Artificial Satellite : History types
and their application
• Name : Eklove Birla
• Class : XI ( Medical )
• Roll No. : 12
➢ Table Content
• Introduction
• History of Satellite
• Types of Satellite
• Applications of Satellite
• Conclusion
➢ Certificate
This is to certify that “Eklove Birla” student of
class – XI-A ( Medical ) has successfully
completed their physics project on “ Artificial
satellite: history , types and their applications ”
under the guidance of Mr. Deepak Kumar
Date : Teacher signature:
➢ Acknowledgement
I would like to express my special thanks of
gratitude to my Physics teacher “Mr. Deepak
Kumar” for their able guidance and support
in completing my Project.
I would also like to extend my gratitude to the
Principal Mam “Gurmeet Kaur ” for providing
me with all the facility that was required.
I am also thankful to my parents and friends
for their constant encouragement and
cooperation throughout this project.
➢ Introduction
Artificial satellites are human-made objects
placed into orbit around a celestial body,
primarily Earth, for various purposes. The
first artificial satellite, Sputnik 1, was
launched by the Soviet Union in. 1957,
marking the beginning of the space age.
The satellite serve various purpose
including communication , weather-
monitoring , navigation and scientific
Research. They are launched using rockets
And are designed to perform specific
functions. While in orbit .
➢ History of Satellites
• Early Concepts:
While the launch of Sputnik 1 was the
first practical demonstration, the idea of
artificial satellites had been around for
some time. Scientists like Konstantin
Tsiolkovsky had explored the theoretical
possibility of satellites decades earlier.
• The International Geophysical Year
The decision to launch satellites during the
IGY (1957-1958) was a key factor in
accelerating the development of Sputnik
and other early satellites.
• The space race :
The US quickly responded by launching
Explorer 1 in 1958, marking the
beginning of a period of intense
competition between the two
superpowers in space exploration and
satellite technology.
• Technological Advancements:
The space race led to significant
advancements in rocketry, satellite
design, and communication systems.
Satellites were soon being used for
weather forecasting, communication,
and scientific research.
➢ Types of satellite
1. Based on Altitude:
•Low Earth Orbit (LEO):
Satellites in LEO (200-2,000 km) are
used for Earth observation, remote
sensing, and some communication
applications. The International
Space Station (ISS) is an example,
orbiting at about 400 km.
• Medium Earth Orbit (MEO):
Satellites in MEO (around 20,000
km) are often used for navigation
systems like GPS.
• Geostationary Orbit (GEO):
Satellites in GEO (35,786 km) orbit
at the same speed as the Earth's
rotation, appearing stationary relative
to a fixed point on the ground. They
are used for communication and
broadcasting.
• Sun-Synchronous Orbit (SSO).
Satellites in SSO orbit from north to
south, crossing any given point at the
same local solar time. They are ideal
for Earth observation, monitoring
weather, and climate studies.
2. Based on Purpose:
• Communication Satellites: Facilitate
long-distance communication,
broadcasting, and internet services.
• Earth Observation Satellites: Monitor
Earth’s surface, weather, climate,
and natural disasters.
• Navigation Satellites: Provide
positioning and timing information
for global navigation systems.
• Astronomical Satellites: Study
celestial bodies and space
phenomena.
• Scientific Satellites: Conduct
research in various scientific fields.
• Military Satellites: Used for
surveillance, reconnaissance, and
communication for military
purposes.
• Remote Sensing Satellites: Gather
information about Earth’s surface
and atmosphere using various
sensors.
• International Space Station (ISS): A
crewed research facility in LEO, used
for various scientific experiments.
➢ Application of satellite
1. Communication:
Satellites facilitate global
communication, including phone calls,
internet access, and television
broadcasting.
They enable long-distance
communication across continents and
oceans.
Communication satellites are placed in
geostationary orbit to provide constant
coverage.
2. Navigation:
The Global Positioning System (GPS)
relies on a network of satellites for
precise location tracking.
GPS is used for navigation in vehicles,
ships, and aircraft, as well as by
individuals for personal use.
GPS is also used for various
applications like mapping, surveying,
and emergency services.
3. Weather Forecasting:
•Satellites equipped with sensors and
cameras monitor weather patterns,
track storms, and gather data for
climate research.
•They provide valuable information for
weather forecasting, allowing for timely
warnings and preparedness.
•Weather satellites help track cloud
movements, temperature, and other
atmospheric conditions.
4. Scientific Research:
• They collect data on various
phenomena, including climate
change, geological formations, and
space weather.
• Astronomical satellites like the
Hubble Space Telescope help in
observing distant galaxies and
stars.
5. Military and Surveillance:
Spy satellites are used for
reconnaissance and surveillance,
providing valuable information about
enemy movements and troop locations.
They can monitor borders, track military
activities, and gather intelligence for
national security purposes.
6. Earth Observation and Remote
Sensing:
Satellites with remote sensing
capabilities are used to monitor natural
resources, track deforestation, and
assess crop health.
They can also be used for disaster
management, such as monitoring
floods, wildfires, and oil spills.
7. Space Exploration:
Satellites are essential for exploring
other planets and celestial bodies.
They can carry scientific instruments to
distant locations, collecting data and
images for analysis.
8. Other Applications:
Search and rescue operations rely on
satellite communication for locating
individuals in distress.
Satellites facilitate commercial services
like satellite television, satellite internet,
and satellite-based business
applications.
Satellites can be used to monitor
environment also .
➢ Conclusion:
