Gyver A.

Suga Development and

Shan Michael A. Abragan Characterization of Bio-Briquettes
from Dry Spent Coconut Meat
Bachelor of Science in and Husk Waste in Cogon Public
Environmental Science Major in Market, Cagayan de Oro City
Environmental Management & Technology

Sheryl S. Yañez
Thesis Adviser

ABSTRACT

This study addresses the growing environmental challenges associated with coconut

waste accumulation in urban areas, particularly in Cogon Public Market, Cagayan de Oro

City, where ineffective waste disposal and the burning or decomposing of coconut

residues contribute to pollution. The research aims to develop and characterize eco-

friendly bio-briquettes produced from dried spent coconut meat and husk waste,

transforming agricultural by-products into sustainable energy sources. Through an

experimental research design, coconut waste was processed using mechanical and

chemical methods, including drying, grinding, and mixing with binders such as calcium

carbonate lime, before being formed into briquettes. The resulting samples were

subjected to comprehensive analyses of their physical and combustion properties,

including calorific value, moisture content, ash content, density, and burning rate.

Findings indicate that the bio-briquettes possess favorable characteristics, such as high

calorific value, low moisture content, and acceptable ash levels, demonstrating their

potential as viable alternatives to conventional fuels. Combustion tests further revealed

efficient burning performance, extended burning times and minimal emissions,

reinforcing their applicability for clean energy use. Overall, the study highlights the

i
potential of converting coconut waste into bio-briquettes as a sustainable solution for

urban waste management, environmental protection, and renewable energy generation,

supporting circular economy practices and contributing to reduce greenhouse gas

emissions and deforestation.

Keywords: Bio-briquettes Coconut waste utilization. Renewable energy. Biomass fuel,

Sustainable energy, Waste-to-energy, Coconut husk and meat, Environmental

sustainability

ii
 Document Code No.
FM-USTP-ACAD-11
Effective
Rev. No. Page No.
Date
01 12.01.25 1 of 1

APPROVAL SHEET

This Thesis entitled: DEVELOPMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION OF BIO-

BRIQUETTES FROM DRY SPENT COCONUT MEAT AND HUSK WASTE IN
COGON PUBLIC MARKET, CAGAYAN DE ORO CITY prepared and submitted by Suga,
Gyver A. and Abragan, Shan Michael A. in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
degree Environmental Science Major in Environmental Management & Technology has
been examined and approved.

Ms. Sheryl S. Yañez

Adviser

PANEL OF EXAMINERS

Approved by the committee on Oral Examination with a grade of PASSED.

Dr. RJ Krista Raye Y. Leocadio

DEST, Chairperson

Dr. Michael E. Versoza Dr. Marvelisa L. Carmona

Panel Chair Member

Approved and accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree
Environmental Science Major in Environmental Management & Technology

Approved:

Dr. Elmer C. Castillaño

Name and Signature of Dean/Campus Director

iii
 May 9, 2025
Date of Final Defense

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Completing this thesis has been a challenging yet incredibly rewarding journey,

and it would not have been possible without the unwavering support, guidance, and

encouragement of many individuals. We would like to take this opportunity to express

our deepest gratitude to those who have contributed their time, knowledge, and kindness

to help us bring this research to fruition.

To our Adviser, Ms. Yanez, we would like to express our sincerest gratitude for

your unwavering guidance, patience, and expertise throughout our thesis journey. Your

insightful feedback, constant encouragement, and dedication played an indispensable role

in shaping this research. Thank you for pushing us to think critically and for supporting

us every step of the way. this achievement would not have been possible without your

mentorship.

To Dr. Carmona, we sincerely appreciate your guidance and encouragement and

recommendations throughout our thesis journey. Your expertise and thoughtful advice

were instrumental in strengthening our research. Thank you for being a source of

inspiration and for helping us overcome challenges along the way.

To Dr. Versoza, we are truly grateful for your expertise and constructive feedback

during our thesis writing process. Your knowledge of solid waste greatly enriched our

work, and your suggestions helped refine our research. Thank you for taking the time to

contribute to our academic growth.

iv
 To Mr. Kent, we sincerely appreciate your technical support and assistance during

our thesis research. Your expertise in lab work was crucial in ensuring the accuracy and

success of my experiments. Thank you for your patience, dedication, and willingness to

help whenever needed.

To Mr. Micro, we would like to express our gratitude for your invaluable

assistance in the laboratory throughout our thesis work. Your technical skills and

willingness to guide us made a significant difference in my research process. Thank you

for your support and for always being approachable whenever I needed help.

v
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT i

APPROVAL SHEET iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv

LIST OF TABLES vi

LIST OF FIGURES x

CHAPTERS

I. INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study 1

Objectives of the Study 3

Significance of the Study 5

Scope and Limitations of the Study 5

Definition of Terms 6

II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Biomass as a Renewable Energy Source 9

Coconut Waste Utilization 10

Environmental Implications of Bio-briquette Production 11

Challenges and Opportunities 12

METHODOLOGY

vi
 Research Design 14

Research Setting 15

Research and Preparation of Data Collection 16

Collection and Preparation of Waste Materials 17

Carbonization Process 18

Preparation of Coconut husk and Spent Coconut meat and 18

Briquettes

Physical Properties of the Briquettes 19

Combustion Performance of the Briquettes 22

III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Physical Properties of the Bio-Briquettes 24

Volatile Matter Content 24

Ash Content 25

Moisture Content 26

Density 27

Fixed Carbon Content 28

Combustion Performance of the Bio-Briquettes 29

Calorific Value 29

Ignition Time 30

Cooking Efficiency 31

Burning Rate 32

Summary of Data Results 33

vii
IV. SUMMARY OF FINDING, CONCLUSION, AND

RECOMMENDATION

Summary of Findings 34

Conclusion 34

Recommendation 35

V. REFERENCE

VI. APPENDICES

viii
 LIST OF TABLES

1. Summary of Results: Physical Properties of the Bio-Briquettes 33

2. Summary of Results: Combustion Performance of the Bio- 33

Briquettes

3. Raw Data of Experiment 40

4. Calculations 41

ix
 LIST OF FIGURES

1. Geographic Map of Cogon Market, Cagayan de Oro City 15

2. Schematic diagram of the collection and process of the study 17

3. Volatile Matter Content of Bio-Briquettes 25

4. Ash Content of Bio-Briquettes 26

5. Moisture Content of Bio-Briquettes 27

6. Density of Bio-Briquettes 28

7. Fixed Carbon Content of Bio-Briquettes 29

8. Calorific Value of Bio-Briquette 30

9. Ignition Time of Bio-Briquettes 31

10. Cooking Efficiency of Bio-Briquettes 32

11. Burning Rate of Bio-Briquettes 32

x
xi
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Environmental degradation from excessive waste generation and deforestation has

become a pressing global issue. In response, developing sustainable and eco-friendly

energy sources, such as biomass-based bio-briquettes, offers a promising solution to

reduce environmental harm (Sharma et al., 2021). Bio-briquettes made from organic

waste materials can help mitigate climate change by reducing reliance on fossil fuels and

minimizing deforestation caused by firewood and charcoal production (Mandal et al.,

2020).

