VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Jnana Sangama, Belagavi – 590018

A
MINI PROJECT REPORT
ON

“IoT Based Early Warning System for Road

Safety In Hilly Regions”

SUBMITTED BY
Aditya Kori (3NA21EC003)
Syed Miskin Quadri (3NA21EC036)
Mohammed Yaqoob (3NA21EC021)
Faizan Ahmed (3NA21EC011)

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

Dr. MADHURI DEVI CHODEY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING
NAVODAYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Bijengera Road, Raichur – 584103
2023-24

DEPARTMENT OF ECE
 NAVODAYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, RAICHUR
BIJENGERA ROAD, RAICHUR – 584103
(Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi)
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE
Certified that the mini project work entitled “IoT BASED EARLY WARNING SYSTEM
FOR ROAD SAFETY IN HILLY REGIONS” carried out by Aditya Kori (3NA21EC003),
Syed Miskin Quadri (3NA21EC036), Mohammed Yaqoob (3NA21EC021) & Faizan
Ahmed (3NA21EC021) bonafide students of Navodaya Institute of Technology, Raichur in
partial fulfilment for the award of Bachelor of Engineering in Electronics &
Communication Engineering under Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi during
the year 2023-2024. It is certified that all corrections/suggestions indicated for internal
assessment have been incorporated in the report deposited in the department library. The mini-
project report has been approved as it satisfies the academic requirements in respect of project
work prescribed for the said Degree.

Signature of Guide Signature of HOD Signature of Principal

(Dr. Madhuri Devi Chodey) (Dr. K. Venkatachalam) (Dr. M. V. Mallikarjuna)

DEPARTMENT OF ECE
 DECLARATION

We Aditya Kori, Syed Miskin Quadri, Mohammed Yaqoob & Faizan Ahmed students
of sixth semester Bachelor of Engineering in Electronics and Communication Engineering,
Navodaya Institute of Technology, Raichur hereby declare that the mini project entitled “IoT
BASED EARLY WARNING SYSTEM FOR ROAD SAFETY IN HILLY REGIONS” is
completed and written by us & has not been previously submitted for the award of any degree
certificate.

Aditya Kori

Syed Miskin Quadri

Mohammed Yaqoob

Faizan Ahmed

Date:

Place: Raichur

DEPARTMENT OF ECE
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

A mini project work is a job of great enormity and it can’t be accomplished by an individual
all by them. Eventually I am grateful to a number of individuals whose professional guidance,
assistance and encouragement have made it a pleasant endeavour to undertake this project.

I am grateful to our beloved and respected Principal Dr. M. V. Mallikarjuna and my beloved
Head of the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Dr. K. Venkatachalam for providing all their queried resources for the successful completion
of my project.

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my respected guide

Dr. Madhuri Devi Chodey Associate Professor, Department of ECE, for his valuable
suggestions and guidance in the preparation of the Project.

Finally, I would like to thank my parents, Friends and all teaching and non-teaching staff
members of ECE for all the help and co-ordination extended in bringing out this project
successfully in time.

Aditya Kori
(3NA21EC003)

Syed Miskin Quadri

(3NA21EC036)

Mohammed Yaqoob
(3NA21EC021)

Faizan Ahmed
(3NA21EC011)

DEPARTMENT OF ECE
 ABSTRACT

Ensuring road safety in hilly areas is paramount due to the inherent risks of landslides
and the challenging nature of winding roads, such as U-curves and hairpin bends. This project
aims to enhance road safety by utilizing a network of sensors and radio communication
technologies to provide timely alerts and preventive measures. Landslide detection is facilitated
through the deployment of landslide sensors, rain sensors, and soil moisture sensors in prone
areas, enabling continuous monitoring and early warning of potential landslides. Accident
prevention at critical road sections is achieved using ultrasonic sensors coupled with traffic
signals to manage and guide vehicle movement.
The collected sensor data undergoes analysis to assess risk levels. Alerts are categorized
into low, moderate, and high levels, which are then communicated to local residents via the
nRF24L01 wireless transceiver and are displayed on public display systems to ensure timely
dissemination of information. This integrated approach not only enhances the safety of
residents by providing advance warnings of landslide threats but also reduces the incidence of
accidents on hazardous road segments through effective traffic management.
The project's innovative use of sensor and communication technologies offers a
comprehensive solution to improve road safety in hilly terrains, addressing both natural and
vehicular hazards.

DEPARTMENT OF ECE
CONTENTS: -

CHAPTERS CONTENTS PAGE NO

Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Objectives 1-2
1.2 Literature Survey 2-3
Chapter 2 Proposed System 4
2.1 Block Diagram 4
2.2 Block Diagram Description 5-7
2.3 Methodology 7-8
2.4 Circuit Diagram 9-10
a Transmitter 9
b Receiver 10
Chapter 3 Hardware Requirements 12-15
Chapter 4 Software Requirements 16-17
Chapter 5
5.1 Flowchart 18
5.2 Algorithm 19
Chapter 6 Program Code 20-29
a Transmitter 20-28
b Receiver 28-29
Chapter 7
7.1 Results 30-32
7.2 Analysed Parameters 33
Chapter 8 Conclusion 34
Chapter 9 Future Scope 35
Chapter 10 References 36

