 84.9 92.6 89.3 86.1 85.4 93.5 88.4 79.6 86.8 76.3 51.6 4.4 86.6 1,827
Note: Children are considered to have received the vaccine if it was either written on the child's vaccination card or reported by the mother. For children whose vaccination information is based on the mother's report, the date of
vaccination is not collected. The proportions of vaccinations given during the first year of life are assumed to be the same as for children with a written record of vaccination. Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted
cases.
1
Hepatitis B 0 is the hepatitis vaccination given at birth. There is no Penta 0 vaccine.
2
Polio 0 is the polio vaccination given at birth
3
BCG, MCV/Measles/MMR/MR, and three doses each of DPT/Penta and polio vaccine (excluding polio vaccine given at birth)
4
BCG, MCV/Measles/MMR/MR, four doses of hepatitis B, and three doses each of DPT and polio vaccine (excluding polio vaccine given at birth)

109
Table 61 Prevalence and treatment of symptoms of ARI and fever

Among children under age 5 years, percentage who had symptoms of acute respiratory infection (ARI) and fever in the 2 weeks preceding the survey
and among children with symptoms of ARI and fever in the 2 weeks preceding the survey, percentage for whom advice or treatment was sought
from a health facility or provider, according to background characteristics, Gujarat, 2019-20

Children under age five with symptoms of Children under age five with
Children under age five ARI fever
Percentage for Percentage for
whom whom
Percentage treatment was treatment was
with sought from a Percentage sought from a
Background symptoms Percentage Number of health facility who received Number health facility Number
characteristic of ARI1 with fever children or provider2 antibiotics of children or provider2 of children

Age in months
<6 1.1 8.6 856 * * 10 67.9 74
6-11 1.4 14.9 996 * * 14 75.9 148
12-23 1.3 14.1 1,827 * * 23 77.7 258
24-35 1.1 11.7 1,886 * * 20 77.0 221
36-47 0.6 9.7 1,921 * * 11 85.7 186
48-59 0.9 7.9 1,941 * * 17 71.9 154

Sex
Male 1.2 11.6 4,824 65.5 11.8 58 78.6 559
Female 0.8 10.4 4,605 56.4 6.9 37 75.4 481

Residence
Urban 0.9 9.3 3,534 (61.7) (4.0) 32 78.6 330
Rural 1.1 12.1 5,895 62.0 12.9 64 76.5 710

Mother's schooling
No schooling 1.4 11.1 1,803 (83.3) (12.0) 26 80.5 200
<5 years complete 0.3 12.8 704 * * 2 76.4 90
5-7 years complete 1.0 11.1 2,374 (58.4) (7.1) 24 75.2 263
8-9 years complete 1.1 10.0 1,609 * * 18 77.8 161
10-11 years complete 0.8 11.7 1,067 * * 8 72.7 125
12 or more years
complete 0.9 10.7 1,871 * * 18 79.0 201

Religion
Hindu 1.0 11.5 8,066 60.8 10.0 85 76.8 924
Muslim 0.8 8.2 1,271 * * 10 85.2 104
Christian 4.0 19.8 39 * * 2 * 8
Other (0.0) (7.4) 53 * * 0 * 4

Caste/tribe
Scheduled caste 1.0 10.7 1,151 * * 12 76.7 123
Scheduled tribe 1.1 11.6 1,739 (60.0) (9.5) 20 78.8 202
Other backward class 1.1 11.2 4,482 61.2 10.8 52 77.8 501
Other 0.6 9.5 1,939 * * 12 76.3 185
Don't know 0.6 25.1 117 * * 1 (62.7) 29
Total 1.0 11.0 9,429 61.9 9.9 96 77.2 1,040

Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases. An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has
been suppressed.
1
Symptoms of ARI are cough accompanied by short, rapid breathing which is chest related and/or difficult breathing which is chest related
2
Includes advice or treatment from the public health sector, the private health sector, or shop. Excludes advice or treatment from a traditional healer or
friend/relative

110
Table 62 Prevalence and treatment of diarrhoea

Percentage of children under age 5 years who had diarrhoea in the 2 weeks preceding the survey and among children under age 5 years who had diarrhoea in the 2 weeks preceding the survey, percentage who received
advice or treatment from a health facility or health provider, percentage who received oral rehydration therapy (ORT), percentage who were given other treatments, and percentage who were given no treatment, by
background characteristics, Gujarat, 2019-20

Percenta Percentage of children who were given: Percentage who were given other treatments
ge of
children
with
diarrhoea
for whom
advice or
treatmen
t was Number
Percent- sought A fluid Home Of
Number remedy/
age of from a made Either ORT (ORS,
of ORS ORS or Continued Intraveno children
children health from ORS gruel, or herbal/
Background children with
with facility or an ORS or Increased increased and increased feeding Antibioti Antimotility Other us No
other diarrhoea
characteristic diarrhoea provider1 packet Gruel gruel fluids fluids) Zinc zinc fluids and ORT2 c drug drug drug3 solution treatment

Age in months
<6 11.2 856 60.8 46.4 3.7 46.4 1.3 47.8 18.8 13.0 47.8 25.1 5.0 3.3 8.0 0.0 6.1 31.8 96
6-11 13.4 996 67.1 56.9 20.5 61.4 7.0 64.7 37.1 29.5 61.1 51.4 12.5 3.1 3.8 0.0 4.6 17.9 133
12-23 10.7 1,827 74.6 74.0 27.7 76.0 5.4 77.5 35.5 28.5 75.9 52.9 10.5 5.7 5.6 0.0 5.6 9.6 196
24-35 7.8 1,886 68.2 76.6 25.9 78.3 5.1 78.3 36.5 29.1 76.6 54.0 8.1 2.3 5.8 0.0 4.1 6.5 147
36-47 6.0 1,921 70.6 66.6 27.7 68.9 3.5 70.8 40.6 33.7 68.5 54.4 10.6 5.1 3.2 0.0 5.5 15.1 115
48-59 4.5 1,941 73.0 69.4 31.0 76.2 9.6 77.5 42.3 31.1 70.7 55.8 5.8 3.4 16.0 0.0 0.0 10.6 87
Sex
Male 8.2 4,824 73.1 68.0 21.8 69.6 5.2 71.9 36.9 29.1 70.6 49.9 9.1 3.3 8.2 0.0 4.3 13.3 397
Female 8.2 4,605 66.0 64.9 25.3 68.8 5.5 69.7 33.9 26.8 66.0 50.0 9.4 4.6 4.6 0.0 4.8 15.0 377
Residence
Urban 5.7 3,534 70.5 69.8 22.5 73.1 2.2 73.7 31.7 25.6 70.5 51.6 11.4 2.7 6.5 0.0 4.3 13.8 200
Rural 9.7 5,895 69.3 65.4 23.9 67.9 6.4 69.8 36.7 28.8 67.6 49.4 8.4 4.4 6.4 0.0 4.6 14.2 574
Mother's schooling
No schooling 8.7 1,803 68.3 64.9 24.8 67.1 5.0 68.4 33.4 26.5 67.0 46.9 12.1 2.6 4.5 0.0 5.5 15.2 157
<5 years complete 9.0 704 63.1 62.1 23.0 64.6 8.4 68.1 30.0 21.3 65.5 56.0 1.4 4.6 4.2 0.0 14.7 12.3 63
5-7 years complete 8.2 2,374 72.2 57.1 17.8 61.2 3.1 63.1 38.3 26.0 59.0 44.4 10.5 4.0 6.1 0.0 2.7 18.6 194
8-9 years complete 8.5 1,609 69.4 72.4 26.1 73.1 6.5 75.3 31.0 29.3 74.6 53.9 11.6 3.8 12.7 0.0 2.7 11.7 136
10-11 years
complete 8.3 1,067 68.7 77.3 31.6 79.0 9.1 80.5 39.3 34.5 79.4 54.7 7.3 3.0 2.2 0.0 4.9 12.1 89
12 or more years
complete 7.3 1,871 71.2 71.0 22.5 75.0 3.7 75.0 38.2 30.0 71.0 51.6 6.4 6.1 6.5 0.0 3.1 11.2 136
Religion
Hindu 8.5 8,066 69.7 66.6 24.0 69.2 5.5 70.8 35.0 27.5 68.5 50.5 8.8 4.1 6.3 0.0 4.5 13.4 688
Muslim 6.3 1,271 70.2 69.7 21.1 73.5 2.4 73.5 38.2 33.3 69.7 47.7 13.0 3.0 8.1 0.0 5.6 18.3 81
Christian 13.0 39 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 5
Other (2.2) 53 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 1

Continued…

111
Table 62 Prevalence and treatment of diarrhoea—continued

Percentage of children under age 5 years who had diarrhoea in the 2 weeks preceding the survey and among children under age 5 years who had diarrhoea in the 2 weeks preceding the survey, percentage who received
advice or treatment from a health facility or health provider, percentage who received oral rehydration therapy (ORT), percentage who were given other treatments, and percentage who were given no treatment, by
background characteristics, Gujarat, 2019-20

Percenta Percentage of children who were given: Percentage who were given other treatments
ge of
children
with
diarrhoe
a for
whom
advice or
treatmen
t was Number
Percent-
sought A fluid Home
age of Either ORT (ORS, Of
from a made remedy/
children Number health from an ORS gruel, or ORS ORS or Continued Intraveno children
herbal/
Background with of facility or ORS or Increased increased and increased feeding Antibiotic Antimotility Other us No with
characteristic diarrhoea children provider1 packet Gruel gruel fluids fluids) Zinc zinc fluids and ORT2 drug drug drug3 solution other treatment diarrhoea

Caste/tribe
Scheduled caste 8.6 1,151 65.9 67.1 19.6 67.9 6.1 69.9 41.1 35.4 69.0 53.6 7.1 3.4 7.1 0.0 3.0 12.6 99
Scheduled tribe 10.4 1,739 72.3 78.7 36.2 81.6 5.7 82.4 41.2 34.7 79.8 54.5 9.2 7.0 5.0 0.0 5.9 8.4 182
Other backward class 8.2 4,482 69.1 61.9 18.1 64.1 6.0 65.9 31.5 24.6 64.0 46.0 10.4 2.8 6.2 0.0 4.3 17.5 368
Other 5.2 1,939 70.3 65.5 29.2 72.2 1.8 73.4 30.9 22.6 66.6 58.0 6.6 2.9 10.1 0.0 5.8 12.1 101
Don't know 21.7 117 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 25
Source of drinking
water4
Improved 8.1 9,137 69.8 66.7 23.5 69.6 5.3 71.1 35.8 28.5 68.5 50.2 9.2 3.9 6.5 0.0 4.5 14.2 737
Unimproved 13.8 255 (68.7) (62.2) (24.4) (62.2) (5.7) (65.6) (27.7) (17.1) (65.6) (45.6) (9.8) (4.7) (5.6) (0.0) (6.7) (13.5) 35
Other (6.0) 36 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 2
Toilet facility4
Improved 7.4 6,511 71.3 67.6 23.3 71.2 4.4 72.0 33.2 25.7 68.6 51.2 9.4 4.5 6.6 0.0 3.9 13.4 479
Shared5 6.7 345 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 23
Unimproved 10.4 236 (67.4) (68.6) (33.3) (68.6) (5.6) (68.6) (37.0) (29.1) (68.6) (47.5) (18.2) (1.6) (0.5) (0.0) (0.0) (8.3) 25
No facility/open
defecation 10.6 2,336 65.3 65.5 23.7 67.0 6.4 69.8 39.6 31.6 68.6 47.3 6.9 3.5 6.0 0.0 6.4 16.2 248
Total 8.2 9,429 69.6 66.5 23.5 69.2 5.3 70.8 35.4 28.0 68.3 50.0 9.2 4.0 6.4 0.0 4.6 14.1 775

Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases. An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.
1
Includes advice or treatment from the public health sector, the private health sector, or shop. Excludes advice or treatment from a traditional healer or friend/relative
2
Continued feeding includes children who were given more, same as usual, or somewhat less food during the diarrhoea episode
3
Includes injection and unknown pill or syrup
4
See Table 4 for definition of categories
5
Facilities that would be considered improved if they were not shared by two or more households

112
Table 63 Feeding practices during diarrhoea

Percent distribution of children under age 5 years who had diarrhoea in the 2 weeks preceding the survey by amount of liquids and food given compared with normal practice, according to
background characteristics, Gujarat, 2019-20

Amount of liquids given Amount of food given

Number
of
Never children
Background Same as Somewhat Much Don't Same as Somewhat Much gave Don't with
characteristic More usual less less None know Total More usual less less None food know Total diarrhoea

Age in months
<6 1.3 31.5 30.8 30.4 5.9 0.0 100.0 0.0 30.8 25.8 27.1 0.0 16.2 0.0 100.0 96
6-11 7.0 30.4 39.9 18.8 3.8 0.0 100.0 6.7 30.5 34.8 19.2 3.0 4.8 0.8 100.0 133
12-23 5.4 23.4 41.0 24.6 5.6 0.0 100.0 4.1 20.2 44.7 24.5 2.5 4.0 0.0 100.0 196
24-35 5.1 40.3 28.4 21.8 4.0 0.3 100.0 5.4 41.0 26.2 21.7 1.1 4.2 0.3 100.0 147
36-47 3.5 41.3 29.3 15.9 9.0 1.1 100.0 4.9 39.4 37.1 17.4 1.2 0.0 0.0 100.0 115
48-59 9.6 24.9 37.0 22.0 6.5 0.0 100.0 6.7 33.6 33.7 19.9 0.7 5.3 0.0 100.0 87

Sex
Male 5.2 32.0 33.4 22.2 7.0 0.3 100.0 4.1 31.4 33.8 23.0 2.2 5.4 0.0 100.0 397
Female 5.5 31.3 36.6 22.2 4.2 0.1 100.0 5.4 31.8 35.8 20.6 1.0 5.1 0.4 100.0 377

Residence
Urban 2.2 38.0 32.3 23.1 4.4 0.0 100.0 3.4 41.3 27.5 21.9 1.6 4.2 0.0 100.0 200
Rural 6.4 29.4 35.9 21.9 6.1 0.3 100.0 5.2 28.2 37.3 21.8 1.6 5.6 0.3 100.0 574

Mother's schooling
No schooling 5.0 25.0 38.0 22.8 9.2 0.0 100.0 4.9 22.9 41.1 23.5 2.2 5.4 0.0 100.0 157
<5 years complete 8.4 30.7 34.0 22.7 4.1 0.0 100.0 8.8 35.3 33.9 20.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 100.0 63
5-7 years complete 3.1 29.3 38.3 21.6 6.8 0.9 100.0 4.5 30.1 38.0 18.4 2.7 6.0 0.2 100.0 194
8-9 years complete 6.5 30.1 32.8 28.6 2.0 0.0 100.0 5.4 30.8 32.2 26.6 1.2 2.9 0.8 100.0 136
10-11 years
complete 9.1 31.7 35.5 19.5 4.2 0.0 100.0 5.4 33.8 29.5 23.4 2.0 6.0 0.0 100.0 89
12 or more years
complete 3.7 44.7 28.8 17.6 5.3 0.0 100.0 1.7 41.4 29.4 19.7 0.5 7.3 0.0 100.0 136

Continued…

113
Table 63 Feeding practices during diarrhoea—Continued

Percent distribution of children under age 5 years who had diarrhoea in the 2 weeks preceding the survey by amount of liquids and food given compared with normal practice, according to
background characteristics, Gujarat, 2019-20

Amount of liquids given Amount of food given

Number
of
Never children
Background Same as Somewhat Much Don't Same as Somewhat Much gave Don't with
characteristic More usual less less None know Total More usual less less None food know Total diarrhoea

Religion
Hindu 5.5 31.2 35.7 21.8 5.6 0.2 100.0 4.6 31.1 36.1 21.2 1.4 5.4 0.2 100.0 688
Muslim 2.4 35.3 28.4 27.7 6.2 0.0 100.0 5.4 36.3 23.3 28.6 4.0 2.5 0.0 100.0 81

Caste/tribe
Scheduled caste 6.1 27.5 52.8 10.8 2.9 0.0 100.0 0.7 30.1 43.7 17.3 5.3 3.0 0.0 100.0 99
Scheduled tribe 5.7 27.9 38.5 21.6 6.1 0.3 100.0 5.3 22.7 38.6 25.6 0.7 6.9 0.3 100.0 182
Other backward class 6.0 34.8 28.1 25.5 5.2 0.3 100.0 6.6 36.5 28.1 23.2 1.6 4.0 0.0 100.0 368
Other 1.8 32.5 40.8 18.7 6.1 0.0 100.0 1.8 34.4 43.0 13.3 0.3 7.2 0.0 100.0 101

Total 5.3 31.6 35.0 22.2 5.6 0.2 100.0 4.7 31.6 34.8 21.8 1.6 5.2 0.2 100.0 775

Note: It is recommended that children should be given more liquids to drink during diarrhoea and food should not be reduced. Total includes children of mother age 15-19, children belonging to Christian or other
religions, and children whose caste/tribe is not known, who are not shown separately.

114
Table 64 Knowledge of ORS packets

Percentage of women age 15-49 who had a live birth in the 5 years preceding
the survey who know about ORS packets for treatment of diarrhoea, by
background characteristics, Gujarat, 2019-20

Percentage of
women who know
Background characteristic about ORS packets Number of women

Age
15-19 87.5 164
20-24 93.1 2,025
25-34 93.8 4,628
35-49 92.8 730

Residence
Urban 96.5 2,974
Rural 91.3 4,575

Schooling
No schooling 87.6 1,356
<5 years complete 92.0 551
5-9 years complete 93.1 3,224
10-11 years complete 95.5 880
12 or more years complete 98.1 1,538

Religion
Hindu 93.0 6,464
Muslim 95.5 1,009
Christian (97.5) 33
Other (97.3) 43

Caste/tribe
Scheduled caste 92.2 968
Scheduled tribe 95.4 1,304
Other backward class 92.9 3,558
Other 94.5 1,626
Don't know 73.1 93

Total 93.4 7,548

Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases.

ORS = Oral rehydration salts

115
Table 65 Indicators of utilization of ICDS services

Percentage of children under age 6 years who received any service and received specific services from an anganwadi centre (AWC) in the 12 months preceding the survey, by background
characteristics, Gujarat, 2019-20

Children age 0-59 months

Percentage of children age 0-71 months who received Children age 36-71 who were weighed at an
from an AWC months Children age 0-59 months AWC
Percentage Percentage
who went Percentage whose
for early of children mothers received
Number
childhood Number who were counselling from
Background Any Supplementary Any Health Number of care/pre- of weighed at of an AWC after child Number
characteristic services food1 immunizations check-ups children school2 children an AWC children was weighed of children

Age in months
<12 72.9 68.8 66.0 68.9 1,853 na na 69.9 1,853 80.4 1,295
12-23 77.5 75.0 72.5 74.1 1,827 na na 75.3 1,827 83.1 1,375
24-35 75.3 73.9 66.6 71.4 1,886 na na 72.5 1,886 81.3 1,368
36-47 68.8 66.9 57.9 65.9 1,921 63.8 1,921 66.3 1,921 82.4 1,274
48-59 62.5 60.7 51.4 59.7 1,941 59.8 1,941 60.5 1,941 81.1 1,175
60-71 51.7 49.4 44.3 48.9 1,893 49.3 1,893 na na na na

0-35 75.2 72.6 68.3 71.5 5,566 na na 72.5 5,566 81.6 4,038
36-71 61.1 59.1 51.2 58.2 5,756 57.7 5,756 na na na na

Sex
Male 66.9 64.8 58.7 63.7 5,789 55.3 2,934 68.2 4,824 81.0 3,292
Female 69.3 66.7 60.6 65.8 5,533 60.1 2,822 69.4 4,605 82.4 3,196

Residence
Urban 52.1 49.7 45.2 49.0 4,291 42.6 2,200 52.6 3,534 83.1 1,860
Rural 77.7 75.5 68.4 74.3 7,031 66.9 3,556 78.5 5,895 81.1 4,627

Mother's schooling
No schooling 74.7 72.3 66.3 71.4 2,154 63.7 1,094 74.5 1,803 81.8 1,344
<5 years complete 73.0 70.7 63.2 69.7 851 60.8 427 74.8 704 82.1 527
5-7 years complete 70.7 68.1 61.3 66.6 2,796 60.1 1,388 71.5 2,374 81.2 1,698
8-9 years complete 68.9 67.2 60.3 66.5 1,964 57.8 1,010 70.4 1,609 79.8 1,133
10-11 years complete 64.7 62.7 56.1 61.6 1,311 53.5 699 67.3 1,067 84.7 718
12 or more years
complete 57.6 55.0 51.3 54.4 2,246 50.1 1,139 57.1 1,871 82.1 1,068

Continued…

116
Table 65 Indicators of utilization of ICDS services—Continued

Percentage of children under age 6 years who received any service and received specific services from an anganwadi centre (AWC) in the 12 months preceding the survey, by background
characteristics, Gujarat, 2019-20

Children age 0-59 months

Percentage of children age 0-71 months who received Children age 36-71 who were weighed at an
from an AWC months Children age 0-59 months AWC
Percentage
who went Percentage Percentage whose
for early of children mothers received
childhood Number who were Number counselling from
Background Any Supplementary Any Health Number of care/pre- of weighed at of an AWC after child Number
characteristic services food1 immunizations check-ups children school2 children an AWC children was weighed of children

Religion
Hindu 69.4 67.1 60.9 66.2 9,716 58.9 4,955 70.4 8,066 81.5 5,679
Muslim 60.9 58.2 52.9 57.4 1,503 51.4 756 61.0 1,271 82.5 775
Christian 80.5 80.5 75.5 71.0 43 (68.3) 17 67.9 39 (95.9) 26
Other (12.4) (9.1) (10.6) (10.4) 60 * 28 (11.7) 53 * 6

Caste/tribe
Scheduled caste 70.9 68.0 58.6 67.0 1,435 59.5 736 73.1 1,151 80.8 841
Scheduled tribe 82.2 81.1 74.3 80.2 2,071 73.6 1,060 83.1 1,739 85.4 1,445
Other backward class 68.4 65.8 60.3 65.4 5,348 57.9 2,636 69.0 4,482 80.8 3,092
Other 53.6 51.1 46.7 49.0 2,326 43.3 1,251 53.8 1,939 80.6 1,043
Don't know 55.7 53.9 42.8 50.3 142 44.4 73 56.3 117 69.3 66

Total 68.0 65.7 59.6 64.7 11,322 57.7 5,756 68.8 9,429 81.7 6,487

Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases. An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.
ICDS = Integrated Child Development Services
1
Supplementary food includes both food cooked and served at the AWC on a daily basis or given in the form of take home rations
2
Children age 36-71 months

117
Table 66 Utilization of ICDS services during pregnancy and while breastfeeding

Among children under age 6 years, percentage whose mothers received specific benefits from an anganwadi centre (AWC) during pregnancy and
while breastfeeding, according to background characteristics, Gujarat, 2019-20

Mother received from an AWC during pregnancy Mother received from an AWC while breastfeeding2
Health
Suppleme Health and and Number
Background Any ntary Health nutrition Number of Any Supplementary Health nutrition of children
characteristic benefits food1 check-ups education children services food1 check-ups education breastfed

Residence
Urban 56.1 53.6 55.3 53.8 4,291 54.9 52.7 54.2 52.9 4,288
Rural 84.5 82.9 83.2 80.9 7,031 80.4 79.3 78.8 77.2 7,029

Mother's schooling
No schooling 79.9 78.1 78.7 77.2 2,154 76.4 75.3 75.0 74.1 2,154
<5 years complete 79.6 77.4 78.3 74.8 851 78.3 76.7 76.8 74.2 851
5-7 years complete 78.4 76.2 77.0 74.2 2,796 73.8 72.5 71.9 69.9 2,795
8-9 years complete 76.3 73.6 75.6 73.3 1,964 73.1 71.2 72.2 70.8 1,963
10-11 years complete 68.6 67.1 67.2 66.0 1,311 66.8 65.1 66.1 64.9 1,311
12 or more years
complete 60.7 59.0 59.8 58.6 2,246 58.7 57.3 58.0 56.9 2,244

Religion
Hindu 75.2 73.1 74.1 72.0 9,716 72.2 70.7 70.8 69.3 9,712
Muslim 66.2 64.9 65.4 63.5 1,503 62.8 62.0 62.4 60.9 1,502
Christian 64.5 64.5 64.5 64.5 43 63.6 63.6 63.6 63.6 43
Other (27.7) (25.6) (27.7) (27.7) 60 (30.4) (29.6) (30.4) (30.4) 60

Caste/tribe
Scheduled caste 76.1 73.7 74.5 70.9 1,435 72.3 70.2 70.8 68.4 1,434
Scheduled tribe 88.8 87.7 88.4 87.6 2,071 87.4 86.7 86.9 86.3 2,070
Other backward class 74.6 72.8 73.2 71.1 5,348 70.9 69.8 69.4 67.9 5,348
Other 57.3 54.4 56.4 54.6 2,326 55.1 52.7 54.2 52.6 2,323
Don't know 67.6 65.2 66.1 63.8 142 57.7 56.4 56.0 52.6 142

Total 73.8 71.8 72.6 70.6 11,322 70.7 69.3 69.5 68.0 11,317

Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases.