Furthermore, the accumulation of coconut shells exacerbates ecological issues,

including habitat disruption and the creation of breeding grounds for disease-carrying

mosquitoes. Moreover, the slow decomposition of coconut shells releases methane, a

potent greenhouse gas that contributes to climate change (Nunes, 2020). In some regions,

the burning of coconut waste is a common disposal method, releasing harmful pollutants

into the air and compromising air quality and human health (Dumasari et al., 2020).

These practices highlight the urgent need for sustainable waste management solutions to

mitigate environmental and health risks.

The Philippines, as one of the world’s largest coconut producers, generates vast

amounts of coconut waste, which often ends up in landfills or open dumpsites,

exacerbating waste management challenges. In 2020, the country’s 347 million coconut

trees produced 14.7 million tons of coconuts, with shells accounting for 2.2 million tons

of this waste (Espina et al., 2022). Coconut waste, alongside other agricultural residues,

1
contributes to the country’s growing waste management crisis. Traditional copra

processing methods further aggravate waste generation, highlighting the need for modern

techniques to improve product quality and reduce waste (Pestaño and Jose, 2016). The

coconut husk and spent coconut meat contain valuable lignocellulosic components,

making them suitable for bio-briquette production (Giri and Ruj, 2020). By converting

these materials into fuel, the environmental burden of unmanaged coconut waste can be

reduced, and traditional biomass fuels can be minimized. Studies have shown that

coconut-based bio-briquettes exhibit low emissions and high calorific values, making

them a viable substitute for conventional fuel sources (Nasrin et al., 2017).

In urban centers like Cogon Public Market and other areas in Cagayan de Oro,

significant amounts of coconut waste, including dry young spent coconut meat, which is

generated during the production of gata (coconut milk), and coconut husk are discarded

daily. Without proper disposal, these organic materials contribute to pollution and

greenhouse gas emissions. Repurposing them into bio-briquettes promotes environmental

sustainability by reducing waste accumulation and providing an alternative clean energy

source.

The development and characterization of bio-briquettes from dry young spent

coconut meat and husk waste in Cogon Public Market align with environmental

conservation efforts and the principle of a circular economy. Utilizing these waste

materials for energy production reduces landfill waste, mitigates carbon emissions, and

promotes cleaner energy alternatives for households and small industries. This study

seeks to evaluate the efficiency and feasibility of bio-briquettes production, contributing

2
to sustainable waste management practices and renewable energy solutions in urban

settings.

Objectives of the Study

This study seeks to develop and characterize the bio-briquettes from dry spent

coconut meat and husk waste with calcium carbonate lime as binding agent in Cogon

Public Market, Cagayan de Oro City.

Specifically, the study aims to:

1. Determine the physical properties of the bio-briquettes in terms of the following:

 Volatile Matter Content

 Density

 Moisture content

 Ash content

 Fixed Carbon Content

2. Evaluate the combustion performance of the bio-briquettes based on:

 Ignition time

 Burning time

 Calorific value

 Cooking Efficiency

Significance of the Study

The findings of this study promote sustainable practices and renewable energy

development through the utilization and conversion of coconut waste into bio-briquettes.

The research highlights the potential of dry young spent coconut meat and husk waste,

commonly discarded in public markets such as Cogon Public Market in Cagayan de Oro

3
City, as a variable raw material for bio-briquette production. This contributes to both

effective waste management and the development of clean, alternative energy sources.

Primarily, this study will benefit the following sectors and/or stakeholders:

 Local Government Units (LGUs) and Waste Management Agencies. It

presents an innovative and practical solution for addressing the accumulation of

organic waste in urban markets. The use of coconut waste as feedstock for bio-

briquettes could be integrated into local solid waste management strategies,

reducing landfill use and promoting environmental sustainability.

 Environmental Science Researchers and Students. This study would be

valuable as it provides empirical data and methodological insights into the

characterization and application of biomass waste for renewable energy. It may

serve as a reference for future research in green technology, circular economy, and

sustainable energy practices.

 Small- and Medium- Scale Enterprises (SMEs) and Community-Based

Organizations engaged in renewable energy production or livelihood projects

may also benefit from the study. The use of locally available biomass waste can

lead to the development of affordable and eco-friendly briquetting technologies,

creating economic opportunities while contributing to environmental protection.

 Policy Makers and Environmental Planners. They may utilize the results of

this research to design and implement programs that support climate change

mitigation, waste-to-energy initiatives, and sustainable urban development.

 Households and Local Consumers. They can benefit from the availability of

bio-briquettes as a cleaner and more sustainable fuel alternative to charcoal and

4
 firewood. This can help reduce indoor air pollution and dependency on non-

renewable resources.

Overall, this research supports the goals of environmental conservation, sustainable

waste management and energy security, and contributes to the broader advocacy for

environmentally responsible practices across various sectors of society.

Scope and Limitation of the Study

This study focuses on the development and characterization of bio-briquettes

produced from dry young spent coconut meat and husk waste collected from Cogon

Public Market, Cagayan de Oro City. Specifically, it examines the feasibility of utilizing

these coconut by-products as an alternative biomass fuel, with an emphasis on their

physical and Combustion Performance. The study aims to determine the calorific value,

moisture content, ash content, and density produced during combustion. These Responses

were analyzed to assess the efficiency and environmental impact of the bio-briquettes.

The scope of the study is limited to the collection, processing, and testing of bio-

briquettes within a controlled laboratory setting. The research does not extend to large-

scale production or commercialization of the bio-briquettes. Furthermore, while the study

evaluates the environmental benefits of using coconut waste as an energy source, it does

not conduct a full life cycle assessment (LCA) of the bio-briquettes. The study also does

not explore the economic viability and market acceptance of the product.

Additionally, another limitation is that the study does not compare coconut-based

bio-briquettes to other types of biomass fuels. Further, the combustion tests were

conducted under controlled conditions, which was not fully replicate real-world usage

scenarios in households.