DEPARTMENT OF ECE
CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Road safety in hilly areas is a critical concern due to the increased risk of landslides
and the challenging terrain that often includes U-curves and hairpin bends. These factors
contribute to a higher incidence of accidents and potential hazards, necessitating the
implementation of advanced monitoring and warning systems. This project aims to enhance
road safety in such regions by leveraging various sensors and radio communication
technologies.
The project focuses on two primary aspects: alerting local residents about potential
landslides and preventing accidents on treacherous road sections. Landslide detection is
achieved through continuous monitoring of landslide-prone areas using an array of sensors,
including landslide sensors, rain sensors, and soil moisture sensors. These sensors provide real-
time data on environmental conditions that can indicate an increased risk of landslides.
To prevent accidents at U-curves and hairpin bends, the project employs ultrasonic
sensors and traffic signals. Ultrasonic sensors detect the presence and movement of vehicles,
and traffic signals are used to manage and warn drivers, thereby reducing the likelihood of
collisions.
The sensor data collected is analysed to determine the level of risk and generate alerts.
Utilizing the nRF24L01 wireless transceiver, alerts categorized as low, moderate, or high are
transmitted to local residents through display systems. This real-time communication ensures
that residents are promptly informed of potential dangers, allowing them to take necessary
precautions.
By integrating sensor technology and radio communication, this project provides a
comprehensive solution to enhance road safety in hilly areas, addressing both natural and
traffic-related hazards.

1.1 OBJECTIVES
The primary objective of this project is to enhance road safety in hilly areas through the
implementation of a comprehensive monitoring and alert system utilizing various sensors and
radio communication technologies. The specific goals include:

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 1. Landslide Detection and Warning:
o Deploy landslide sensors, rain sensors, and soil moisture sensors in landslide-
prone areas to continuously monitor environmental conditions.
o Analyze sensor data to identify potential landslide risks and generate real-time
alerts.
o Communicate low, moderate, and high-level alerts to local residents via display
systems using the nRF24L01 wireless transceiver.
2. Accident Prevention at U-Curves and Hairpin Bends:
o Install ultrasonic sensors at critical road sections to detect vehicle presence and
movement.
o Utilize traffic signals to manage and guide vehicle flow, reducing the likelihood
of collisions.
o Ensure timely dissemination of traffic-related information to drivers to enhance
road safety.

1.2 LITERATURE SURVEY

Year Journal Title of the Objective Technology Parameters
Paper Implemented

2019 IJRAR IoT based To develop an IoT, MQTT Power=2.09W

landslide IoT-based system Protocol Current=
detection for landslide 418mA
and detection and Access
monitoring monitoring time=30msec
2021 PEN Design and To design and IoT, Traffic Reduced
implement a implementation of Lights, Traffic length
smart traffic a smart traffic Control on each line.
light light system using System
controlled IoT
by internet
of things

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DEPARTMENT OF ECE
2022 IRJET IoT based To provide early IoT, Early alerts
landslide warning & send Landslide for landslide
detection alert message to Sensors, reached the
and the concerned Monitoring localities.
monitoring authority System,
GSM
2022 Journal IoT based To Design IoT Node-MCU, 70% of
of accident based accident ESPNOW accidents were
ISMAC prevention prevention system Technology reduced
system for for Hairpin bend
Hairpin bend Roads
Roads
2024 Project IoT Based The objective is to IoT sensors,
proposed Early create a traffic
Warning comprehensive signals,
System for system for gates, cloud-
Road Safety detecting based
in Hilly landslides and notifications,
Regions. managing traffic and possibly
in hilly areas to image
enhance safety processing.
and efficiency.

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DEPARTMENT OF ECE
CHAPTER 2
PROPOSED SYSTEM

The proposed system aims to enhance road safety in hilly areas by detecting potential
landslides and preventing accidents at U-curves and hairpin bends. The system utilizes a
combination of sensors, including MPU6050, soil moisture sensors, and rain sensors, along
with the nRF24L01 wireless transceiver for data communication. The collected data is analysed
to generate risk alerts, which are then communicated to local residents and drivers via display
systems.

2.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM

Fig 2.1: Block Diagram IoT Based Early Warning System for Road Safety in Hilly Regions.

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DEPARTMENT OF ECE
2.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION
The provided block diagram represents a sophisticated system aimed at enhancing road
safety in hilly areas by leveraging various sensors, a microcontroller, and wireless
communication modules. The system's main objectives are to detect potential landslides and
prevent accidents at U-curves and hairpin bends, ensuring the safety of local residents and
drivers. Below is a detailed description of each component and their interactions within the
system.
Arduino Uno (ATMEGA328p): The Arduino Uno microcontroller acts as the central
hub for the entire system. It collects data from various sensors, processes the information, and
controls output devices such as LCD displays and traffic signals. The ATmega328p chip is
chosen for its versatility, ease of programming, and ability to handle multiple inputs and
outputs simultaneously.
Sensor Inputs:
1. Soil Moisture Sensor:
Purpose: To measure the moisture content in the soil.
Function: High soil moisture levels can indicate the potential for landslides. The sensor
provides continuous data on soil conditions, which is critical for early landslide
detection.
2. Landslide Sensor:
Purpose: To detect ground movements and vibrations.
Function: This sensor monitors seismic activity and ground shifts, providing real-time
data on potential landslide events. It is strategically placed in areas with a high risk of
landslides.
3. Rain Sensor:
Purpose: To measure rainfall intensity.
Function: Rainfall is a significant factor in landslide occurrence. The sensor collects
data on the amount and intensity of rainfall, which helps in assessing the risk of
landslides by correlating it with soil moisture levels.
4. IR Sensors (IR1 and IR2):
Purpose: To detect vehicle presence and movement.
Function: These infrared sensors are placed at U-curves and hairpin bends to monitor
the presence and speed of vehicles. They help in managing traffic flow and preventing
accidents by providing real-time data to the microcontroller.