ICDS = Integrated Child Development Services
1
Supplementary food includes both food cooked and served at the AWC on a daily basis or given in the form of take home rations
2
Excludes children who were not breastfed. Services are usually provided to breastfeeding mothers during the first 6 months of breastfeeding

118
Table 67 Nutritional status of children

Percentage of children under age 5 years classified as malnourished according to three anthropometric indices of nutritional status: height-for-age, weight-for-height, and weight-for-age, by
background characteristics, Gujarat, 2019-20, and total for NFHS-4

Height-for-age1 Weight-for-height Weight-for-age

Percentage Mean Number Percentage Percentage Percentage Mean Z- Number Percentage Percentage Percentage Mean Number
Percentage below Z-score of below below above score of below below above Z-score of
Background characteristic below -3 SD -2 SD2 (SD) children -3 SD -2 SD2 +2 SD (SD) children -3 SD -2 SD2 +2 SD (SD) children

Age in months
<6 15.7 26.8 -0.7 735 18.2 32.3 8.8 -1.0 667 14.6 31.8 1.5 -1.5 787
6-8 13.6 25.0 -0.7 391 9.1 24.0 7.0 -0.9 386 10.2 27.4 0.7 -1.3 407
9-11 16.1 30.5 -1.0 512 9.5 24.2 5.9 -0.8 501 11.3 31.3 0.9 -1.3 525
12-17 19.6 39.7 -1.3 833 11.8 26.3 4.8 -1.0 836 15.4 35.8 1.3 -1.6 865
18-23 26.6 48.6 -1.8 846 11.6 23.1 3.5 -1.0 839 15.4 39.8 1.0 -1.7 869
24-35 20.7 42.5 -1.6 1,765 10.2 24.9 3.2 -1.1 1,719 15.4 43.5 0.8 -1.8 1,792
36-47 16.5 42.9 -1.5 1,797 8.4 22.8 2.6 -1.1 1,759 14.1 41.7 0.4 -1.7 1,815
48-59 15.8 37.3 -1.5 1,816 9.8 25.7 2.7 -1.2 1,750 15.2 44.2 0.5 -1.8 1,816

Sex
Male 19.4 40.0 -1.5 4,436 10.8 25.8 4.3 -1.1 4,321 15.1 40.3 0.8 -1.7 4,553
Female 17.1 38.0 -1.4 4,260 10.4 24.4 3.6 -1.1 4,136 13.9 39.0 0.8 -1.6 4,323

Birth interval in months3

First birth4 16.1 35.1 -1.3 3,588 8.5 22.9 4.4 -0.9 3,496 11.8 36.0 0.7 -1.5 3,670
<24 23.6 46.2 -1.7 1,171 12.6 26.5 2.7 -1.2 1,124 19.4 46.5 0.6 -1.9 1,194
24-35 22.6 47.8 -1.7 1,469 12.1 27.4 3.6 -1.2 1,445 17.5 47.9 0.6 -1.8 1,498
36 or more 16.4 35.9 -1.2 2,429 11.7 26.1 4.0 -1.1 2,354 14.4 36.9 1.1 -1.6 2,474

Birth order3
1 16.0 35.2 -1.3 3,540 8.5 22.7 4.5 -0.9 3,455 11.7 35.7 0.8 -1.5 3,620
2-3 18.8 40.1 -1.4 4,260 11.6 26.0 3.7 -1.1 4,132 15.7 40.7 0.9 -1.7 4,349
4-5 24.3 49.9 -1.8 720 14.3 29.1 2.8 -1.3 699 20.9 50.9 0.5 -2.0 731
6 or more 31.0 46.1 -1.6 136 11.7 33.7 4.0 -1.2 134 17.0 52.5 0.6 -1.9 136

Residence
Urban 15.5 32.4 -1.2 3,245 9.7 22.4 4.6 -0.9 3,150 11.8 33.3 1.1 -1.4 3,323
Rural 19.9 43.0 -1.5 5,451 11.1 26.7 3.5 -1.1 5,307 16.1 43.5 0.6 -1.8 5,553

Continued…

119
Table 67 Nutritional status of children—Continued

Percentage of children under age 5 years classified as malnourished according to three anthropometric indices of nutritional status: height-for-age, weight-for-height, and weight-for-age, by
background characteristics, Gujarat, 2019-20, and total for NFHS-4
Height-for-age1 Weight-for-height Weight-for-age
Percentage Mean Number Percentage Percentage Percentage Mean Z- Number Percentage Percentage Percentage Mean Number
Percentage below Z-score of below below above score of below below above Z-score of
Background characteristic below -3 SD -2 SD2 (SD) children -3 SD -2 SD2 +2 SD (SD) children -3 SD -2 SD2 +2 SD (SD) children

Size at birth3
Very small 28.3 49.3 -1.9 259 12.2 30.7 1.8 -1.4 255 30.6 55.3 0.6 -2.2 264
Small 21.1 44.0 -1.6 729 10.4 28.6 3.9 -1.2 704 16.8 46.4 0.9 -1.8 741
Average or larger 17.7 38.3 -1.4 7,613 10.5 24.5 4.0 -1.0 7,405 13.8 38.6 0.8 -1.6 7,777
Don't know 15.0 22.6 -1.3 54 8.0 27.4 8.2 -1.0 55 6.4 26.7 0.0 -1.4 54

Mother's schooling5
No schooling 23.9 47.1 -1.6 1,696 12.9 29.0 3.8 -1.2 1,649 19.9 49.4 0.5 -2.0 1,724
<5 years complete 21.4 47.0 -1.6 630 11.1 27.0 3.1 -1.3 612 16.1 48.9 0.6 -1.9 637
5-7 years complete 18.7 41.3 -1.5 2,212 10.9 25.8 3.2 -1.1 2,151 14.3 40.5 0.6 -1.7 2,258
8-9 years complete 17.4 37.6 -1.4 1,535 9.7 25.8 4.5 -1.0 1,494 14.6 40.0 1.1 -1.7 1,582
10-11 years complete 14.5 31.4 -1.1 968 11.3 23.2 3.9 -1.0 950 11.9 34.1 1.5 -1.4 997
12 or more years
complete 13.7 30.4 -1.1 1,655 8.0 20.0 4.9 -0.9 1,601 10.3 28.0 0.8 -1.3 1,680

Religion
Hindu 18.2 39.2 -1.4 7,405 10.7 25.5 3.9 -1.1 7,198 15.1 40.6 0.7 -1.7 7,557
Muslim 19.0 37.4 -1.4 1,145 10.2 22.9 4.3 -0.8 1,116 11.2 34.7 1.2 -1.5 1,171
Christian 3.3 20.3 -0.7 37 (15.3) (33.4) (0.4) (-1.2) 36 6.4 32.2 1.3 -1.3 37
Other 17.1 47.0 -1.6 109 6.0 19.5 4.6 -0.9 106 15.0 31.7 0.0 -1.6 110

Caste/tribe
Scheduled caste 15.0 38.2 -1.4 1,083 9.7 23.5 3.8 -1.1 1,057 11.1 36.5 0.9 -1.6 1,092
Scheduled tribe 23.0 45.4 -1.6 1,596 13.4 29.5 4.9 -1.2 1,534 21.1 48.7 0.5 -2.0 1,635
Other backward class 18.8 40.0 -1.4 4,101 10.4 24.8 3.5 -1.1 4,004 14.2 40.3 0.5 -1.7 4,186
Other 15.1 30.6 -1.2 1,736 9.3 22.5 4.2 -0.9 1,682 11.5 31.7 1.5 -1.4 1,780
Don't know 12.8 43.4 -1.6 117 10.9 33.2 2.2 -1.2 120 12.6 44.3 2.3 -1.7 120
No caste/tribe or missing 19.8 50.8 -1.6 61 2.5 17.9 7.0 -0.9 60 12.8 37.9 0.0 -1.7 62

Continued…

120
Table 67 Nutritional status of children—Continued

Percentage of children under age 5 years classified as malnourished according to three anthropometric indices of nutritional status: height-for-age, weight-for-height, and weight-for-age, by
background characteristics, Gujarat, 2019-20, and total for NFHS-4

Height-for-age1 Weight-for-height Weight-for-age

Percentage Mean Number Percentage Percentage Percentage Mean Z- Number Percentage Percentage Percentage Mean Number
Percentage below Z-score of below below above score of below below above Z-score of
Background characteristic below -3 SD -2 SD2 (SD) children -3 SD -2 SD2 +2 SD (SD) children -3 SD -2 SD2 +2 SD (SD) children

Mother's interview status

Interviewed 18.3 39.0 -1.4 8,656 10.6 25.0 3.9 -1.1 8,419 14.5 39.7 0.8 -1.7 8,836
Not interviewed but in
the household (10.7) (44.6) (-1.3) 39 (15.3) (38.3) (1.1) (-1.4) 38 (13.6) (40.9) (0.0) (-1.8) 40

Mother's nutritional
status6
Underweight (BMI<18.5) 21.6 47.0 -1.7 2,221 12.4 31.3 3.8 -1.3 2,176 19.0 50.9 0.3 -2.0 2,280
Normal (BMI 18.5-24.9) 19.2 38.1 -1.3 4,645 10.9 25.0 4.3 -1.0 4,494 14.7 38.4 1.0 -1.6 4,742
Overweight (BMI≥ 25.0) 11.6 31.1 -1.2 1,772 7.7 17.7 3.2 -0.9 1,732 8.2 28.8 0.8 -1.4 1,795
Missing (15.2) (51.2) (-1.6) 57 (2.8) (18.9) (1.5) (-0.9) 55 (16.0) (36.9) (4.0) (-1.6) 58

Child's living
arrangements
Living with both parents 18.4 39.1 -1.4 8,008 10.8 25.3 3.8 -1.1 7,788 14.7 39.9 0.8 -1.7 8,166
Living with one or neither
parent 17.0 37.6 -1.3 676 7.3 22.1 5.7 -0.9 658 12.4 37.1 1.1 -1.6 697

Total 18.3 39.0 -1.4 8,695 10.6 25.1 3.9 -1.1 8,457 14.5 39.7 0.8 -1.7 8,876

NFHS-4 (2015-16) 16.5 38.5 -1.4 6,416 9.5 26.4 1.9 -1.2 6,416 12.40 39.3 0.4 -1.7 6,416
Note: Table is based on children who stayed in the household the night before the interview. Each of the indices is expressed in standard deviation (SD) units from the median of the WHO Child Growth Standards. Table is
based on children with valid dates of birth (month and year) and valid measurement of both height and weight. Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases.
BMI = Body mass index
1
Recumbent length is measured for children under age 2; standing height is measured for all other children
2
Includes children who are below -3 standard deviations (SD) from the WHO Child Growth Standards population median
3
Excludes children whose mothers were not interviewed
4
First-born twins (triplets, etc.) are counted as first births because they do not have a previous birth interval
5
For women who are not interviewed, information is taken from the Household Questionnaire. Excludes children whose mothers are not listed in the household schedule.
6
Excludes children whose mothers were not weighed and measured, children whose mothers were not interviewed, and children whose mothers are pregnant or gave birth within the preceding 2 months. Mother's
nutritional status in terms of BMI (Body Mass Index) is presented in Table 78.

121
Table 68 Initial breastfeeding

Among last-born children who were born in the age 2 years preceding the survey, percentage who were ever breastfed, and percentages who
started breastfeeding within 1 hour and 1 day of birth, and among last-born children born in the age 2 years preceding the survey who were
ever breastfed, percentage who received a prelacteal feed in the first 3 days after birth, by background characteristics, Gujarat, 2019-20

Among last-born children born in the past 2 years: Among last-born children born in
the past 2 years who were ever
breastfed:
Percentage who Percentage who
started started Number of last-
breastfeeding breastfeeding Percentage who born ever
Percentage ever within 1 hour of within 1 day of Number of last- received a breastfed
Background characteristic breastfed birth birth1 born children prelacteal feed2 children

Residence
Urban 97.1 35.2 84.0 1,307 20.0 1,270
Rural 97.4 39.5 86.9 2,339 16.0 2,277

Sex
Male 97.1 37.7 84.5 1,870 17.9 1,816
Female 97.5 38.3 87.3 1,776 16.9 1,731

Mother's schooling
No schooling 97.8 38.2 87.0 708 17.6 693
<5 years complete 95.0 36.6 84.1 275 16.6 261
5-7 years complete 98.1 41.8 87.3 961 17.5 943
8-9 years complete 97.0 36.0 84.2 603 15.5 586
10-11 years complete 97.2 36.5 84.9 392 21.4 381
12 or more years
complete 96.7 35.6 85.4 706 16.9 683

Religion
Hindu 97.2 37.6 85.6 3,149 18.3 3,062
Muslim 97.6 40.4 86.9 465 12.5 453

Caste/tribe
Scheduled caste 97.8 37.0 87.1 463 16.5 453
Scheduled tribe 97.4 35.6 88.5 673 10.4 655
Other backward class 97.6 38.3 85.5 1,752 18.4 1,709
Other 95.9 40.0 83.9 713 21.4 684
Don't know (100.0) (40.5) (80.3) 46 (29.8) 46

Assistance at delivery
Health personnel3 97.3 38.5 86.0 3,424 17.7 3,332
Dai (TBA) 97.9 38.7 80.6 97 16.5 95
Other/no one 95.6 24.0 85.4 125 11.9 120

Place of delivery
Health facility 97.3 38.2 86.0 3,488 17.6 3,395
At home 96.0 32.7 83.4 153 13.2 147

Total 97.3 38.0 85.9 3,646 17.4 3,547

Note: Table is based on last-born children born in the 2 years preceding the survey regardless of whether the children are living or dead at the time of
the interview. Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases. An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted
cases and has been suppressed. Total includes women belonging to Christian or other religions and women who delivered in an other place of delivery,
who are not shown separately
TBA = Traditional birth attendant
1
Includes children who started breastfeeding within 1 hour of birth
2
Children given something other than breast milk during the first 3 days of life
3
Doctor, nurse, midwife, auxiliary nurse midwife, lady health visitor, or other health personnel

122
Table 69 Breastfeeding status by age

Percent distribution of youngest children under age 2 years living with the mother by breastfeeding status and percentage currently breastfeeding, and
percentage of all children under age 2 years using a bottle with a nipple, according to age in months, Gujarat, 2019-20

Breastfeeding and consuming: Number of

youngest
children
under age 2 Percentage Number of
Percentage years living using a all children
Age in Not Exclusively Plain water Non-milk Complementary currently with the bottle with under age 2
months breastfeeding breastfed only liquids1 Other milk foods Total breastfeeding mother a nipple years

<2 2.9 79.0 5.0 1.4 2.3 9.4 100.0 97.1 320 7.2 328
2-3 3.6 65.3 14.9 1.2 4.3 10.7 100.0 96.4 296 7.3 297
4-5 2.3 45.2 27.4 1.5 7.2 16.3 100.0 97.7 230 10.7 232
6-8 6.7 16.5 21.3 2.8 11.7 40.9 100.0 93.3 431 18.2 437
9-11 5.3 6.3 11.1 2.0 10.7 64.6 100.0 94.7 554 19.9 559
12-17 13.5 4.8 6.0 1.1 7.1 67.4 100.0 86.5 897 23.1 917
18-23 33.1 1.3 2.4 0.4 4.8 58.0 100.0 66.9 828 19.3 910

0-3 3.2 72.4 9.7 1.3 3.3 10.0 100.0 96.8 616 7.2 624

0-5 3.0 65.0 14.5 1.4 4.4 11.7 100.0 97.0 847 8.2 856
6-9 5.9 13.8 18.7 2.5 12.0 47.0 100.0 94.1 632 18.8 640
12-15 12.3 5.6 4.4 1.0 8.3 68.4 100.0 87.7 642 22.8 650
12-23 22.9 3.1 4.3 0.8 6.0 62.9 100.0 77.1 1,725 21.2 1,827

20-23 35.5 0.6 2.4 0.4 4.8 56.3 100.0 64.5 556 21.0 614
Note: Breastfeeding status refers to a "24-hour" period (yesterday during the day or at night). Children who are classified as breastfeeding and consuming plain water only consumed
no liquid or solid supplements. The categories of not breastfeeding, exclusively breastfed, breastfeeding and consuming plain water, non-milk liquids, other milk, and complementary
foods (solids and semi-solids) are hierarchical and mutually exclusive, and their percentages add to 100 percent. Thus children who receive breast milk and non-milk liquids and who
do not receive other milk and who do not receive complementary foods are classified in the non-milk liquid category even though they may also get plain water. Any children who
get complementary food are classified in that category as long as they are breastfeeding as well.
1
Non-milk liquids include juice, juice drinks, clear broth, and other liquids.

123
Table 70 Median duration of breastfeeding and infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices

Median duration of any breastfeeding, exclusive breastfeeding, and predominant breastfeeding

among last-born children born in the 3 years preceding the survey, by background characteristics,
Gujarat, 2019-20

Median duration (months) of breastfeeding among last-born

children born in the past 3 years1
Any Exclusive Predominant Number of
Background characteristic breastfeeding breastfeeding breastfeeding2 children

Sex
Male 26.2 4.4 6.6 2,696
Female 23.4 4.0 6.3 2,483

Residence
Urban 22.4 4.6 6.4 1,962
Rural 27.0 4.0 6.5 3,217

Mother's schooling
No schooling 31.2 3.4 6.7 973
<5 years complete 25.0 3.7 6.0 388
5-7 years complete 24.8 4.6 6.4 1,301
8-9 years complete 28.8 4.7 6.5 902
10-11 years complete 25.6 3.5 6.4 575
12 or more years complete 22.7 4.3 6.5 1,040

Religion
Hindu 26.1 4.3 6.4 4,435
Muslim 21.9 3.7 7.1 688

Caste/tribe
Scheduled caste 25.3 4.8 6.7 668
Scheduled tribe 31.3 4.8 6.9 925
Other backward class 26.4 4.0 6.0 2,500
Other 21.6 4.3 6.7 1,026

Total 25.1 4.2 4.0 5,179

Note: Median and mean durations are based on breastfeeding status of the child at the time of the survey
(status). Includes living and deceased children. Total includes children belonging to Christian or other religions
and children whose caste/tribe is not known, who are not shown separately.
a = Omitted because the smoothed percentage is below 50 percent in the first age cell (<2 months) and therefore
the median cannot be calculated
1
For last-born children under age 24 months who live with the mother and are breastfeeding, information to
determine exclusive and predominant breastfeeding comes from a 24-hour dietary recall. Tabulations assume
that last-born children age 24 months or older who live with the mother and are breastfeeding are neither
exclusively nor predominantly breastfed. It is assumed that last-born children not currently living with the mother
and all non-last-born children are not currently breastfeeding.
2
Either exclusively breastfed or received breast milk and plain water, and/or non-milk liquids only

124
Table 71 Minimum acceptable diet

Percentage of youngest children age 6-23 months living with their mother who are fed a minimum acceptable diet based on breastfeeding status, number of food groups, and times they are
fed during the day or night preceding the survey, according to background characteristics, Gujarat, 2019-20

Among breastfed children 6-23 months, Among non-breastfed children 6-23 months, percentage Among all children 6-23 months, percentage fed:
percentage fed: fed:
Number Minimum Minimu Number Breast
Minimum Minimum Minimum of milk Minimum m meal Minimum of non- milk, milk, Minimum Minimum Minimum Number
Background dietary meal acceptable breastfed feeding dietary frequenc acceptable breastfed or milk dietary meal acceptable of all
characteristic diversity1 frequency2 diet3 children frequency4 diversity1 y5 diet6 children products7 diversity1 frequency8 diet9 children

Age in months
6-11 22.2 18.2 4.0 927 50.1 6.1 33.7 6.1 58 97.1 11.2 19.2 4.1 986
6-8 13.7 26.4 5.1 402 (45.7) (3.7) (31.3) (3.7) 29 96.4 8.0 26.7 5.0 431
9-11 28.7 12.0 3.1 525 (54.4) (8.6) (36.1) (8.6) 29 97.6 13.7 13.3 3.4 554
12-17 36.3 18.9 6.2 776 53.5 8.6 42.2 5.5 121 93.7 17.1 22.1 6.1 897
18-23 48.3 21.5 8.5 554 51.9 10.3 46.0 6.2 274 84.1 21.7 29.6 7.7 828

Sex
Male 34.7 19.6 6.6 1,197 48.3 7.7 42.6 5.5 211 92.2 17.0 23.1 6.5 1,408
Female 32.5 18.9 5.0 1,060 55.5 10.7 44.2 6.4 242 91.7 15.6 23.6 5.3 1,302

Residence
Urban 35.5 15.8 6.5 821 50.3 11.3 45.2 7.2 191 90.6 18.4 21.3 6.6 1,012
Rural 32.6 21.3 5.5 1,436 53.5 7.8 42.1 5.1 262 92.8 15.2 24.5 5.4 1,699

Mother's schooling
No schooling 31.8 21.7 6.9 428 45.8 4.6 39.6 2.4 88 90.8 14.7 24.7 6.2 516
<5 years complete 31.6 23.8 5.8 177 (55.0) (8.4) (34.1) (4.9) 31 93.3 12.3 25.3 5.7 208
5-7 years complete 32.2 20.7 4.2 588 46.9 5.4 37.7 3.0 105 92.0 14.7 23.3 4.0 693
8-9 years complete 36.2 18.1 7.0 367 60.7 14.9 51.9 7.3 72 93.5 22.0 23.7 7.1 439
10-11 years complete 37.0 18.3 6.7 264 (48.2) (9.8) (42.5) (8.0) 48 92.0 18.1 22.0 6.9 312
12 or more years
complete 34.1 14.7 5.6 432 57.5 13.2 49.4 10.3 110 91.4 16.1 21.7 6.6 542

Continued…

125
Table 71 Minimum acceptable diet—Continued

Percentage of youngest children age 6-23 months living with their mother who are fed a minimum acceptable diet based on breastfeeding status, number of food groups, and times they are
fed during the day or night preceding the survey, according to background characteristics, Gujarat, 2019-20

Among breastfed children 6-23 months, Among non-breastfed children 6-23 months, percentage Among all children 6-23 months, percentage fed:
percentage fed: fed:
Number Minimum Number of Breast
Minimum Minimum Minimum of milk Minimum Minimum Minimum non- milk, milk, Minimum Minimum Minimum Number
Background dietary meal acceptable breastfed feeding dietary meal acceptable breastfed or milk dietary meal acceptable of all
characteristic diversity1 frequency2 diet3 children frequency4 diversity1 frequency5 diet6 children products7 diversity1 frequency8 diet9 children

Religion
Hindu 33.8 19.9 6.1 1,942 52.5 8.7 43.9 6.2 398 91.9 16.3 24.0 6.1 2,339
Muslim 33.2 15.5 4.5 292 48.0 14.0 41.3 4.6 54 91.9 17.1 19.5 4.5 346

Caste/tribe
Scheduled caste 35.2 20.4 6.5 284 44.0 9.4 37.8 7.2 54 91.1 17.1 23.2 6.6 338
Scheduled tribe 27.9 17.5 5.3 422 54.2 7.1 36.3 4.8 59 94.4 15.6 19.8 5.3 481
Other backward class 36.0 20.5 6.5 1,087 53.6 7.4 44.4 4.7 225 92.0 16.4 24.6 6.2 1,312
Other 32.6 16.8 4.7 437 51.8 14.5 47.6 8.7 113 90.1 16.9 23.1 5.5 549
Don't know (26.7) (27.1) (2.9) 28 * * * * 3 (96.3) (8.9) (29.7) (2.7) 30

Total 33.7 19.3 5.9 2,257 52.1 9.3 43.4 6.0 454 92.0 16.4 23.3 5.9 2,711

Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases. An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed. Total includes children belongings to
Christian or other religions, who are not shown separately.
1
Children received foods from four or more of the following food groups: a. breast milk b. infant formula, milk other than breast milk, cheese or yogurt or other milk products; c. foods made from grains or roots,
including porridge or gruel, fortified baby food made from grains; d. vitamin A-rich fruits and vegetables; e. other fruits and vegetables; f. eggs; g. meat, poultry, fish, shellfish, or organ meats; h. beans, peas, lentils, or
nuts
2
For breastfed children, minimum meal frequency is receiving solid or semi-solid food at least twice a day for infants 6-8 months and at least three times a day for children 9-23 months
3
Breastfed children age 6-23 months are considered to be fed a minimum acceptable diet if they are fed the minimum dietary diversity as described in footnote 1 and the minimum meal frequency as described in
footnote 2
4
Includes two or more feedings of commercial infant formula; fresh, tinned and powdered animal milk; and yogurt
5
For nonbreastfed children age 6-23 months, minimum meal frequency is receiving solid or semi-solid food or milk feeds at least four times a day. At least one of the feeds must be a solid or semi-solid food.
6
Nonbreastfed children age 6-23 months are considered to be fed a minimum acceptable diet if they receive other milk or milk products at least twice a day, receive the minimum meal frequency as described in
footnote 5, and receive solid or semi-solid foods from at least four food groups not including the milk or milk products food group
7
Breastfeeding, or not breastfeeding and receiving two or more feedings of commercial infant formula, fresh, tinned, and powdered animal milk, and yogurt
8
Children are fed the minimum recommended number of times per day according to their age and breastfeeding status as described in footnotes 2 and 5
9
Children age 6-23 months are considered to be fed a minimum acceptable diet if they receive breast milk, other milk or milk products as described in footnote 7, are fed the minimum dietary diversity as described in
footnote 1, and are fed the minimum meal frequency as described in footnotes 2 and 5

126
Table 72 Child feeding practices and nutritional status of children by district

Among last-born children who were born in the 2 years preceding the survey, percentage who started breastfeeding within 1 hour of birth,
percentage of youngest children under age 6 months living with the mother who are exclusively breastfed, and percentage of children under
age 5 years classified as malnourished according to three anthropometric indices of nutritional status: height-for-age, weight-for-height, and
weight-for-age, by district, Gujarat, 2019-20

Among last Height-for-age2 Weight-for-height Weight-for-age

born
children in
the past 2
years Percentage
Percentage of children
breastfed under age
within 1 Number 6 months Number Percentage Number Percentage Number Percentage Number
hour of of exclusively of below -2 of below -2 of below -2 of
District birth children breastfed1 children SD3 children SD3 children SD3 children

Ahmadabad 36.2 340 * 73 35.4 859 17.5 839 34.0 870

Amreli 41.8 87 (88.2) 21 35.3 168 23.7 166 30.6 176
Anand 30.9 134 * 23 38.4 310 28.6 305 46.6 321
Aravali 32.7 73 (51.0) 19 47.1 175 29.0 175 47.2 179
Banas Kantha 46.8 241 (57.5) 58 39.0 525 25.5 513 44.1 533
Bharuch 28.4 83 * 12 40.9 204 24.5 191 45.5 206
Bhavnagar 33.0 127 * 23 32.6 307 29.6 299 39.5 316
Botad 34.9 47 * 7 32.2 95 26.0 96 32.3 99
Chhotaudepur 24.0 68 (58.7) 18 48.6 146 28.4 136 48.1 150
Devbhumi Dwarka 54.1 46 (67.3) 11 30.2 109 26.1 103 36.2 112
Dohad 40.3 189 (47.6) 47 55.3 442 27.7 435 53.0 457
Gandhinagar 37.7 81 * 11 38.1 188 30.6 181 44.6 190
Gir Somnath 35.1 64 (75.6) 15 44.4 147 18.5 148 30.3 156
Jamnagar 44.4 67 (74.0) 25 28.3 163 23.8 151 28.9 165
Junagadh 33.5 80 * 20 37.3 181 17.3 169 26.4 183
Kachchh 45.1 170 (61.9) 51 37.5 376 20.2 368 33.4 381
Kheda 25.8 139 (47.4) 30 37.3 305 30.9 301 39.5 307
Mahesena 28.6 115 * 30 31.0 275 28.2 272 41.4 275
Mahisagar 24.2 67 (64.4) 14 43.4 167 26.2 156 49.0 171
Morbi 47.6 63 (75.1) 16 32.9 146 25.2 141 32.3 150
Narmada 30.8 35 (74.2) 8 47.2 97 23.0 94 52.8 98
Navsari 15.7 69 * 16 36.8 179 29.0 164 43.6 181
Panch Mahals 42.0 134 (58.9) 24 47.1 324 35.7 308 51.8 333
Patan 42.4 96 (35.9) 21 50.5 222 20.9 219 42.3 227
Porbandar 52.8 33 (72.7) 11 18.2 77 21.8 69 25.5 79
Rajkot 44.7 173 * 39 38.9 376 17.5 372 37.0 386
Sabar Kantha 38.0 114 (71.6) 33 37.0 260 33.1 239 41.0 263
Surat 45.4 283 * 63 36.0 832 26.0 826 32.4 858
Surendranagar 29.9 96 (67.5) 25 39.2 213 27.1 211 41.8 218
Tapi 42.5 40 * 11 41.7 108 36.6 102 51.8 109
The Dangs 34.0 15 (76.2) 5 37.6 39 40.9 36 53.1 40
Vadodara 44.0 162 * 36 42.3 357 20.1 356 39.8 367
Valsad 34.9 115 (49.9) 27 37.8 323 23.2 314 34.8 321

Gujarat 38.0 3,646 65.0 847 39.0 8,695 25.1 8,457 39.7 8,876

Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases. An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has
been suppressed.
1
Based on the youngest child living with the mother
2
Recumbent length is measured for children under age 2, or in the few cases when the age of the child is unknown and the child is less than 85 cm; standing
height is measured for all other children
3
Based on the WHO Growth Standards population median

127
Table 73 Prevalence of anaemia in children

Percentage of children age 6-59 months classified as having anaemia, by background characteristics, Gujarat, 2019-20 and total for
NFHS-4

Anaemia status by haemoglobin level

Mild Moderate Severe Any anaemia Number of
Background characteristic (10.0-10.9 g/dl) (7.0-9.9 g/dl) (< 7.0 g/dl) (<11.0 g/dl) children

Age in months
6-8 27.6 49.5 1.2 78.2 303
9-11 23.3 53.6 4.5 81.4 408
12-17 24.2 60.5 4.6 89.3 714
18-23 23.8 59.0 4.7 87.5 689
24-35 25.5 55.8 4.7 86.0 1,440
36-47 29.9 42.9 1.7 74.5 1,430
48-59 31.8 36.7 1.5 69.9 1,446

Sex
Male 27.3 49.6 3.5 80.3 3,301
Female 27.7 48.5 2.7 79.0 3,129

Birth order1
1 28.3 48.1 2.7 79.1 2,721
2-3 27.0 49.1 3.5 79.6 3,185
4-5 27.9 53.0 2.2 83.1 443
6 or more 20.8 55.3 11.8 87.8 54

Residence
Urban 27.4 46.9 3.4 77.6 2,666
Rural 27.6 50.6 2.9 81.2 3,763

Mother's schooling2
No schooling 29.1 47.7 4.1 80.9 992
<5 years complete 26.9 49.9 3.7 80.5 458
5-7 years complete 26.2 51.5 2.4 80.2 1,638
8-9 years complete 29.0 48.0 3.9 80.9 1,187
10-11 years complete 28.1 49.1 2.9 80.1 775
12 or more years complete 26.5 47.7 2.5 76.7 1,379

Religion
Hindu 27.5 49.7 3.1 80.3 5,408
Muslim 28.5 46.5 2.5 77.5 907
Christian (22.1) (20.3) (12.8) (55.2) 32
Other 23.0 43.4 3.3 69.7 83

Caste/tribe
Scheduled caste 27.8 48.5 3.2 79.6 808
Scheduled tribe 27.6 55.5 3.1 86.2 1,025
Other backward class 27.1 49.9 3.2 80.2 3,013
Other 27.9 43.1 3.0 73.9 1,446
Don't know 33.5 49.0 2.1 84.6 92
No caste/tribe or missing 24.0 49.9 0.0 73.9 46

Continued…

128
Table 73 Prevalence of anaemia in children—Continued

Percentage of children age 6-59 months classified as having anaemia, by background characteristics, Gujarat, 2019-20 and total for
NFHS-4

Anaemia status by haemoglobin level

Mild Moderate Severe Any anaemia Number of
Background characteristic (10.0-10.9 g/dl) (7.0-9.9 g/dl) (< 7.0 g/dl) (<11.0 g/dl) children

Mother's interview status3

Interviewed 27.6 49.0 3.1 79.7 6,402
Not interviewed but in the
household (15.7) (59.4) (3.4) (78.5) 28

Child's living arrangements

Living with both parents 27.6 49.1 2.9 79.6 6,000
Living with one or neither
parent 26.5 48.8 5.7 81.0 429

Mother's anaemia status4

Not anaemic 29.3 40.8 1.9 72.1 2,131
Mildly anaemic 27.9 51.0 3.2 82.0 1,769
Moderately/severely anaemic 26.0 54.3 4.1 84.4 2,492

Total 27.5 49.1 3.1 79.7 6,430

NFHS-4 (2015-16) 31.5 29.3 1.7 62.6 6,022

Note: Table is based on children who stayed in the household the night before the interview and who were tested for anaemia. Prevalence of
anaemia, based on haemoglobin levels, is adjusted for altitude using the CDC formula (Centers for Disease Control (CDC). 1998. Recommendations
to prevent and control iron deficiency in the United States. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 47 (RR-3): 1-29). Haemoglobin levels shown in
grams per decilitre (g/dl). Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases.
1
Excludes children whose mothers were not interviewed
2
For mothers who are not interviewed, information is taken from the Household Questionnaire. Excludes children whose mothers are not listed in
the household schedule.
3
Includes children whose mothers not interviewed and not in the household, who are not shown separately.
4
Mildly anaemic is 10.0-11.9 g/dl for non-pregnant women and 10.0-10.9 g/dl for pregnant women. Moderately/severely anaemic is <10.0 g/dl.
Adjusted for altitude and for smoking status. Excludes children whose mother's anaemia status is not known.