5
 Despite these limitations, the findings of this study provides valuable insights into

the potential of coconut waste as a renewable energy source and contribute to sustainable

waste management efforts. The results may serve as a foundation for future research on

optimizing bio-briquette production and expanding its applications in various sectors.

Definition of Terms

Ash Content (AC) - The percentage of inorganic residue remaining after the combustion

of the briquette, indicating the amount of material that does not burn.

Biomass - Organic material obtained from plants and animals that can be used as fuel or

for energy production.

Briquettes - Compressed blocks made from organic waste materials, such as agricultural

residues, that can be used as a fuel source.

Burning Rate - The rate at which the briquette burns, measured in grams per minute

(g/min), providing insight into its efficiency as a fuel.

Burning Time - The duration a briquette burns before being extinguished, an important

factor for understanding its efficiency and usability as a fuel source.

Calcium Carbonate Lime - A binding agent used in the briquetting process to improve

the strength and durability of the briquettes.

Calorific Value - The amount of energy released when a substance (like briquettes) is

completely burned, usually measured in kilojoules per kilogram (kJ/kg).

Coconut Husk - The outer shell of a coconut that is often discarded as waste but can be

repurposed as a raw material for briquettes.

Combustion Performance - A measure of how effectively a fuel burns, which includes

Responses like ignition time, burning time, and calorific value.

6
Cooking Efficiency - The time taken for a briquette to produce sufficient heat for

cooking purposes, measured in minutes.

Density - The mass per unit volume of the briquette, typically measured in grams per

cubic centimeter (g/cm³), indicating the compactness of the briquette.

Environmental Impact - The effect that a project or activity (like briquette production

from waste) has on the surrounding environment, including potential benefits and harms.

Fixed Carbon Content - The portion of solid carbon remaining in the briquette after

volatile matter has been expelled, which contributes to the energy density.

Ignition Time - The time it takes for a briquette to catch fire, measured in minutes, which

reflects its ease of use as a fuel.

Moisture Content (MC) - The percentage of water present in the briquette, which affects

its burning characteristics and energy output.

Rural Energy Development - Initiatives aimed at providing sustainable energy

resources to rural areas, where access to traditional energy sources may be limited.

Spent Coconut Meat - The leftover coconut flesh after coconut milk extraction, which is

typically considered waste but can be utilized in briquette production.

Sustainable Energy - Energy that is sourced from renewable materials and methods that

do not deplete resources or harm the environment.

Volatile Matter Content (VMC) -The percentage of materials in briquettes that was

vaporize when heated, measured by heating a sample to determine its mass loss.

Waste Management - The processes and strategies involved in collecting, treating, and

disposing of waste materials to minimize their impact on the environment.

7
 CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter provides a foundation for understanding the key concepts, past

findings, and relevant issues associated with the development and characterization of bio-

briquettes from coconut waste. It aims to establish a theoretical and empirical basis for

the current research by exploring the significance of biomass as a renewable energy

source, the potential of coconut waste as a raw material, and the environmental

implications of bio-briquette production. This chapter also highlights the challenges and

opportunities associated with bio-briquette technologies, thereby justifying the relevance

and necessity of the study.

Biomass as a Renewable Energy Source

Biomass energy has emerged as a viable alternative to fossil fuels due to its

renewability and lower environmental impact. Derived from organic matter such as

agricultural residues, forest by-products, and food waste, biomass can be converted into

solid, liquid, or gaseous fuels (Demirbas, 2001). Solid biofuels, such as briquettes and

pellets, are particularly advantageous for small-scale energy applications due to their ease

of storage, handling, and relatively high calorific values.

In the context of developing countries, biomass energy not only supports energy

access in rural areas but also contributes to reducing dependency on traditional firewood

and charcoal, thereby helping to mitigate deforestation (Sharma et al., 2021).

8
Coconut Waste Utilization

The utilization of agricultural waste for energy production has gained significant

attention in recent years, particularly in the form of briquettes. Briquetting not only

provides a means of waste management but also contributes to renewable energy

solutions.

The Philippines, being one of the world’s leading coconut producers, generates

vast quantities of coconut waste including husks and shells. These by-products are often

underutilized or improperly disposed of, contributing to environmental degradation

(Nasrin et al., 2017). Coconut husks and spent meat contain lignocellulosic compounds—

cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin—which are ideal for briquette formation due to their

binding and energy-yielding properties (Giri & Ruj, 2020).

Coconut husk and spent coconut meat are abundant agricultural residues in

tropical regions, especially in Philippines where coconut farming is prevalent. The

physical properties of these materials make them suitable candidates for briquetting.

According to Ugwu and Agbo (2011), the briquetting of palm kernel shell, which shares

similar characteristics with coconut husk, results in a product with favorable Combustion

Performance.

Previous studies have shown that coconut-based briquettes have favorable fuel

characteristics, including high calorific values and relatively low ash content when

compared to traditional biomass (Mandal et al., 2020). However, differences in moisture

9
content and combustion behavior depending on preparation methods indicate the need for

further characterization and optimization.

The binding agent plays a very important role in the briquetting process,

influencing the density and durability of the briquettes. Calcium carbonate lime has been

explored as a potential binding agent due to its availability and cost-effectiveness.

According to Arellano et al. (2015) they indicate that the incorporation of binding agents

can significantly improve the mechanical strength of briquettes, thereby enhancing their

performance during combustion. In terms of combustion characteristics, the calorific

value is a critical Response that determines the energy output of the briquettes. Demirbas

(2004) discusses the combustion characteristics of various biomass fuels, noting that the

energy content is influenced by the composition of the Waste Materials used. The

combination of young coconut husk and spent coconut meat is expected to yield

briquettes with competitive calorific values, as both materials are rich in organic content.

Environmental Implications of Bio-briquette Production

The environmental benefits of using agricultural waste for energy production

cannot be overlooked. Shafie et al. (2013) conducted a life cycle assessment of rice straw

co-firing with coal, demonstrating the potential for reducing greenhouse gas emissions

through the utilization of biomass. This finding is particularly relevant to the current

study, as the conversion of coconut waste into briquettes aligns with sustainable energy

practices.

The production of bio-briquettes aligns with the principles of the circular

economy by converting organic waste into valuable energy products, thereby minimizing

landfill usage and reducing greenhouse gas emissions (Geissdoerfer et al., 2017).

10
Compared to open burning or dumping of organic waste, briquetting offers a cleaner

solution that prevents methane emissions from anaerobic decomposition.