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Communication Modules:
1. Transmitter and Receiver (nRF24L01):
Purpose: To facilitate wireless communication between the sensor modules and the central
processing unit.
Function: The nRF24L01 transceiver modules transmit the collected sensor data to the
Arduino Uno wirelessly. This ensures real-time data transmission and allows the system to
provide timely alerts and information to the end-users.

Output Devices:
1. LCD Display:
Purpose: To display alerts and real-time data.
Function: The LCD screen provides visual information to local residents and drivers
about current soil moisture levels, rainfall intensity, ground movement, and traffic
conditions. It helps in raising awareness and prompting necessary actions based on the
processed data.
2. Traffic Signals (LEDs):
Purpose: To manage traffic flow and provide warnings.
Function: Based on the sensor data, the Arduino Uno controls the LED traffic signals.
These signals alert drivers to slow down or stop at U-curves and hairpin bends, reducing
the risk of accidents.

System Operation:
1. Data Collection:
The system continuously collects data from soil moisture sensors, landslide sensors,
rain sensors, and IR sensors.
The collected data is wirelessly transmitted to the Arduino Uno using the nRF24L01
modules.
2. Data Processing:
The Arduino Uno processes the incoming data to assess risk levels for landslides and
potential traffic hazards.
Algorithms are applied to analyse the data and determine the appropriate risk category:
low, moderate, or high.

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DEPARTMENT OF ECE
 3. Alert Generation and Communication:
Based on the processed data, the system generates alerts that are displayed on the LCD
screen and communicated through the LED traffic signals.
Alerts include specific information such as soil moisture levels, rainfall intensity,
ground movement, and traffic conditions.
4. Community Engagement:
The displayed information and traffic signals provide actionable alerts to local residents
and drivers, enabling them to take necessary precautions.
The system ensures timely dissemination of information, helping to mitigate risks
associated with landslides and road accidents.
By integrating these components, the proposed system offers a robust solution for improving
road safety in hilly areas. The continuous monitoring and real-time communication capabilities
ensure that potential hazards are identified early, and appropriate measures are taken to prevent
accidents and ensure the safety of all road users.

2.3 METHODOLOGY
To achieve the objective of enhancing road safety in hilly areas by using various sensors and
radio communication, the following methodology will be employed:
1. System Design and Planning
1.1 Site Selection:
 Conducting survey to identify landslide-prone areas and critical road sections
such as U-curves and hairpin bends.
 Gathering historical data on landslides and accidents to analyse sensor
placement.
1.2 Sensor Selection:
 Choosing appropriate sensors for landslide detection: landslide sensors, rain
sensors, and soil moisture sensors.
 Place IR sensors for detecting vehicle presence and movement on critical road
sections.
1.3 Communication Infrastructure:
 Plan for deployment of nRF24L01 wireless transceivers for data communication.
 Design for network topology to ensure reliable data transmission from sensors
to central processing units and display systems.

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 2. Sensor Deployment
2.1 Installation of Landslide Sensors:
 Installing landslide sensors, rain sensors, and soil moisture sensors in identified
landslide-prone areas.
 Ensure sensors are placed at strategic locations to capture comprehensive data
on environmental conditions.
2.2 Installation of IR Sensors and Traffic Signals:
 Place IR sensors at U-curves and hairpin bends to detect vehicle presence and
movement.
 Setting up traffic signals at these critical points to manage and guide vehicle flow
based on sensor data.
3. Data Collection and Analysis
3.1 Data Acquisition:
 Continuously collect data from all deployed sensors.
 Ensure real-time data transmission using the nRF24L01 wireless transceivers.
3.2 Data Processing:
 Using a central processing unit to analyse the collected data.
 Applying algorithms to assess risk levels for landslides based on soil moisture,
rainfall intensity, and ground movement data.
 Analysing vehicle detection data to monitor traffic flow and identify potential
collision risks.
4. Alert Generation and Communication
4.1 Risk Assessment:
 Categorizing risk levels into low, moderate, and high based on the analysed data.
 Developing criteria for each risk level to ensure accurate and timely alerts.
4.2 Alert Dissemination:
 Using display systems placed in strategic locations to communicate alerts to local
residents and drivers.

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DEPARTMENT OF ECE
2.4 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
a. Transmitter
The Transmitter is placed near the site analysed for the landslide prone area which
forwards the sensor data to the receiver after analysing the parameters.

