What is illness perception?
; It is the patient’s own common sense belief about
their illness, serving as a framework for coping, understanding, and recognizing
symptoms.
What are the five cognitive dimensions of illness beliefs?; They include
consequences of illness, identity of illness, perceived cause, time line of
illness, and curability and controllability.
How does illness perception influence patient behavior?; It shapes patient
satisfaction, adjustments to illness, and healthcare utilization based on their
beliefs about the illness.
What defines illness behavior?; Actions taken in response to bodily signs and
symptoms, such as seeking advice, waiting for symptoms to resolve, or doing
nothing.
What drives help-seeking behavior?; It is driven by illness recognition, perceived
danger of the illness, and the commonality of its symptoms within the population.
What factors influence illness behavior?; Visibility of symptoms, perceived
seriousness, life disruption, symptom persistence, and tolerance thresholds
significantly impact behavior.
What does the Anderson Help Seeking Model include?; It consists of appraisal
interval, help-seeking interval, diagnostic interval, and treatment interval.
What are health behaviors?; They are intentional or unintentional actions related
to an individual's health status, influenced by various cognitive and situational
factors.
What are cognitive factors that predict preventative health behavior?; They include
perceived vulnerability, perceived severity of illness, and the readiness to
address health concerns.
What role do subjective norms play in health behavior?; They create social
pressures that can either facilitate or hinder the adoption of healthy behaviors
based on perceived societal expectations.
What is the Transtheoretical Model's pre-contemplation stage?; It is when an
individual is unaware of the issue and not considering change, requiring awareness-
raising strategies.
What occurs during the contemplation stage of the Transtheoretical Model?;
Individuals analyze the pros and cons of changing their behavior, often through a
reward analysis.
What is the preparation stage in the Transtheoretical Model?; In this stage,
individuals commit to change by developing a specific action plan and making small
initial changes.
What defines the action stage of the Transtheoretical Model?; It involves actively
engaging in new behaviors and implementing the change plan to alter existing
behavioral patterns.
What is maintenance in the Transtheoretical Model?; It is the stage where
individuals sustain their behavior change over time and work to avoid relapse into
previous habits.
What are social determinants of health?; They include biological factors,
individual behavior, social and physical environments, and access to health
services.
How does socioeconomic status (SES) relate to health?; Individuals in lower SES
brackets often experience worse health outcomes, contributing to a socio-economic
gradient in health.
What is the Gini coefficient?; It measures income inequality, where 1 represents
complete inequality and 0 represents complete equality, impacting overall health.
What is the inverse care law?; It states that the availability of good medical care
tends to vary inversely with the need for it in the population served.
What are the pathways to ill health?; They include psychosocial factors, material
conditions, behavioral influences, cultural beliefs, and life course experiences.
How have antibiotics and vaccines impacted health?; They have significantly reduced
or eliminated some infectious diseases, emphasizing the need for environmental
factors like clean water and food.
What is the minimal approach to tobacco cessation?; It includes asking about
smoking, warning about health risks, advising to quit, referring to cessation
services, and repeating the advice at follow-ups.
What does the MPOWER strategy for tobacco control entail?; It includes monitoring
tobacco usage, protecting from smoke, offering help to quit, warning about dangers,
enforcing advertising bans, and raising taxes.
What is nicotine replacement therapy (NRT)?; NRT is a treatment that can double
smoking cessation rates but requires adherence and additional counseling for
effectiveness.
What assumptions underlie Leventhal’s self-regulatory model?; It assumes that
individuals are motivated to solve problems and restore normalcy in response to
changes in their health status.
How do social messages influence illness perception?; They shape how individuals
interpret symptoms and their decisions to seek help, based on messages from health
professionals and media.
What are internal and external factors in perceived control over health?; Internal
factors are those perceived as controllable by the individual, while external
factors are seen as outside their control, impacting health behaviors.
What role does self-efficacy play in health behavior?; It is an individual's belief
in their ability to successfully modify or execute desired health behaviors,
significantly influencing their action.
What is the significance of life disruption in illness behavior?; A significant
life disruption can heighten the perceived seriousness of symptoms, prompting
quicker help-seeking behavior.
How do environmental conditions act as barriers or facilitators?; They can either
impede or support the adoption of health behaviors, depending on factors like
accessibility to resources and supportive services.
What is the impact of poverty on health outcomes?; Poverty exacerbates health
issues, leading to worse outcomes due to limited access to care and resources
necessary for maintaining health.
What factors contribute to the psychosocial pathway of ill health?; These include
poor social networks, high psychological stress, and exposure to stressful life
events, all impacting overall well-being.
What is the relationship between health motivation and behavior change?; Higher
health motivation indicates a greater readiness to engage in health-related
behaviors, influencing the likelihood of adopting positive changes.
What methods can be used to improve adherence to smoking cessation programs?;
Combining therapies like NRT with behavioral counseling can enhance adherence rates
and increase the likelihood of successful cessation.