129
Table 74 Micronutrient intake among children

Percentage of youngest children age 6-23 months living with their mother who consumed vitamin A-rich and iron-rich foods in the day or night preceding the survey, percentage of children age 6-23
months who were given multiple micronutrient powder in the last 7 days, who were given iron supplements in the last 7 days, and who were given deworming medication in the last 6 months;
percentage of children age 9-35 months who were given vitamin A supplements in the last 6 months; and percentage of children age 6-59 months who live in households using iodized salt, by background
characteristics, Gujarat, 2019-20, and total from NFHS-4

Among children age 6-59

Among youngest children age 6-23 months Among children age 9-35 months in households with salt
living with their mother: Among children age 6-23 months: months: tested:
Percentage
who Percentage Percentage
consumed who Percentage given Percentage Percentage
foods rich consumed given multiple Percentage deworming given vitamin living in
in vitamin A foods rich in micronutrient given iron medication in A supplements households
Background in last 24 iron in last 24 Number of powder in last supplements last 6 Number of in last 6 Number of using iodized Number of
characteristic hours1 hours2 children 7 days3 in last 7 days3 months3,4 children months5 children salt6 children
Age in months 16.5 2.7 431 4.9 39.2 35.5 437 na na 93.2 432
6-8 16.5 2.7 431 4.9 39.2 35.5 437 na na 93.2 432
9-11 33.3 4.2 554 7.7 47.5 47.5 559 79.6 559 94.4 548
12-17 45.7 7.0 897 9.1 48.2 47.1 917 90.8 917 95.0 903
18-23 58.3 9.1 828 7.0 46.5 46.9 910 87.4 910 93.7 899
24-35 na na na na na na na 83.9 1,886 94.2 1,852
36-47 na na na na na na na na na 94.9 1,881
48-59 na na na na na na na na na 94.7 1,884
Sex
Male 42.2 6.7 1,408 7.0 46.5 44.7 1,462 86.9 2,213 95.0 4,315
Female 42.5 6.1 1,302 8.0 45.8 46.0 1,362 84.1 2,060 93.9 4,085
Birth order
1 40.4 5.3 1,150 6.6 46.5 45.1 1,219 85.8 1,808 95.4 3,409
2-3 44.3 7.1 1,328 7.9 45.7 45.5 1,364 86.1 2,091 94.0 4,125
4-5 42.8 7.1 207 9.7 47.5 45.4 215 81.7 325 92.8 697
6 or more (26.5) (10.7) 26 4.5 (40.5) (48.1) 26 74.9 48 96.4 128
Breastfeeding status7
Breastfeeding 39.9 6.2 2,257 7.5 45.6 45.4 2,258 86.4 2,452 94.4 3,081
Not breastfeeding 54.5 7.4 454 7.1 48.3 45.1 566 84.4 1,821 94.6 5,279
Residence
Urban 43.7 9.3 1,012 6.3 45.6 43.9 1,051 86.8 1,652 96.9 3,175
Rural 41.5 4.7 1,699 8.2 46.4 46.2 1,773 84.8 2,621 93.0 5,225

Continued…

130
Table 74 Micronutrient intake among children—Continued

Percentage of youngest children age 6-23 months living with the mother who consumed vitamin A-rich and iron-rich foods in the day or night preceding the survey, percentage of children age 6-23
months who were given multiple micronutrient powder in the last 7 days, who were given iron supplements in the last 7 days, and who were given deworming medication in the last 6 months;
percentage of children age 9-35 months who were given vitamin A supplements in the 6 months preceding the survey and percentage of children age 6-23 months who were given iron supplements in
the last 7 days and, who were given deworming medication in the last 6 months , and percentage of children age 6-59 months who live in households using iodized salt, by background characteristics,
Gujarat, 2019-20, and total from NFHS-4

Among children age 6-59

Among youngest children age 6-23 months Among children age 9-35 months in households with
living with their mother: Among children age 6-23 months: months: salt tested:
Percentage
who Percentage Percentage Percentage
consumed who Percentage given given vitamin Percentage
foods rich consumed given multiple Percentage deworming A living in
in vitamin A foods rich in micronutrient given iron medication in supplements households
in last 24 iron in last 24 Number of powder in last supplements last 6 Number of in the last 6 Number of using iodized Number of
Background characteristic hours1 hours2 children 7 days3 in last 7 days3 months3,4 children months5 children salt6 children
Mother's schooling
No schooling 43.2 5.6 516 6.9 41.0 44.9 540 83.7 803 92.6 1,636
<5 years complete 39.9 7.4 208 9.3 38.2 40.0 218 81.1 323 94.5 645
5-7 years complete 40.3 3.9 693 5.7 44.6 42.3 728 82.6 1,045 94.3 2,152
8-9 years complete 41.8 8.6 439 7.3 48.9 52.1 455 88.3 732 94.0 1,435
10-11 years complete 48.1 9.3 312 12.9 51.3 48.0 321 89.8 492 94.6 929
12 or more years complete 42.3 6.4 542 6.6 50.8 44.7 562 87.8 878 96.8 1,603
Religion
Hindu 42.8 4.2 2,339 7.7 46.8 45.3 2,440 86.1 3,644 94.5 7,128
Muslim 39.5 21.0 346 6.1 40.2 45.6 357 81.4 584 94.7 1,128
Christian * * 13 9.5 * * 13 * 22 86.2 37
Other * * 11 0.0 * * 13 * 22 90.5 107
Caste/tribe
Scheduled caste 45.2 4.8 338 4.4 42.6 40.0 354 83.5 535 95.6 1,030
Scheduled tribe 35.8 5.5 481 10.1 57.4 54.9 500 90.0 761 92.1 1,510
Other backward class 44.2 6.4 1,312 6.9 43.3 45.0 1,374 84.8 2,082 94.6 3,953
Other 42.8 8.5 549 8.2 45.4 42.0 565 85.3 850 96.7 1,730
Don't know (28.6) (0.0) 30 12.0 (44.4) (28.6) 31 (75.1) 44 80.8 111
No caste/tribe or missing * * 0 - * * 0 * 0 89.4 66

Total 42.4 6.4 2,711 7.5 46.1 45.3 2,824 85.5 4,273 94.5 8,400

Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases. An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.
na = Not applicable
1
Includes meat and organ meats, fish, poultry, eggs, pumpkin, carrots, squash, sweet potatoes that are yellow or orange inside, dark green leafy vegetables, ripe mango, papaya, cantaloupe, and jackfruit
2
Includes meat and organ meats, fish, poultry, and eggs
3
Based on mother's recall
4
Deworming for intestinal parasites is commonly done for helminths and schistosomiasis
5
Based on mother's recall and the vaccination card (where available)
6
Excludes children in households in which salt was not tested
7
Excludes children whose breastfeeding status is unknown

131
Table 75 Presence of iodized salt in household

Percent distribution of households by salt testing, and among households with salt tested, percentage with iodized salt, according
to background characteristics, Gujarat, 2019-20, and total for NFHS-4

Among households with tested

Percentage of households: salt:
With salt, With no salt Percentage
Background With salt but salt in the Number of with iodized Number of
characteristic tested not tested1 household Total households salt households

Residence
Urban 99.4 0.1 0.5 100.0 12,640 97.4 12,570
Rural 99.5 0.1 0.4 100.0 16,728 94.3 16,651

Religion of household
head
Hindu 99.5 0.0 0.4 100.0 25,394 95.5 25,275
Muslim 99.3 0.3 0.5 100.0 2,995 96.6 2,973
Christian 99.0 0.6 0.3 100.0 137 95.9 136
Other 99.5 0.1 0.4 100.0 842 94.8 838

Caste/tribe of
household head
Scheduled caste 99.6 0.0 0.4 100.0 3,871 95.8 3,855
Scheduled tribe 99.6 0.0 0.4 100.0 4,529 94.7 4,509
Other backward class 99.5 0.1 0.4 100.0 12,957 95.8 12,893
Other 99.4 0.1 0.5 100.0 7,054 96.2 7,013
Don't know 99.6 0.0 0.4 100.0 268 89.5 267
No caste/tribe or
missing 99.4 0.1 0.5 100.0 689 94.8 685

Total 99.5 0.1 0.4 100.0 29,368 95.6 29,221

NFHS-4 (2015-16) 98.6 0.0 1.4 100.0 20, 236 95.5 19, 953
1
Includes households in which salt could not be tested for technical or logistical reasons, including non-availability of test kits

132
Table 76 Presence of iodized salt in household by district

Percent distribution of households by salt testing, and among households with salt tested, percentage with iodized salt,
by district, Gujarat, 2019-20

Percentage of households: Among households with

tested salt:
With salt, With no Percentage
With salt but salt not salt in the Number of with iodized Number of
District tested tested1 household Total households salt households

Ahmadabad 99.8 0.1 0.1 100.0 3,303 98.7 3,295

Amreli 99.6 0.0 0.4 100.0 696 93.5 693
Anand 99.2 0.2 0.6 100.0 1,044 92.6 1,036
Aravali 99.2 0.0 0.8 100.0 525 93.5 520
Banas Kantha 99.9 0.0 0.1 100.0 1,371 96.6 1,369
Bharuch 98.3 0.4 1.3 100.0 803 98.9 789
Bhavnagar 98.7 0.0 1.3 100.0 1,103 87.2 1,089
Botad 99.8 0.1 0.1 100.0 317 98.7 316
Chhotaudepur 99.5 0.3 0.2 100.0 459 94.3 456
Devbhumi Dwarka 99.9 0.1 0.0 100.0 342 97.5 341
Dohad 99.9 0.0 0.1 100.0 871 93.4 870
Gandhinagar 99.4 0.0 0.6 100.0 803 93.6 798
Gir Somnath 98.9 0.0 1.1 100.0 504 87.5 498
Jamnagar 99.9 0.0 0.1 100.0 680 99.2 679
Junagadh 99.9 0.0 0.1 100.0 735 97.4 734
Kachchh 99.5 0.0 0.5 100.0 1,037 98.0 1,032
Kheda 99.2 0.1 0.6 100.0 1,045 89.8 1,037
Mahesena 99.3 0.3 0.4 100.0 1,159 91.5 1,150
Mahisagar 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 476 96.6 476
Morbi 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 443 98.1 443
Narmada 99.9 0.0 0.1 100.0 295 98.5 295
Navsari 99.8 0.0 0.2 100.0 704 95.1 703
Panch Mahals 98.5 0.0 1.5 100.0 861 95.4 848
Patan 99.9 0.0 0.1 100.0 656 98.1 655
Porbandar 99.4 0.1 0.5 100.0 308 99.0 307
Rajkot 99.7 0.0 0.3 100.0 1,354 98.6 1,350
Sabar Kantha 99.2 0.0 0.8 100.0 699 94.5 693
Surat 99.6 0.1 0.3 100.0 3,184 96.7 3,171
Surendranagar 99.8 0.0 0.2 100.0 741 97.5 740
Tapi 99.0 0.3 0.7 100.0 420 97.9 416
The Dangs 99.6 0.0 0.4 100.0 116 98.2 116
Vadodara 99.2 0.0 0.8 100.0 1,346 94.6 1,335
Valsad 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 969 95.7 969

Gujarat 99.5 0.1 0.4 100.0 29,368 95.6 29,221

1
Includes households in which salt could not be tested for technical or logistical reasons, including non-availability of test kits

133
Table 77 Women's and men's food consumption

Percent distribution of women and men age 15-49 by frequency of consumption of specific foods, Gujarat, 2019-20

Frequency of consumption Number of

Type of food Daily Weekly Occasionally Never Total respondents
WOMEN

Milk or curd 58.6 22.0 13.6 5.8 100.0 33,343

Pulses or beans 38.0 55.5 6.4 0.2 100.0 33,343
Dark green leafy vegetables 53.8 36.6 9.4 0.2 100.0 33,343
Fruits 15.5 38.6 44.1 1.9 100.0 33,343
Eggs 2.2 16.3 19.4 62.1 100.0 33,343
Fish 1.7 12.1 19.4 66.8 100.0 33,343
Chicken or meat 1.3 15.2 20.9 62.5 100.0 33,343
Fish or chicken/meat 2.4 17.8 18.6 61.1 100.0 33,343
Fried foods 2.6 26.8 65.4 5.2 100.0 33,343
Aerated drinks 3.7 17.6 69.8 8.8 100.0 33,343

MEN

Milk or curd 50.8 34.3 10.5 4.4 100.0 4,957

Pulses or beans 33.1 59.1 7.5 0.3 100.0 4,957
Dark green leafy vegetables 57.4 36.6 5.8 0.3 100.0 4,957
Fruits 8.0 31.8 58.5 1.7 100.0 4,957
Eggs 2.0 17.8 32.3 47.9 100.0 4,957
Fish 1.5 10.7 31.3 56.4 100.0 4,957
Chicken or meat 1.0 16.9 31.0 51.2 100.0 4,957
Fish or chicken/meat 2.1 18.5 30.3 49.1 100.0 4,957
Fried foods 2.8 21.0 66.9 9.3 100.0 4,957
Aerated drinks 2.8 19.4 69.2 8.7 100.0 4,957

134
Table 78 Nutritional status of adults

Percentage of women and men age 15-49 with specific body mass index (BMI) levels, by background characteristics, Gujarat, 2019-20, and total for NFHS-4
Body Mass Index: Women1 Body Mass Index: Men
<17.0 <17.0
<18.5 17.0-18.4 (moderately ≥25.0 17.0-18.4 (moderately ≥25.0
Background (total (mildly /severely (overweight 25.0-29.9 ≥30.0 Number of <18.5 (mildly /severely (overweight 25.0-29.9 ≥30.0 Number of
characteristic thin) thin) thin) or obese) (overweight) (obese) women (total thin) thin) thin) or obese) (overweight) (obese) men

Age
15-19 52.5 25.1 27.4 4.9 3.5 1.4 4,917 46.5 20.7 25.7 8.8 6.7 2.1 784
20-29 31.3 16.6 14.8 14.8 10.6 4.2 9,205 25.1 14.2 10.9 14.0 10.8 3.2 1,495
30-39 15.7 8.7 7.1 29.6 20.9 8.7 9,013 11.1 7.3 3.8 25.5 20.2 5.4 1,333
40-49 12.0 6.6 5.4 34.6 23.5 11.1 8,096 9.8 5.2 4.6 28.4 22.3 6.2 1,192

Marital status
Never married 46.1 22.6 23.5 7.2 5.2 2.0 7,463 35.0 17.5 17.6 11.1 8.6 2.6 1,652
Currently married 18.5 10.0 8.6 27.6 19.2 8.4 22,492 13.1 7.5 5.6 25.0 19.6 5.4 3,035
Widowed/divorced/
separated/deserted 19.2 11.5 7.8 25.1 18.2 6.8 1,276 23.7 15.6 8.1 13.9 11.9 1.9 117

Residence
Urban 17.2 9.6 7.6 30.4 20.4 10.0 13,088 15.9 8.6 7.4 25.6 19.4 6.3 2,082
Rural 30.8 15.5 15.3 17.0 12.5 4.6 18,143 24.7 13.1 11.6 15.6 12.7 2.9 2,722

Schooling
No schooling 23.8 12.9 10.9 20.0 14.3 5.7 6,609 20.2 9.7 10.5 17.9 15.9 2.0 419
<5 years complete 21.8 12.1 9.7 23.1 16.5 6.6 2,266 20.6 15.3 5.3 19.8 17.1 2.8 276
5-9 years complete 27.2 13.6 13.5 23.0 15.8 7.2 11,798 23.7 11.2 12.5 16.7 12.5 4.1 1,925
10-11 years complete 28.1 14.1 14.1 22.4 15.5 6.9 3,898 23.6 13.2 10.4 21.5 16.0 5.5 836
12 or more years
complete 22.3 11.9 10.4 24.6 17.1 7.5 6,660 15.4 9.2 6.3 24.3 19.3 5.0 1,348

Religion
Hindu 25.8 13.3 12.5 21.4 15.2 6.2 27,503 21.1 11.3 9.9 19.9 15.7 4.2 4,178
Muslim 20.0 11.2 8.8 32.3 20.6 11.7 3,423 19.2 9.5 9.7 20.1 15.0 5.2 565
Christian 33.5 15.2 18.3 19.6 13.9 5.6 147 (28.3) (20.6) (7.7) (22.7) (17.3) (5.3) 26
Other 14.9 7.4 7.5 32.7 16.1 16.6 158 * * * * * * 35

Continued…

135
Table 78 Nutritional status of adults—Continued

Percentage of women and men age 15-49 with specific body mass index (BMI) levels, by background characteristics, Gujarat, 2019-20, and total for NFHS-4

Body Mass Index: Women1 Body Mass Index: Men

<17.0 <17.0
<18.5 17.0-18.4 (moderately ≥25.0 17.0-18.4 (moderately ≥25.0
Background (total (mildly /severely (overweight 25.0-29.9 ≥30.0 Number of <18.5 (mildly /severely (overweight 25.0-29.9 ≥30.0 Number of
characteristic thin) thin) thin) or obese) (overweight) (obese) women (total thin) thin) thin) or obese) (overweight) (obese) men

Caste/tribe
Scheduled caste 26.8 14.4 12.5 20.3 14.9 5.4 4,201 24.2 12.7 11.5 19.7 15.4 4.3 698
Scheduled tribe 35.1 17.0 18.1 10.8 8.0 2.8 5,131 25.1 14.2 10.9 9.6 8.3 1.3 722
Other backward class 25.1 13.3 11.9 22.2 15.8 6.5 14,297 20.7 10.8 9.9 19.8 16.1 3.7 2,255
Other 17.1 9.1 8.0 33.3 22.0 11.3 7,330 16.3 8.9 7.4 27.0 19.4 7.6 1,107
Don't know 29.6 13.2 16.4 16.6 11.5 5.1 271 * * * * * * 22

Total age 15-49 25.1 13.0 12.1 22.6 15.8 6.8 31,231 20.9 11.1 9.8 19.9 15.6 4.3 4,804

Age 50-54 na na na na na na na 12.5 6.3 6.2 27.0 19.3 7.8 384

Total age 15-54 na na na na na na na 20.3 10.8 9.5 20.5 15.9 4.6 5,188

Age 15-49
NFHS-4 (2015-16) 27.2 13.8 13.4 23.8 16.7 7.1 21, 238 24.7 13.2 11.5 19.7 16.0 3.8 5, 297

Note: The body mass index (BMI) is expressed as the ratio of weight in kilograms to the square of height in metres (kg/m 2). Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases. An asterisk indicates that a figure is based
on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.
na = Not applicable
1
Excludes pregnant women and women with a birth in the preceding 2 months

136
Table 79 Waist circumference and waist-to-hip ratio

Among women and men age 15-49, percentage with specific waist circumferences and waist-to-hip ratios, by background characteristics, Gujarat, 2019-20

Women Men

Waist circumference Waist-to-hip ratio Waist circumference Waist-to-hip ratio

Substantially Substantially Substantially Substantially
Increased risk increased risk increased risk Increased risk increased risk increased risk
of metabolic of metabolic of metabolic Number of metabolic of metabolic of metabolic
complications complications complications of complications complications complications Number
Background characteristic Normal (>80 cm) (>88 cm) Normal (≥0.85) women Normal (>94 cm) (>102 cm) Normal (≥0.90) of men

Age
15-19 89.5 10.5 3.1 65.1 34.9 4,910 96.2 3.8 2.3 76.3 23.7 783
20-29 73.8 26.2 8.9 60.6 39.4 9,200 93.8 6.2 1.8 66.0 34.0 1,489
30-39 55.1 44.9 20.1 54.5 45.5 9,012 84.4 15.6 4.6 55.0 45.0 1,333
40-49 47.2 52.8 25.8 48.2 51.8 8,095 80.8 19.2 8.6 43.9 56.1 1,191

Marital status
Never married 85.1 14.9 4.3 64.0 36.0 7,456 94.5 5.5 2.3 71.0 29.0 1,649
Currently married 57.3 42.7 19.2 54.0 46.0 22,485 85.0 15.0 5.5 52.6 47.4 3,031
Widowed/divorced/
separated/deserted 58.5 41.5 18.0 52.0 48.0 1,276 89.6 10.4 2.4 62.6 37.4 117

Residence
Urban 54.6 45.4 21.0 52.9 47.1 13,082 85.4 14.6 5.7 56.7 43.3 2,076
Rural 70.8 29.2 11.7 58.8 41.2 18,134 90.6 9.4 3.3 61.0 39.0 2,721

Schooling
No schooling 64.4 35.6 15.1 54.1 45.9 6,607 87.3 12.7 3.6 57.8 42.2 420
<5 years complete 61.3 38.7 16.5 56.8 43.2 2,265 89.9 10.1 2.6 46.0 54.0 276
5-9 years complete 65.6 34.4 15.4 58.2 41.8 11,796 90.3 9.7 4.2 60.1 39.9 1,925
10-11 years complete 64.6 35.4 14.7 58.2 41.8 3,893 88.6 11.4 3.6 63.3 36.7 831
12 or more years complete 61.3 38.7 16.7 54.0 46.0 6,657 85.4 14.6 5.6 58.4 41.6 1,344

Religion
Hindu 65.4 34.6 14.6 57.2 42.8 27,491 88.7 11.3 4.3 59.8 40.2 4,173
Muslim 53.3 46.7 23.2 49.2 50.8 3,421 86.7 13.3 4.8 56.2 43.8 563
Christian 68.6 31.4 14.3 53.4 46.6 147 (91.0) (9.0) (5.3) (50.8) (49.2) 26
Other 47.6 52.4 28.0 58.6 41.4 158 * * * * * 35

Continued…

137
Table 79 Waist circumference and waist-to-hip ratio—Continued

Among women and men age 15-49, percentage with specific waist circumferences and waist-to-hip ratios, by background characteristics, Gujarat, 2019-20

Waist-to-hip ratio-
Waist circumference-Women Women Waist circumference-Men Waist-to-hip ratio-Men
Substantially Substantially Substantially Substantially
Increased risk increased risk increased risk Increased risk increased risk increased risk
of metabolic of metabolic of metabolic of metabolic of metabolic of metabolic
complications complications complications Number complications complications complications Number
Background characteristic Normal (>80 cm) (>88 cm) Normal (≥0.85) of women Normal (>94 cm) (>102 cm) Normal (≥0.90) of men

Caste/tribe
Scheduled caste 66.6 33.4 13.6 61.0 39.0 4,199 87.5 12.5 3.8 63.6 36.4 698
Scheduled tribe 74.1 25.9 9.4 47.6 52.4 5,127 95.1 4.9 0.9 56.5 43.5 722
Other backward class 65.7 34.3 14.6 59.0 41.0 14,290 89.3 10.7 4.2 60.8 39.2 2,254
Other 51.9 48.1 23.1 54.4 45.6 7,329 82.4 17.6 7.3 54.4 45.6 1,100
Don't know 72.0 28.0 12.6 60.5 39.5 271 * * * * * 22

Total 64.0 36.0 15.6 56.3 43.7 31,217 88.3 11.7 4.3 59.2 40.8 4,797

Note: Table excludes pregnant women and women with a birth in the preceding 2 months. An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.