Fig 2.4.1: Circuit diagram of Transmitter

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 b. Receiver
The Receiver system takes the data transmitted through the wireless transceiver and
displays it in the lcd which is placed at the controlled side for end user for early
warning

Fig 2.4.2: Circuit diagram of Receiver

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HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS

1. Arduino UNO
2. Landslide Sensor MPU-6050
3. Rain Sensor
4. Soil Moisture Sensor
5. Ultrasonic Sensors
6. Wireless Transceivers
7. Traffic Signals

SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

Arduino IDE
1. The Arduino integrated development environment or Arduino software (IDE)
connects to the Arduino boards to upload programs and communicate with it.
2. The programs written using Arduino software (IDE) are called sketches

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CHAPTER 3
HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS
1. Arduino Uno (ATmega328p)
 Technical Specifications:
o Microcontroller: ATmega328p
o Operating Voltage: 5V
o Digital I/O Pins: 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)
o Analog Input Pins: 6
o Flash Memory: 32 KB (ATmega328p) of which 0.5 KB used by bootloader
o SRAM: 2 KB
o EEPROM: 1 KB
o Clock Speed: 16 MHz
 Function: Acts as the central processing unit of the system. It integrates data from
various sensors, executes control algorithms, and drives output devices.
 Working:
o Initialization: The Arduino initializes by loading its firmware from a pre-
uploaded program that configures its pins and communication protocols.
o Data Collection: Continuously reads analog and digital signals from the
connected sensors. Analog signals are converted to digital values using its built-
in Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC).
o Processing: Executes code to analyze sensor data based on predefined
algorithms. This involves calculations to assess soil moisture levels, rainfall,
and vehicle presence.
o Control: Based on processed data, it generates control signals to drive the LCD
display, LED traffic signals, and other output devices.
o Communication: Sends and receives data via wireless modules and
communicates with the LCD for user feedback.
2. Soil Moisture Sensor
 Technical Specifications:

o Operating Voltage: 3.3V or 5V

o Output: Analog voltage representing moisture level
o Probes: Two metal rods for insertion into the soil

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  Function: Measures the water content in the soil to gauge the risk of landslides.
 Working:
o Measurement: The sensor has two metal probes that are inserted into the soil.
It measures the resistance between these probes.
o Resistance Measurement: When soil moisture increases, the electrical
resistance between the probes decreases because water conducts electricity.
o Signal Processing: The sensor converts this resistance into a voltage signal,
which is then read by the Arduino. The Arduino translates this voltage into
moisture levels.
3. Landslide Sensor (MPU6050)
 Technical Specifications:
o Accelerometer Range: ±2g, ±4g, ±8g, ±16g
o Gyroscope Range: ±250, ±500, ±1000, ±2000 degrees/second
o Communication: I2C interface
o Operating Voltage: 3.3V
 Function: Detects ground movements and vibrations to identify potential landslides.
 Working:
o Data Collection: The MPU6050 uses a 3-axis accelerometer to measure linear
acceleration and a 3-axis gyroscope to measure rotational motion.
o Sensor Fusion: It combines the data from both sensors to determine changes in
the orientation and movement of the ground.
o Data Transmission: The sensor sends data via the I2C interface to the Arduino.
The Arduino analyzes this data to detect significant movements that may
indicate landslides.
4. Rain Sensor
 Technical Specifications:
o Operating Voltage: 3.3V or 5V
o Output: Analog signal (proportional to the amount of water detected)
o Detection Area: Conductive plate
 Function: Measures the intensity and amount of rainfall
 Working:
o Detection: The rain sensor has a conductive plate that detects water droplets.
When it rains, the water creates a conductive path on the plate.

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 o Signal Change: This conductivity change alters the sensor’s electrical
resistance, which is detected as a varying signal.
o Data Conversion: The sensor converts this signal into an analog or digital value
that the Arduino reads to determine the rainfall intensity.
5. IR Sensors (IR1 and IR2)
 Technical Specifications:
o Components: IR LED (transmitter) and IR photodiode (receiver)
o Operating Voltage: 3.3V or 5V
o Output: Digital signal (high or low)
 Function: Detects vehicle presence and movement by interrupting an infrared beam.
 Working:
o Setup: One IR transmitter and one IR receiver are placed on opposite sides of
the road.
o Detection: An IR beam is emitted and received across the road. When a vehicle
passes, it interrupts the beam.
o Signal Interruption: The interruption is detected by the receiver, indicating the
presence of a vehicle.
o Data Transmission: Sends a signal to the Arduino to process and control traffic
signals.
o Traffic Signal Control: If the beam is cut, the Arduino turns on the red LED
traffic signal to alert drivers of the vehicle's presence.
6. nRF24L01 Wireless Transceivers
 Technical Specifications:
o Operating Voltage: 1.9V to 3.6V
o Communication: SPI interface
o Frequency: 2.4 GHz ISM band
o Data Rate: 250kbps, 1Mbps, 2Mbps
 Function: Provides wireless communication between the sensors and the Arduino.
 Working:
o Configuration: Each nRF24L01 module is configured as a transmitter or
receiver. They communicate using the 2.4GHz frequency band.
o Data Transmission: The transmitter module sends sensor data to the receiver
module. This data is encoded and transmitted in packets.