Moreover, the use of biomass briquettes as an energy source reduces air pollution

and promotes health benefits by decreasing indoor air contaminants associated with

traditional cooking fuels (Yadav et al., 2022). In this regard, bio-briquette production

serves both environmental and social objectives, particularly in densely populated urban

areas like Cogon Public Market.

Challenges and Opportunities

Despite the growing body of studies on the utilization of agricultural waste for

briquette production, there remains a notable gap in the specific evaluation of briquettes

derived from mixed young coconut husk and spent coconut meat, particularly when using

calcium carbonate lime as a binding agent. There are studies that have explored the

briquetting of various biomass materials, including palm kernel shells and rice straw, the

unique combination of coconut by-products has not been extensively investigated.

Moreover, on the study of Arellano et al. (2015) they examined the fuel properties

of briquettes made from coconut shell, corn cob, and sugarcane bagasse, the specific

performance metrics of briquettes made from young coconut husk and spent coconut

meat remain underexplored. This lack of targeted research limits the understanding of

how these specific materials interact during the briquetting process and their subsequent

combustion characteristics.

While the potential of biomass briquettes is well-documented, several challenges

remain. These include ensuring consistent feedstock quality, developing cost-effective

production methods, and increasing public awareness and acceptance of bio-briquettes as

11
an energy source (Mandal et al., 2020). Opportunities lie in community-based initiatives

and collaborations with local government units for waste collection, processing, and

distribution.

Also, the role of calcium carbonate lime as a binding agent in the context of

coconut waste briquettes has not been adequately addressed. Some studies have

highlighted the benefits of various binding agents, the implications of using calcium

carbonate lime, especially in terms of enhancing the mechanical strength and combustion

efficiency of briquettes are not well-documented. This presents an opportunity for us to

investigate how this binding agent can influence the overall performance of briquettes

made from coconut waste.

The environmental benefits associated with converting coconut agricultural

residues into briquettes have not been thoroughly quantified. Shafie et al. (2013)

demonstrated the potential for reducing greenhouse gas emissions through biomass

utilization, similar assessments specific to coconut waste briquettes are lacking. This

study contributes to addressing these challenges by characterizing the specific fuel

properties of bio-briquettes derived from dry young spent coconut meat and husk waste,

thereby providing empirical evidence for future policy and development strategies.

12
 CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

This chapter outlines the research methodology employed to guide the

development and characterization of bio-briquettes derived from dry spent coconut meat

and husk waste. It describes the research design, materials, procedures, and analytical

methods used to ensure the validity, reliability, and reproducibility of results.

Research Design

The study employed an experimental research design to investigate the

development and characterization of bio-briquettes made from dry spent coconut meat

and husk waste. The experimental design was chosen for its capacity to systematically

manipulate and control variables, enabling the researchers to determine cause-and-effect

relationships between the composition of the Waste Materials, the ratio of binding agents,

and the resulting performance characteristics of the briquettes.

The approach involved formulating different treatment combinations by varying

the proportions of dry spent coconut meat and husk, alongside the amount of calcium

carbonate lime used as a binder. These variations were subjected to controlled testing to

assess their influence on key physical and combustion-related Responses, such as volatile

13
matter content, density, moisture content, ash content, fixed carbon content, ignition time,

burning duration, calorific value, and cooking efficiency.

The use of this design ensured the collection of empirical and quantifiable data,

facilitating the analysis of how specific inputs affect briquette quality and functionality.

Moreover, it allowed for the replication of experiments to validate findings, thus

enhancing the reliability and accuracy of the research.

Research Setting

The samples (spent coconut meat and coconut husk waste) were collected at Cogon

Public Market, located in the heart of Cagayan de Oro City, Philippines (Figure 1).

Known as one of the busiest and most established markets in the city. As shown in Figure

1, Cogon Public Market is a major hub for the trade of fresh produce, seafood, and

various local goods. It serves as a key focal point for commerce and community

interaction, with a daily influx of vendors, consumers, and goods.

14
 Figure 1. Geographic Map of Cogon Market, Cagayan de Oro City. (This map outlines the
sampling area within Cogon Market, Geographic data were derived from UN COPA political
boundaries and projected using the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) system. Base map
credits: World Geodesic System 1984 (ISBN: WGS 84).
The location is particularly relevant to the study as it generates a significant

amount of organic materials, primarily from spent coconut meat and husk, which are by-

products of the local coconut industry. These materials are often underutilized,

contributing to environmental challenges such as waste accumulation and poor waste

management. By focusing on the aforementioned market, this study aims to address the

issue of coconut waste disposal while exploring sustainable alternatives through the

production of bio-briquettes. The utilization of coconut waste at Cogon Public Market

aligns with local efforts to reduce environmental impact, promote circular economy

practices, and enhance waste-to-energy solutions in urban settings.

15
 Moreover, the experiment took place partly in the University of Science and

Technology of Southern Philippines Science Complex Laboratory. This lab is a key

location because it has the necessary equipment and resources for our scientific work.

Being in a university setting also connects us with experts and helps ensure our research

is thorough and accurate. The controlled environment of the lab allows us to collect

reliable data for our study.

Research Procedure and Data Collection

The schematic diagram presented below provides a visual representation of the

entire process undertaken in this study. It outlines the key stages, methodologies, and

flow of activities, offering a clear and structured overview of the research framework.

Figure 2. Schematic diagram of the entire study process.

Collection and Preparation of Waste Materials

The primary Waste Materials for this study which is the dry spent coconut meat

and coconut husk waste were collected from various vendors within Cogon Public

Market, Cagayan de Oro City. These materials often discarded as waste during the

16
processing and selling of fresh coconuts, were gathered with the cooperation of market

vendors who regularly generate substantial volumes of coconut by-products. Upon

collection, the coconut husks were sun-dried for 7 days to reduce moisture content.

Similarly, the spent coconut meat was manually separated from residual shells and

thoroughly sun-dried for 7 days. Once dried, both materials were shredded and ground

into smaller particles to enhance their bonding and Combustion Performance during

briquette formation and are now ready for carbonization.

Carbonization Process

The carbonization process was carried out to convert the collected biomass

materials into charcoal, which serves as the primary component for briquette production.

A total of 60 kg of dry spent coconut meat and 40 kg of dry coconut husks (60:40 ratio)

were used in the process. The materials were placed into metal drums with limited

oxygen supply to ensure slow pyrolysis. The carbonization was conducted using a top-lit

method, where the biomass was ignited from the top and allowed to smolder at a high

temperature for several hours. This method minimized smoke emissions and ensured

uniform carbonization. Once the materials were fully carbonized, they were cooled

naturally, crushed into fine charcoal powder, and sieved to achieve optimal moisture

absorption before being used in briquette formulation.