138
Table 80 Prevalence of anaemia in adults

Percentage of women and men age 15-49 with anaemia by background characteristics, Gujarat, 2019-20, and total for NFHS-4

Women Men
Moderate Any Moderate Any
Mild (11.0- (8.0-10.9 Severe anaemia Number of Mild (9.0-11.9 Severe anaemia Number of
Background characteristic 11.9 g/dl)1 g/dl)2 (<8.0 g/dl)3 (<12.0 g/dl)4 women (12.0-12.9 g/dl) g/dl) (<9.0 g/dl) (<13.0 g/dl) men

Age
15-19 25.9 39.4 3.7 69.0 5,037 16.2 19.5 0.4 36.0 778
20-29 26.8 34.9 3.4 65.2 10,212 13.5 10.1 0.7 24.2 1,485
30-39 25.9 34.7 4.0 64.5 9,163 12.3 11.7 1.1 25.0 1,319
40-49 24.7 33.5 4.5 62.7 7,986 12.9 11.1 1.3 25.2 1,172

Marital status
Never married 26.5 35.9 3.4 65.9 7,439 14.4 15.9 0.8 31.2 1,645
Currently married 25.8 34.9 4.0 64.7 23,694 12.8 10.1 0.9 23.7 2,997
Widowed/divorced/
separated/deserted 23.1 37.1 5.3 65.5 1,265 16.6 17.8 2.3 36.7 114

Maternity status
Pregnant 24.1 36.2 2.2 62.5 1,127 na na na na na
Breastfeeding 28.2 35.9 2.9 66.9 3,748 na na na na na
Neither 25.7 35.1 4.1 64.8 27,523 na na na na na

Residence
Urban 27.3 31.1 2.8 61.3 13,491 12.7 10.1 0.5 23.3 2,054
Rural 24.9 38.1 4.7 67.6 18,907 14.0 14.0 1.2 29.2 2,701

Schooling
No schooling 24.9 37.5 4.9 67.3 6,757 14.6 13.8 1.3 29.7 416
<5 years complete 23.3 37.5 4.4 65.1 2,313 15.6 10.9 1.4 27.8 275
5-9 years complete 25.9 35.5 4.1 65.5 12,397 15.4 13.9 0.6 29.8 1,915
10-11 years complete 27.7 33.3 3.3 64.4 4,035 11.8 13.6 1.1 26.5 819
12 or more years complete 26.6 32.7 2.7 62.1 6,896 10.9 9.1 0.9 20.9 1,331

Religion
Hindu 25.8 35.8 4.1 65.7 28,497 13.5 12.4 0.9 26.8 4,134
Muslim 26.3 29.9 2.9 59.0 3,588 12.1 10.6 0.3 23.0 560
Christian 33.8 33.7 2.1 69.6 149 (16.2) (20.1) (6.7) (43.0) 26
Other 20.6 41.2 1.2 63.0 164 * * * * 35

Continued…

139
Table 80 Prevalence of anaemia in adults—Continued

Percentage of women and men age 15-49 with anaemia by background characteristics, Gujarat, 2019-20, and total for NFHS-4

Women Men
Moderate Any Moderate Any
Mild (11.0- (8.0-10.9 Severe anaemia Number of Mild (9.0-11.9 Severe anaemia Number of
Background characteristic 11.9 g/dl)1 g/dl)2 (<8.0 g/dl)3 (<12.0 g/dl)4 women (12.0-12.9 g/dl) g/dl) (<9.0 g/dl) (<13.0 g/dl) men

Caste/tribe
Scheduled caste 24.9 34.4 3.9 63.2 4,355 10.4 11.8 1.2 23.3 690
Scheduled tribe 27.1 45.6 5.6 78.3 5,371 21.3 17.2 1.5 40.0 715
Other backward class 25.7 33.5 3.8 63.1 14,846 12.8 10.9 0.7 24.4 2,238
Other 26.0 31.3 2.7 60.0 7,546 11.8 12.3 0.6 24.7 1,090
Don't know 22.9 39.9 7.4 70.3 281 * * * * 22

Smoking status
Smokes cigarettes/bidis * * * * 17 11.7 9.7 2.0 23.4 396
Does not smoke cigarettes/bidis 25.9 35.2 3.9 65.0 32,381 13.5 12.6 0.8 27.0 4,730

Total age 15-49 25.9 35.2 3.9 65.0 32,398 13.4 12.3 0.9 26.6 4,755

Age 50-54 na na na na na 12.7 13.6 1.7 27.9 371

Total age 15-54 na na na na na 13.4 12.4 0.9 26.7 5,126

Age 15-49
NFHS-4 (2015-16) 25 26.9 3.1 54.9 22, 026 11.6 8.8 1.3 21.7 5, 272

Note: Table is based on women and men who stayed in the household the night before the interview. Prevalence is adjusted for altitude and for smoking status, if known, using the CDC formulae (Centers for
Disease Control (CDC). 1998. Recommendations to prevent and control iron deficiency in the United States. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 47 (RR-3): 1-29). Haemoglobin levels are shown in grams per
decilitre (g/dl). Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases. An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.
na = Not applicable
1
For pregnant women the value is 10.0-10.9 g/dl
2
For pregnant women, the value is 7.0-9.9 g/dl
3
For pregnant women, the value is <7.0 g/dl
4
For pregnant women the value is <11.0 g/dl

140
Table 81 Nutritional status and anaemia among children and women by district

Percentage of children age 6-59 months classified as having anaemia and percentage of women age 15-49 years with anaemia and
specific body mass index (BMI) levels by district, Gujarat, 2019-20

Percentage
Percentage Percentage Percentage of women
of children of women of women with BMI
having any having any with BMI ≥25.0
anaemia Number of anaemia Number of <18.5 (overweight Number of
District (<11.0 g/dl) children (<12.0 g/dl)1 women (total thin) or obese) women2

Ahmadabad 72.0 671 63.7 3,659 19.4 30.1 3,523

Amreli 72.0 142 50.0 739 18.2 29.1 713
Anand 78.4 266 66.4 1,080 32.0 20.8 1,061
Aravali 89.5 121 77.3 630 34.4 18.0 609
Banas Kantha 79.0 308 60.0 1,548 36.7 11.7 1,502
Bharuch 81.0 171 71.8 824 30.3 25.5 796
Bhavnagar 71.5 247 49.4 1,142 20.8 29.3 1,098
Botad 75.5 69 58.8 363 19.6 27.3 352
Chhotaudepur 87.7 78 78.9 527 30.9 7.6 505
Devbhumi Dwarka 66.6 60 48.8 425 22.3 24.1 412
Dohad 87.2 248 75.1 1,184 39.1 6.5 1,113
Gandhinagar 81.2 142 68.8 819 21.2 29.5 805
Gir Somnath 68.9 126 49.9 628 24.7 17.3 605
Jamnagar 75.0 117 50.2 756 17.3 29.5 728
Junagadh 74.7 149 58.8 786 18.7 33.4 756
Kachchh 68.6 251 57.5 1,137 28.1 25.7 1,095
Kheda 85.1 202 76.1 1,169 32.2 17.8 1,115
Mahesena 86.0 179 69.3 1,181 24.4 24.3 1,138
Mahisagar 85.9 120 72.5 528 30.7 9.4 502
Morbi 75.3 110 50.7 536 21.2 24.6 515
Narmada 93.2 69 75.9 327 30.7 11.1 313
Navsari 75.3 152 68.7 776 21.8 18.7 758
Panch Mahals 91.0 223 69.8 1,027 33.1 16.1 962
Patan 76.2 146 59.8 724 29.3 18.3 692
Porbandar 77.9 58 47.6 333 15.8 27.8 323
Rajkot 77.0 318 60.5 1,456 19.5 28.0 1,430
Sabar Kantha 81.1 161 67.3 785 26.6 15.5 751
Surat 83.6 697 69.0 3,432 21.0 25.1 3,330
Surendranagar 81.0 171 55.6 778 24.1 20.7 745
Tapi 80.7 74 77.4 457 35.4 12.6 439
The Dangs 82.4 27 77.2 116 33.7 8.1 110
Vadodara 86.4 308 72.3 1,424 20.9 27.6 1,371
Valsad 87.6 250 75.7 1,102 23.8 21.3 1,064

Gujarat 79.7 6,430 65.0 32,398 25.1 22.6 31,231

Note: Table is based on children who stayed in the household the night before the interview. Prevalence of anaemia, based on haemoglobin levels, is
adjusted for altitude using the CDC formula (Centers for Disease Control (CDC). 1998. Recommendations to prevent and control iron deficiency in the
United State. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 47 (RR-3): 1-29). Haemoglobin levels shown in grams per decilitre (g/dl). The Body Mass Index
(BMI) is expressed as the ratio of weight in kilograms to the square of height in metres (kg/m 2).
1
For pregnant women, the value is <11.0 g/dl
2
Excludes pregnant women and women with a birth in the preceding 2 months

141
Table 82 Knowledge and prevention of HIV/AIDS

Percentage of women and men age 15-49 who have heard of HIV or AIDS and who, in response to prompted questions, say that people can reduce the risk of getting HIV/AIDS by using
condoms every time they have sexual intercourse, who know that the risk of getting HIV/AIDS can be reduced by limiting sex to one uninfected partner, who have a comprehensive knowledge
about HIV/AIDS, and who know that HIV/AIDS can be transmitted from a mother to her baby, by background characteristics, Gujarat, 2019-20

Percentage who say Percentage who know

that people can that the risk of getting
reduce their chances HIV/AIDS can be Percentage who have Percentage who know
of getting HIV/AIDS by reduced by limiting a comprehensive that HIV/AIDS can be
Percentage who have using a condom every sex to one uninfected knowledge about transmitted from a
heard of HIV or AIDS time they have sex sex partner1 HIV/AIDS2 mother to her baby Number
Background characteristic Women Men Women Men Women Men Women Men Women Men Women Men

Age
15-24 74.3 88.2 64.1 81.2 61.2 74.4 27.2 33.4 68.5 71.5 1,585 1,663
15-19 71.8 85.6 60.2 78.2 59.5 69.0 26.8 28.8 66.0 67.8 779 813
20-24 76.7 90.7 67.9 84.1 62.8 79.6 27.5 37.9 70.9 75.0 806 849
25-29 79.3 94.0 70.7 85.3 67.7 80.9 30.0 39.9 74.2 82.2 774 699
30-39 78.8 90.5 69.5 84.1 68.2 76.1 29.9 36.3 72.8 78.8 1,471 1,373
40-49 72.8 88.4 64.2 80.8 60.5 75.5 27.5 35.8 67.8 77.5 1,199 1,223

Residence
Urban 87.3 94.8 79.1 89.1 76.4 80.7 36.3 40.8 81.5 82.5 2,129 2,144
Rural 67.8 85.8 57.6 77.5 55.1 72.5 22.8 31.8 62.4 72.0 2,900 2,813

Schooling
No schooling 57.8 72.2 49.2 63.9 45.5 58.7 15.5 24.1 53.5 60.2 1,030 427
<5 years complete 65.1 77.9 55.1 71.7 51.3 64.7 23.3 28.0 60.4 61.7 404 281
5-7 years complete 69.3 84.7 60.6 76.4 57.2 70.0 21.6 28.0 63.5 73.5 963 723
8-9 years complete 75.3 88.9 65.3 81.2 64.0 73.6 27.0 32.6 69.4 73.3 939 1,267
10-11 years complete 89.6 93.9 80.3 84.9 75.9 79.6 38.4 34.8 82.3 81.1 663 874
12 or more years complete 96.8 98.2 87.0 93.1 86.5 87.0 45.0 48.3 91.2 86.1 1,030 1,386

Regular media exposure3

Yes 84.1 93.5 74.6 88.0 72.2 80.1 33.4 39.6 77.6 80.9 2,971 3,296
No 64.4 82.1 55.3 71.6 52.3 68.1 21.4 28.0 60.2 67.9 2,058 1,661

Marital status
Never married 75.5 88.9 64.8 82.1 62.1 73.8 28.5 34.2 69.5 72.2 1,143 1,718
Currently married 76.2 90.1 67.1 82.7 64.7 77.4 28.5 36.9 70.9 78.9 3,702 3,116
Widowed/divorced/
separated/deserted 76.7 90.7 69.8 82.2 62.8 73.1 28.3 27.5 68.8 75.8 184 123

Continued…

142
Table 82 Knowledge and prevention of HIV/AIDS—Continued

Percentage of women and men age 15-49 who have heard of HIV or AIDS and who, in response to prompted questions, say that people can reduce the risk of getting HIV/AIDS by using
condoms every time they have sexual intercourse, who know that the risk of getting HIV/AIDS can be reduced by limiting sex to one uninfected partner, who have a comprehensive knowledge
about HIV/AIDS, and who know that HIV/AIDS can be transmitted from a mother to her baby, by background characteristics, Gujarat, 2019-20

Percentage who say Percentage who know

that people can that the risk of getting
reduce their chances HIV/AIDS can be Percentage who have Percentage who know
of getting HIV/AIDS by reduced by limiting a comprehensive that HIV/AIDS can be
Percentage who have using a condom every sex to one uninfected knowledge about transmitted from a
heard of HIV or AIDS time they have sex sex partner1 HIV/AIDS2 mother to her baby Number
Background characteristic Women Men Women Men Women Men Women Men Women Men Women Men

Whether been away from home for 1

month or more at a time in the past
12 months4
Been away 77.9 86.7 70.8 80.7 67.3 70.1 29.4 31.7 73.2 74.4 296 447
Not been away 75.9 90.0 66.4 82.7 63.9 76.7 28.4 36.1 70.3 76.7 4,733 4,511

Whether been away from home for 6

months or more at a time in the past
12 months4
Been away 76.4 84.1 60.1 80.0 64.1 68.9 24.3 38.0 72.5 75.8 208 140
Not been away 76.0 89.9 67.0 82.6 64.1 76.3 28.7 35.6 70.4 76.5 4,821 4,817

Religion
Hindu 75.7 89.5 66.3 82.3 63.6 76.0 28.6 35.4 70.4 76.6 4,374 4,313
Muslim 76.6 90.0 67.6 82.4 65.8 77.2 26.9 37.3 70.9 74.6 601 584
Christian (94.7) (98.3) (77.9) (87.8) (75.9) (59.5) (30.8) (12.8) (85.6) (78.5) 19 26

Caste/tribe
Scheduled caste 74.1 89.4 66.0 80.3 61.7 72.6 30.0 34.7 70.0 75.1 701 717
Scheduled tribe 78.0 92.0 70.5 84.4 67.7 80.7 29.8 32.4 73.8 80.3 750 737
Other backward class 72.4 86.9 62.2 78.7 59.1 73.2 25.0 33.9 67.1 73.5 2,419 2,328
Other 85.5 95.3 76.3 91.2 75.7 82.1 35.2 42.9 77.5 81.9 1,119 1,150
Don't know (30.1) * (14.5) * (13.3) * (3.7) * (24.9) * 40 25

Total 76.0 89.7 66.7 82.5 64.1 76.1 28.5 35.7 70.5 76.5 5,029 4,957

Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases. An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed. Total includes women/men belonging to
other religions, who are not shown separately.
1
Partner who has no other partners
2
Comprehensive knowledge means knowing that consistent use of a condom every time they have sex and having just one uninfected faithful sex partner can reduce the chance of getting HIV/AIDS, knowing that a
healthy-looking person can have HIV/AIDS, and rejecting two common misconceptions about transmission or prevention of HIV/AIDS.
3
Exposure to radio, television, or newspapers/magazines at least once a week or cinema at least once a month
4
For women, visits to parental/in-laws' home excluded

143
Table 83.1 Accepting attitudes toward those living with HIV/AIDS: Women

Among women age 15-49 who have heard of HIV or AIDS, percentage expressing specific accepting attitudes toward people with HIV/AIDS, by background characteristic, Gujarat, 2019-20

Percentage of women who:

Think that Think that
Say that a people living people living
female Would allow with HIV/AIDS with HIV
Would buy teacher who Would not an HIV should be should be
fresh has HIV/AIDS want to keep positive treated in the allowed to
Are willing to vegetables but is not sick secret that a student to same public work in the Express
care for a from a should be family attend school hospital as same office accepting Number of
relative with shopkeeper or allowed to member got with students persons who with people attitudes on women who
HIV/AIDS in vendor who continue infected with who are HIV are HIV who are HIV all seven have heard of
Background characteristic own home has HIV/AIDS teaching HIV/AIDS negative negative negative indicators HIV or AIDS

Age
15-24 84.8 72.1 79.6 45.4 74.6 78.7 75.8 20.4 1,178
15-19 85.1 71.4 79.8 43.4 75.3 77.0 75.9 20.9 560
20-24 84.5 72.7 79.3 47.3 74.0 80.3 75.6 20.0 619
25-29 84.6 69.7 80.4 48.2 76.9 77.9 74.3 19.4 614
30-39 88.2 70.4 79.9 47.8 76.5 78.7 78.5 22.9 1,160
40-49 86.9 68.8 80.7 50.8 74.8 77.3 77.1 22.2 872
Residence
Urban 89.0 75.8 84.4 45.5 80.1 82.6 81.3 22.9 1,858
Rural 83.7 65.4 75.9 50.0 71.3 74.1 72.3 20.0 1,966
Schooling
No schooling 83.5 67.9 75.9 44.4 70.9 71.4 69.6 15.0 595
<5 years complete 87.1 70.2 80.3 50.4 76.2 80.5 74.5 23.0 263
5-7 years complete 84.5 64.6 77.8 49.3 72.7 76.7 72.6 19.0 667
8-9 years complete 85.4 67.0 77.8 45.3 71.9 78.9 75.0 18.5 707
10-11 years complete 86.3 73.9 79.4 49.8 76.0 78.0 78.6 25.0 595
12 or more years complete 89.4 76.3 86.0 48.8 82.6 82.5 84.2 26.4 998
Regular media exposure1
Yes 87.5 72.5 82.6 49.8 78.2 80.8 79.2 24.7 2,498
No 83.9 66.5 75.2 44.1 70.6 73.4 71.8 15.3 1,326
Marital status
Never married 84.4 72.5 81.0 48.1 76.9 78.6 76.2 22.6 862
Currently married 86.4 69.7 79.6 47.3 75.1 78.2 76.7 20.8 2,821
Widowed/divorced/separated/deserted 94.9 71.9 84.4 56.5 77.5 76.3 78.3 27.1 141

Continued…

144
Table 83.1 Accepting attitudes toward those living with HIV/AIDS: Women—Continued

Among women age 15-49 who have heard of HIV or AIDS, percentage expressing specific accepting attitudes toward people with HIV/AIDS, by background characteristic, Gujarat, 2019-20

Percentage of women who:

Think that Think that
Say that a people living people living
Would buy female Would allow with HIV/AIDS with HIV
fresh teacher who Would not an HIV should be should be
vegetables has HIV/AIDS want to keep positive treated in the allowed to
Are willing to from a but is not sick secret that a student to same public work in the Express
care for a shopkeeper should be family attend school hospital as same office accepting Number of
relative with or vendor allowed to member got with students persons who with people attitudes on women who
HIV/AIDS in who has continue infected with who are HIV are HIV who are HIV all seven have heard of
Background characteristic own home HIV/AIDS teaching HIV/AIDS negative negative negative indicators HIV or AIDS

Religion
Hindu 86.3 70.6 80.0 48.6 75.9 78.0 77.0 21.7 3,312
Muslim 85.7 70.0 79.3 40.6 73.3 79.1 73.2 17.9 460
Christian (86.1) (56.1) (74.5) (65.7) (68.9) (74.4) (79.6) (18.3) 18

Caste/tribe
Scheduled caste 85.7 76.1 82.1 47.8 80.1 78.2 78.2 28.1 519
Scheduled tribe 87.5 68.3 80.7 41.6 75.7 79.8 78.0 17.6 585
Other backward class 85.7 69.0 78.2 49.8 72.2 77.0 73.6 20.9 1,752
Other 86.6 71.9 82.2 47.5 79.6 79.8 80.7 21.2 957

Total 86.3 70.4 80.1 47.8 75.6 78.3 76.7 21.4 3,824

Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases. Total includes women belonging to other religions and women who don’t know their caste/tribe, who are not shown separately.
1
Exposure to radio, television, or newspapers/magazines at least once a week or cinema at least once a month

145
Table 83.2 Accepting attitudes toward those living with HIV/AIDS: Men

Among men age 15-49 who have heard of HIV or AIDS, percentage expressing specific accepting attitudes toward people with HIV/AIDS, by background characteristic, Gujarat, 2019-20

Percentage of men who:

Think that Think that
Say that a people living people living
female Would allow with HIV/AIDS with HIV
Would buy teacher who Would not an HIV should be should be
fresh has HIV/AIDS want to keep positive treated in the allowed to
Are willing to vegetables but is not sick secret that a student to same public work in the Express Number of
care for a from a should be family attend school hospital as same office accepting men who
relative with shopkeeper or allowed to member got with students persons who with people attitudes on have heard
HIV/AIDS in vendor who continue infected with who are HIV are HIV who are HIV all seven of HIV or
Background characteristic own home has HIV/AIDS teaching HIV/AIDS negative negative negative indicators AIDS

Age
15-24 87.4 69.5 79.3 65.5 76.6 71.9 74.3 31.2 1,466
15-19 88.7 67.9 77.1 60.4 74.4 70.8 73.2 26.6 696
20-24 86.2 70.9 81.2 70.2 78.6 72.9 75.3 35.4 770
25-29 87.5 73.3 82.1 67.9 80.2 76.2 80.7 36.7 657
30-39 88.9 75.8 82.9 67.5 80.2 77.4 79.9 35.2 1,243
40-49 87.6 72.1 79.3 69.4 77.2 72.6 76.3 33.0 1,080

Residence
Urban 87.3 77.4 82.8 64.3 81.7 75.6 80.7 34.4 2,034
Rural 88.4 68.3 78.9 70.0 75.4 73.1 74.4 32.9 2,413

Schooling
No schooling 80.7 72.7 77.2 69.2 76.7 75.6 75.0 32.5 308
<5 years complete 82.2 70.3 76.8 70.7 77.4 71.4 71.4 34.5 219
5-7 years complete 87.4 64.8 76.9 68.3 73.6 69.6 74.2 29.6 612
8-9 years complete 86.7 67.6 79.4 67.7 74.1 71.8 73.7 31.5 1,126
10-11 years complete 88.2 71.7 78.1 64.4 78.2 74.4 77.3 32.9 821
12 or more years complete 91.5 80.6 86.5 67.6 84.4 78.4 83.0 37.7 1,360

Regular media exposure1

Yes 88.8 76.5 85.0 65.3 82.6 78.8 81.7 35.9 3,083
No 85.9 63.2 71.0 72.1 68.5 64.0 67.4 28.4 1,364

Continued…

146
Table 83.2 Accepting attitudes toward those living with HIV/AIDS: Men—Continued

Among men age 15-49 who have heard of HIV or AIDS, percentage expressing specific accepting attitudes toward people with HIV/AIDS, by background characteristic, Gujarat, 2019-20

Percentage of men who:

Say that a Think that Think that
female people living people living
teacher who Would allow with HIV/AIDS with HIV
Would buy has an HIV should be should be
fresh HIV/AIDS Would not positive treated in the allowed to
Are willing to vegetables but is not want to keep student to same public work in the Express Number of
care for a from a sick should secret that a attend school hospital as same office accepting men who
relative with shopkeeper or be allowed family member with students persons who with people attitudes on have heard
HIV/AIDS in vendor who to continue got infected who are HIV are HIV who are HIV all seven of HIV or
Background characteristic own home has HIV/AIDS teaching with HIV/AIDS negative negative negative indicators AIDS

Marital status
Never married 87.4 71.0 80.7 64.5 77.6 72.4 75.3 32.0 1,527
Currently married 88.1 73.3 80.6 69.0 78.7 75.3 78.5 34.6 2,808
Widowed/divorced/
separated/deserted 89.0 70.3 82.0 66.8 76.8 73.2 74.1 28.7 111

Religion
Hindu 88.3 72.1 80.7 66.8 78.2 73.9 77.1 32.7 3,861
Muslim 84.3 74.3 80.3 71.0 78.8 76.3 78.0 38.6 526
Christian (82.2) (67.9) (71.4) (72.6) (65.2) (58.9) (59.8) (19.7) 26

Caste/tribe
Scheduled caste 88.9 70.5 82.1 62.4 78.4 71.4 77.7 27.0 641
Scheduled tribe 89.2 68.9 80.1 75.0 77.1 73.5 75.4 40.6 678
Other backward class 87.5 70.0 78.1 67.9 75.4 72.0 75.1 30.1 2,023
Other 87.2 80.5 84.8 64.6 84.4 80.6 82.4 39.8 1,096

Total 87.9 72.4 80.7 67.4 78.3 74.2 77.3 33.6 4,446

Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases. Total includes men belonging to other religions and men, who don’t know their caste/tribe who are not shown separately
1
Exposure to radio, television, or newspapers/magazines at least once a week or cinema at least once a month

147
Table 84 Sexual behaviour, HIV testing, blood transfusion, and injections

Indicators of higher-risk sexual behaviour, use of blood transfusion, prior HIV testing, and any injections for women and men age 15-49 by residence,
Gujarat, 2019-20

Urban Rural Total

Behaviour Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total

Among those who had sexual intercourse in

the past 12 months:
Percentage who had two or more partners in the
past 12 months 1.3 0.2 0.7 1.4 0.8 1.1 1.3 0.5 0.9
Percentage who had higher-risk intercourse in the
past 12 months1 9.2 0.7 4.9 8.3 1.3 4.6 8.7 1.0 4.7
Percentage who had two or more partners and
higher-risk intercourse in the past 12 months1 1.0 0.1 0.5 1.1 0.4 0.7 1.1 0.3 0.7
Number who had sexual intercourse in the
past 12 months 1,413 1,481 2,895 1,846 2,027 3,873 3,259 3,508 6,767

Among those who had higher-risk sexual

intercourse in the past 12 months:
Percentage who reported using a condom at last
higher-risk intercourse1 50.1 * 51.6 30.0 (45.2) 32.1 39.2 (52.6) 40.7
Number who had higher-risk sexual intercourse in
the past 12 months 131 10 141 154 25 179 284 36 320
Among those who have ever had sexual
intercourse:
Mean number of sexual partners in lifetime 1.9 1.3 1.6 1.5 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.6
Number who have ever had sexual intercourse 1,520 1,625 3,145 2,017 2,266 4,283 3,537 3,891 7,428

Among all men:

Percentage who paid for sexual intercourse in the
past 12 months 0.8 na na 0.8 na na 0.8 na na
Number of men 2,144 na na 2,813 na na 4,957 na na
Among men who paid for sexual intercourse in the
past 12 months, percentage reporting condom use
at last paid intercourse * na * (27.7) na (27.7) 29.3 na 29.3
Number of men who paid for sexual intercourse the
past 12 months 18 na na 22 na na 40 na na
Among women with a birth in the last 5 years who
received ANC during pregnancy, percentage who
were tested for HIV during ANC na 24.0 24.0 na 16.2 16.2 na 19.3 19.3
Number of women with a birth in the last 5 years
who received ANC during pregnancy na 471 471 na 694 694 na 1,165 1,165
Percentage ever tested for HIV prior to NFHS-5 5.2 16.0 10.5 3.2 9.2 6.2 4.1 12.1 8.1
Percentage who have ever had a blood transfusion 3.6 6.5 5.1 3.2 8.3 5.8 3.4 7.5 5.5
Percentage who received any injection in the past
12 months 26.6 35.1 30.8 31.1 42.9 37.1 29.2 39.6 34.4
Mean number of injections in the past 12 months 3.2 2.9 3.0 3.6 2.9 3.2 3.4 2.9 3.1
Number of respondents 2,144 2,129 4,273 2,813 2,900 5,713 4,957 5,029 9,987

Among those who received an injection in the past

12 months, percentage for whom for the last
injection, a disposable syringe was used 92.6 96.0 94.5 93.8 94.2 94.0 93.3 94.9 94.2
Number who received an injection in the past 12
months 570 747 1,317 875 1,243 2,118 1,446 1,989 3,435

Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases. An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been
suppressed.
na = Not applicable
ANC = Antenatal care
1
Sexual intercourse with a partner who was neither a spouse nor who lived with the respondent

148
Table 85 Knowledge of HIV/AIDS and sexual behaviour among youth

Indicators of HIV/AIDS knowledge and sexual behaviour for women and men age 15-24 by residence, Gujarat, 2019-20

Urban Rural Total

Knowledge and behaviour Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total

Knowledge
Percentage with comprehensive knowledge about
HIV/AIDS1 38.3 33.4 36.0 30.0 23.1 26.6 33.4 27.2 30.4
Percentage who know a condom source 90.3 50.2 71.3 82.1 36.8 59.5 85.5 42.1 64.3

Sexual behaviour
Percentage who have ever had sexual intercourse 28.3 30.1 29.1 33.6 41.1 37.3 31.4 36.8 34.0
Percentage who had sexual intercourse before age 15 1.1 1.0 1.0 0.9 2.0 1.4 1.0 1.6 1.3

HIV testing, injections, and blood transfusion

Percentage ever tested for HIV prior to NFHS-5 3.6 7.7 5.6 1.2 6.1 3.7 2.2 6.8 4.4
Percentage who have ever had a blood transfusion 2.4 3.9 3.1 3.3 5.0 4.2 3.0 4.6 3.7
Percentage who received any injection in the past
12 months 25.4 37.1 31.0 28.8 44.0 36.4 27.4 41.3 34.2
Mean number of injections in the past 12 months 3.2 2.8 3.0 2.6 2.8 2.7 2.8 2.8 2.8

Number age 15-24 695 624 1,319 968 961 1,929 1,663 1,585 3,248

Among those who received an injection in the past 12

months, percentage for whom a disposable syringe was used 88.0 95.5 92.2 93.8 95.4 94.8 91.6 95.4 93.8
Number who received an injection in the past 12 months 177 232 408 279 423 702 456 655 1,111

Among those who have ever had sexual intercourse,

percentage who used a condom at first sexual intercourse 41.5 39.2 40.4 26.9 23.1 24.8 32.3 28.3 30.2
Number who have ever had sexual intercourse 198 191 389 332 398 730 530 590 1,120

Among those who had sexual intercourse in the past 12

months, percentage who had higher-risk sexual intercourse
in the past 12 months2 40.5 2.7 21.3 26.0 5.0 14.3 31.3 4.3 16.7
Number who had sexual intercourse in the past 12 months 171 176 348 297 372 669 469 548 1,017

Among those who had higher-risk sexual intercourse in the

past 12 months, percentage who used a condom at their last
higher-risk sexual intercourse (49.6) * 50.5 37.1 (51.6) 39.9 43.0 (54.1) 44.5
Number who had higher-risk sexual intercourse in the past
12 months 69 5 74 77 19 96 147 23 170

Among the never married:

Percentage who have never had sexual intercourse 82.5 97.9 89.0 84.5 95.8 89.5 83.6 96.7 89.3
Percentage who had sexual intercourse in the past
12 months 13.3 1.7 8.4 12.6 3.4 8.5 12.9 2.7 8.5
Number never married 602 441 1,043 752 584 1,337 1,354 1,025 2,380

Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases. An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been
suppressed.
1
Comprehensive knowledge means knowing that consistent use of condoms every time they have sex and having just one uninfected faithful sex partner can
reduce the chance of getting HIV/AIDS, knowing that a healthy-looking person can have HIV/AIDS, and rejecting two common misconceptions about transmission
or prevention of HIV/AIDS
2
Sexual intercourse with a partner who was neither a spouse nor lived with the respondent

149
Table 86 Prevalence of tuberculosis

Number of persons per 100,000 usual household residents suffering from any tuberculosis
and medically treated tuberculosis by age, sex, and main type of cooking fuel, according
to residence, Gujarat, 2019-20

Number of persons per 100,000 suffering from:

Medically treated Number of usual
Age and sex Tuberculosis1 tuberculosis2 residents
URBAN

Sex
Female 172 172 26,188
Male 189 179 28,344

Age
<15 501 477 12,079
15-59 86 86 36,092
60 or more 110 110 6,365

Cooking fuel
Solid fuel3 242 242 2,884
Other fuel 177 172 51,652

Total4 181 176 54,536

RURAL

Sex
Female 247 243 38,297
Male 232 228 39,039

Age
< 15 355 342 19,471
15-59 170 170 48,522
60 or more 353 353 9,347

Cooking fuel
Solid fuel3 302 297 42,681
Other fuel 161 160 34,658

Total4 239 236 77,339

TOTAL

Sex
Female 216 215 64,486
Male 214 207 67,383

Age
< 15 411 394 31,549
15-59 134 134 84,614
60 or more 255 255 15,712

Cooking fuel
Solid fuel3 298 294 45,565
Other fuel 171 167 86,310

Total4 215 211 131,875

1
Includes medically treated tuberculosis
2
Suffering from tuberculosis and received medical treatment
3
Includes coal, lignite, charcoal, wood, straw/shrubs/grass, agricultural crop waste, and dung
cakes
4
Total includes transgender respondents, who are not shown separately.