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 o Data Reception: The receiver module decodes the incoming packets and
forwards the data to the Arduino. The Arduino processes this data for real-time
monitoring.
7. LCD Display
 Technical Specifications:
o Type: 16x2 character LCD
o Operating Voltage: 5V
o Interface: Parallel or I2C
 Function: Provides a visual interface to display real-time data and alerts.
 Working:
o Data Input: The Arduino sends commands and data to the LCD to control what
is displayed.
o Display Update: The LCD converts the received data into visible characters or
graphics on the screen. It updates in real-time based on the information
processed by the Arduino.
o User Interface: The display shows soil moisture levels, rainfall intensity, and
traffic conditions, helping users make informed decisions.
8. LED Traffic Signals
 Technical Specifications:
o LED Colours: Red & Green
o Operating Voltage: Typically, 2V-3V (through current-limiting resistors)
o Current: 10mA to 20mA per LED
 Function: Controls traffic flow and provides warnings to drivers.
 Working:
o Signal Control: The Arduino sends digital signals to the LED traffic signals,
turning them on or off based on sensor data.
o Traffic Management: Red, yellow, and green LEDs are used to indicate stop,
caution, and go conditions. The Arduino adjusts these signals to manage traffic
safely, especially at hazardous curves.

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CHAPTER 4
SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS
1. Arduino
Arduino is the type of computer software & hardware company that offers open- source
environment for user project and user community that intends and fabricates microcontroller-
based inventions for construction digital devices and interactive objects that can sense and
manage the physical world. For programming the microcontrollers, the Arduino proposal
provides a software application or IDE based on the Processing project, which includes C, C++
and Java programming software. It also supports for embedded C, C++ and Java programming
software.
Arduino is an open-source computer hardware and software company, project and user
community that designs and manufactures microcontroller-based kits for building digital
devices and interactive objects that can sense and control the physical world. The boards feature
serial communications interfaces, including USB on some models, for loading programs from
personal computers. For programming the microcontrollers, the Arduino platform provides an
integrated development environment (IDE) based on the Processing project, which includes
support for C, C++ and Java programming languages.

2. Arduino Libraries
 Purpose: To leverage pre-written code for managing hardware components and
simplifying complex tasks.
 Key Libraries and Their Roles:
o Wire.h:
 Function: Manages I2C communication.
 Usage: For reading data from the MPU6050 and potentially other I2C sensors.
o SPI.h:
 Function: Manages SPI communication.
 Usage: For communication with nRF24L01 wireless transceivers.
o nRF24L01.h and RF24.h:
 Function: Handle wireless data transmission and reception.
 Usage: Facilitate communication between sensor nodes and the central
Arduino unit.

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 o LiquidCrystal.h:
 Function: Controls the LCD display.
 Usage: Display real-time data such as sensor readings and alerts.
o Adafruit_MPU6050.h:
 Function: Simplifies interaction with the MPU6050 sensor.
 Usage: Provides functions for reading accelerometer and gyroscope data.

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CHAPTER 5
5.1 FLOWCHART

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5.2 ALGORITHM
 Initialization Phase
1. Start
2. Sensor Initialization
 Power on all sensors.
 Verify sensor connectivity.
 Calibrate sensors to ensure accurate readings.
 Landslide Detection Phase
3. Data Collection
 Continuously collect data from landslide detection sensors.
4. Threshold Comparison
 Compare processed data against predefined thresholds:
 If data < low threshold: Set risk level to low.
 Else If (data > low threshold) && (data < middle threshold): Set
risk level to medium.
 Else: Set risk level to high.
5. Alert scenarios based on multiple system
 Compare the output of each sensor and alert based on specified conditions.
 Accident Detection Phase
 IR Sensor Data Collection.
 Continuously collect data from IR sensors placed on U-turns and hairpin bends.
6. Vehicle Detection
 Analyse IR sensor data to detect the presence of vehicles on curves.
7. Traffic Control
 Based on vehicle detection
 If a vehicle is detected: Activate appropriate traffic signals.
 Else: Maintain default traffic signal state.

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CHAPTER 6
PROGRAM CODE

a. TRANSMITTER
#include <Wire.h>
#include <MPU6050.h>
#include <SPI.h>
#include <nRF24L01.h>
#include <RF24.h>

MPU6050 mpu;

int a = 0;
int d = 0;
int b = 0;
int c = 0;
int e = 0;
int f = 0;
int HIGH_M = 0, MIDDLE_M = 0, LOW_M = 0;
int HIGH_G = 0, MIDDLE_G = 0, LOW_G = 0;
int HIGH_S = 0, MIDDLE_S = 0, LOW_S = 0;
int HIGH_R = 0, MIDDLE_R = 0, LOW_R = 0;

// Define the analog pin for the soil moisture sensor

#define soilMoisturePin A0
// Define the analog pin for the rain sensor
#define rainSensorPin A1
// Define pins for IR Sensors and LEDs
#define IR_1 3
#define IR_2 4
#define LED_R_1 5
#define LED_G_1 6
#define LED_R_2 7

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#define LED_G_2 8
// Define pins of transmitter
// NRF24L01 pins
#define CE_PIN 9
#define CSN_PIN 10

// Initialize the NRF24L01 radio

RF24 radio(CE_PIN, CSN_PIN);

// Address through which the two modules communicate

const byte address[6] = "00001";

// Define thresholds for accelerometer readings (these thresholds need to be tuned based on
your application)
const float lowThreshold = 1.05; // Low risk threshold for acceleration in g
const float middleThreshold = 2.4; // Middle risk threshold for acceleration in g

// Define thresholds for rain levels in volts

const int lowThreshold_r = 900;
const int middleThreshold_r = 350;

// Define the thresholds for moisture levels

const int lowThreshold_s = 700;
const int middleThreshold_s = 400;

void setup() {
// Start serial communication at 115200 baud rate
Serial.begin(115200);

// Initialize MPU6050
Wire.begin();
mpu.initialize();

// Check if MPU6050 is connected successfully

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if (!mpu.testConnection()) {
Serial.println("MPU6050 connection failed");
while (1);
}

Serial.println("MPU6050 connection successful");

// Initialize the rain sensor pin as an input

pinMode(rainSensorPin, INPUT);
// Initialize the soil moisture sensor pin as an input
pinMode(soilMoisturePin, INPUT);

// Initialize pins for IR Sensors

pinMode(IR_1, INPUT);
pinMode(IR_2, INPUT);
// Initialize pins for LEDs
pinMode(LED_R_1, OUTPUT);
pinMode(LED_R_2, OUTPUT);
pinMode(LED_G_1, OUTPUT);
pinMode(LED_G_2, OUTPUT);

// Turn off LEDs at start

digitalWrite(LED_R_1, LOW);
digitalWrite(LED_R_2, LOW);
digitalWrite(LED_G_1, HIGH);
digitalWrite(LED_G_2, HIGH);

// Initialize the radio

radio.begin();
radio.openWritingPipe(address);
radio.setPALevel(RF24_PA_MIN);
radio.stopListening();

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 Serial.println("Transmitter initialized");
}

void loop() {
// Read distance from both ultrasonic sensors
int IR_1_Value = digitalRead(IR_1);
int IR_2_Value = digitalRead(IR_2);

// Check if a vehicle is detected on one side and control LEDs accordingly

if (IR_1_Value == 0) {
// Vehicle detected on side 1, turn on LED 2 (stop light for side 2)
digitalWrite(LED_R_2, HIGH);
digitalWrite(LED_G_2, LOW);

} else {
// No vehicle detected on side 1, turn off LED 2
digitalWrite(LED_R_2, LOW);
digitalWrite(LED_G_2, HIGH);

if (IR_2_Value == 0) {
// Vehicle detected on side 2, turn on LED 1 (stop light for side 1)
digitalWrite(LED_R_1, HIGH);

digitalWrite(LED_G_1, LOW);

} else {
// No vehicle detected on side 2, turn off LED 1
digitalWrite(LED_R_1, LOW);
digitalWrite(LED_G_1, HIGH);

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// Small delay to avoid flooding the serial monitor
delay(100);

// Read accelerometer values

int16_t ax, ay, az;
mpu.getAcceleration(&ax, &ay, &az);

// Convert to g (assuming a full-scale range of ±2g)

float accelX = ax / 16384.0;
float accelY = ay / 16384.0;
float accelZ = az / 16384.0;

// Calculate the magnitude of the acceleration vector

float accelMagnitude = sqrt(accelX * accelX + accelY * accelY + accelZ * accelZ);

// Print accelerometer values

Serial.print("AccelX: "); Serial.print(accelX);
Serial.print(" AccelY: "); Serial.print(accelY);
Serial.print(" AccelZ: "); Serial.print(accelZ);
Serial.print(" Magnitude: "); Serial.println(accelMagnitude);

// Determine the risk level and print the corresponding message

LOW_M = 0; MIDDLE_M = 0; HIGH_M = 0; // Reset values
if (accelMagnitude <= lowThreshold) {
LOW_M = 1;
a = 1;
} else if (accelMagnitude > lowThreshold && accelMagnitude <= middleThreshold) {
MIDDLE_M = 1;
a = 2;
} else {
HIGH_M = 1;
a = 3;
}
// Wait for 1 second before taking another reading
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delay(1000);

// Read gyroscope values

int16_t gx, gy, gz;
mpu.getRotation(&gx, &gy, &gz);

// Convert to degrees per second (assuming a full-scale range of ±250 degrees per second)
float gyroX = gx / 131.0;
float gyroY = gy / 131.0;
float gyroZ = gz / 131.0;

// Print gyroscope values

Serial.print("GyroX: "); Serial.print(gyroX);
Serial.print(" GyroY: "); Serial.print(gyroY);
Serial.print(" GyroZ: "); Serial.println(gyroZ);

// Calculate the average of gyroscope values

float avgGyro = (abs(gyroX) + abs(gyroY) + abs(gyroZ)) / 3.0;

// Print the average gyroscope value

Serial.print("Average Gyro: ");
Serial.println(avgGyro);

