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REVIEW

Resilience and Quality of Life in People with

Mental Illness: A Systematic Review and
Meta-Analysis
1
Shu Ping Chuang , Jo Yung Wei Wu 2 , Chien Shu Wang 3
1
Department of Psychiatry, Zuoying Branch of Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; 2Good-Day Psychology Clinic, Tainan,
Taiwan; 3Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan

Correspondence: Shu Ping Chuang, Department of Psychiatry, Zuoying Branch of Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, No. 553, Jiunshiau Road,
Zuoying District, Kaohsiung, 81342, Taiwan, Tel +886-7-5817121#3352, Fax +886-7-5818816, Email xota5139@gmail.com; s86924034@gs.ncku.edu.tw

Purpose: Resilience is viewed as an individual’ positive adaptation and experiences of adversity. The maintenance and recovery of
mental health in people with mental disorder is considered a sign of coping with adverse conditions. The purpose of the present meta-
analysis was to examine the association between resilience and quality of life in individuals with mental disorders.
Methods: Studies were included if research reported measures of association with resilience, as assessed using self-reported resilience
scale and quality of life. A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed and PsycINFO.
Results: Eight studies involving a total of 1439 patients were included in the meta-analysis. Assuming a random-effects model, the
weighted mean Pearson correlation between resilience and quality of life was r = 0.551 (95% confidence interval [0.370; 0.691], p < 0.001).
This association was moderate, although the heterogeneity among individual effect sizes was substantial (I2 = 93.35%).
Conclusion: Despite substantial heterogeneity across included studies, the findings suggest a strong association between resilience
and quality of life in people with mental disorders. In clinical practice, the promotion of resilience is important to enhance the quality
of life among people with mental illness.
Keywords: resilience, quality of life, mental health

Introduction
In recent years, the concept of resilience has increased importance in the field of mental illness as the process of adapting
positively to an adversity such as illness.1 In this context, resilience is defined as having the potential or the capacity to
maintain or regain mental health or in the context of significant challenges, trauma or adversity. Mental illness commonly
indicated that patients with depression and/or anxiety disorders may suffer significantly with a state of failed or lower levels
of resilience compared to non-affected participants.2,3 Moreover, further studies suggested that high resilience reduced the
risk of suicide in participants with schizophrenia and mood disorders, and had a positive impact on the long-term recovery
in schizophrenia.4–7 A study found that lower levels of resilience were associated with an increased number of depressive
episodes and higher levels of impulsivity in participants with bipolar disorder.8 Resilience is a dynamic and time-specific
process and may vary throughout life.9–13 Resilience plays an important role in the prevention and recovery of psychiatric
disorders;14,15, thus, there is a need to examine resilience in people with mental illness.
Quality of life is a broad construct developed to evaluate health status, perceived levels of general well-being and
satisfaction in the context of a specific health condition or life as a whole.14 The improvement and maintenance of quality
of life were relevant predictors for remission and recovery in people with schizophrenia.15–17 Past studies have shown
that a higher level of resilience is correlated with better quality of life in individuals with mental illness.18–20 Other
studies found resilience and quality of life to be lower among participants with bipolar disorder compared to the healthy
control group.21,22 Hayas and colleagues (2015)13 found that resilience contributed to helping individuals cope positively
with illness and promote better quality of life and improve recovery. Resilience was related to the factors with high levels

Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment 2023:19 507–514 507

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of quality of life, including spirituality and purpose of life.3 Therefore, improving quality of life has been an important
outcome for health-related interventions and positive impact on depression, well-being and psychosocial functioning.23,24
The present review examined the resilience and quality of life among people with mental illness. The relationship
between resilience and quality of life are acquired and assessed. The goal of this review is to collect data that can help
health professionals promote or improve resilience and quality of life in people with mental illness.

Methods
Search Strategy
This study was conducted in compliance with the PRISMA statement.25 Relevant articles were identified by searching
PubMed and PsycINFO for the publication dates from January 1, 2002, to March 25, 2022, with a combination of keywords.
Articles in English available in peer-reviewed journals and resilience and quality of life evaluated by a standardized
questionnaire were included in the systematic review. For the systematic search, text word search terms were used as search
criteria: (resilience) AND (quality of life OR well-being) AND (mental disorder OR psychiatric disorder OR mental illness).
A total of 214 articles were retrieved from two databases, PubMed and PsycINFO. After the exclusion of duplicates (n = 10),
review study (n = 1) and on the basis of content and participants (n = 32), 18 records were screened and in total 8 studies were
included. The characteristics of the included studies are summarized in Table 1 and an overview of the study selection process
is shown in Figure 1. The inclusion criteria for the studies were the following: 1. Mainly investigating the resilience and quality
of life in people with a diagnosis of mental disorders. Self-reported using questionnaire on resilience and quality of life and
measure of association (correlation coefficient/standardized regression coefficient) were included. 2. Articles were published
in scientific journals indexed in JCR and in English.