150
Table 87 Knowledge and attitudes toward tuberculosis

Percentage of women and men age 15-49 who have heard of tuberculosis (TB), and among those who have heard of TB, percentage with specific knowledge and beliefs, according to background characteristics, Gujarat, 2019-20

Among women who have heard of TB, percentage who: Among men who have heard of TB, percentage who:
Report
that TB is
spread Report that
through Have TB is spread Have Would want
Percentage the air by misconceptions Believe Would want a Number of Percentage through the misconceptions a family Number of
of women coughing about that TB family women who of men who air by about Believe that member's men who
who have Number of or transmission of can be member's TB have heard of have heard Number of coughing or transmission of TB can be TB kept have heard
Background characteristic heard of TB women sneezing TB1 cured kept secret TB of TB men sneezing TB1 cured secret of TB

Age
15-19 86.5 5,206 64.0 57.9 83.6 22.1 4,502 86.9 813 69.6 62.9 91.4 18.9 707
20-34 87.3 15,257 66.1 61.5 89.3 19.2 13,322 91.9 2,207 69.5 66.0 93.5 15.1 2,029
35-49 86.0 12,880 64.0 59.1 91.1 19.3 11,080 91.1 1,937 70.2 64.5 94.5 13.3 1,764

Residence
Urban 93.4 13,906 69.5 65.1 92.6 17.5 12,989 93.8 2,144 71.8 68.2 95.1 14.2 2,012
Rural 81.9 19,437 61.3 55.9 86.3 21.5 15,915 88.4 2,813 68.1 62.2 92.3 15.6 2,488

Schooling
No schooling 75.1 6,956 56.6 51.4 85.4 23.7 5,224 84.8 427 65.5 63.4 89.2 15.0 362
<5 years complete 82.6 2,377 56.5 55.5 87.4 20.9 1,962 86.8 281 65.2 63.6 91.0 17.6 244
5-7 years complete 83.8 6,313 60.2 55.3 88.1 19.8 5,287 87.5 723 68.5 64.5 93.6 16.3 633
8-9 years complete 88.0 6,443 64.2 60.2 87.5 19.9 5,667 89.3 1,267 68.4 61.9 92.4 14.1 1,132
10-11 years complete 93.7 4,146 69.2 63.9 90.0 20.0 3,885 91.0 874 73.1 64.6 94.1 16.2 795
12 or more years complete 96.7 7,109 75.8 69.2 94.0 15.9 6,877 96.4 1,386 71.6 68.4 95.8 14.0 1,335

Religion
Hindu 86.4 29,267 64.7 59.4 88.8 19.5 25,280 90.8 4,313 69.5 65.2 93.6 15.1 3,915
Muslim 88.5 3,741 65.8 64.9 91.3 21.5 3,311 89.9 584 72.2 61.6 93.9 14.0 525
Christian 97.0 154 75.3 69.3 95.8 17.5 150 (96.5) 26 (63.8) (84.7) (96.4) (40.1) 25
Other 90.0 181 87.8 58.3 92.4 8.1 163 * 35 * * * * 35

Caste/tribe
Scheduled caste 85.4 4,486 63.0 58.8 90.1 25.5 3,831 88.5 717 70.9 68.0 96.9 15.7 634
Scheduled tribe 89.5 5,487 69.2 62.0 90.0 18.6 4,913 94.6 737 69.3 62.1 94.7 13.1 697
Other backward class 84.3 15,255 62.9 58.3 87.6 19.4 12,860 89.2 2,328 67.4 66.8 91.9 15.1 2,077
Other 90.9 7,813 67.6 63.0 91.0 17.8 7,104 93.6 1,150 74.1 62.0 93.9 15.4 1,077
Don't know 64.8 302 38.9 38.0 76.2 21.7 196 * 25 * * * * 16

Total 86.7 33,343 65.0 60.0 89.1 19.7 28,904 90.8 4,957 69.8 64.9 93.6 15.0 4,500

Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases. An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.
1
Misconceptions about the transmission of TB include that it can be spread by sharing utensils, by touching a person with TB, through food, through sexual contact, through mosquito bites, or through any other means except through
the air when coughing or sneezing

151
Table 88 Health insurance coverage among women and men

Percentage of women and men age 15-49 who are covered by a health insurance/financing scheme, by
background characteristics, Gujarat, 2019-20
Percentage of Percentage of
women covered by men covered by
any health any health
insurance/financing Number insurance/financi Number
Background characteristic scheme of women ng scheme of men

Age
15-19 31.9 5,206 36.6 813
20-24 29.0 5,380 35.4 849
25-34 31.4 9,877 37.8 1,358
35-49 38.9 12,880 43.8 1,937

Residence
Urban 30.8 13,906 33.6 2,144
Rural 36.3 19,437 44.0 2,813

Schooling
No schooling 33.1 6,956 29.4 427
<5 years complete 35.4 2,377 42.4 281
5-7 years complete 33.8 6,313 38.7 723
8-9 years complete 34.1 6,443 37.3 1,267
10-11 years complete 33.6 4,146 42.8 874
12 or more years complete 34.7 7,109 42.5 1,386

Religion
Hindu 35.2 29,267 42.0 4,313
Muslim 25.0 3,741 21.4 584
Christian 30.7 154 (71.4) 26
Other 25.6 181 * 35

Caste/tribe
Scheduled caste 36.3 4,486 45.2 717
Scheduled tribe 39.2 5,487 42.8 737
Other backward class 33.7 15,255 38.9 2,328
Other 30.2 7,813 35.9 1,150
Don't know 19.4 302 * 25

Total age 15-49 34.0 33,343 39.5 4,957

Age 50-54 na na 41.9 394

Total age 15-54 na na 39.7 5,351

Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases. An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than
25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.
na = Not applicable

152
Table 89 Source of health care and health insurance coverage among households

Percent distribution of households by the source of health care that household members generally use when they get sick, percentage of
households with at least one usual member covered by a health insurance/financing scheme, and among households with at least one
usual member covered by a health insurance/financial scheme, type of a health insurance/health scheme coverage, according to residence,
Gujarat, 2019-20

Residence
Source Urban Rural Total

Public health sector 46.0 59.6 53.8

Government/municipal hospital 21.1 15.0 17.6
Government dispensary 2.9 1.8 2.3
UHC/UHP/UFWC 7.8 0.8 3.8
CHC/rural hospital/block PHC 9.7 18.6 14.8
PHC/additional PHC 4.0 20.6 13.5
Sub-centre 0.5 2.8 1.8
Vaidya/hakim/homeopath (AYUSH) 0.0 0.0 0.0
Other public health sector 0.0 0.0 0.0

NGO or trust hospital/clinic 1.5 0.8 1.1

Private health sector 51.1 38.6 44.0

Private hospital 30.1 20.9 24.8
Private doctor/clinic 20.7 17.4 18.8
Private paramedic 0.3 0.3 0.3
Vaidya/hakim/homeopath (AYUSH) 0.0 0.0 0.0
Pharmacy/drugstore 0.0 0.0 0.0
Other private health sector 0.0 0.0 0.0

Other source 0.8 0.2 0.5

Shop 0.0 0.1 0.0
Home treatment 0.3 0.1 0.2
Other 0.5 0.1 0.2

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0

Health insurance
Percentage of households in which at least one usual member is
covered by a health insurance/financing scheme 36.3 41.1 39.0
Number of households 12,640 16,728 29,368

Type of coverage among households in which at least one usual

member is covered by a health insurance/financing scheme
Employees' State insurance scheme (ESIS) 5.3 1.7 3.1
Central Government Health Scheme (CGHS) 9.1 15.4 12.9
State health insurance scheme 56.9 58.2 57.7
Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana (RSBY) 9.4 18.7 15.0
Community health insurance programme 0.4 0.2 0.3
Other health insurance through employer 2.6 0.8 1.5
Medical reimbursement from employer 4.7 0.7 2.3
Other privately purchased commercial health insurance 5.8 2.0 3.5
Other 16.2 15.8 16.0

Number of households 4,584 6,873 11,457

UHC = Urban health centre; UHP = Urban health post; UFWC = Urban family welfare centre; CHC = Community health centre; PHC = Primary
health centre; AYUSH = Ayurveda, yoga and naturopathy, unani, siddha and homeopathy; ICDS = Integrated Child Development Services;
ASHA = Accredited Social Health Activist; NGO = Nongovernmental organization

153
Table 90 Health problems

Number of women and men age 15-49 per 100,000 who reported that they have diabetes, asthma, goitre or any other thyroid disorder, heart disease, or cancer, by background characteristics,
Gujarat, 2019-20

Number of women per 100,000 Number of men per 100,000

Goitre or Goitre or
other other
thyroid Any heart Number of thyroid Any heart Number of
Background characteristic Diabetes Asthma disorder disease Cancer women Diabetes Asthma disorder disease Cancer men

Age
15-19 271 447 304 122 65 5,206 292 967 0 0 0 813
20-34 488 902 817 300 94 15,257 899 455 198 339 275 2,207
35-49 2,774 1,349 1,889 508 310 12,880 2,320 1,466 56 557 103 1,937

Residence
Urban 1,797 1,012 1,927 312 219 13,906 1,515 807 176 275 176 2,144
Rural 1,008 998 596 381 140 19,437 1,232 1,030 60 440 153 2,813

Schooling
No schooling 1,511 1,309 666 443 123 6,956 1,318 1,563 0 483 0 427
<5 years complete 2,229 1,239 1,092 646 249 2,377 3,159 1,117 0 596 0 281
5-7 years complete 1,586 1,000 1,166 431 220 6,313 1,045 1,550 0 572 217 723
8-9 years complete 1,051 829 903 354 169 6,443 1,039 916 133 209 85 1,267
10-11 years complete 856 712 1,547 160 213 4,146 966 703 0 303 0 874
12 or more years complete 1,188 959 1,626 206 136 7,109 1,694 543 272 369 391 1,386

Marital status
Never married 176 537 252 146 90 7,702 769 898 255 321 262 1,718
Currently married 1,647 1,115 1,393 401 190 24,344 1,731 854 35 409 115 3,116
Widowed/divorced/separated/deserted 2,408 1,684 1,948 672 346 1,297 0 3,478 0 0 0 123

Religion
Hindu 1,245 906 1,018 343 182 29,267 1,144 973 126 384 187 4,313
Muslim 1,828 1,554 1,959 344 94 3,741 2,447 590 0 295 0 584
Christian 1,838 2,322 3,213 1,158 0 154 (1,804) (3,398) (0) (0) (0) 26
Other 5,660 4,235 4,132 1,366 410 181 * * * * * 35

Continued…

154
Table 90 Health problems—Continued

Number of women and men age 15-49 per 100,000 who reported that they have diabetes, asthma, goitre or any other thyroid disorder, heart disease, or cancer, by background characteristics,
Gujarat, 2019-20

Number of women per 100,000 Number of men per 100,000

Goitre or Goitre or
other other
thyroid Any heart Number of thyroid Any heart Number of
Background characteristic Diabetes Asthma disorder disease Cancer women Diabetes Asthma disorder disease Cancer men

Caste/tribe
Scheduled caste 1,194 1,140 1,274 373 124 4,486 478 1,341 150 259 369 717
Scheduled tribe 1,102 903 394 247 131 5,487 731 1,293 0 0 125 737
Other backward class 1,221 914 946 441 246 15,255 1,109 662 26 511 31 2,328
Other 1,846 1,147 2,030 238 95 7,813 2,461 1,022 328 393 328 1,150
Don't know 437 1,626 719 413 0 302 * * * * * 25

Total age 15-49 1,337 1,004 1,151 352 173 33,343 1,354 934 110 369 163 4,957

Age 50-54 na na na na na na 5,951 3,076 708 1,788 373 394

Total age 15-54 Na na na na na na 1,693 1,092 154 473 178 5,351

Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases. An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.
na = Not applicable

155
Table 91 Screening tests for cancer

Percentage of women age 15-49 who have ever undergone specific screening tests for cancer, and
percentage of men age 15-49 who have ever undergone an oral cavity screening test for oral cancer, by
background characteristic, Gujarat 2019-20

Type of screening test for women

Oral cavity
Background Number screening Number of
characteristic Cervix Breast Oral cavity of women test for men men

Age
15-19 0.1 0.0 0.1 5,095 0.2 789
20-24 0.4 0.2 0.1 5,287 0.9 829
25-29 0.1 0.1 0.2 5,040 0.8 670
30-34 0.2 0.1 0.1 4,725 0.8 626
35-39 0.2 0.1 0.3 4,576 0.9 693
40-44 0.2 0.2 0.2 4,299 0.8 600
45-49 0.3 0.2 0.1 3,855 0.5 581

Residence
Urban 0.3 0.1 0.2 13,718 0.4 2,087
Rural 0.2 0.2 0.2 19,160 0.9 2,702

Schooling
No schooling 0.2 0.1 0.2 6,875 0.3 416
<5 years complete 0.1 0.1 0.1 2,353 0.3 275
5-7 years complete 0.2 0.2 0.3 6,208 0.5 693
8-9 years complete 0.2 0.1 0.2 6,348 0.9 1,222
10-11 years complete 0.2 0.1 0.1 4,089 0.3 833
12 or more years
complete 0.4 0.2 0.2 7,006 1.0 1,349

Religion
Hindu 0.2 0.1 0.2 28,890 0.6 4,161
Muslim 0.2 0.0 0.3 3,660 1.0 564
Christian 0.0 0.0 0.0 152 (8.0) 28
Other 0.0 0.0 0.0 175 * 35

Caste/tribe
Scheduled caste 0.2 0.1 0.1 4,416 0.6 695
Scheduled tribe 0.2 0.1 0.2 5,440 0.4 720
Other backward class 0.2 0.1 0.2 15,037 0.6 2,243
Other 0.3 0.2 0.2 7,697 1.2 1,108
Don't know 0.0 0.0 0.1 288 * 22

Total 0.2 0.1 0.2 32,878 0.7 4,788

Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases. An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer
than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.

156
Table 92.1 Blood pressure status: Women

Among women age 15-49, prevalence of hypertension, percent distribution of blood pressure values, and percentage having normal blood pressure and taking
medication to lower blood pressure, by background characteristics, Gujarat, 2019-20

Pre-
Normal hypertensive Hypertensive
Percentage
with normal
Stage 2: blood pressure
SBP <120 Stage 1: SBP 160-179 Stage 3: and taking
mmHg and SBP 120-139 SBP 140-159 mmHg or DBP SBP ≥180 medicine to
Background Prevalence of DBP <80 mmHg or DBP mmHg or DBP 100-109 mmHg or DBP lower blood Number of
characteristic hypertension1 mmHg 80-89 mmHg 90-99 mmHg mmHg ≥110 mmHg Total pressure women

Age
15-19 2.9 78.3 19.3 2.1 0.2 0.1 100.0 0.5 5,051
20-24 4.0 72.3 24.7 2.6 0.2 0.1 100.0 0.8 5,246
25-29 6.2 64.6 30.3 4.2 0.6 0.3 100.0 0.7 5,001
30-34 9.0 52.9 39.1 6.8 0.9 0.3 100.0 0.6 4,701
35-39 13.1 45.8 42.7 9.1 1.9 0.5 100.0 0.6 4,545
40-44 19.7 37.2 45.8 12.3 3.1 1.6 100.0 1.2 4,273
45-49 24.2 32.8 47.1 14.5 4.4 1.2 100.0 1.6 3,837

Residence
Urban 10.5 55.5 36.0 6.6 1.5 0.5 100.0 0.9 13,597
Rural 10.6 57.0 33.8 7.2 1.4 0.6 100.0 0.8 19,057

Schooling
No schooling 14.9 46.7 40.2 10.0 2.1 0.9 100.0 0.8 6,827
<5 years complete 13.9 48.1 40.5 8.5 2.3 0.6 100.0 1.1 2,338
5-7 years complete 11.5 53.8 36.4 7.8 1.5 0.6 100.0 1.0 6,172
8-9 years complete 8.1 62.5 30.5 5.5 1.1 0.3 100.0 0.5 6,316
10-11 years
complete 9.2 61.1 31.2 6.0 1.2 0.5 100.0 1.0 4,058
12 or more years
complete 7.4 62.6 31.6 4.5 1.0 0.4 100.0 0.7 6,944

Religion
Hindu 10.2 56.6 34.7 6.7 1.4 0.5 100.0 0.8 28,724
Muslim 13.4 54.1 34.7 8.7 1.9 0.7 100.0 1.1 3,616
Christian 16.5 58.3 26.9 6.6 7.7 0.6 100.0 1.6 149
Other 11.1 53.9 36.1 7.8 0.7 1.5 100.0 0.4 165

Continued…

157
Table 92.1 Blood pressure status: Women—continued

Among women age 15-49, prevalence of hypertension, percent distribution of blood pressure values, and percentage having normal blood pressure and taking
medication to lower blood pressure, by background characteristics, Gujarat, 2019-20

Pre-
Normal hypertensive Hypertensive
Percentage
with normal
blood
Stage 2: pressure and
SBP <120 Stage 1: SBP 160-179 Stage 3: taking
mmHg and SBP 120-139 SBP 140-159 mmHg or DBP SBP ≥180 medicine to
Background Prevalence of DBP <80 mmHg or DBP mmHg or DBP 100-109 mmHg or DBP lower blood Number of
characteristic hypertension1 mmHg 80-89 mmHg 90-99 mmHg mmHg ≥110 mmHg Total pressure women

Caste/tribe
Scheduled caste 7.5 59.3 34.4 4.8 0.9 0.6 100.0 0.6 4,392
Scheduled tribe 12.5 53.4 34.9 9.4 1.6 0.7 100.0 0.3 5,415
Other backward
class 9.9 57.3 34.4 6.4 1.4 0.5 100.0 0.8 14,929
Other 12.3 54.7 35.5 7.4 1.8 0.6 100.0 1.2 7,627
Don't know 11.7 61.1 29.3 7.9 1.1 0.6 100.0 2.1 292

Total 10.6 56.4 34.7 6.9 1.5 0.6 100.0 0.8 32,654
SBP = Systolic blood pressure; DBP = Diastolic blood pressure
1
A woman is classified as having hypertension if she has SBP ≥140 mmHg or DBP ≥90 mmHg at the time of the survey, or she is currently taking antihypertensive medication to
control blood pressure. The term hypertension as used in this table is not meant to be a clinical diagnosis of the disease, but rather to provide an indication of the disease burden in
the population at the time of the survey.

158
Table 92.2 Blood pressure status: Men

Among men age 15-49, prevalence of hypertension, percent distribution of blood pressure values, and percentage having normal blood pressure and taking medication to
lower blood pressure, by background characteristics, Gujarat, 2019-20

Normal Pre-hypertensive Hypertensive

Percentage
with normal
Stage 2: Stage 3: blood pressure
SBP <120 Stage 1: SBP 160-179 SBP ≥180 and taking
mmHg and SBP 120-139 SBP 140-159 mmHg or DBP mmHg or medicine to
Background Prevalence of DBP <80 mmHg or DBP mmHg or DBP 100-109 DBP≥110 lower blood
characteristic hypertension1 mmHg 80-89 mmHg 90-99 mmHg mmHg mmHg Total pressure Number of men

Age
15-19 3.5 65.3 31.6 2.7 0.1 0.2 100.0 0.2 781
20-24 7.2 49.1 44.0 6.1 0.8 0.0 100.0 0.1 819
25-29 9.6 43.1 48.0 6.1 2.2 0.6 100.0 0.0 674
30-34 14.8 28.6 56.9 12.3 1.9 0.4 100.0 0.1 633
35-39 18.6 26.0 56.5 13.5 3.1 0.9 100.0 0.2 698
40-44 21.0 28.2 52.4 15.6 2.7 1.1 100.0 0.5 603
45-49 28.0 22.7 51.0 18.8 6.0 1.6 100.0 0.5 585

Residence
Urban 13.6 39.3 48.0 10.1 1.8 0.9 100.0 0.1 2,082
Rural 14.1 38.7 47.9 10.3 2.6 0.5 100.0 0.3 2,713

Schooling
No schooling 17.8 32.3 51.9 12.5 3.0 0.3 100.0 0.7 419
<5 years complete 19.0 38.1 43.5 16.1 2.3 0.0 100.0 0.0 274
5-7 years complete 13.5 34.5 52.3 8.4 4.1 0.8 100.0 0.0 700
8-9 years complete 11.7 42.3 46.6 8.8 1.7 0.7 100.0 0.3 1,222
10-11 years
complete 14.0 44.5 42.6 9.4 2.4 1.2 100.0 0.1 834
12 or more years
complete 13.7 37.2 50.0 10.9 1.5 0.5 100.0 0.2 1,346

Religion
Hindu 14.3 38.8 47.7 10.6 2.3 0.6 100.0 0.1 4,169
Muslim 10.4 40.6 50.7 6.3 1.6 0.8 100.0 0.8 565
Christian (20.0) (30.6) (49.4) (17.6) (1.8) (0.6) (100.0) (0.0) 26

Continued…

159
Table 92.2 Blood pressure status: Men—continued

Among men age 15-49, prevalence of hypertension, percent distribution of blood pressure values, and percentage having normal blood pressure and taking medication
to lower blood pressure, by background characteristics, Gujarat, 2019-20

Normal Pre-hypertensive Hypertensive

Stage 2: Stage 3: Percentage with
SBP <120 Stage 1: SBP 160-179 SBP ≥180 normal blood
mmHg and SBP 120-139 SBP 140-159 mmHg or DBP mmHg or pressure and taking
Background Prevalence of DBP <80 mmHg or DBP mmHg or DBP 100-109 DBP≥110 medicine to lower Number of
characteristic hypertension1 mmHg 80-89 mmHg 90-99 mmHg mmHg mmHg Total blood pressure men

Caste/tribe
Scheduled caste 14.4 34.7 51.7 11.0 1.9 0.7 100.0 0.1 696
Scheduled tribe 16.9 38.3 45.8 11.4 3.3 1.2 100.0 0.4 721
Other backward
class 12.3 41.2 47.0 9.1 2.1 0.5 100.0 0.1 2,257
Other 14.8 37.8 48.7 11.0 2.0 0.6 100.0 0.4 1,100

Total age 15-49 13.9 39.0 48.0 10.2 2.2 0.6 100.0 0.2 4,794

Age 50-54 28.2 24.7 49.7 17.7 5.6 2.3 100.0 0.6 382

Total age 15-54 14.9 37.9 48.1 10.7 2.5 0.8 100.0 0.2 5,176
Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases. Total includes men belonging to other religions and men who don’t know their caste/tribe, who are not shown separately
SBP = Systolic blood pressure; DBP = Diastolic blood pressure
1
A man is classified as having hypertension if he has SBP ≥ 140 mmHg or DBP ≥ 90 mmHg at time of survey, or he is currently taking antihypertensive medication to control blood pressure.
The term hypertension as used in this table is not meant to be a clinical diagnosis of the disease, but rather to provide an indication of the disease burden in the population at the time of the
survey.