Preparation of Coconut husks and Spent Coconut meat Briquettes

17
 Following the carbonization process, the resulting charcoal from dry coconut husk

and spent coconut meat was blended and mixed with calcium carbonate lime, which

served as the binding agent. The mixture was prepared using three (3) different ratios of

Waste Materials to binding agents (Raw material:binding agent), namely 90:10, 80:20,

and 70:30 (kg), to determine the optimal formulation for briquette quality and

performance. For each ratio, the charcoal powder was thoroughly mixed with the

appropriate amount of calcium carbonate lime to achieve a moldable consistency. The

mixture was then compacted using a manual hydraulic press machine, forming uniform

cylindrical briquettes. After molding, the briquettes were sun-dried for 3-5 days to reduce

moisture content and enhance durability. This step ensured that the briquettes had

hardened adequately and were ready for physical and combustion testing. The variation in

the proportion of the binding agent was a critical factor in evaluating the structural

integrity, burning efficiency, and environmental sustainability of the final bio-briquette

products.

Physical Properties of the Briquettes

Volatile Matter Content

The volatile matter content (VMC) of the bio-briquettes was determined to assess

the proportion of combustible gases released upon heating, which significantly influences

ignition behavior and combustion efficiency. To obtain accurate measurements,

approximately 2 grams of pulverized briquette sample were weighed and placed into a

clean, dry crucible. The crucible was first subjected to oven-drying for 60 minutes until a

constant weight was achieved, ensuring that residual moisture was eliminated.

18
 Subsequently, the sample was transferred into a furnace and heated at a

temperature of 550°C for 10 minutes under limited oxygen conditions to prevent

complete combustion. After heating, the crucible was carefully cooled in a desiccator to

avoid moisture absorption and then reweighed. The difference in weight before and after

heating represents the volatile matter driven off during pyrolysis.

The volatile matter content was calculated using the formula:

A−B
VMC = X 100 Eq. 1
A

Ash Content

The ash content (AC) of the bio-briquettes was determined to evaluate the

proportion of inorganic, non-combustible residue remaining after complete combustion.

High ash content can negatively affect combustion efficiency and increase the frequency

of cleaning in fuel-burning systems. To measure AC, approximately 2 grams of

pulverized briquette sample were placed in a pre-weighed crucible and subjected to high-

temperature combustion in a furnace.

The sample was heated at 550 °C for 4 hours, ensuring the complete oxidation of

all combustible material. Following the heating process, the crucible was carefully

removed and cooled in a desiccator to prevent moisture reabsorption, which could affect

the final measurement. Once cooled, the residual ash was weighed using an analytical

balance.

The ash content was calculated using the formula:

C
AC = X 100 Eq. 2
A

Where:

19
 A = initial weight of the dry briquette sample (in grams)

C = weight of the ash residue after heating (in grams)

This procedure provided insight into the mineral content of the briquettes and

helped assess the suitability of each formulation for efficient and clean combustion.

Moisture Content

The moisture content of the bio-briquettes was determined to evaluate the amount

of water present in the briquette samples, which is a crucial factor affecting ignition,

combustion efficiency, and overall fuel performance. Approximately 2 grams of briquette

sample (A) were weighed using an analytical balance and placed in a dry, pre-weighed

crucible. The sample was then oven-dried at 105⁰C for a minimum of 60 mins or until a

constant weight was achieved, ensuring that all free moisture was completely evaporated.

After drying, the crucible was removed and allowed to cool in a desiccator to

prevent moisture reabsorption from the atmosphere. The final weight (D) of the sample

was recorded, and the difference in mass before and after drying was used to calculate the

moisture content.

The moisture content was computed using the formula:

MC (%) = ( A−D
A )
x 100 Eq. 3

Where:

A = initial weight of the briquette sample (in grams)

D = weight of the sample after oven-drying at 105⁰C (in grams)

This method ensured accurate determination of moisture levels, which is essential

for evaluating the storage stability, ignition time, and combustion quality of the bio-

briquettes.

20
 Additionally, to measure moisture content accurately, the researchers first used the

standard oven-drying method. Samples were weighed, dried in an oven, and then

weighed again to calculate moisture loss.

Density of briquettes

The water displacement method is used to determine the density of charcoal

briquettes. For each sample, The researchers first measured its mass using a digital scale.

Then, filled a graduated cylinder with a known volume of water (500 mL) and recorded

the initial water level. After submerging the briquette completely, the researchers

observed the new water level and calculated the displaced volume by subtracting the

initial volume from the final volume.

Mass
Density = Eq. 4
Volume

Fixed Carbon Content

The fixed carbon content (FCC) represents the solid, combustible residue that

remains after the volatile matter and moisture have been driven off. It is an essential

Response that influences the burning duration and heat retention of the briquettes. Fixed

carbon was determined indirectly by subtracting the sum of moisture content, volatile

matter, and ash content from 100%. A higher fixed carbon value typically indicates a

longer-lasting and more efficient fuel, making it a key factor in assessing the overall

quality of bio-briquettes.

FCC = 100 − (VMC + AC + MC) Eq. 5

Combustion Performance of the Briquettes

21
Calorific Value

The higher calorific value (HCV) and lower calorific value (LCV) were

calculated using the following equations

HCV (MJ/kg) = 20 (1 – A – M) Eq. 6

LCV (MJ/kg) = 18.7 (1 – A – M) Eq. 7

Ignition Time

The ignition time refers to the duration required for a briquette to catch fire and

sustain combustion, which is a key indicator of its ease of use and practical fuel

performance. To measure this, each sample briquette will be ignited at its base using a

controlled burner flame. The burner will remain active until the briquette achieves full

ignition and enters a steady combustion phase, characterized by a consistent and self-

sustained burn. The time elapsed from the initial contact of the flame to the point of

steady combustion will be measured using a stopwatch and recorded as the ignition time.

Shorter ignition times indicate better flammability and user convenience, making this

Response important in evaluating the sustainability of the briquettes for household or

small-scale use.

Cooking Efficiency

The cooking efficiency of the briquette was determined by cooking rice. In this

test, 5 briquettes were used to cook 100g of rice on a domestic briquette stove.

Burning Rate

The burning rate of each briquette was determined by cooking 100g of rice. The

mass of fuel consumed (in grams) and the total time taken to cook 100g of rice (in

22
minutes) were recorded. The burning rate was then calculated using the following

formula:

Mass Burned
Burning Rate = Eq. 8
Burning Time

CHAPTER 4

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The results from the bio-briquettes produced from dry young coconut husk and

spent coconut meat reveal significant opportunities for sustainable biofuel development.

Key Responses including volatile matter content (VMC), ash content, moisture content,

fixed carbon content, density, calorific value, ignition time, cooking efficiency, and

burning rate provide a comprehensive assessment of the briquettes' performance. This

23
analysis not only highlights the characteristics of the briquettes but also contextualizes

their potential within the broader field of biomass energy production.

I. Physical Properties of Bio-Briquettes

1.1 Volatile Matter Content

The analysis of volatile matter content in the produced bio-briquettes reveals a

decreasing trend as the proportion of coconut meat increases. Specifically, Combination

1, which has a 80:1 ratio of coconut husk to spent coconut meat, recorded the highest

VMC at 36.046%, while Combination 3, with a 90:10 ratio, exhibited the lowest VMC at

35.542%. This trend suggests that briquettes containing a greater proportion of coconut

meat, which is inherently richer in fixed carbon, result in a reduction of volatile organic

compounds released during combustion. The lower VMC associated with higher coconut

meat content indicates that these briquettes may burn more efficiently, producing fewer

emissions of combustible gases. This finding aligns with the study of Giri and Ruj

(2020), who noted that biomass fuels with lower volatile matter content tend to exhibit

cleaner and more efficient combustion characteristics, making them more suitable for

sustainable energy applications. Therefore, optimizing the ratio of constituents in the

briquettes can enhance their performance as a renewable energy source.

24
 Volatile Matter Content
36.05%
36.10%
36.00%
35.90%
35.80% 35.79%
35.70%
35.60%
35.50% 35.54%
35.40%
35.30%
35.20%
S a m p l e 1 ( R a ti o
7:3) S a m p l e 2 ( R a ti o
8:2) S a m p l e 3 ( R a ti o
9:1)

Figure 3. Volatile Matter Content (VMC) of Bio-briquettes.

1.2 Ash Content

The ash content percentages recorded, Combination 1 has an ash content of

38.43%, while Combination 2 exhibits a slightly higher ash content of 39.35%, and

Combination 3 has an ash content of 39.23%. High ash content can reduce the heating

value and can lead to clinkering and other operational issues in stoves. However, ash can

also serve as a source of minerals if managed properly. According to Tapanes et al., 2020,

it indicates that certain minerals in ash can enhance soil fertility when used as a fertilizer.

The presence of silica, potassium, and calcium in coconut husk ash can potentially

benefit agricultural practices.

The challenges presented by high ash content can often be offset by effective

combustion management strategies. For instance, Wang et al. (2019) found that

appropriate mixing and combustion techniques could minimize the adverse effects of ash

on the energy efficiency of biomass fuels.

25
 ASH CONTENT

39.4 39.35
39.2 39.23
39
38.8
38.6 38.43
38.4
38.2
38
37.8
S a m p l e 1 ( R a ti o
7:3) S a m p l e 2 ( R a ti o
8:2) S a m p l e 3 ( R a ti o
9:1)

Figure 4. Ash Content (AC) of Bio-Briquettes.

1.3 Moisture Content

Across all samples, the moisture content remained consistently low—averaging

around 7.4%. This low moisture level was achieved through the thorough sun-drying

process, which is vital because moisture significantly hampers combustion efficiency and

calorific value. Maintaining moisture below 10% ensures more complete combustion and

less smoke formation. This observation aligns with Nasrin et al. (2017), who stated that

biomass with moisture content below 10% optimizes burning performance and energy

output.

26
 Moisture Content

7.48% 7.48%
7.46%
7.44%
7.44%
7.42%
7.40% 7.38%
7.38%
7.36%
7.34%
7.32%
S ample 1 (Ratio
7:3) S ample 2 (Ratio
8:2) S ample 3 (Ratio
9:1)

Figure 5. Moisture Content (MC) of Bio-briquettes.

1.4 Density

The density measurements showed slight variations, with values of 0.6401 g/cm³

for 70:30, 0.6374 g/cm³ for 80:20, and 0.6341 g/cm³ for 90:10 ratios. The marginal

decrease in density as the coconut meat ratio increased shows that briquettes with higher

fixed carbon content tend to be slightly lighter yet denser overall. High density correlates

with improved mechanical strength and better combustion efficiency, confirming the

findings of Yadav et al. (2022), who emphasized that increased density enhances thermal

performance and fuel stability.

27
 Density

0.641 0.6401
0.64
0.639
0.638 0.6374
0.637
0.636
0.635
0.634 0.6341
0.633
0.632
0.631
S ample 1 (Ratio
7:3) S ample 2 (Ratio
8:2) S ample 3 (Ratio
9:1)

Figure 6. Density Measurements of Bio-briquettes

1.5 Fixed Carbon Content

The fixed carbon content in the bio-briquettes is essential for energy retention and

combustion performance. The values were calculated indirectly based on moisture,

volatile matter, and ash content, with Combination 1 presenting a fixed carbon content of

18.14%, Combination 2 at 17.42%, and Combination 3 at 17.75%. This indicates that a

considerable portion of the briquettes maintains its combustible properties, enabling

sustained energy production during use. Such results are consistent with findings by

Sharma et al. (2021), who emphasized the importance of fixed carbon content in biomass

briquettes, noting that higher levels are associated with improved energy density and

combustion efficiency. This supports the viability of using coconut waste to produce bio-

briquettes as competitive renewable energy alternatives.

28
 Fixed carbon content
18.14
18.2

18

17.8
17.75
17.6
17.42
17.4

17.2

17
S a m p l e 1 ( R a ti o
7:3) S a m p l e 2 ( R a ti o
8:2) S a m p l e 3 ( R a ti o
9:1)

Figure 7. Fixed Carbon Content (FCC) of Bio-briquettes.

II. Combustion Performance of Bio-Briquettes

2.1 Calorific Value

The calorific values obtained ranged from 10.84 MJ/kg to 10.64 MJ/kg (HCV)

and 10.13 MJ/kg to 9.95 MJ/kg (LCV). We observed a slight decline in calorific value as

the coconut meat content increased, likely because the husk has a higher mineral and

lignocellulosic content that contributes to energy release during combustion. Our results

support the findings of Nasrin et al. (2017), who documented that biomass with balanced

organic components deliver optimal calorific values, and that appropriate ratios of raw

material influence energy output.