Data Synthesis and Analysis

Meta-analyses were conducted in Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA) version 2.2. The outcomes across studies,
Cohen d and Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient were calculated for the pooled effects. The Pearson
product-moment correlation coefficient was chosen as effect size measure (ie correlation coefficient/standardized
regression coefficient) or a measure which can be converted into such measure). The weighted mean effect size for
the association between resilience and quality of life was calculated using a random-effects model.26 Finally, the pooled
Fisher’s z values were converted back to Pearson correlations to improve interpretability. All effect size estimates are
stated with 95% confidence intervals [CI]. The magnitude of effect sizes above 0.5 is assumed to be large, 0.30 as
moderate, and 0.10 or less to be small.27 Heterogeneity was calculated with Q and I2. I2 > 75% was considered as high
heterogeneity, 50% as moderate heterogeneity and 25% as low heterogeneity.28 The potential publication bias on the
determined mean effect was evaluated and subgroup and meta-regression were performed. The publication bias used
funnel plot, trim-and-fill analysis and Egger’s regression test.29,30 Any disagreements of study selection and data
extraction were resolved by two authors.

Results
Participants
In the present systematic review study, the total number of participants included in the 8 articles consisted of 1439
participants with mental disorders. The smallest sample consisted of 44 participants31 and the largest sample had 575
participants.32 The average age was from 29 years to 46 years. In 7 of the 8 studies, the diagnosis of the participants was
specified. In three studies, most of the sample had a diagnosis of major depressive disorder or bipolar disorder.20,33,34
Participants from two studies had a diagnosis of schizophrenia or schizophrenia spectrum disorder.19,31 Participants from
two studies had a diagnosis of borderline personality disorder35 and a blend of major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder
and schizophrenia, respectively.36 Participants were mostly given a diagnosis by psychiatrists according to DSM IV,
DSM V, or ICD-1019,20,31,33–36 In one study, the diagnosis of participants was not specified.32 Most studies included
stable or remitted patients, and one study included patients with acute symptoms;33 two studies did not specify the
symptoms of their participants.32,35 Five studies included healthy participants as a comparison group.19,20,33–35 In one of

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Table 1 Summary of Characteristics and Associations Between Resilience and Quality of Life in the Included Studies
Author, Year Study (Design; Participants Outcome Measures N r 95% CI p
Country)

Wartelsteiner Cross sectional; Schizophrenia stable patients 1.The resilience scale-25(RS-25) 52 0.481 [0.240; 0.666] 0.000
et al19, 2016 Austria (Wagnild and Young, 1993)
2. Lancashire quality of life (105
items)

Post et al20, Cross sectional; BD-Ι stable patients 1.The resilience scale-25(RS-25) 60 0.680 [0.515;0.796] 0.000
2018 Austria (Wagnild and Young, 1993)
2. Lancashire quality of life
(105 items)

Zizolfi et al31, Cross sectional; Stable schizophrenia spectrum disorder 1.The resilience scale-10 44 0.449 [0.176;0.658] 0.002
2019 Italy (Wagnild and Young, 1993)
2.Schizophreia quality of life scale
(30 items)

Mejia- Longitudinal Patients with homeless and mental disorders 1.25-item Connor-Davidson 575 0.230 [0.151; 0.306] 0.000
Lancheros study(6-year Resilience scale
et al32, 2021 follow-up); 2.Lehman’s 20-item QOL
Denmark interview(global quality of life)

Pardeller Cross sectional; MDD or BD-Ι acutely depressive symptoms 1.Resilience scale-25 (RS-25) 60 0.362 [0.119; 0.564] 0.004
et al33, 2020 Austria patients (Wagnild and Young, 1993)
2.WHOQOL-BREF(28 items)

Lee et al34, Cross sectional; BD-Ι, BD-Π, BD NOS, remitted depressive, 1. 25-itemConnor-Davidson 68 0.820 [0.723;0.885] 0.000
2017 South Korea hyomainc or manic symptoms patients Resilience scale
2.WHOQOL-BREF(28 items)