160
Table 93.1 Random blood glucose levels: Women

Among women age 15-49, percent distribution of random blood glucose values, by background characteristics, Gujarat, 2019-20

Random blood glucose values

Percentage Percentage
with normal with => 140
blood mg/dl blood
glucose glucose
levels and levels and
taking taking
medicine to medicine to
lower their lower their
≤ 140 mg/dl 141-160 >160 mg/dl blood blood Number of
Background characteristic (normal) mg/dl (high) (very high) Total glucose level glucose level women

Age
15-19 96.7 2.3 1.0 100.0 0.6 0.0 5,044
20-24 95.0 3.7 1.4 100.0 0.5 0.0 5,241
25-29 93.7 4.5 1.8 100.0 0.5 0.0 4,986
30-34 92.1 5.2 2.8 100.0 0.5 0.4 4,664
35-39 88.6 7.5 3.9 100.0 1.0 0.4 4,505
40-44 84.5 8.6 6.9 100.0 0.6 1.3 4,214
45-49 82.6 8.9 8.5 100.0 1.1 2.1 3,788

Residence
Urban 91.1 5.3 3.6 100.0 0.9 0.9 13,494
Rural 90.9 5.8 3.4 100.0 0.5 0.3 18,948

Schooling
No schooling 88.8 6.7 4.5 100.0 0.9 0.5 6,771
<5 years complete 88.7 5.6 5.7 100.0 0.2 0.5 2,318
5-7 years complete 89.1 7.1 3.8 100.0 0.5 0.7 6,123
8-9 years complete 93.0 4.4 2.6 100.0 0.8 0.5 6,294
10-11 years complete 92.2 4.9 2.9 100.0 0.4 0.7 4,036
12 or more years complete 92.8 4.5 2.6 100.0 0.7 0.5 6,899

Religion
Hindu 91.0 5.6 3.4 100.0 0.6 0.5 28,537
Muslim 90.6 5.4 4.0 100.0 1.0 1.0 3,592
Christian 90.9 6.7 2.4 100.0 1.1 0.3 149
Other 85.8 5.2 9.1 100.0 0.0 0.6 164

Caste/tribe
Scheduled caste 92.0 4.6 3.4 100.0 0.9 0.3 4,365
Scheduled tribe 92.3 4.9 2.9 100.0 0.5 0.3 5,373
Other backward class 90.9 5.8 3.3 100.0 0.5 0.4 14,867
Other 89.5 6.2 4.3 100.0 0.9 1.1 7,555
Don't know 90.1 6.2 3.6 100.0 0.0 0.0 282

Total 90.9 5.6 3.5 100.0 0.7 0.5 32,442

161
Table 93.2 Random blood glucose levels: Men

Among men age 15-49, percent distribution of random blood glucose values, by background characteristics, Gujarat, 2019-20

Random blood glucose values

Percentage Percentage
with normal with => 140
blood mg/dl blood
glucose glucose
levels and levels and
taking taking
medicine to medicine to
lower their lower their
≤ 140 mg/dl 141-160 >160 mg/dl blood blood Number of
Background characteristic (normal) mg/dl (high) (very high) Total glucose level glucose level men

Age
15-19 96.9 2.5 0.6 100.0 0.4 0.0 778
20-24 92.7 4.5 2.8 100.0 0.3 0.0 816
25-29 93.3 4.0 2.7 100.0 0.7 0.0 671
30-34 92.6 6.0 1.4 100.0 0.4 0.0 630
35-39 87.5 7.6 4.9 100.0 1.0 0.3 690
40-44 84.3 10.3 5.4 100.0 2.4 0.8 595
45-49 80.3 13.0 6.8 100.0 1.9 1.1 579

Residence
Urban 89.7 7.2 3.1 100.0 1.1 0.3 2,054
Rural 90.5 6.0 3.5 100.0 0.9 0.3 2,705

Schooling
No schooling 87.3 9.4 3.2 100.0 2.2 0.0 418
<5 years complete 90.6 5.2 4.2 100.0 0.6 0.1 275
5-7 years complete 87.6 7.6 4.8 100.0 0.5 0.2 698
8-9 years complete 90.9 6.1 3.0 100.0 0.6 0.2 1,219
10-11 years complete 90.4 7.1 2.5 100.0 1.7 0.2 819
12 or more years complete 91.4 5.4 3.2 100.0 0.8 0.5 1,331

Religion
Hindu 90.4 6.2 3.4 100.0 0.9 0.2 4,138
Muslim 89.1 8.2 2.7 100.0 1.2 0.7 560
Christian (84.3) (7.1) (8.7) 100.0 (0.0) (0.0) 26

Caste/tribe
Scheduled caste 92.2 5.6 2.2 100.0 0.7 0.1 690
Scheduled tribe 91.8 5.3 2.9 100.0 1.1 0.2 715
Other backward class 90.1 6.2 3.6 100.0 0.6 0.3 2,242
Other 87.7 8.5 3.8 100.0 1.7 0.4 1,090

Total age 15-49 90.1 6.5 3.4 100.0 1.0 0.3 4,759

Age 50-54 71.6 16.0 12.4 100.0 3.4 2.2 372

Total age 15-54 88.8 7.2 4.0 100.0 1.1 0.4 5,131
Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases. Total includes men belongings to other religions and men who don’t know
their caste/tribe , who are not shown separately

162
Table 94 Tobacco and alcohol use by women and men

Percentage of women and men age 15-49 by their use of tobacco and alcohol, percent distribution of those who smoke cigarettes or
bidis by number of cigarettes/bidis smoked in the 24 hours preceding the survey, and among those who drink alcohol, the percent
distribution of the frequency of alcohol consumption, by residence, Gujarat, 2019-20

Women Men
Tobacco/alcohol use Urban Rural Total Urban Rural Total

Use of tobacco/alcohol
Smokes cigarettes 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.2 3.5 3.8
Smokes bidis 0.0 0.1 0.0 2.1 6.5 4.6
Smokes cigars or pipe 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.9 0.7
Smokes hookah 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.3 0.2
Chews gutkha or paan masala with tobacco 2.8 5.0 4.1 27.5 38.2 33.6
Uses khaini 0.2 0.5 0.4 2.5 2.9 2.7
Chews paan with tobacco 0.5 0.6 0.6 2.6 4.6 3.7
Uses other chewing tobacco 0.3 0.5 0.4 2.0 2.9 2.5
Uses snuff 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0
Uses other tobacco product 0.0 0.1 0.1 1.4 0.2 0.7

Uses any type of tobacco 3.8 6.9 5.6 37.3 52.5 45.9

Drinks alcohol 1.2 2.5 1.9 14.5 22.0 18.7

Number of respondents 13,906 19,437 33,343 2,144 2,813 4,957

Among those who smoke cigarettes, number of

cigarettes smoked in the past 24 hours
<5 * * * 73.4 86.9 80.4
5-9 * * * 10.4 2.7 6.4
10-14 * * * 7.1 5.6 6.3
15-24 * * * 2.0 0.0 0.9
25 or more * * * 2.2 0.0 1.1
Missing * * * 4.8 4.8 4.8

Total * * * 100.0 100.0 100.0

Number of cigarette smokers 1 5 6 90 99 189

Among those who smoke bidis, number of bidis

smoked in the past 24 hours
<5 * * * (10.4) 16.7 15.5
5-9 * * * (20.1) 17.4 18.0
10-14 * * * (22.6) 26.5 25.7
15-24 * * * (33.9) 21.1 23.7
25 or more * * * (13.0) 17.2 16.4
Missing * * * (0.0) 1.0 0.8

Total * * * (100.0) 100.0 100.0

Number of bidi smokers 0 12 12 46 181 227

Among those who drink alcohol, frequency of

drinking
Almost every day * (47.6) 43.5 28.8 31.6 30.5
About once a week * (34.2) 29.0 35.3 34.5 34.8
Less than once a week * (18.2) 27.5 35.9 33.9 34.7
Don't know * (0.0) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Total * (100.0) 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Number who drink alcohol 15 31 46 115 180 294

Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases. An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25
unweighted cases and has been suppressed

163
Table 95 Methods of menstrual protection

Percentage of women age 15-24 who use various methods of menstrual protection and percentage using a hygienic method, according to
background characteristics, Gujarat, 2019-20

Type of menstrual protection1 Percentage

Locally using a
prepared Sanitary Menstrual hygienic Number of
Background characteristic Cloth napkins napkins Tampons cup Other Nothing method2 women

Age
15-19 50.7 26.5 43.7 5.3 0.9 0.7 0.4 66.2 5,206
20-24 51.5 28.4 43.9 4.9 0.9 1.1 0.5 66.8 5,380

Residence
Urban 40.8 23.2 59.2 7.4 1.5 1.1 0.2 78.8 4,030
Rural 57.5 30.1 34.4 3.7 0.5 0.7 0.6 58.9 6,556

Schooling
No schooling 71.9 23.5 16.3 2.4 0.1 0.3 1.6 37.3 655
<5 years complete 70.2 27.3 18.5 1.8 0.7 0.8 2.7 42.3 348
5-7 years complete 63.9 29.6 29.0 2.4 0.4 0.4 0.7 54.1 1,578
8-9 years complete 56.0 26.8 37.5 4.0 0.8 0.9 0.5 60.3 3,219
10-11 years complete 45.4 29.3 51.0 5.6 0.9 0.9 0.2 74.7 1,970
12 or more years
complete 35.2 26.6 63.8 8.4 1.4 1.2 0.0 84.6 2,816

Religion
Hindu 51.6 27.7 42.6 5.0 0.9 0.9 0.4 65.6 9,188
Muslim 48.9 26.8 50.0 5.4 0.7 0.7 0.9 71.4 1,296
Christian 21.8 10.7 67.7 11.9 2.5 7.2 0.0 75.6 53
Other (43.9) (8.1) (79.6) (1.0) (2.6) (0.0) (0.0) (87.1) 48

Caste/tribe
Scheduled caste 52.3 28.9 46.4 4.6 0.3 1.0 0.3 69.4 1,487
Scheduled tribe 62.0 27.2 29.4 5.3 0.6 0.0 0.0 53.8 1,842
Other backward class 51.7 28.4 41.8 5.3 0.9 0.9 0.7 65.6 5,008
Other 39.0 24.8 60.4 5.0 1.2 1.5 0.4 78.6 2,151
Don't know 65.8 17.9 18.5 0.6 6.1 0.0 0.5 41.5 98

Total 51.1 27.4 43.8 5.1 0.9 0.9 0.5 66.5 10,586

Note: Table is based on women age 15-24 who have ever menstruated. Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases.
1
Respondents may report multiple methods so the sum may exceed 100 percent
2
Locally prepared napkins, sanitary napkins, tampons, and menstrual cup are considered to be hygienic methods of protection

164
Table 96 Employment and cash earnings of women and men

Percentage of women age 15-49 and men age 15-54 who were employed at any time in the 12 months preceding the survey and percent distribution of women and men employed in the 12
months preceding the survey by type of earnings and type of employment, according to age, Gujarat, 2019-20

Percent distribution of
Percent distribution of employed respondents by type of employed respondents by
Percentage earnings sector
employed Number of
in the past Number of Cash and Non- employed
Age 12 months respondents Cash only in-kind In-kind only Not paid Total Agriculture agriculture Total respondents
WOMEN

15-19 31.0 779 72.3 6.5 2.6 18.6 100.0 7.6 92.4 100.0 241
20-24 34.9 806 75.8 3.7 2.8 17.6 100.0 11.6 88.4 100.0 282
25-29 32.8 774 74.8 6.3 4.7 14.2 100.0 8.2 91.8 100.0 254
30-34 40.0 797 79.1 6.5 1.6 12.9 100.0 13.3 86.7 100.0 319
35-39 44.4 674 68.7 4.2 3.8 23.3 100.0 12.1 87.9 100.0 299
40-44 46.5 656 76.7 4.9 3.0 15.4 100.0 13.8 86.2 100.0 305
45-49 43.1 543 72.1 8.3 1.6 18.0 100.0 14.0 86.0 100.0 234

Total 38.5 5,029 74.4 5.7 2.9 17.1 100.0 11.7 88.3 100.0 1,934
MEN

15-19 42.0 813 81.7 8.3 1.0 9.0 100.0 38.3 61.7 100.0 341
20-24 79.5 849 86.9 5.6 1.1 6.4 100.0 28.6 71.4 100.0 675
25-29 95.4 699 87.5 7.1 0.8 4.5 100.0 30.9 69.1 100.0 667
30-34 98.5 659 83.8 10.3 1.3 4.7 100.0 29.8 70.2 100.0 650
35-39 98.1 714 83.7 10.8 0.7 4.9 100.0 34.4 65.6 100.0 700
40-44 97.7 622 79.3 12.2 2.0 6.5 100.0 34.2 65.8 100.0 608
45-49 98.7 601 79.6 10.3 1.0 9.0 100.0 38.6 61.4 100.0 593

Total 85.4 4,957 83.5 9.2 1.1 6.2 100.0 33.1 66.9 100.0 4,235

Age 50-54 96.0 394 77.5 12.0 1.9 8.5 100.0 47.7 52.3 100.0 378

Total age 15-54 86.2 5,351 83.0 9.5 1.2 6.4 100.0 34.3 65.7 100.0 4,612

165
Table 97 Control over and magnitude of women's and men's cash earnings

Percentage of currently married women and men age 15-49 by who decide how women's and men's cash earnings are used and by the magnitude of women's cash earnings compared with their husband's cash
earnings, according to background characteristics, Gujarat, 2019-20

Percentage of currently married women who report that they: Percentage of currently married men who report that:
Alone or
Alone or jointly with Their wife
jointly with their Number They alone or alone or Number
their husband Number of employed for jointly with Number of jointly with employed for
husband decide how women cash and their wife men with them decides Their wife cash and
decide how their whose Earn more or whose decide how wives who how their earns more whose wives
their own Number husband's husbands are about the husbands are their wife's are own cash Number or about the are
cash earnings employed for cash earnings employed for same as their employed for cash earnings employed for earnings employed for same as employed for
Background characteristic are used cash are used cash husband cash are used cash are used cash them cash

Age
15-19 (85.8) 21 73.5 57 * 14 * 1 * 22 * 1
20-29 86.9 263 76.9 860 51.1 203 75.5 75 74.8 672 64.0 70
30-39 92.0 453 82.9 1,156 52.8 392 85.4 163 70.7 1,121 54.7 150
40-49 91.5 374 83.8 831 54.2 289 86.3 188 75.0 1,010 55.5 178

Residence
Urban 93.0 379 84.4 1,310 54.8 333 84.9 180 76.8 1,290 56.4 179
Rural 89.2 732 78.6 1,594 52.2 564 83.1 246 69.9 1,535 56.7 219

Schooling
No schooling 91.2 361 76.8 699 51.7 282 89.5 66 63.7 300 56.1 62
<5 years complete 95.5 130 82.8 279 52.3 110 (79.2) 33 71.3 202 (57.6) 32
5-7 years complete 91.0 228 82.4 643 54.4 188 79.4 88 71.5 502 49.6 85
8-9 years complete 85.7 155 75.5 440 57.4 122 79.6 78 74.8 673 64.4 73
10-11 years complete 82.0 83 85.8 325 41.2 69 (87.2) 61 75.2 462 (61.7) 58
12 or more years complete 93.4 154 86.7 518 57.7 125 87.0 99 75.7 685 53.2 89

Religion
Hindu 90.5 1,042 81.7 2,537 53.3 839 84.2 398 72.5 2,454 56.1 371
Muslim 92.8 57 76.5 332 (55.8) 47 * 24 76.0 340 * 24
Christian * 7 * 12 * 6 * 3 (93.6) 14 * 3

Caste/tribe
Scheduled caste 94.4 160 82.0 424 61.7 138 (92.0) 54 80.0 408 (48.3) 52
Scheduled tribe 90.3 276 78.2 446 51.3 216 86.8 115 63.9 418 61.0 103
Other backward class 90.5 506 80.1 1,328 51.4 405 78.2 173 73.4 1,318 51.2 165
Other 89.3 159 84.9 688 53.0 133 86.1 83 73.7 668 (67.1) 77

Total 90.5 1,111 81.2 2,905 53.2 897 83.9 427 73.1 2,824 56.5 399
Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases. An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed. Total includes women/men belonging to other religions
and women/men who don’t know their caste/tribe, who are not shown separately.

166
Table 98 Participation in decision making

Percent distribution of currently married women and men age 15-49 by who usually make decisions about specific issues, by residence, Gujarat, 2019-20

According to women, person who usually makes the decision According to men, person who usually makes the decision
Respondent
and Respondent
Mainly husband Mainly Someone Mainly and wife Mainly Someone
Decision respondent jointly husband else Other Total respondent jointly wife else Other Total
URBAN

Own health care 15.2 71.8 9.0 3.8 0.3 100.0 34.7 61.4 3.4 0.5 0.0 100.0
Major household purchases 14.5 71.5 8.4 4.6 1.0 100.0 19.3 67.5 10.9 2.2 0.1 100.0
Visits to her family or relatives 9.6 79.6 7.7 2.7 0.4 100.0 na na na na na na

RURAL

Own health care 13.5 71.1 13.7 1.2 0.5 100.0 39.2 54.5 5.7 0.6 0.0 100.0
Major household purchases 10.3 68.4 15.0 4.7 1.6 100.0 29.2 59.9 8.9 1.6 0.3 100.0
Visits to her family or relatives 6.3 78.7 13.0 1.3 0.7 100.0 na na na na na na

TOTAL

Own health care 14.2 71.4 11.7 2.3 0.4 100.0 37.3 57.4 4.7 0.6 0.0 100.0
Major household purchases 12.0 69.7 12.3 4.6 1.4 100.0 25.0 63.2 9.8 1.9 0.2 100.0
Visits to her family or relatives 7.6 79.1 10.8 1.9 0.6 100.0 na na na na na na
na = Not applicable

167
Table 99 Decision making by background characteristics

Percentage of currently married women and currently married men age 15-49 who usually make specific decisions either by themselves or jointly with their spouse, by background characteristics,
Gujarat, 2019-20

Percentage of women who usually make specific decisions alone or jointly Percentage of men who usually make specific decisions
with their husband alone or jointly with their wife
Percentage
Percentage who Percentage Percentage
who participate in who who
Making major Visits to her participate in none of the Making major participate in participate in
Own health household family or all three three Number of Own health household both neither Number of
Background characteristic care purchases relatives decisions decisions women care purchases decisions decision men

Age
15-19 84.2 68.1 77.5 61.6 11.6 90 (88.1) (86.5) (84.7) (10.1) 25
20-24 82.9 72.7 85.2 67.4 9.5 463 95.5 88.5 85.6 1.6 274
25-29 81.4 77.3 82.1 70.3 11.7 672 94.0 84.9 82.1 3.1 476
30-39 88.0 84.0 89.0 77.9 5.8 1,391 94.3 87.9 83.8 1.5 1,209
40-49 86.3 86.5 88.0 78.5 6.9 1,086 95.4 89.8 86.6 1.5 1,132

Residence
Urban 86.9 86.0 89.1 78.4 5.6 1,546 96.1 86.8 85.3 2.4 1,326
Rural 84.6 78.7 84.9 72.5 9.3 2,156 93.7 89.2 84.3 1.5 1,790

Schooling
No schooling 83.3 79.5 83.5 72.6 9.7 918 93.6 88.8 83.7 1.4 339
<5 years complete 86.4 81.0 88.3 76.4 7.9 346 94.6 87.5 82.7 0.6 226
5-7 years complete 85.1 81.6 85.6 74.6 8.9 812 93.4 88.9 84.0 1.7 541
8-9 years complete 82.5 76.6 84.2 68.0 9.4 580 93.9 89.3 85.2 2.0 750
10-11 years complete 86.7 85.1 88.8 78.4 6.3 400 95.7 88.5 87.3 3.1 498
12 or more years complete 91.0 87.9 92.8 82.2 3.0 646 96.4 86.2 84.1 1.4 763

Employment (past 12 months)

Employed 89.4 85.3 89.1 79.9 5.4 1,413 94.6 88.0 84.4 1.9 3,054
Employed, for cash 90.2 87.0 89.7 81.3 4.7 1,111 94.6 87.9 84.4 1.9 2,824
Employed, not for cash 86.2 79.1 86.7 74.7 8.2 302 94.8 89.0 85.0 1.2 230
Not employed 83.2 79.5 85.2 72.0 9.2 2,289 99.2 98.3 98.3 0.8 62

Number of living children

0 83.1 74.5 85.2 65.8 8.6 383 94.3 84.1 82.0 3.7 479
1-2 86.6 82.4 88.2 76.6 7.4 2,076 95.2 88.0 84.8 1.6 1,707
3-4 84.0 82.3 84.4 74.1 8.4 1,050 94.9 90.5 86.8 1.4 788
5 or more 88.3 85.8 86.4 80.0 7.3 193 89.3 91.3 81.6 1.1 142

Continued…

168
Table 99 Decision making by background characteristics—continued
Percentage of currently married women and currently married men age 15-49 who usually make specific decisions either by themselves or jointly with their spouse, by background characteristics,
Gujarat, 2019-20

Percentage of women who usually make specific decisions alone or jointly Percentage of men who usually make specific decisions
with their husband alone or jointly with their wife
Percentage
Percentage who Percentage Percentage
who participate in who who
Making major Visits to her participate in none of the Making major participate in participate in
Own health household family or all three three Number of Own health household both neither Number of
Background characteristic care purchases relatives decisions decisions women care purchases decisions decision men

Household structure1
Nuclear 88.0 88.1 89.5 80.9 5.4 1,499 94.7 89.0 85.4 1.7 1,244
Non-nuclear 84.0 77.4 84.8 70.9 9.4 2,203 94.6 87.3 83.9 2.0 1,745

Religion
Hindu 86.2 82.5 87.2 75.5 7.0 3,247 95.0 88.1 84.7 1.6 2,731
Muslim 80.4 75.6 81.6 70.3 14.3 415 92.1 88.2 84.0 3.7 354
Christian (88.5) (70.4) (91.0) (70.4) (2.9) 15 (100.0) (98.9) (98.9) (0.0) 14

Caste/tribe
Scheduled caste 87.0 82.9 87.6 75.7 5.3 505 97.3 92.0 89.8 0.5 435
Scheduled tribe 87.4 80.2 85.2 75.3 9.6 574 96.5 90.3 87.6 0.8 469
Other backward class 85.2 81.3 86.1 74.6 7.8 1,762 94.4 87.9 84.0 1.7 1,484
Other 85.0 83.9 89.4 75.9 7.2 833 92.6 85.1 81.3 3.6 713
Don't know (65.3) (54.9) (61.4) (54.9) (30.5) 29 * * * * 15

Total 85.6 81.7 86.7 75.0 7.8 3,702 94.7 88.2 84.7 1.8 3,116

Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases. An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed. Total included women and men belonging
to other religions, who are not shown separately
1
Nuclear households are households comprised of a married couple or a man or a woman living alone or with unmarried children (biological, adopted, or fostered) with or without unrelated individuals. The
remaining households are non-nuclear households.
.

169
Table 100 Women's access to money and credit

Percentage of women age 15-49 who have access to money, who know of a microcredit programme, who have taken a loan from a microcredit programme and who
are allowed to go to three specified places alone, and among women who own a mobile phone, percentage who use it for financial transactions by background
characteristics, Gujarat, 2019-20

Women's knowledge and use of

Women's access to money microcredit programmes
Percentage who Percentage who Percentage who Percentage of Percentage who
have money have a bank or Percentage who have taken a women allowed use mobile Number of
that they can savings account know of a loan from a to go to three phone for women who
Background decide how to that they microcredit microcredit specified places Number financial have a mobile
characteristic use themselves use programme programme alone1 of women transactions phone

Age
15-19 40.3 68.9 31.9 1.1 40.2 779 19.2 259
20-24 56.7 65.0 44.0 2.5 48.0 806 23.1 440
25-29 59.9 65.1 44.7 3.6 54.0 774 24.5 426
30-39 62.1 74.8 46.6 4.8 61.6 1,471 23.0 821
40-49 62.2 71.4 44.9 5.8 67.0 1,199 17.1 510

Residence
Urban 62.4 73.5 50.0 3.6 63.0 2,129 26.4 1,406
Rural 54.0 67.5 38.2 4.1 51.3 2,900 15.4 1,049

Schooling
No schooling 56.7 59.2 34.0 4.6 52.5 1,030 13.8 237
<5 years complete 54.8 61.9 42.4 3.5 56.1 404 4.7 111
5-7 years complete 58.3 66.0 41.1 4.3 51.6 963 11.9 424
8-9 years complete 52.0 69.0 42.2 3.6 51.3 939 12.8 449
10-11 years complete 56.4 74.5 43.5 3.2 56.5 663 16.4 366
12 or more years
complete 64.7 85.7 55.5 3.7 68.7 1,030 37.6 868

Employment (past 12
months)
Employed 64.5 71.6 47.1 6.2 58.5 1,934 27.6 830
Employed, for cash 67.3 73.3 47.6 6.3 60.1 1,549 29.9 722
Employed, not for
cash 53.6 64.5 45.0 5.8 51.9 386 11.8 108
Not employed 53.2 69.1 40.8 2.4 54.8 3,095 18.7 1,625

Continued…

170
Table 100 Women's access to money and credit—Continued

Percentage of women age 15-49 who have access to money, who know of a microcredit programme, who have taken a loan from a microcredit programme and who
are allowed to go to three specified places alone, and among women who own a mobile phone, percentage who use it for financial transactions by background
characteristics, Gujarat, 2019-20

Women's knowledge and use of

Women's access to money microcredit programmes
Percentage who Percentage who Percentage who Percentage of Percentage who
have money have a bank or Percentage who have taken a women allowed use mobile Number of
that they can savings account know of a loan from a to go to three phone for women who
decide how to that they microcredit microcredit specified places Number financial have a mobile
Background characteristic use themselves use programme programme alone1 of women transactions phone

Number of living children

0 51.0 68.4 41.1 1.9 45.8 1,556 26.0 741
1-2 61.4 72.8 46.3 4.8 62.0 2,176 23.5 1,253
3-4 59.8 67.2 41.8 4.9 59.2 1,103 9.3 403
5 or more 54.7 67.8 34.0 4.6 58.4 194 (12.1) 58

Household structure2
Nuclear 57.1 71.0 42.2 3.7 59.2 2,175 17.5 1,069
Non-nuclear 57.9 69.3 44.0 4.1 54.0 2,855 24.9 1,386

Religion
Hindu 58.1 70.7 43.5 3.9 57.6 4,374 22.2 2,110
Muslim 53.9 63.2 40.4 3.4 44.2 601 16.9 311
Christian (55.8) (84.2) (37.7) (12.4) (49.0) 19 * 10

Caste/tribe
Scheduled caste 56.5 72.8 43.9 4.5 60.1 701 21.2 322
Scheduled tribe 56.3 65.3 39.3 4.3 55.3 750 14.9 253
Other backward class 55.2 67.4 41.5 3.7 52.7 2,419 21.0 1,097
Other 65.4 77.5 50.1 3.8 63.0 1,119 25.3 778
Don't know (26.3) (57.3) (16.6) (0.0) (32.2) 40 * 6

Total 57.6 70.0 43.2 3.9 56.2 5,029 21.7 2,455

Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases. An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed. Total includes
women belonging to other religions, who are not shown separately
1
To the market, to the health facility, and to places outside the village/community
2
Nuclear households are households comprised of a married couple or a man or a woman living alone or with unmarried children (biological, adopted, or fostered) with or without
unrelated individuals. The remaining households are non-nuclear households.

171
Table 101 Ownership of assets

Percentage of women and men age 15-49 who own a house or land either alone or jointly, percentage of women who own a mobile phone that they themselves
use, and among women who own a mobile phone, percentage who can read SMS messages, according to background characteristics, Gujarat, 2019-20

Women Among Men

women who
have a mobile
Have a phone,
mobile phone percentage
Own a house Own land that they who can read Own a house Own land
Background alone or alone or themselves Number of SMS Number of alone or alone or Number of
characteristic jointly jointly use women messages women jointly jointly men

Age
15-19 35.4 28.3 33.2 779 91.8 259 38.0 27.4 813
20-24 37.0 33.4 54.6 806 85.3 440 54.6 35.0 849
25-29 41.1 36.2 55.0 774 80.8 426 60.4 40.5 699
30-34 49.5 43.2 58.0 797 71.5 462 66.2 44.7 659
35-39 42.1 32.6 53.2 674 65.1 359 73.6 50.1 714
40-44 41.5 32.4 44.2 656 60.9 290 79.3 51.0 622
45-49 51.3 38.8 40.4 543 60.3 219 84.1 55.1 601

Residence
Urban 41.3 31.3 66.0 2,129 80.7 1,406 59.4 32.4 2,144
Rural 42.8 37.6 36.2 2,900 66.2 1,049 66.9 50.1 2,813

Religion
Hindu 42.3 35.8 48.2 4,374 75.0 2,110 64.6 44.0 4,313
Muslim 41.3 29.5 51.7 601 69.2 311 57.9 31.7 584
Christian (43.8) (37.5) (51.5) 19 * 10 (59.4) (38.7) 26

Caste/tribe
Scheduled caste 43.9 34.9 45.9 701 71.0 322 64.9 36.2 717
Scheduled tribe 55.0 48.3 33.8 750 71.9 253 67.5 52.8 737
Other backward class 38.6 32.5 45.3 2,419 69.2 1,097 65.3 41.6 2,328
Other 40.7 31.7 69.5 1,119 84.6 778 56.6 40.7 1,150
Don't know (28.4) (23.6) (14.0) 40 * 6 * * 25

Continued…

172
Table 101 Ownership of assets—Continued

Percentage of women and men age 15-49 who own a house or land either alone or jointly, percentage of women who own a mobile phone that they themselves
use, and among women who own a mobile phone, percentage who can read SMS messages, according to background characteristics, Gujarat, 2019-20

Women Among Men

women who
have a mobile
Have a phone,
mobile phone percentage
Own a house Own land that they who can read Own a house Own land
Background alone or alone or themselves Number of SMS Number of alone or alone or Number of
characteristic jointly jointly use women messages women jointly jointly men

Schooling
No schooling 43.8 36.4 23.0 1,030 15.0 237 77.0 52.4 427
<5 years complete 44.3 35.1 27.6 404 21.9 111 70.8 44.6 281
5-7 years complete 40.6 33.7 44.0 963 53.1 424 64.3 43.8 723
8-9 years complete 40.4 34.0 47.8 939 81.7 449 64.9 42.6 1,267
10-11 years complete 41.8 34.0 55.2 663 91.3 366 56.8 39.0 874
12 or more years
complete 43.1 36.1 84.2 1,030 97.3 868 60.9 40.2 1,386

Household structure1
Nuclear 42.0 32.8 49.2 2,175 69.8 1,069 65.6 41.5 2,054
Non-nuclear 42.3 36.6 48.6 2,855 78.2 1,386 63.1 43.9 2,557

Total age 15-49 42.2 35.0 48.8 5,029 74.5 2,455 63.7 42.4 4,957

Age 50-54 na na na na na na 90.5 60.7 394

Total age 15-54 na na na na na na 65.6 43.8 5,351

Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases. An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed. Total
includes women/men belonging to other religion, who are not shown separately
na = Not applicable
1
Nuclear households are households comprised of a married couple or a man or a woman living alone or with unmarried children (biological, adopted or fostered) with or without
unrelated individuals. The remaining households are non-nuclear households.