// Determine the risk level and print the corresponding message

LOW_G = 0; MIDDLE_G = 0; HIGH_G = 0; // Reset values
if (avgGyro <= lowThreshold) {
LOW_G = 1;
d = 1;
} else if (avgGyro > lowThreshold && avgGyro <= middleThreshold) {
MIDDLE_G = 1;
d = 2;
} else {
HIGH_G = 1;
d = 3;
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}

// Wait for 1 second before taking another reading

delay(1000);

// Read the analog value from the rain sensor

int rainSensorValue = analogRead(rainSensorPin);

// Print the rain sensor value and voltage

Serial.print("Rain Sensor Value: ");
Serial.print(rainSensorValue);

// Determine the rain level and print the corresponding message

LOW_R = 0; MIDDLE_R = 0; HIGH_R = 0; // Reset values
if (rainSensorValue > lowThreshold_r) {
LOW_R = 1;
b = 1;
} else if (rainSensorValue > middleThreshold_r) {
MIDDLE_R = 1;
b = 2;
} else {
HIGH_R = 1;
b = 3;
}

// Wait for 1 second before taking another reading

delay(1000);

// Read the analog value from the soil moisture sensor

int soilMoistureValue = analogRead(soilMoisturePin);
// Print the soil moisture value
Serial.print("Soil Moisture Value: ");
Serial.println(soilMoistureValue);
// Determine the moisture level and print the corresponding message
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LOW_S = 0; MIDDLE_S = 0; HIGH_S = 0; // Reset values
if (soilMoistureValue > lowThreshold_s) {
LOW_S = 1;
c = 1;
} else if (soilMoistureValue > middleThreshold_s) {
MIDDLE_S = 1;
c = 2;
} else {
HIGH_S = 1;
c = 3;
}

if (a == 1 && d == 1) {
e = 1;
} else if (a == 2 && d == 2) {
e = 2;
} else if (a == 3 && d == 3) {
e = 3;
}
if (b == 1 && c == 1) {
f = 1;
} else if (b == 2 && c == 2) {
f = 2;
} else if (b == 3 && c == 3) {
f = 3;
}
// Wait for 1 second before taking another reading
delay(1000);

// Send message to LCD

const char* text;
if ((e == 1 && (f == 1 || f == 2 || f == 3)) || (e == 2 && f == 1)) {
text = "LOW";
} else if (e == 2 && f == 2) {
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 text = "MIDDLE";
} else if ((e == 3 && (f == 1 || f == 2 || f == 3)) || (e == 2 && f == 3)) {
text = "HIGH";
}else{
text = "Input Error"}
bool success = radio.write(&text, sizeof(text));
Serial.println(text);

// Small delay to debounce the buttons

delay(100);
}

int getDistance(int trigPin, int echoPin) {

// Send a 10 microsecond pulse to the trigger pin
digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);
delayMicroseconds(2);
digitalWrite(trigPin, HIGH);
delayMicroseconds(10);
digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);

// Read the echo pin and calculate the distance

long duration = pulseIn(echoPin, HIGH);
int distance = duration * 0.034 / 2;

// Return the distance if it's within a valid range

if (distance >= 2 && distance <= 400) {
return distance;
} else {
return -1; // Invalid distance
}
}

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b. RECEIVER
#include <SPI.h>
#include <nRF24L01.h>
#include <RF24.h>
#include <LiquidCrystal.h>

// NRF24L01 pins
#define CE_PIN 9
#define CSN_PIN 10

// Initialize the NRF24L01 radio

RF24 radio(CE_PIN, CSN_PIN);

// Address through which the two modules communicate

const byte address[6] = "00001";

// Initialize the LCD

LiquidCrystal lcd(7, 8, 5, 4, 3, 2);

void setup() {
// Start serial communication for debugging purposes
Serial.begin(115200);

// Initialize the radio

radio.begin();
radio.openReadingPipe(0, address);
radio.setPALevel(RF24_PA_MIN);
radio.startListening();

// Initialize the LCD

lcd.begin(16, 2);
lcd.print("Landslide Risk:");
Serial.print("Landslide Risk:");
Serial.println("Receiver initialized");
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}

void loop() {
if (radio.available()) {
char text[32] = "";
radio.read(&text, sizeof(text));

// Clear the previous content

lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
lcd.print(" "); // Clear the second line

// Display the received data

lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
lcd.print(text);

// Print the received data to the serial monitor

Serial.println(text);
}

delay(500);
}

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CHAPTER 7
7.1 RESULTS

Fig 7.1 a

Fig 7.1 b
Fig7.1: a, b Snapshots of Proposed project model

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 Fig 7.1.1: IR1 detection activating Red signal at downhill

Fig 7.1.2: IR2 detection activating Red signal at uphill

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7.2 ANALYSED PARAMETERS

Input Variables Output Variables

Accelerometer Gyroscope Rain Moisture
Low Low Low Low Low
Low Low Medium Medium Low
Low Medium Medium Low Low
Low Low High Low Input Error
Medium Medium Low Low Medium
Low Low Low High Input Error
Medium Low Medium Medium Medium
Medium High Medium Low High
Low Medium High Low Input Error
High Medium Medium Low High
Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium
Medium High High High High
High High Low Low High
Low High High Low Input Error