Guillen et al35, Cross sectional; BPD patients receiving psychotherapy for six 1.The resilience scale-15 196 0.740 [0.658;0.804] 0.000
2021 Spain months (Wagnild and Young, 1993)
2.Quality of life index(10 items)

Nunes et al36, Cross sectional; Stable severe mental disorder patients 1.The resilience scale-25(RS-25) 384 0.406 [0.319;0.486] 0.000
2022 Brazil (MDD, BD and schizophrenia) (Wagnild and Young, 1993)
2. WHOQOL-BREF(28 items)

Mean effect 1439 0.551 [0.370;0.691] 0.000

size

Abbreviations: MDD, Major depressive disorder; BD-Ι, Bipolar Ι disorder; BD-Π, Bipolar Π disorder; BD NOS, Bipolar disorder, not otherwise unspecified; WHOQOL-
BREF, WHO quality of life-BREF; QoL, Quality of life; BPD, Borderline personality disorder.

the studies, psychotherapy was applied to investigate the effect of treatment on the relationship between resilience and
quality of life35 and one study used a longitudinal design to investigate the long-term effect of resilience on quality of
life.32 In 6 studies, psychological resilience was measured using the original or a translated version of Connor-Davidson
Resilience scale37 or Wagnild and Young Resilience scale38 with 25 items.19,20,32–34,36 Two studies used the short version
with 10 to 15 items.31,35

Results of Resilience and Quality of Life of Included Studies

The measures of association in the individual studies varied between r = 0.23032 and r = 0.82034 and showed considerable
heterogeneity (Q = 105.259, p < 0.001, I2 = 93.35%) (Figure 2). All individual effect sizes were significant and all study
effects showed a significant positive association between resilience and mental health. In five studies a medium effect,
and in three studies a large effect was identified.27 The weighted mean correlation across all studies was r = 0.551; (95%
confidence interval: [0.370; 0.691], p < 0.001 (Table 1).

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Figure 1 Selection process of included studies using PRISMA flow diagram.

Study name 95% CI

Correlation p-Value
Pardeller, et al33. (2020) 0.362 [0.119 0.564] 0.004
Mejia-Lancheros, et al32. (2021) 0.230 [0.151 0.306] 0.000
Lee, et al34. (2017) 0.820 [0.723 0.885] 0.000
Post, et al20.(2018) 0.680 [0.515 0.796] 0.000
Wartelsteiner, et al 19. (2016) 0.481 [0.240 0.666] 0.000
Zizolfi, et al31. (2019) 0.449 [0.176 0.658] 0.002
Nunes and Rocha36 (2022) 0.406 [0.319 0.486] 0.000
Guillen et al35. (2021) 0.740 [0.658 0.804] 0.000
Random effects model 0.551 [0.370 0.691] 0.000
-0.50 0.00 0.50 1.00

Figure 2 Forest plot of the relationship between resilience and quality of life (Q = 105.259, p<0.001, I2 = 93.35%).

Publication Bias
Under a random-effects model, visual evaluation of the funnel plot revealed no absence of publication bias. The trim-and-
fill analysis indicated that 4 studies were missing. The mean effect size adjusted for these studies was r = 0.55. The left-sided
test for the asymmetry of the funnel plot using Egger’s regression test was not significant (p = 0.05124) (Figure 3).

Additional Analyses
In addition, other analysis for intervening variables was conducted which could have an effect on the association between
resilience and quality of life and may explain the heterogeneity of study effects. A significant negative effect of sample size
was identified: The larger the study sample, the weaker the association between resilience and quality of life (p = 0.0364).
There was a positive effect of proportion of female study participants (p = 0.0074) and symptoms status (p < 0.001) between
resilience and quality of life, respectively, suggesting that female participants and individuals with stable mental disorder
symptoms were more likely to have a positive association between resilience and quality of life (Table 2).

Quality of Assessment of Included Studies

In terms of the reliability of instruments, a majority of included studies had a low risk of bias reporting, gaining a good
reliability. All studies applied appropriate analysis and satisfactory reporting (Table 3).

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Funnel Plot of Standard Error by Fisher's Z

0.00

0.05

Standard Error
0.10

0.15

0.20

-2.0 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

Fisher's Z

Figure 3 Random-effect funnel plot of Fisher’s Z by standard error detaining publication bias in the studies reporting resilience and quality of life.