173
Table 102 Gender role attitudes

Percentage of women and men age 15-49 with specific attitudes toward wife beating and refusal by a wife to have sex with her husband by reason, and percentage of men age 15-49
who agree that a man can behave in specific ways if his wife refuses to have sex with him, according to marital status, Gujarat, 2019-20

Ever-married Never married Total

Reason/behaviour Women Men Women Men Women Men

Percentage who agree that a husband is justified in hitting or beating

his wife if:
She goes out without telling him 10.4 9.3 9.9 13.4 10.3 10.7
She neglects the house or children 15.3 12.9 16.7 15.8 15.6 13.9
She argues with him 13.3 11.0 11.5 13.2 12.9 11.8
She refuses to have sexual intercourse with him 7.7 4.7 7.3 7.1 7.6 5.5
She doesn't cook properly 13.1 7.9 12.4 9.8 13.0 8.5
He suspects her of being unfaithful 15.2 14.4 13.8 17.1 14.9 15.4
She shows disrespect for in-laws 19.4 17.9 18.4 24.9 19.2 20.3

Percentage who agree with at least one specified reason 30.8 26.4 29.2 31.9 30.4 28.3

Percentage who agree that a wife is justified in refusing to have sex

with her husband when she:
Knows her husband has a sexually transmitted disease 87.0 80.2 83.7 76.4 86.3 78.9
Knows her husband has sex with other women 86.1 77.2 82.7 73.7 85.3 76.0
Is tired or not in the mood 89.0 77.4 84.5 73.3 88.0 76.0

Percentage who agree with all three reasons 78.7 69.9 75.0 66.6 77.9 68.8
Percentage who agree with none of the three reasons 6.3 14.0 10.2 17.9 7.2 15.3

Percentage who agree that when a wife refuses to have sex with her
husband, he has the right to:
Get angry and reprimand her na 9.6 na 10.0 na 9.7
Refuse to give her financial support na 6.3 na 7.2 na 6.6
Use force to have sex even if she doesn't want to na 4.6 na 4.4 na 4.5
Have sex with another woman na 4.7 na 5.8 na 5.1

Percentage who agree with all four behaviours na 2.2 na 2.3 na 2.2
Percentage who agree with none of the four behaviours na 86.8 na 85.2 na 86.2

Number of respondents 3,887 3,239 1,143 1,718 5,029 4,957

na = Not applicable

174
Table 103 Gender role attitudes by background characteristics

Percentage of women and men age 15-49 who agree that a husband is justified in hitting or beating his wife for at least one specified reason, who agree that a wife is justified in
refusing to have sex with her husband for all specified reasons, and percentage of men who agree that when a wife refuses to have sex with her husband, the husband does not have
the right to any of the four specified behaviours, by background characteristics, Gujarat, 2019-20

Percentage who agree

that when a wife
refuses to have sex with
Percentage who agree that a Percentage who agree that a her husband, he does
husband is justified in hitting or wife is justified in refusing to not have the right to
beating his wife for at least one have sex with her husband for any of the four specified
specified reason1 all specified reasons2 behaviours3 Number
Background characteristic Women Men Women Men Men Women Men
Age
15-19 34.2 30.9 71.5 64.0 79.2 779 813
20-24 27.3 32.7 79.7 70.2 85.4 806 849
25-29 27.4 27.7 80.6 72.7 89.0 774 699
30-39 31.1 28.6 79.6 67.6 86.2 1,471 1,373
40-49 31.1 23.7 76.8 70.1 85.0 1,199 1,223
Residence
Urban 25.5 28.2 81.7 68.8 87.3 2,129 2,144
Rural 34.0 28.4 75.0 68.8 83.2 2,900 2,813
Schooling
No schooling 35.7 25.6 71.6 62.4 81.0 1,030 427
<5 years complete 34.1 40.5 76.1 67.1 82.6 404 281
5-7 years complete 31.1 28.5 76.3 69.4 84.9 963 723
8-9 years complete 30.5 30.8 78.5 68.1 83.9 939 1,267
10-11 years complete 30.0 31.0 77.5 66.7 83.7 663 874
12 or more years complete 23.3 22.6 86.0 72.7 88.6 1,030 1,386
Employment (past 12 months)
Employed 31.3 28.0 77.3 69.4 85.7 1,934 4,235
Employed, for cash 30.6 27.7 77.6 69.9 85.9 1,549 3,926
Employed, not for cash 34.1 31.6 76.0 64.2 82.6 386 309
Not employed 29.9 30.1 78.2 64.9 81.2 3,095 723

Marital status
Never married 29.2 31.9 75.0 66.6 82.7 1,143 1,718
Currently married 30.9 26.1 78.9 70.3 86.4 3,702 3,116
Widowed/divorced/separated/deserted 27.6 35.8 76.0 61.1 82.7 184 123

Continued…

175
Table 103 Gender role attitudes by background characteristics—Continued

Percentage of women and men age 15-49 who agree that a husband is justified in hitting or beating his wife for at least one specified reason, who agree that a wife is justified in
refusing to have sex with her husband for all specified reasons, and percentage of men who agree that when a wife refuses to have sex with her husband, the husband does not have
the right to any of the four specified behaviours, by background characteristics, Gujarat, 2019-20

Percentage who agree

that when a wife
refuses to have sex with
Percentage who agree that a Percentage who agree that a her husband, he does
husband is justified in hitting or wife is justified in refusing to not have the right to
beating his wife for at least one have sex with her husband for any of the four specified
specified reason1 all specified reasons2 behaviours3 Number
Background characteristic Women Men Women Men Men Women Men
Number of living children
0 30.0 32.5 76.5 66.0 82.5 1,556 2,263
1-2 30.1 24.8 79.9 72.9 88.4 2,176 1,754
3-4 30.9 24.8 75.7 68.3 85.4 1,103 795
5 or more 35.0 26.0 77.9 66.2 80.9 194 145
Household structure4
Nuclear 29.1 28.9 77.6 67.2 83.1 2,175 2,183
Non-nuclear 31.4 27.9 78.1 70.0 86.5 2,855 2,774
Religion
Hindu 30.9 28.2 78.0 69.2 84.8 4,374 4,313
Muslim 28.3 29.3 76.7 65.3 86.4 601 584
Christian (33.3) (32.6) (74.4) (48.3) (84.4) 19 26
Caste/tribe
Scheduled caste 32.6 23.9 74.5 58.8 85.9 701 717
Scheduled tribe 31.2 27.5 82.2 82.9 87.2 750 737
Other backward class 32.7 31.3 75.9 66.4 83.0 2,419 2,328
Other 22.9 26.0 82.0 71.6 86.9 1,119 1,150
Don't know (49.2) * (59.0) * * 40 25
Total 30.4 28.3 77.9 68.8 85.0 5,029 4,957

Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases. An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed. Total includes
women and men belonging to other religions, who are not shown separately.
1
Specified reasons are: she goes out without telling him, she neglects the house or children, she argues with him, she refuses to have sexual intercourse with him, she doesn't cook properly, he
suspects she is unfaithful, and she shows disrespect for in-laws.
2
Specified reasons are: knows husband has a sexually transmitted disease, knows husband has sex with other women, and is tired or not in the mood.
3
Specified behaviours are: gets angry and reprimands her, refuses to give her financial support, uses force to have sex, and has sex with another woman.
4
Nuclear households are households comprised of a married couple or a man or a woman living alone or with unmarried children (biological, adopted, or fostered) with or without unrelated
individuals. The remaining households are non-nuclear households.

176
Table 104 Experience of physical and sexual violence

Percentage of women age 18-49 who have ever experienced physical or sexual violence; among
those who have experienced physical violence, the person committing the violence; and among
those who have experienced sexual violence, the person committing the violence the first time, by
marital status, Gujarat, 2019-20

Never
Type of violence/perpetrator Ever-married married Total

Type of violence experienced

Physical violence only 11.9 3.4 10.7
Sexual violence only 1.0 0.0 0.8
Physical and sexual violence 2.6 0.3 2.3
Physical or sexual violence 15.5 3.8 13.8

Number of women 2,836 468 3,304

Person committing physical violence1

Current husband 89.4 na 85.7
Former husband 1.9 na 1.8
Father/step-father 6.3 * 7.8
Mother/step-mother 5.4 * 6.1
Sister/brother 3.6 * 4.9
Daughter/son 0.1 * 0.1
Other relative 1.0 * 0.9
Current boyfriend 0.2 * 0.2
Former boyfriend 0.1 * 0.4
Mother-in-law 0.9 na 1.0
Father-in-law 0.2 na 0.3
Teacher 0.9 * 1.6

Number who experienced physical violence

since age 15 412 18 429

Person committing sexual violence the first time

Current husband 94.0 na 92.7
Former husband 2.9 na 4.3
Current/former boyfriend 0.1 * 0.1
Father/step-father 0.1 * 0.1
Brother/step-brother 0.4 * 0.4
Other relative 1.8 * 1.8
Family friend 0.3 * 0.3
Teacher 0.3 * 0.3
Priest/religious leader 0.1 * 0.1

Number who experienced sexual violence 102 2 103

Note: All women were asked about their experience of physical violence since age 15. Ever-married women
were also asked about their experience of spousal physical violence at any age. An asterisk indicates that a
figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.
na = Not applicable
1
Women can report more than one person who committed the violence

177
Table 105 Experience of violence during pregnancy

Among women age 18-49 who have ever been pregnant, percentage who have ever experienced
physical violence during pregnancy, by background characteristics, Gujarat, 2019-20

Percentage who
experienced Number of women
violence during who have ever
Background characteristic pregnancy been pregnant

Age
18-19 (0.0) 37
20-24 0.7 266
25-29 1.4 437
30-39 1.3 1,051
40-49 2.4 871

Residence
Urban 2.2 1,094
Rural 1.2 1,569

Marital status
Currently married 1.6 2,553
Widowed/divorced/separated/deserted 2.0 107

Number of living children

0 0.0 94
1-2 1.2 1,556
3-4 1.5 840
5 or more 6.4 173

Schooling
No schooling 2.9 694
<5 years complete 1.2 283
5-7 years complete 0.8 587
8-9 years complete 2.2 393
10-11 years complete 0.9 281
12 or more years complete 0.7 426

Religion
Hindu 1.6 2,324
Muslim 1.8 306
Christian (0.0) 11

Caste/tribe
Scheduled caste 1.1 372
Scheduled tribe 2.0 411
Other backward class 1.8 1,289
Other 1.2 570
Don't know * 22

Total 1.6 2,663

Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases. An asterisk indicates that a figure is
based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed. Total includes never married women,
women belonging to other religions, and women who don’t know their caste/tribe, who are not shown
separately.

178
Table 106 Forms of spousal violence

Percentage of ever-married women age 18-49 who have experienced various forms of violence committed by their husband
ever and in the 12 months preceding the survey, Gujarat, 2019-20

In the past 12 months

Often or
Type of violence Ever1 Often Sometimes sometimes

Physical violence
Any form of physical violence 13.2 1.4 8.9 10.3
Pushed her, shook her, or threw something at her 6.2 0.9 4.2 5.0
Twisted her arm or pulled her hair 4.5 0.6 3.0 3.6
Slapped her 10.5 0.8 7.2 8.0
Punched her with his fist or with something that could hurt her 2.5 0.5 1.3 1.8
Kicked her, dragged her, or beat her up 3.8 0.4 2.6 3.0
Tried to choke her or burn her on purpose 0.8 0.2 0.6 0.7
Threatened her or attacked her with a knife, gun, or any other weapon 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1

Sexual violence
Any form of sexual violence 3.4 0.5 2.3 2.7
Physically forced her to have sexual intercourse with him even when
she did not want to 2.3 0.3 1.5 1.8
Physically forced her to perform any sexual acts she did not want to 1.3 0.2 1.0 1.2
Forced her with threats or in any other way to perform sexual acts she
did not want to 1.5 0.2 1.2 1.4

Emotional violence
Any form of emotional violence 7.4 1.6 5.4 7.0
Said or did something to humiliate her in front of others 5.3 1.1 3.8 4.9
Threatened to hurt or harm her or someone close to her 2.3 0.5 1.6 2.1
Insulted her or made her feel bad about herself 4.0 0.9 2.9 3.8

Any form of physical and/or sexual violence 14.0 1.6 9.6 11.2
Any form of physical and sexual violence 2.5 0.2 1.7 1.9
Any form of physical and/or sexual and/or emotional violence 16.3 2.4 11.2 13.5
Any form of physical and sexual and emotional violence 1.4 0.2 1.0 1.2

Any violence by women against their husband2 2.9 0.3 2.3 2.7

Number of ever-married women 2,836 2,836 2,836 2,836

Note: Husband refers to the current husband for currently married women and the most recent husband for widowed, divorced, separated, or
deserted women.
1
Includes in the past 12 months
2
Any violence by women against their husband when he was not already beating or physically hurting her

179
Table 107 Spousal violence by background characteristics

Percentage of ever-married women age 18-49 by whether they have ever experienced emotional, physical, or sexual violence
committed by their husband, according to background characteristics, Gujarat, 2019-20

Emotional,
Physical or physical, or
Emotional Physical Sexual sexual sexual Number
Background characteristic violence violence violence violence violence of women

Age
18-19 (16.6) (13.6) (0.8) (13.6) (20.4) 53
20-24 6.4 9.8 2.3 11.3 13.2 340
25-29 5.7 10.3 3.7 11.4 13.7 469
30-39 6.4 14.7 3.9 15.1 16.8 1,086
40-49 9.3 14.1 3.2 15.1 18.0 887

Residence
Urban 6.6 9.6 3.0 10.0 12.6 1,173
Rural 8.0 15.7 3.7 16.8 18.9 1,663

Schooling
No schooling 8.8 18.8 4.4 19.5 22.2 721
<5 years complete 9.0 14.7 3.4 15.5 18.6 292
5-7 years complete 6.2 10.4 3.0 11.5 14.2 619
8-9 years complete 8.8 11.8 3.1 13.5 15.9 429
10-11 years complete 5.1 9.2 3.1 9.7 10.9 298
12 or more years complete 5.9 11.0 2.8 11.3 12.5 476

Employment (past 12 months)

Not employed 5.6 10.4 2.1 11.0 12.8 1,692
Employed for cash 11.2 17.4 5.6 18.5 21.9 911
Employed not for cash 5.4 16.8 3.9 18.6 19.8 233

Marital status
Currently married 6.9 12.5 3.1 13.3 15.6 2,711
Widowed 2.7 19.6 4.8 20.5 20.5 89
Divorced/separated/deserted (56.6) (48.9) (24.6) (48.9) (57.6) 36

Marital duration1
Married only once 7.1 12.8 3.3 13.6 15.9 2,781
0-4 years 5.8 10.5 2.9 11.7 13.1 446
5-9 years 6.7 8.4 2.5 9.0 12.1 492
10 or more years 7.6 14.5 3.6 15.3 17.6 1,843
Married more than once 20.3 32.1 8.8 33.7 37.0 55

Number of living children

0 8.2 10.1 3.2 11.0 12.4 270
1-2 7.1 12.5 3.5 13.4 15.3 1,556
3-4 6.4 13.2 2.2 13.9 16.1 837
5 or more 13.4 23.5 8.5 24.5 32.1 173

Household structure2
Nuclear 7.3 13.2 2.8 13.8 16.4 1,185
Non-nuclear 7.5 13.2 3.8 14.2 16.2 1,651

Continued…

180
Table 107 Spousal violence by background characteristics—Continued

Percentage of ever-married women age 18-49 by whether they have ever experienced emotional, physical, or sexual violence
committed by their husband, according to background characteristics, Gujarat, 2019-20

Emotional,
Physical or physical, or
Emotional Physical Sexual sexual sexual Number
Background characteristic violence violence violence violence violence of women

Religion
Hindu 7.5 13.6 3.5 14.5 16.5 2,477
Muslim 7.6 10.5 2.7 11.1 15.7 324
Christian (0.0) (15.7) (0.0) (15.7) (15.7) 12

Caste/tribe
Scheduled caste 5.6 9.2 2.9 10.3 11.7 395
Scheduled tribe 10.9 22.5 5.8 23.7 27.1 445
Other backward class 7.3 13.0 3.1 13.9 16.1 1,376
Other 6.1 9.1 2.6 9.6 11.5 598

Respondent's father beat her

mother
Yes 15.9 37.1 8.6 39.8 43.3 211
No 6.7 11.2 2.8 11.9 14.0 2,583
Don't know (6.0) (16.4) (14.4) (16.4) (22.4) 42

Total 7.4 13.2 3.4 14.0 16.3 2,836

Note: Husband refers to the current husband for currently married women and the most recent husband for widowed, divorced, separated, or
deserted women. Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases. Total includes women belonging to other religions and women
who don’t know their caste/tribe, who are not shown separately.
1
Currently married women only
2
Nuclear households are households comprised of a married couple or a man or a woman living alone or with unmarried children (biological,
adopted, or fostered) with or without unrelated individuals. The remaining households are non-nuclear households.

181
Table 108 Spousal violence by husband's characteristics and empowerment indicators

Percentage of ever-married women age 18-49 who have ever suffered emotional, physical, or sexual violence committed by their husband,
according to his characteristics, marital characteristics, and selected empowerment indicators, Gujarat, 2019-20

Emotional,
Emotional Physical Sexual Physical or physical, or Number of
Background characteristic violence violence violence sexual violence sexual violence women

Husband's schooling
No schooling 12.3 23.6 7.1 23.8 28.0 363
<5 years complete 7.8 12.7 2.1 13.3 16.4 216
5-7 years complete 6.6 11.3 3.2 12.5 14.2 449
8-9 years complete 8.3 13.7 2.8 14.8 16.9 658
10-11 years complete 4.8 9.9 2.0 10.9 13.0 465
12 or more years complete 5.8 10.5 3.1 11.2 12.9 676

Husband's alcohol consumption

Does not drink 6.0 10.8 2.6 11.5 13.8 2,640
Gets drunk sometimes 18.6 40.6 9.6 43.4 45.7 123
Gets drunk often 46.2 65.8 22.0 65.8 68.0 58

Spousal age difference1

Wife older 5.2 11.0 2.9 12.2 13.9 184
Wife is same age 5.3 9.9 2.7 9.9 11.6 244
Wife 1-4 years younger 5.5 11.4 2.6 12.5 14.3 1,468
Wife 5-9 years younger 10.6 15.5 3.9 16.3 19.7 687
Wife 10 or more years younger 9.0 15.2 5.1 16.2 18.4 128

Spousal schooling difference

Husband has more schooling 6.6 12.7 2.8 13.8 15.7 1,485
Wife has more schooling 8.7 13.6 3.6 14.1 16.6 643
Both have equal schooling 6.2 7.0 2.6 8.1 11.6 434
Neither attended school 9.7 24.3 6.9 24.3 25.8 265

Number of marital control

behaviours displayed by husband2
0 1.8 4.8 0.4 5.1 6.0 1,783
1-2 11.1 22.3 5.7 24.3 27.4 708
3-4 20.8 32.5 9.6 34.0 39.7 277
5-6 59.9 58.1 31.1 60.5 74.4 68

Number of decisions in which

women participate3
0 13.6 23.2 5.3 23.9 27.6 208
1-2 7.6 10.3 4.6 12.1 14.8 458
3 6.1 11.9 2.5 12.5 14.6 2,045

Number of reasons for which wife-

beating is justified4
0 5.8 9.8 2.5 10.6 12.4 1,964
1-2 9.2 17.8 3.5 18.8 21.5 414
3-4 11.8 22.1 8.5 23.7 27.0 257
5-6 17.4 28.1 6.5 29.6 32.9 101
7 10.3 21.3 3.3 21.3 27.8 100

Continued…

182
Table 108 Spousal violence by husband's characteristics and empowerment indicators—Continued

Percentage of ever-married women age 18-49 who have ever suffered emotional, physical, or sexual violence committed by their husband,
according to his characteristics, marital characteristics, and selected empowerment indicators, Gujarat, 2019-20

Emotional,
Emotional Physical Physical or physical, or Number of
Background characteristic violence violence Sexual violence sexual violence sexual violence women

Number of reasons given for refusing

to have sexual intercourse with
husband5
0 10.6 20.0 4.5 20.3 23.0 164
1-2 8.2 11.9 5.2 13.5 17.5 466
3 7.0 12.9 2.9 13.7 15.6 2,206

Afraid of husband
Most of the time 41.1 48.2 17.5 49.4 53.4 98
Sometimes 10.5 18.8 4.0 19.9 23.7 1,297
Never 2.3 5.8 1.9 6.4 7.2 1,442

Total 7.4 13.2 3.4 14.0 16.3 2,836

Note: Husband refers to the current husband for currently married women and the most recent husband for widowed, divorced, separated, or deserted
women. Total includes women whose husband drinks alcohol but never gets drunk , who are not shown separately.
1
Currently married women only
2
Behaviours include: Is jealous or angry if she talks to other men, frequently accuses her of being unfaithful, does not permit her to meet her female friends, tries
to limit her contact with her family, insists on knowing where she is at all times, and does not trust her with any money
3
Currently married women only. Decisions included are decisions about own health care, major household purchases, and visits to her family or relatives.
4
Reasons given for which wife beating is justified include: she goes out without telling him, she neglects the house or children, she argues with him, she refuses
to have sexual intercourse with him, she doesn't cook properly, he suspects she is unfaithful, and she shows disrespect for in-laws
5
Reasons given for refusing to have sexual intercourse with husband include: she knows her husband has a sexually transmitted disease, she knows her husband
has sex with other women, and she is tired or not in the mood

183
Table 109 Injuries to women due to spousal violence

Percentage of ever-married women age 18-49 who have experienced spousal violence by types of injuries resulting
from what their husband did to them, the type of violence, and whether they have experienced the violence ever and
in the 12 months preceding the survey, Gujarat, 2019-20

Percentage of women who have had:

Deep
wounds,
broken
Eye injuries, bones,
sprains, broken
dislocations, teeth, or any Number of
Type of spousal violence Cuts, bruises, Severe or minor other serious Any of these ever-married
experienced or aches burns burns injury injuries women

Experienced physical violence

Ever1 21.0 4.2 6.3 4.1 23.6 374
In the past 12 months 23.2 3.2 5.4 2.6 26.4 293

Experienced sexual violence

Ever1 40.8 9.2 19.4 13.2 47.0 96
In the past 12 months 36.8 3.7 15.1 7.4 44.5 78

Experienced physical or
sexual violence
Ever1 20.5 4.0 5.9 3.9 23.0 398
In the past 12 months 22.4 3.1 4.9 2.4 25.4 318

Experienced physical and

sexual violence
Ever1 50.6 11.7 25.9 17.6 58.3 72
In the past 12 months 48.1 4.6 22.1 10.9 58.5 53
Note: Husband refers to the current husband for currently married women and the most recent husband for widowed, divorced,
separated, or deserted women.
1
Includes violence in the past 12 months

184
Table 110 Help seeking

Percentage of women age 18-49 who have ever experienced physical or sexual violence by whether
they have ever sought help, and among those who have sought help from any source, the source from
which help was sought, according to the type of violence experienced and marital status, Gujarat,
2019-20

Type of violence experienced

Both
Physical Sexual physical
Source only only and sexual Total

Help seeking
Never sought help and never told anyone 74.7 (81.1) 47.6 70.6
Never sought help but told someone 9.9 (9.1) 20.5 11.6
Sought help 15.4 (9.7) 31.9 17.8

Number of women who experienced

violence 353 27 76 457

Sources of help among those who sought

any help1
Own family 47.1 * (30.8) 40.7
Husband's family 15.3 * (17.0) 15.8
Current/former husband 0.7 * (0.0) 1.0
Current/former boyfriend 5.9 * (0.0) 3.9
Friend 37.1 * (49.0) 41.7
Neighbour 5.0 * (15.3) 7.9
Religious leader 0.0 * (0.0) 0.0
Doctor/medical personnel 0.0 * (1.7) 0.5
Police 0.0 * (9.5) 2.8
Lawyer 0.0 * (0.0) 0.0
Social service organization 0.0 * (0.0) 0.0
Other 0.7 * (0.0) 0.4

Number of women who experienced

violence and sought help 54 3 24 81
Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases. An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on
fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.
1
Women can report more than one source from which they sought help.

185
186
 APPENDIX

ESTIMATES OF SAMPLING ERRORS

The estimates from a sample survey are affected by two types of errors: (1) non-sampling errors, and
(2) sampling errors. Non-sampling errors are the results of mistakes made in implementing data collection
and data processing, such as failure to locate and interview the correct household, misunderstanding of the
questions on the part of either the interviewer or the respondent, and data entry errors. Although numerous
efforts were made during the implementation of the fifth National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5) to
minimize this type of error, non-sampling errors are impossible to avoid and difficult to evaluate statistically.

Sampling errors, on the other hand, can be evaluated statistically. The sample of respondents selected in
NFHS-5 is only one of many samples that could have been selected from the same population, using the
same design and expected sample size. Each of these samples would yield results that differ somewhat from
the results of the actual sample selected. Sampling errors are a measure of the variability among all possible
samples. Although the degree of variability is not known exactly, it can be estimated from the survey results.

A sampling error is usually measured in terms of the standard error for a particular statistic (mean,
percentage, etc.), which is the square root of the variance. The standard error can be used to calculate
confidence intervals within which the true value for the population can reasonably be assumed to fall. For
example, for any given statistic calculated from a sample survey, the value of that statistic will fall within a
range of plus or minus two times the standard error of that statistic in 95 percent of all possible samples of
identical size and design.

If the sample of respondents had been selected as a simple random sample, it would have been possible to
use straightforward formulas for calculating sampling errors. However, the NFHS-5 sample is the result of
a multi-stage stratified design, and, consequently, it was necessary to use more complex formulae. The
computer software used to calculate sampling errors for NFHS-5 is programmed in SAS. This procedure
uses the Taylor linearization method for variance estimation for survey estimates that are means or
proportions. The Jackknife repeated replication method is used for variance estimation of more complex
statistics such as total fertility rates and child mortality rates.

The Taylor linearization method treats any proportion or mean as a ratio estimate,
r = y/x, where y represents the total sample value for variable y, and x represents the total number of cases
in the group or subgroup under consideration. The variance of r is computed using the formula given below,
with the standard error being the square root of the variance:

1 f H  mh  mh 2 z h2 
SE (r )  var (r )  2
2
    z hi 
h 1  mh  1  i 1

x mh 

in which

z hi  y hi  rx hi , and z h  y h  rx h

where h represents the stratum, which varies from 1 to H,

mh is the total number of clusters selected in the hth stratum,
yhi is the sum of the weighted values of variable y in the ith cluster in the hth stratum,
187
 xhi is the sum of the weighted number of cases in the ith cluster in the hth stratum, and
f is the overall sampling fraction, which is so small that it is ignored.

The Jackknife repeated replication method derives estimates of complex rates from each of several
replications of the parent sample, and calculates standard errors for these estimates using simple formulae.
Each replication considers all but one cluster in the calculation of the estimates. Pseudo-independent
replications are thus created. In the NFHS-5 sample for Gujarat, there were 1386 clusters. Hence, 1386
replications were created. The variance of a rate r is calculated as follows:
k
1
SE (r )  var (r ) 
2
 (r  r ) 2
k ( k  1) i 1 i

in which

ri  kr  (k  1)r(i )

where r is the estimate computed from the full sample of 1386 clusters,
r(i) is the estimate computed from the reduced sample of 1385 clusters (ith cluster excluded), and
k is the total number of clusters.

In addition to the standard error, the design effect (DEFT) for each estimate is computed, which is defined
as the ratio between the standard error using the given sample design and the standard error that would result
if a simple random sample had been used. A DEFT value of 1.0 indicates that the sample design is as efficient
as a simple random sample, while a value greater than 1.0 indicates the increase in the sampling error due
to the use of a more complex and less statistically efficient design. The relative standard error (SE/R) and
confidence limits (R±2SE) for each estimate are also computed.

Sampling errors for NFHS-5 are calculated for selected variables considered to be of primary
interest. The results are presented in this appendix for Gujarat as a whole and for the urban and
rural areas of the state. For each variable, the type of statistic (mean, proportion, rate, or ratio) and
the base population are given in Table A.1. Tables A.2-A4 present the total, urban, and rural values of
the statistic (R), their standard errors (SE), the number of unweighted (N) and weighted (WN) cases, the
design effect (DEFT), the relative standard error (SE/R), and the 95 percent confidence limits (R±2SE) for
each variable. The DEFT is considered undefined when the standard error for a simple random sample is
zero (when the estimate is close to 0 or 1).