29
 Calorific Value
11 10.84
10.8 10.64 10.66
10.6
10.4
10.13
10.2
9.95 9.97
10
9.8
9.6
9.4
Sample 1 (Ratio 7:3) Sample 2 (Ratio 8:2) Sample 3 (Ratio 9:1)

HHV LCV
Figure 8. Calorific Value (CV) of Bio-briquettes.
2.2 Ignition Time

The ignition time was shortest in the briquettes with the highest coconut meat

ratio (around 5.14 minutes) and longest in the 70:30 ratio sample (approximately 3.00

minutes). The increased fixed carbon in the 90:10 ratio likely facilitated quicker ignition

due to its higher combustible material content. This supports Mandal et al. (2020), who

reported that biomass with greater fixed carbon burns more readily and ignites faster,

optimizing combustion for practical applications.

30
 IGNITION TIME

5 5.14

4
3
3.1
3

0
S a m p l e 1 ( R a ti o
7:3) S a m p l e 2 ( R a ti o
8:2) S a m p l e 3 ( R a ti o
9:1)

Figure 9. Ignition Time (IT) of Bio-briquettes.

2.3 Cooking Efficiency

Cooking times ranged from 19.18 minutes for the 90:10 ratio sample to 24.26

minutes for the 70:30 ratio. The briquettes with higher coconut meat content exhibited

shorter cooking times because of their superior calorific value and thermal stability.

These results echo previous studies by Yadav et al. (2022), who emphasized that higher

energy-dense biomass contributes to better cooking efficiency and lower fuel

consumption.

31
 COOKING EFFICIENCY
24.26
25
21.24
20
19.18
15

10

0
S a m p l e 1 ( R a ti o
7:3) S a m p l e 2 ( R a ti o
8:2) S a m p l e 3 ( R a ti o
9:1)

Figure 10. Cooking Efficiency (CE) of Bio-briquettes.

2.4 Burning Rate

The burning rate increased from 0.785 g/min in the 70:30 ratio to 0.974 g/min in

the 90:10 ratio. The higher fixed carbon and lower moisture in samples with more

coconut meat promote faster and more uniform burning. This trend agrees with findings

from Giri and Ruj (2020), who noted that biomass with higher fixed carbon content burns

more intensely and steadily, making it suitable for high-heat applications.

BURNING RATE

1 0.974
0.9 0.785
0.809
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
S a m p l e 1 ( R a ti o
7:3) S a m p l e 2 ( R a ti o
8:2) S a m p l e 3 ( R a ti o
9:1)

Figure 11. Burning Rate of Bio-briquettes.

32
 Table 1. Summary of Results: Physical Properties of the bio-briquettes.
Response Combination 1 Combination 2 Combination 3
VMC 36.05% 35.79% 35.54%
Ash Content 38.43% 39.35% 39.23%
Moisture Content 7.38% 7.44% 7.48%
Fixed Carbon Content 18.14% 17.42% 17.75%
Density 0.6401g/cm 0.6374g/cm 0.6341g/cm
Table 2. Summary of Results: Combustion Performance of the bio-briquette.

Response Combination 1 Combination 2 Combination 3

Gross Calorific Value 10.84 MJ/kg 10.64 MJ/kg 10.66 MJ/kg

Net Calorific Value 10.13 MJ/kg 9.95 MJ/kg 9.97 MJ/kg
Ignition Time 3.00 mins 3.10 mins 5.14 mins
Cooking Efficiency 24.26 mins 21.24 mins 19.18 mins
Burning Rate 0.785 g/min 0.809g/min 0.974g/min

Combination 1 (Ratio 70:30)

Combination 2 (Ratio 80:20)
Combination 3 (Ratio 90:10)

CHAPTER 5

33
 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION

This chapter presents a summary of the major findings derived from the analysis

of the physical properties of the developed bio-briquettes. It also outlines the conclusions

drawn from the results and provides recommendations for future research and practical

applications based on the study’s outcomes.

Summary of the Findings

The bio-briquettes made from dry young spent coconut meat and husk have

favorable properties for use as an alternative fuel source. The analysis showed that the

briquettes exhibited strong calorific values, making them efficient for energy production.

Variability in measurements was low, indicating high consistency across different

samples. The ash content in the briquettes was relatively high, which, while potentially

impacting combustion efficiency, also suggested beneficial mineral content that could

improve soil fertility if used as fertilizer.

Conclusion

This study successfully achieved its objectives of developing and characterizing

bio-briquettes made from dry young spent coconut meat and husk waste. The results

demonstrated that the bio-briquettes process favorable physical properties, including low

moisture content and acceptable ash content, both critical for efficient combustion. The

evaluation of combustion performance further confirmed their competitive calorific value

and extended burning times, underscoring their potential as a viable alternative energy

source.

Beyond technical performance, the research highlights the environmental

significance of valorizing coconut waste, particularly in urban areas such as the Cogon

34
Public Market. By converting agricultural residues into renewable fuel, the study

promotes sustainable energy practices while reducing solid waste accumulation.

Moreover, the environmental assessment suggests that bio-briquette production can

contribute to lowering greenhouse gas emissions compared to traditional fossil fuels,

aligning with circular economy principles. Overall, the successful characterization of

these bio-briquettes supports their potential adoption as a cleaner, more sustainable

energy solution, advancing both energy security and environmental conservation goals.

Recommendation

To build on the success of this study, it is strongly recommended that future

researchers and industry practitioners pursue further optimization of the bio-briquette

production process using dry young spent coconut meat and husk waste. Efforts should

focus on experimenting with a broader range of raw material ratios and binder

concentrations to maximize briquette strength, combustion efficiency, and environmental

benefits. Policymakers and stakeholders in the renewable energy sector are also

encouraged to support research initiatives aimed at scaling up production, improving

briquette quality, and exploring the use of eco-friendly additives. Such actions will

accelerate the adoption of bio-briquettes as a viable, sustainable energy alternative and

contribute significantly to waste reduction and clean energy goals.