Discussion
The present review found an association between resilience and quality of life in people with mental disorders. Across
the included studies, a significant effect of r = 0.551 was determined representing a moderate correlation. Individuals
with mental disorders who reported having a higher resilience considered their quality of life to be better. The main result
of our meta-analysis was consistent with previous findings on the association between higher resilience and quality of
life.18,19,39 The resilience scale proved to be a reliable instrument in the included studies. Our findings indicated the
association between resilience and quality of life and future studies should examine the efficacy of resiliency training
programs to increase levels of quality of life for individuals with mental disorders. The findings were also consistent with
previous studies that suggested that increasing quality of life may be a vehicle to achieving recovery.40 From a theoretical
view, resilience is considered as a process which will ultimately have a positive effect on subjective satisfaction with
aspects of quality of life. Therefore, resilience is a process that is influenced by the physical, social and psychological

Table 2 Results of Subgroup and Meta-Regression

Variable Beta SE 95% CI p

Mean age −0.0333 0.0204 [−0.0732; 0.0066] 0.1020

Proportion of female study participants 0.0135 0.0050 [0.0036; 0.0233] 0.0074

Publication year −0.0628 0.0565 [−0.1735; 0.0478] 0.2659

Sample size −0.0009 0.0004 [−0.0017; −0.0001] 0.0364

Number of items of resilience scale −0.0073 0.0204 [−0.0473; 0.0326] 0.7185

n r 95% CI p

Symptoms status <0.001

Acute 1 0.362 [0.119; 0.564]

Stable 5 0.593 [0.376;0.748]

Notes: Beta, standardized regression coefficient; n, number of included studies (insufficient information in two studies).
Abbreviations: SE, standard error; 95% CI, 95% confidence interval.

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Table 3 Quality Assessment of the Included Studies

Reliability of Assessments n %

Acceptable reliability/ low risk of bias 7 87.5

Questionable reliability/ high risk of bias 0 0

Insufficient information/ unclear risk of bias 1 12.5

Data analysis

Appropriate analysis/ low risk of bias 8 100

Inappropriate analysis / high risk of bias 0 0

Reporting

Satisfactory reporting/ low risk of bias 8 100

Incomplete reporting/ high risk of bias 0 0

Notes: n, number of included studies; data analysis, it refers to the methods used
appropriately for data analysis; reporting, it refers that the author were specific in
their reporting about hypotheses and statistical findings.

status of individuals.41 Other studies indicated that interventions based on mindfulness or resilience reinforcement
program can contribute to the strengthening of feelings in acceptance and competence.42–46
The main weakness of the meta-analysis results from the research designs of the included studies, because associa­
tions identified in most cross-sectional studies do not have causal inferences about the association between resilience and
quality of life. Overall, very few prospective studies were available; of these, only one study reported associations
between resilience and quality of life for a follow-up.32 Another limitation results from the statistical heterogeneity of the
individual study effects which makes it more difficult to generalize the results to people with all mental disorders.
However, all studies found positive associations and most were interpreted as moderate to strong. There is no consistent
understanding to define resilience as a state or trait. While some researches view resilience as a personality trait, others
consider it to be a dynamic and changeable process. Thus, various outcome-based approaches of assessment and
operationalization are needed to measure the construct, and longitudinal studies are important to assess for the
causality.47 Lastly, meta-analysis findings should be interpreted with caution due to the limited number of included
studies in the meta-analysis and included criteria, including criterion type, study design, instruction and participants’
characteristics.48

Conclusion
Despite the limitations mentioned above, the results of the present meta-analysis indicate that a higher level of resilience
is associated with better quality of life in people with mental disorders. This study is the first to provide a statistical
integration of the effects and the study makes a contribution to resilience research. Resilience appears to be an important
factor in the context of psychopathology and improvement of quality of life. On the path to recovery, resilience has its
importance and impact on the quality of life of individuals with mental disorders. High resilience does not necessarily
prevent mental illness, but it has a significant contribution as part of a comprehensive therapy in the treatment of
depression and other psychiatric disorders.11
Prospective studies are needed to clarify the causal nature of the association between resilience and quality of life.
Future research should aim to identify individuals with low resilience in clinical practice and offer them support or
training, in terms of external resources, to enhance their quality of life.49

Acknowledgment
This study was supported by grant from Zuoying Armed Forces General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan (KAFGH-ZY-D-111034).

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Disclosure
All authors declare no competing interests in this work.

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