188
Table A.1 List of variables for sampling errors, Gujarat, 2019-20
Variable Estimate Base population
HOUSEHOLDS
Using an improved source of drinking water Proportion Households
Using an improved sanitation facility Proportion Households
Using iodized salt Proportion Households
Sex ratio (females per 1,000 males) Ratio De facto household population, all ages
WOMEN
No schooling (Females age 6 years and above) Proportion De facto household population of females age 6 and above
Urban residence Proportion Women age 15-49
No schooling (Women age 15-49) Proportion Women age 15-49
Completed 10 or more years of schooling Proportion Women age 15-49
Never married, including married gauna not performed Proportion Women age 15-49
Currently married Proportion Women age 15-49
Married before age 18 Proportion Women age 20-49
Currently using any contraceptive method Proportion Currently married women age 15-49
Currently using a modern contraceptive method Proportion Currently married women age 15-49
Currently using a traditional contraceptive method Proportion Currently married women age 15-49
Currently using pill Proportion Currently married women age 15-49
Currently using IUD/PPIUD Proportion Currently married women age 15-49
Currently using condom/Nirodh Proportion Currently married women age 15-49
Currently using female sterilization Proportion Currently married women age 15-49
Using public health sector source of contraception Proportion Women age 15-49 currently using modern methods of contraception
Unmet need for family planning Proportion Currently married women age 15-49
Want no more children Proportion Currently married women age 15-49
Want to delay next birth at least 2 years Proportion Currently married women age 15-49
Mother received four or more antenatal care (ANC) visits Proportion Women with at least one birth in last five years (last birth)
Took iron and folic acid (IFA) for 100 days or more Proportion Women with at least one birth in last five years (last birth)
Birth registration Proportion De jure children under age 5 years
Births delivered by a skilled provider Proportion Births in last 5 years
Institutional delivery Proportion Births in last 5 years
Postnatal check for mother within 2 days of birth Proportion Women with at least one birth in last five years (last birth)
Postnatal check for newborn within 2 days of birth Proportion Women with at least one birth in last five years (last birth)
Exclusive breastfeeding Proportion Children under age 6 months
Children with diarrhoea in the last two weeks Proportion Children under age 5 years
Treated with oral rehydration salt (ORS) packets Proportion Children under age 5 years with diarrhoea in last 2 weeks
Children with diarrhoea taken to a health provider Proportion Children under age 5 years with diarrhoea in last 2 weeks
Child received BCG vaccination Proportion Children age 12-23 months
Child received penta or DPT vaccination (3 doses) Proportion Children age 12-23 months
Child received polio vaccination (3 doses) Proportion Children age 12-23 months
Child received first dose of measles vaccine Proportion Children age 12-23 months
Child received hepatitis B vaccination (3 doses) Proportion Children age 12-23 months
Child with all basic vaccinations Proportion Children age 12-23 months
Height-for-age, stunting (below -2SD) Proportion Children under age 5 years who were measured
Weight-for-height, wasting (below -2SD) Proportion Children under age 5 years who were measured
Weight-for-age, underweight (below -2SD) Proportion Children under age 5 years who were measured
Children with any anaemia Proportion Children age 6-59 months with an anaemia test
Non-pregnant women with any anaemia Proportion Women age 15-49 with an anaemia test
Body mass index (BMI) < 18.5 kg/m2 Proportion Women age 15-49 who were measured
Body mass index (BMI) ≥ 25.0 kg/m2 Proportion Women age 15-49 who were measured
Waist-to-hip ratio ≥ 0.85 Proportion Women age 15-49 who were measured
Have heard of HIV or AIDS Proportion Women age 15-49
Have comprehensive knowledge about HIV/AIDS Proportion Women age 15-49
Ever experienced physical or sexual violence Proportion Women age 15-49
Total fertility rate (last 3 years) Rate Women
Neonatal mortality Rate Births in last 5 years
Postneonatal mortality Rate Births in last 5 years
Infant mortality Rate Births in last 5 years
Child mortality Rate Births in last 5 years
Under-five mortality Rate Births in last 5 years
MEN
No schooling (Males age 6 years and above) Proportion De facto household population of males age 6 and above
Urban residence Proportion Men age 15-49
No schooling (Men age 15-49) Proportion Men age 15-49
Completed 10 or more years of schooling Proportion Men age 15-49
Never married, including married gauna not performed Proportion Men age 15-49
Currently married Proportion Men age 15-49
Married before age 21 Proportion Men age 25-49
Want no more children Proportion Currently married men age 15-49
Want to delay next birth at least 2 years Proportion Currently married men age 15-49
Men with any anaemia Proportion Men age 15-49 with an anaemia test
Body mass index (BMI) < 18.5 kg/m2 Proportion Men age 15-49 who were measured
Body mass index (BMI) ≥ 25.0 kg/m2 Proportion Men age 15-49 who were measured
Waist-to-hip ratio ≥ 0.90 Proportion Men age 15-49 who were measured
Have heard of HIV or AIDS Proportion Men age 15-49
Have comprehensive knowledge about HIV/AIDS Proportion Men age 15-49

189
Table A.2 Sampling errors: Total sample, Gujarat, 2019-20
Relative
Number of cases Design standard Confidence limits
Standard Unweighted Weighted effect error
Variable Value (R) error (SE) (N) (WN) (DEFT) (SE/R) R-2SE R+2SE
HOUSEHOLDS
Using an improved source of drinking water 0.975 0.002 29368 29368 2.26 0.002 0.971 0.979
Using an improved sanitation facility 0.74 0.006 29368 29368 2.35 0.008 0.728 0.752
Using iodized salt 0.956 0.002 29223 29221 1.838 0.002 0.952 0.961
Sex ratio (females per 1,000 males) 964.862 5.312 66435 66648 1.452 0.006 954.238 975.487
WOMEN
No schooling (Females age 6 years and above) 0.271 0.004 59537 58749 1.899 0.013 0.264 0.278
Urban residence 0.417 0.006 33343 33343 2.171 0.014 0.405 0.429
No schooling (Women age 15-49) 0.209 0.004 33343 33343 1.961 0.021 0.2 0.217
Completed 10 or more years of schooling 0.338 0.007 33343 33343 2.771 0.021 0.323 0.352
Never married, including married gauna not performed 0.231 0.003 33343 33343 1.382 0.014 0.225 0.237
Currently married 0.73 0.003 33343 33343 1.407 0.005 0.723 0.737
Married before age 18 0.319 0.005 28000 28137 1.743 0.015 0.309 0.328
Currently using any contraceptive method 0.653 0.006 24321 24344 1.861 0.009 0.641 0.664
Currently using a modern contraceptive method 0.536 0.006 24321 24344 1.776 0.011 0.524 0.547
Currently using a traditional contraceptive method 0.117 0.004 24321 24344 2.072 0.037 0.108 0.126
Currently using pill 0.023 0.001 24321 24344 1.509 0.063 0.02 0.026
Currently using IUD/PPIUD 0.031 0.002 24321 24344 1.406 0.05 0.028 0.034
Currently using condom/Nirodh 0.114 0.003 24321 24344 1.716 0.031 0.107 0.121
Currently using female sterilization 0.359 0.006 24321 24344 1.835 0.016 0.348 0.37
Using public health sector source of contraception 0.687 0.008 13764 13557 2.087 0.012 0.671 0.704
Unmet need for family planning 0.103 0.003 24321 24344 1.398 0.026 0.098 0.109
Want no more children 0.701 0.004 24321 24344 1.415 0.006 0.693 0.71
Want to delay next birth at least 2 years 0.109 0.003 24321 24344 1.333 0.024 0.104 0.114
Mother received four or more antenatal care (ANC) visits 0.769 0.008 7575 7548 1.576 0.01 0.754 0.784
Took iron and folic acid (IFA) for 100 days or more 0.6 0.009 7575 7548 1.593 0.015 0.582 0.618
Birth registration 0.975 0.002 9742 9498 1.143 0.002 0.971 0.979
Births delivered by a skilled provider 0.932 0.004 9868 9748 1.43 0.005 0.923 0.94
Institutional delivery 0.943 0.004 9868 9748 1.31 0.004 0.935 0.95
Postnatal check for mother within 2 days of birth 0.911 0.004 7575 7548 1.202 0.004 0.903 0.918
Postnatal check for newborn within 2 days of birth 0.9 0.004 7575 7548 1.283 0.005 0.891 0.909
Exclusive breastfeeding 0.65 0.019 899 847 1.157 0.029 0.612 0.688
Children with diarrhoea in the last two weeks 0.082 0.004 9545 9429 1.266 0.045 0.075 0.09
Treated with oral rehydration salt (ORS) packets 0.665 0.021 854 775 1.18 0.031 0.624 0.706
Children with diarrhoea taken to a health provider 0.696 0.018 854 775 1.075 0.026 0.66 0.732
Child received BCG vaccination 0.947 0.007 1864 1827 1.316 0.007 0.933 0.961
Child received penta or DPT vaccination (3 doses) 0.861 0.011 1864 1827 1.319 0.012 0.839 0.882
Child received polio vaccination (3 doses) 0.796 0.012 1864 1827 1.305 0.016 0.771 0.821
Child received first dose of measles vaccine 0.868 0.011 1864 1827 1.325 0.012 0.847 0.889
Child received hepatitis B vaccination (3 doses) 0.849 0.011 1864 1827 1.308 0.013 0.827 0.871
Child with all basic vaccinations 0.763 0.013 1864 1827 1.286 0.017 0.738 0.789
Height-for-age, stunting (below -2SD) 0.39 0.008 8910 8695 1.449 0.021 0.374 0.406
Weight-for-height, wasting (below -2SD) 0.251 0.007 8596 8457 1.426 0.028 0.237 0.265
Weight-for-age, underweight (below -2SD) 0.397 0.008 9101 8876 1.436 0.02 0.381 0.413
Children with any anaemia 0.797 0.007 6414 6430 1.399 0.009 0.782 0.811
Non-pregnant women with any anaemia 0.65 0.005 32469 32398 1.794 0.007 0.64 0.659
Body mass index (BMI) < 18.5 kg/m2 0.251 0.004 31257 31231 1.682 0.016 0.243 0.26
Body mass index (BMI) ≥ 25.0 kg/m2 0.226 0.004 31257 31231 1.767 0.018 0.218 0.235
Waist-to-hip ratio ≥ 0.85 0.437 0.007 31244 31217 2.601 0.017 0.422 0.451
Have heard of HIV or AIDS 0.76 0.011 5050 5029 1.801 0.014 0.739 0.782
Have comprehensive knowledge about HIV/AIDS 0.285 0.013 5050 5029 2.11 0.047 0.258 0.312
Ever experienced physical or sexual violence 0.138 0.009 3304 3304 1.506 0.065 0.12 0.156
Total fertility rate (last 3 years) 1.863 0.032 95132 95164 1.367 0.017 1.799 1.926
Neonatal mortality 21.803 2.03 9865 9761 1.32 0.093 17.744 25.863
Postneonatal mortality 9.413 1.241 9861 9754 1.131 0.132 6.931 11.895
Infant mortality 31.217 2.317 9875 9772 1.261 0.074 26.582 35.851
Child mortality 6.626 0.88 9926 9864 1.114 0.133 4.866 8.386
Under-five mortality 37.636 2.461 9909 9803 1.237 0.065 32.714 42.558
MEN
No schooling (Males age 6 years and above) 0.107 0.002 60450 60780 1.862 0.023 0.102 0.112
Urban residence 0.433 0.013 4936 4957 1.779 0.029 0.407 0.458
No schooling (Men age 15-49) 0.086 0.005 4936 4957 1.368 0.063 0.075 0.097
Completed 10 or more years of schooling 0.456 0.015 4936 4957 2.079 0.032 0.426 0.485
Never married, including married gauna not performed 0.347 0.008 4936 4957 1.173 0.023 0.331 0.362
Currently married 0.629 0.008 4936 4957 1.19 0.013 0.612 0.645
Married before age 21 0.317 0.013 3293 3295 1.555 0.04 0.291 0.342
Want no more children 0.702 0.01 3133 3116 1.22 0.014 0.682 0.722
Want to delay next birth at least 2 years 0.129 0.007 3133 3116 1.17 0.054 0.115 0.143
Men with any anaemia 0.266 0.01 4742 4755 1.473 0.039 0.246 0.287
Body mass index (BMI) < 18.5 kg/m2 0.209 0.007 4787 4804 1.145 0.034 0.195 0.223
Body mass index (BMI) ≥ 25.0 kg/m2 0.199 0.008 4787 4804 1.311 0.04 0.183 0.215
Waist-to-hip ratio ≥ 0.90 0.408 0.013 4782 4797 1.793 0.031 0.383 0.434
Have heard of HIV or AIDS 0.897 0.007 4936 4957 1.713 0.008 0.882 0.912
Have comprehensive knowledge about HIV/AIDS 0.357 0.014 4936 4957 2.066 0.039 0.329 0.385

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Table A.3 Sampling errors: Urban sample, Gujarat, 2019-20

Number of cases Relative

Design standard
Confidence limits
Standard Unweighted Weighted effect error
Variable Value (R) error (SE) (N) (WN) (DEFT) (SE/R) R-2SE R+2SE
HOUSEHOLDS
Using an improved source of drinking water 0.994 0.002 9232 12640 2.225 0.002 0.99 0.997
Using an improved sanitation facility 0.884 0.01 9232 12640 3.056 0.012 0.863 0.904
Using iodized salt 0.974 0.003 9183 12570 1.97 0.003 0.968 0.981
Sex ratio (females per 1,000 males) 929.156 9.86 20436 28109 1.565 0.011 909.437 948.876
WOMEN
No schooling (Females age 6 years and above) 0.163 0.006 17882 24058 2.2 0.038 0.151 0.176
No schooling (Women age 15-49) 0.117 0.007 10163 13906 2.333 0.064 0.102 0.132
Completed 10 or more years of schooling 0.479 0.016 10163 13906 3.292 0.034 0.446 0.512
Never married, including married gauna not performed 0.238 0.006 10163 13906 1.398 0.025 0.226 0.25
Currently married 0.727 0.007 10163 13906 1.474 0.009 0.714 0.74
Married before age 18 0.232 0.009 8728 12037 2.036 0.04 0.214 0.25
Currently using any contraceptive method 0.695 0.009 7312 10110 1.74 0.013 0.676 0.714
Currently using a modern contraceptive method 0.54 0.009 7312 10110 1.59 0.017 0.521 0.558
Currently using a traditional contraceptive method 0.155 0.009 7312 10110 2.058 0.056 0.138 0.173
Currently using pill 0.031 0.003 7312 10110 1.367 0.09 0.025 0.036
Currently using IUD/PPIUD 0.042 0.003 7312 10110 1.331 0.074 0.036 0.048
Currently using condom/Nirodh 0.168 0.008 7312 10110 1.722 0.045 0.153 0.183
Currently using female sterilization 0.291 0.009 7312 10110 1.78 0.033 0.272 0.31
Using public health sector source of contraception 0.511 0.018 3939 5615 2.252 0.035 0.475 0.547
Unmet need for family planning 0.097 0.005 7312 10110 1.339 0.048 0.088 0.106
Want no more children 0.703 0.007 7312 10110 1.349 0.01 0.689 0.718
Want to delay next birth at least 2 years 0.112 0.005 7312 10110 1.357 0.045 0.102 0.122
Mother received four or more antenatal care (ANC) visits 0.824 0.013 2182 2974 1.555 0.016 0.799 0.85
Took iron and folic acid (IFA) for 100 days or more 0.62 0.016 2182 2974 1.541 0.026 0.588 0.653
Birth registration 0.987 0.003 2654 3536 1.086 0.003 0.982 0.992
Births delivered by a skilled provider 0.967 0.005 2658 3616 1.24 0.005 0.957 0.977
Institutional delivery 0.978 0.005 2658 3616 1.411 0.005 0.968 0.988
Postnatal check for mother within 2 days of birth 0.933 0.006 2182 2974 1.169 0.007 0.92 0.946
Postnatal check for newborn within 2 days of birth 0.923 0.007 2182 2974 1.247 0.008 0.909 0.938
Exclusive breastfeeding 0.703 0.036 225 281 1.127 0.052 0.63 0.775
Children with diarrhoea in the last two weeks 0.057 0.006 2599 3534 1.253 0.105 0.045 0.069
Treated with oral rehydration salt (ORS) packets 0.698 0.045 168 200 1.142 0.064 0.609 0.788
Children with diarrhoea taken to a health provider 0.705 0.043 168 200 1.127 0.061 0.618 0.791
Child received BCG vaccination 0.956 0.011 527 686 1.182 0.012 0.934 0.978
Child received penta or DPT vaccination (3 doses) 0.852 0.018 527 686 1.108 0.021 0.816 0.888
Child received polio vaccination (3 doses) 0.797 0.02 527 686 1.083 0.025 0.757 0.836
Child received first dose of measles vaccine 0.885 0.016 527 686 1.098 0.018 0.853 0.917
Child received hepatitis B vaccination (3 doses) 0.85 0.017 527 686 1.074 0.02 0.816 0.885
Child with all basic vaccinations 0.77 0.02 527 686 1.078 0.027 0.729 0.811
Height-for-age, stunting (below -2SD) 0.324 0.014 2414 3245 1.38 0.042 0.296 0.351
Weight-for-height, wasting (below -2SD) 0.224 0.014 2326 3150 1.525 0.063 0.196 0.252
Weight-for-age, underweight (below -2SD) 0.333 0.015 2475 3323 1.432 0.045 0.303 0.362
Children with any anaemia 0.776 0.013 1957 2666 1.375 0.017 0.749 0.802
Non-pregnant women with any anaemia 0.613 0.009 9838 13491 1.902 0.015 0.594 0.631
Body mass index (BMI) < 18.5 kg/m2 0.172 0.007 9540 13088 1.691 0.038 0.159 0.185
Body mass index (BMI) ≥ 25.0 kg/m2 0.304 0.008 9540 13088 1.786 0.028 0.288 0.321
Waist-to-hip ratio ≥ 0.85 0.471 0.014 9534 13082 2.724 0.03 0.443 0.499
Have heard of HIV or AIDS 0.873 0.014 1575 2129 1.679 0.016 0.845 0.901
Have comprehensive knowledge about HIV/AIDS 0.363 0.027 1575 2129 2.26 0.076 0.308 0.417
Ever experienced physical or sexual violence 0.104 0.016 1047 1401 1.716 0.156 0.071 0.136
Total fertility rate (last 3 years) 1.646 0.051 29203 39979 1.37 0.031 1.544 1.749
Neonatal mortality 16.809 4.042 2659 3632 1.487 0.24 8.725 24.893
Postneonatal mortality 7.276 2.07 2657 3631 1.295 0.284 3.137 11.416
Infant mortality 24.085 4.395 2660 3636 1.415 0.182 15.296 32.875
Child mortality 2.677 1.008 2694 3754 1.064 0.377 0.661 4.693
Under-five mortality 26.698 4.439 2666 3642 1.378 0.166 17.819 35.576
MEN
No schooling (Males age 6 years and above) 0.057 0.004 18790 25887 1.971 0.064 0.049 0.064
No schooling (Men age 15-49) 0.043 0.007 1553 2144 1.427 0.17 0.029 0.058
Completed 10 or more years of schooling 0.569 0.029 1553 2144 2.316 0.051 0.511 0.628
Never married, including married gauna not performed 0.359 0.014 1553 2144 1.112 0.038 0.332 0.387
Currently married 0.618 0.014 1553 2144 1.142 0.023 0.59 0.647
Married before age 21 0.21 0.023 1054 1450 1.811 0.108 0.164 0.255
Want no more children 0.697 0.019 963 1326 1.296 0.028 0.658 0.735
Want to delay next birth at least 2 years 0.123 0.013 963 1326 1.204 0.104 0.097 0.148
Men with any anaemia 0.233 0.02 1480 2054 1.661 0.086 0.193 0.273
Body mass index (BMI) < 18.5 kg/m2 0.159 0.013 1500 2082 1.338 0.079 0.134 0.185
Body mass index (BMI) ≥ 25.0 kg/m2 0.256 0.015 1500 2082 1.279 0.059 0.226 0.287
Waist-to-hip ratio ≥ 0.90 0.433 0.024 1495 2076 1.87 0.055 0.385 0.481
Have heard of HIV or AIDS 0.948 0.007 1553 2144 1.321 0.008 0.934 0.963
Have comprehensive knowledge about HIV/AIDS 0.408 0.027 1553 2144 2.191 0.067 0.354 0.463

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Table A.4 Sampling errors: Rural sample, Gujarat, 2019-20

Number of cases Relative

Design standard
Confidence limits
Standard Unweighted Weighted effect error
Variable Value (R) error (SE) (N) (WN) (DEFT) (SE/R) R-2SE R+2SE
HOUSEHOLDS
Using an improved source of drinking water 0.96 0.003 20136 16728 2.449 0.004 0.954 0.967
Using an improved sanitation facility 0.632 0.007 20136 16728 2.159 0.012 0.617 0.646
Using iodized salt 0.943 0.003 20040 16651 1.794 0.003 0.937 0.949
Sex ratio (females per 1,000 males) 990.904 5.561 45999 38540 1.231 0.006 979.781 1002.027
WOMEN
No schooling (Females age 6 years and above) 0.346 0.004 41655 34692 1.805 0.012 0.337 0.354
No schooling (Women age 15-49) 0.274 0.005 23180 19437 1.852 0.02 0.263 0.285
Completed 10 or more years of schooling 0.236 0.005 23180 19437 1.877 0.022 0.226 0.247
Never married, including married gauna not performed 0.226 0.003 23180 19437 1.256 0.015 0.219 0.233
Currently married 0.732 0.004 23180 19437 1.222 0.005 0.725 0.739
Married before age 18 0.383 0.005 19272 16100 1.526 0.014 0.373 0.394
Currently using any contraceptive method 0.622 0.007 17009 14234 1.862 0.011 0.609 0.636
Currently using a modern contraceptive method 0.533 0.007 17009 14234 1.869 0.013 0.518 0.547
Currently using a traditional contraceptive method 0.09 0.004 17009 14234 1.599 0.039 0.083 0.097
Currently using pill 0.018 0.002 17009 14234 1.497 0.085 0.015 0.021
Currently using IUD/PPIUD 0.024 0.002 17009 14234 1.308 0.065 0.021 0.027
Currently using condom/Nirodh 0.075 0.003 17009 14234 1.419 0.038 0.07 0.081
Currently using female sterilization 0.408 0.007 17009 14234 1.83 0.017 0.394 0.421
Using public health sector source of contraception 0.812 0.006 9825 7942 1.54 0.007 0.8 0.824
Unmet need for family planning 0.108 0.003 17009 14234 1.385 0.031 0.101 0.114
Want no more children 0.7 0.005 17009 14234 1.402 0.007 0.69 0.71
Want to delay next birth at least 2 years 0.107 0.003 17009 14234 1.207 0.027 0.101 0.113
Mother received four or more antenatal care (ANC) visits 0.733 0.009 5393 4575 1.548 0.013 0.714 0.751
Took iron and folic acid (IFA) for 100 days or more 0.587 0.01 5393 4575 1.574 0.018 0.566 0.608
Birth registration 0.967 0.003 7088 5962 1.217 0.003 0.962 0.973
Births delivered by a skilled provider 0.911 0.006 7210 6132 1.556 0.007 0.898 0.923
Institutional delivery 0.922 0.005 7210 6132 1.36 0.006 0.911 0.932
Postnatal check for mother within 2 days of birth 0.896 0.005 5393 4575 1.218 0.006 0.886 0.906
Postnatal check for newborn within 2 days of birth 0.885 0.006 5393 4575 1.294 0.006 0.874 0.896
Exclusive breastfeeding 0.624 0.022 674 565 1.177 0.035 0.58 0.668
Children with diarrhoea in the last two weeks 0.097 0.005 6946 5895 1.292 0.048 0.088 0.107
Treated with oral rehydration salt (ORS) packets 0.654 0.023 686 574 1.222 0.035 0.608 0.699
Children with diarrhoea taken to a health provider 0.693 0.019 686 574 1.068 0.028 0.655 0.732
Child received BCG vaccination 0.942 0.009 1337 1141 1.399 0.009 0.924 0.959
Child received penta or DPT vaccination (3 doses) 0.866 0.013 1337 1141 1.451 0.016 0.839 0.893
Child received polio vaccination (3 doses) 0.795 0.016 1337 1141 1.446 0.02 0.764 0.827
Child received first dose of measles vaccine 0.858 0.014 1337 1141 1.463 0.016 0.83 0.886
Child received hepatitis B vaccination (3 doses) 0.849 0.014 1337 1141 1.459 0.017 0.82 0.877
Child with all basic vaccinations 0.759 0.016 1337 1141 1.415 0.022 0.726 0.792
Height-for-age, stunting (below -2SD) 0.43 0.01 6496 5451 1.491 0.023 0.41 0.449
Weight-for-height, wasting (below -2SD) 0.267 0.007 6270 5307 1.28 0.028 0.252 0.282
Weight-for-age, underweight (below -2SD) 0.435 0.009 6626 5553 1.405 0.021 0.417 0.454
Children with any anaemia 0.812 0.008 4457 3763 1.328 0.01 0.796 0.828
Non-pregnant women with any anaemia 0.676 0.005 22631 18907 1.545 0.007 0.667 0.686
Body mass index (BMI) < 18.5 kg/m2 0.308 0.005 21717 18143 1.695 0.017 0.298 0.319
Body mass index (BMI) ≥ 25.0 kg/m2 0.17 0.004 21717 18143 1.483 0.022 0.162 0.178
Waist-to-hip ratio ≥ 0.85 0.412 0.008 21710 18134 2.319 0.019 0.396 0.427
Have heard of HIV or AIDS 0.678 0.014 3475 2900 1.794 0.021 0.649 0.706
Have comprehensive knowledge about HIV/AIDS 0.228 0.012 3475 2900 1.671 0.052 0.204 0.252
Ever experienced physical or sexual violence 0.164 0.01 2257 1903 1.27 0.06 0.144 0.184
Total fertility rate (last 3 years) 2.004 0.037 65929 55186 1.319 0.019 1.93 2.079
Neonatal mortality 24.765 2.187 7206 6129 1.172 0.088 20.39 29.139
Postneonatal mortality 10.696 1.539 7204 6123 1.031 0.144 7.618 13.773
Infant mortality 35.46 2.609 7215 6136 1.142 0.074 30.242 40.679
Child mortality 9.082 1.262 7232 6110 1.184 0.139 6.557 11.607
Under-five mortality 44.22 2.879 7243 6162 1.155 0.065 38.462 49.978
MEN
No schooling (Males age 6 years and above) 0.144 0.003 41660 34893 1.87 0.023 0.138 0.151
No schooling (Men age 15-49) 0.119 0.008 3383 2813 1.381 0.065 0.103 0.134
Completed 10 or more years of schooling 0.369 0.014 3383 2813 1.711 0.038 0.341 0.398
Never married, including married gauna not performed 0.337 0.009 3383 2813 1.155 0.028 0.318 0.356
Currently married 0.636 0.01 3383 2813 1.156 0.015 0.617 0.656
Married before age 21 0.401 0.013 2239 1845 1.288 0.033 0.374 0.427
Want no more children 0.706 0.01 2170 1790 1.018 0.014 0.686 0.726
Want to delay next birth at least 2 years 0.134 0.008 2170 1790 1.06 0.058 0.118 0.149
Men with any anaemia 0.292 0.01 3262 2701 1.188 0.035 0.271 0.312
Body mass index (BMI) < 18.5 kg/m2 0.247 0.009 3287 2722 1.044 0.035 0.23 0.264
Body mass index (BMI) ≥ 25.0 kg/m2 0.156 0.008 3287 2722 1.153 0.05 0.141 0.171
Waist-to-hip ratio ≥ 0.90 0.39 0.013 3287 2721 1.561 0.034 0.363 0.416
Have heard of HIV or AIDS 0.858 0.011 3383 2813 1.874 0.013 0.835 0.88
Have comprehensive knowledge about HIV/AIDS 0.318 0.014 3383 2813 1.692 0.043 0.291 0.345

192