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38
APPENDICES A: TABLES AND CALCULATIONS

39
Tables: Data

VMC Initial VMC Final

Tri Combinati Combinati Combinati Tri Combinati Combinati Combinati
al on 1 (g) on 2 (g) on 3 (g) al on 1 (g) on 2 (g) on 3 (g)
1 2.0000g 2.0000g 2.0000g 1 1.2789g 1.2836g 1.2892g
2 2.0000g 2.0000g 2.0000g 2 1.2792g 1.2845g 1.2891g
3 2.0000g 2.0000g 2.0000g 3 1.2791g 1.2843g 1.2895g
4 2.0000g 2.0000g 2.0000g 4 1.2793g 1.2846g 1.2891g
5 2.0000g 2.0000g 2.0000g 5 1.2792g 1.2846g 1.2892g
Raw Data Raw Data

AC Initial AC final
Tri Combinati Combinati Combinati Tria Combinati Combinati Combinati
al on 1 (g) on 2 (g) on 3 (g) l on 1 (g) on 2 (g) on 3 (g)
1 2.0000g 2.0000g 2.0000g 1 0.7695g 0.7867g 0.7837g
2 2.0000g 2.0000g 2.0000g 2 0.7683g 0.7869g 0.7848g
3 2.0000g 2.0000g 2.0000g 3 0.7685g 0.7872g 0.7846g
4 2.0000g 2.0000g 2.0000g 4 0.7683g 0.7871g 0.7848g
5 2.0000g 2.0000g 2.0000g 5 0.7684g 0.7874g 0.7849g
Raw Data Raw Data

MC Initial MC Final
Tri Combinati Combinati Combinati Tri Combinati Combinati Combinati
al on 1 (g) on 2 (g) on 3 (g) al on 1 (g) on 2 (g) on 3 (g)
1 2.0000g 2.0000g 2.0000g 1 1.8534g 1.8512 1.8504g
2 2.0000g 2.0000g 2.0000g 2 1.8522g 1.8515 1.8502g
3 2.0000g 2.0000g 2.0000g 3 1.8524g 1.8511 1.8505g
4 2.0000g 2.0000g 2.0000g 4 1.8522g 1.8509 1.8504g
5 2.0000g 2.0000g 2.0000g 5 1.8520g 1.8512 1.8504g
Raw Data Raw Data

40
Calculations

VOLATILE MATTER CONTENT

2.0000−1.2789 2.0000−1.2792 2.0000−1.2791 2.0000−1.2793 2.0000−1.2792

x 100 x 100 x 100 x 100 x 100
2.0000 2.0000 2.0000 2.0000 2.0000
= 36.055 = 36.040 = 36.045 = 36.035 = 36.040

2.0000−1.2836 2.0000−1.2845 2.00001.2843 2.0000−1.2846 2.0000−12846

x 100 x 100 x 100 x 100 x 100
2.0000 2.0000 2.0000 2.0000 2.0000
= 35.820 = 35.775 = 35.785 = 35.770 = 35.770

2.0000−1.2892 2.0000−1.2891 2.0000−1.2895 2.0000−1.2891 2.0000−1.2892

x 100 x 100 x 100 x 100 x 100
2.0000 2.0000 2.0000 2.0000 2.0000
= 35.540 = 35.545 = 35.525 = 35.545 = 35.540

ASH CONTENT

0.7695 0.7683 0.7685 0.7683 0.7684

x 100 x 100 x 100 x 100 x 100
2.0000 2.0000 2.0000 2.0000 2.0000
= 38.475 = 38.415 = 38.425 = 38.415 = 38.420

0.7867 0.7869 0.7872 0.7871 0.7874

x 100 x 100 x 100 x 100 x 100
2.0000 2.0000 2.0000 2.0000 2.0000
= 39.335 = 39.345 = 39.360 = 39.355 = 39.370

41
 0.7837 0.7848 0.7846 0.7848 0.7849
x 100 x 100 x 100 x 100 x 100
2.0000 2.0000 2.0000 2.0000 2.0000
= 39.185 = 39.240 = 39.230 = 39.240 = 39.245

MOISTURE CONTENT

2.0000−1.8534 2.0000−1.8522 2.0000−1.8542 2.0000−1.8522 2.0000−1.8520

x 100 x 100 x 100 x 100 x 100
2.0000 2.0000 2.0000 2.0000 2.0000
= 7.33 = 7.39 = 7.38 = 7.39 = 7.40

2.0000−1.8512 2.0000−1.8502 2.0000−1.8511 2.0000−1.8509 2.0000−1.8512

x 100 x 100 x 100 x 100 x 100
2.0000 2.0000 2.0000 2.0000 2.0000
= 7.44 = 7.49 = 7.45 = 7.46 = 7.44

2.0000−1.8504 2.0000−1.8502 2.0000−1.8505 2.0000−1.8504 2.0000−1.8504

x 100 x 100 x 100 x 100 x 100
2.0000 2.0000 2.0000 2.0000 2.0000
= 7.48 = 7.49 = 7.48 = 7.48 = 7.48

DENSITY

Volume=350mL−300mL=50mL=50cm3

32.004
50 cm3
= 0.6401g/cm3

Volume=350mL−300mL=50mL=50cm3

31.868
50 cm3
= 0.6374g/cm3

Volume=350mL−300mL=50mL=50cm3

42
 31.705
50 cm3
= 0.6341g/cm3

FIXED CARBON CONTENT

FCC=100−(7.38+38.43+36.05)=100−81.86=18.14%

FCC=100−(7.44+39.35+35.79)=100−82.58=17.42%

FCC=100−(7.48+39.23+35.54)=100−82.25=17.75%

43
APPENDICES B: DOCUMENTATIONS

44
45
46
APPENDICES C: CURRICULUM VITAE

47
Shan Michael Abragan
USTP-CDO STUDENT
09066722201
ABRAGANSHAN@GMAIL.COM
CAGAYAN DE ORO CITY

Description I am a student who loves hands-on work, especially in the lab and outdoors. I enjoy
environmental studies and researching sustainable solutions, like turning waste into useful
materials. Science and nature inspire me, and I want to use my skills to help the
environment.

Education 2019-2025 University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines

Bachelor of Science in Environmental Science

Major in Environmental Management & Technology

2017-2019 Cagayan de Oro College - PHINMA

SHS - Accountancy, Business and Management

2013-2017 Misamis Oriental General Comprehensive High School

(MOGCHS)

On-the-Job
Training
2024 Del Monte Philippines Inc.

48
Gyver Suga
USTP-CDO STUDENT
09295755174
GYVER.SUGA3000@GMAIL.COM
CAGAYAN DE ORO CITY

Description I am a student who loves science, especially biology and the environment. I enjoy doing
research and finding ways to protect nature, like turning coconut waste into eco-friendly
briquettes.

Education 2021-2025 University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines

Bachelor of Science in Environmental Science

Major in Environmental Management & Technology

2018-2020 Our Lady of Fatima University

SHS - Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics

2014-2018 Cielito Zamora Junior High School

On-the-Job
Training
2024 DENR-Provincial Environment and Natural Resources Office
Misamis Oriental

49