Table 7.1.1: Analysed parameters for showcasing the project working

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CHAPTER 8
CONCLUSION
In this mini-project, we have developed a comprehensive system aimed at enhancing road
safety in hilly areas by leveraging various sensors and radio communication technologies. The
system addresses two primary concerns: warning local residents about potential landslides and
preventing accidents at U-curves and hairpin bends on roads. Through the integration of soil
moisture sensors, rain sensors, MPU6050 accelerometers, and IR sensors, the system monitors
environmental conditions and vehicular movements, providing timely alerts and traffic signal
controls.
The deployment of nRF24L01 wireless transceivers ensures reliable and real-time
communication between remote sensor nodes and the central monitoring unit, enabling
efficient data transmission and prompt response to potential hazards. The use of Arduino Uno
as the central processing unit facilitates the seamless integration of various sensors and
components, with robust libraries and development tools simplifying the coding and
implementation process.
Our system's ability to generate low, moderate, and high alerts based on sensor data and display
this information to local residents through LCD displays significantly enhances situational
awareness and proactive safety measures. The inclusion of LED traffic signals, controlled by
IR sensors detecting vehicular presence, further contributes to reducing accident risks at critical
road sections
In conclusion, the proposed system demonstrates a practical and effective approach to
improving road safety in challenging hilly terrains. By combining environmental monitoring,
real-time data processing, and wireless communication, the system not only predicts landslides
but also actively prevents road accidents, thereby ensuring the safety of residents and travellers.
Future work may include further refinement of the algorithms, integration of additional sensors
for comprehensive monitoring, and deployment of the system in real-world scenarios to
validate its effectiveness and reliability.

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CHAPTER 9
FUTURE SCOPE
The proposed road safety enhancement system demonstrates significant potential for further
development and broader applications. The future scope of this project encompasses several
areas of improvement, expansion, and integration with advanced technologies to enhance its
effectiveness and reliability.
1. Enhanced Communication and Networking
 Mesh Networking: Developing a mesh network using nRF24L01 or other wireless
modules can ensure more robust and reliable communication across larger areas with
multiple nodes.
 LoRaWAN Integration: Integrating LoRaWAN for long-range, low-power
communication can extend the system's reach, especially in remote and sparsely
populated areas.
2. Improved User Interface and Notification Systems
 Mobile Application: Developing a mobile app to provide real-time alerts,
notifications, and updates to residents and travelers can increase accessibility and user
engagement.
 Voice Alerts: Implementing voice alerts through speakers or mobile devices can
enhance the alert system, especially for visually impaired individuals.
3. Power Management and Sustainability
 Solar-Powered Units: Utilizing solar panels to power the sensor nodes and
communication units can make the system more sustainable and independent of grid
power.
 Battery Optimization: Improving battery life through efficient power management
techniques can ensure longer operation of remote sensors and communication units.

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CHAPTER 10
REFRENCES
 Pawar Pitambar, Patil Akshay, Hadale Ravi, Kharche Shubhangi (2019), “IoT Based
Landslide Detection And Monitoring”, IJRAR, Vol, 6, pp.6160-6166.
 Zaman Abood Ramadhan, Rasha Hani Salman, Bahan Kareem Mohammed, Ali
Hassainein Alwaily (2021), “Design And Implement A Smart Traffic Light Controlled
By Internet Of Things”, PEN, Vol. 9, pp.542-548.
 P. P. Belgali, Vishaka Sadare, Shalani Kumari, Tanjila Nadal (2022), “IoT Based
Landslide Detection And Monitoring”, IRJET, Vol. 5, pp 3-5.
 Xuming Ge, Qian Zhao, Bin Wang & Min Chen (2022). “Lightweight Landslide
Detection Network For Emergency Scenarios ”. MDPI, Vol. 15, 1085.
 Munish Rathee, Boris Baˇci´c, & Maryam Doborjeh, (2023). “ Automated Road Defect
And Anomaly Detection For Traffic Safety: A Systematic Review”, MDPI, Vol 23, 5656.
 Bhumika R & Harshitha, “Accident prevention And Road safety in Hilly Region Using
IoT Module”, International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology, pp:57-
61,2021
 Sajith, P. S., Vandana Nair, Venkatesh Pillai Suresh, and Arun Madhu. "IoT based
landslide disaster management system." In International Conference on Computer
Networks and Inventive Communication Technologies, pp. 660-667. Springer, Cham,
2019.
 Wang, Haojie, Limin Zhang, Kesheng Yin, Hongyu Luo, and Jinhui Li. "Landslide
identification using machine learning." Geoscience Frontiers 12, no. 1 (2021): 351-364.
 T Kalyani S, Monika,B Naresh and Mahendra vucha “Accident detection and alert
system”, proceedings in International research journal of engineering and
technology,Vol.08, No. 4 ,pp.no:227-229, 2019.
 Sajith, P. S., Vandana Nair, Venkatesh Pillai Suresh, and Arun Madhu. "IoT based
landslide disaster management system." In International Conference on Computer
Networks and Inventive Communication Technologies, pp. 660-667. Springer, Cham,
2019.

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